THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO

conspicuously absent in the tunica submucosa. There are
no marked differential findings on the course, topography,
morphology and histology of the bubaline esophagus as
compared with similar studies on the esophagus of cattle.
Keywords: esophagus, Philippine carabao, Bos bubalis
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 11(2): 6-
15, 1973. The scientific name of the water buffalo, and that
includes the carabao, is Bubalus bubalis.
A-82
WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS OF THE HEART
OF THE PHILIPPINE CARABAOS*
E. L. Enriquez-Yap, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Diliman
L. B. Herbosa, Student
Sixty hearts from 5 to 23 years old Philippine carabaos
collected from Caloocan City slaughterhouse were used
in the study. The weights and measurements were recorded
in kg and cm, respectively. The heart weights in the males
varied from 2 to 3.2 kg with a mean of 2.54 ± 0.05. In the
females, the weights of the hearts ranged from 2 to 3 kg
with a mean of 2.49 ± 0.05. The sagittal diameter of the
base of the hearts of both sexes ranged from 19 to 24 cm
with a mean of 21.60 ± 0.30 for the male and 21.41 ± 0.27
cm for the female. The greatest width of the base ranged
from 15 to 20 cm for both males and females with a mean
of 17.57 ± 0.22 for males and 17 ± 0.21 for females. The
circumference at the coronary groove in the males ranged
from 48 to 55 cm with a mean of 52.20 ± 0.41. In the
females they ranged from 44 to 54 cm with a mean of 51.96
± 0.28. The distance between the origin of pulmonary
artery and apex in males ranged from 19 to 24 cm for both
sexes with a mean of 21.70 ± 0.24 cm. The distances
between the termination of the posterior vena cava and the
apex in males varied from 16 to 21 cm with a mean of
18.10 ± 0.25. In females, the range was from 15 to 19 cm
with a mean of 17.60 ± 0.22. Based on the computed tvalue,
the weights and measurements showed no significant
differences between male and female hearts of the Philippine
carabaos.
Keywords: weight, heart, Philippine carabaos
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 3(1): 51-
56, 1964.
A-83
THE PLACENTOME OF THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO
(Bubalus bubalis) IN MID-PREGNANCY: A STUDY
TO ESTABLISH THE BASIS OF CLINICO-
ANATOMY
PATHOLOGICAL CAUSES OF EARLY REPRO-
DUCTIVE FAILURES*
E. L. Enriquez-Yap, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman
Ten pregnant uteri from Philippine carabaos in midpregnancy
were obtained from the Caloocan City Abattoir.
Representative placentomes were taken from the different
uterine regions (body and middle and extremity of the
horns), and histological sections were prepared and studied.
The placentome is a mushroom-shaped structure with a
convex free surface and a broad, short stalk. The latter
develops from the raised underlying uterine endometrial
stratum compactum together with parts of the stratum
spongiosum beneath it. The placental membrane or barrier,
as seen in the majority of the specimens studied, is made
up of six layers, namely: on the maternal side, 1. endothelial
lining of endometrial blood vessels, 2. endometrial
connective tissue, and 3. endometrial lining epithelium of
the crypt; and on the fetal side, 4. chorionic villus lining
epithelium, 5.chorionic villus connective tissue core and
6. chorionic villus core blood vessel endothelium. The
cytoarchitectural pattern seen in the placenta of the Philippine
carabao is discussed. Based on Grossen’s classification
(Amoros), the placenta of this ruminant belongs more to the
epitheliochorial than to the syndesmochorial type.
Keywords: placentome, Philippine carabao, Bubalus
bubalis, mid-pregnancy, clinico-pathological analysis
* The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 13(1&2):
1-25, 1974.
A-84
A HISTO-ANATOMICAL STUDY OF THE PENIS OF
PHILIPPINE CARABAOS*
E. L. Enriquez-Yap, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Diliman
L. N. Seldera, Student
A study on the gross and microscopic anatomy of thirty
penises from 15- to 23 year old male Philippine carabaos
is herein reported. The penis of carabaos has a minimum
length of 50.8 cm (20 in.) and a maximum of 63.5 cm (25
in.), with an average of 56.72 cm (22.39 in.) in the flaccid
state with the sigmoid flexure unstretched, but has a
minimum length of 76.2 cm (30 in.), and a maximum of
91.44 cm (36 in.), with an average of 84.15 cm (33.13 in.),
when the sigmoid flexure is stretched. The organ, in general,
has a diameter of from 2.44 to 3.45 cm (0.96 to 1.36 in.),
with an average of 2.95 cm (1.16 in.). The glans penis
measures from 6.35 to 11.43 cm (2.5 to 4.5 in.), with an
33