THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
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ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
E D I T O R S<br />
C.P.MAALA<br />
E.F.LANDICHO<br />
A.S.SARABIA<br />
A.N. DEL BARRIO<br />
E.P.ATABAY
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
Copyright O 2004 by Philippine Carabao Center<br />
All rights reserved<br />
No part of this book may be<br />
reproduced in any form or by<br />
any means, except brief quotations<br />
for a review, without permission<br />
in writing from the publisher<br />
ISBN 000-00000-0-0<br />
Book Editor:<br />
C.P. Maala<br />
E.F. Landicho<br />
A.S. Sarabia<br />
A.N. del Barrio<br />
E.P. Atabay<br />
Printed in the Philippines
USER’S GUIDE<br />
The book contains published and unpublished researches on<br />
the Philippine water buffalo. These were obtained from various buffalorelated<br />
publications, reports and abstracts of the Philippine Carabao<br />
Center (PCC), Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural<br />
Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) and Department of<br />
Science and Technology (DOST). Many unpublished undergraduate<br />
and graduate theses on the Philippine water buffalo were gathered<br />
from the libraries of the University of the Philippines Los Baños and<br />
other state universities and colleges. Recent publications on the animal<br />
were taken from various local refereed journals such as the Philippine<br />
Journal of Veterinary Medicine (a publication of the College of Veterinary<br />
Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños) and the Philippine<br />
Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science (official journal of the Philippine<br />
Society of Animal Science). Others were taken from Proceedings of<br />
Philippine Society of Animal Sciences (PSAS) Annual Conventions and<br />
Scientific Conferences.<br />
The book is divided into seven parts, namely, Anatomy,<br />
Physiology, Breeding and Genetics, Reproduction, Draft Power, Feeding<br />
and Nutrition, and Health. A Table of Contents is provided for each part.<br />
The entries for each part are arranged alphabetically similar to Literature<br />
Cited in a journal article.<br />
An Index of Keywords of Annotated Bibliography on the<br />
Philippine Water Buffalo is also provided. Keywords are grouped<br />
according to the seven major parts of the publication.
FOREWORD<br />
“Abstract of Researches on the Philippine Water Buffalo”<br />
is an initial output of the current effort of the Philippine Carabao Center<br />
to develop a book on the “Biology of the Philippine Water Buffalo”.<br />
The book project had long been conceptualized and discussed several<br />
times in the past until it was finally initiated with the searching and<br />
gathering of information materials as preliminary activities. Dr. Eufrocina<br />
P. Atabay, PCC senior science research specialist, was assigned as<br />
project coordinator.<br />
A team of research scientists and experts were tapped to work<br />
on key areas of the proposed book as well as on the different parts of the<br />
present book. Dr. Ceferino P. Maala, a well-known veterinary anatomist<br />
from the College of Veterinary Medicine, UPLB, who had done numerous<br />
research works on the anatomy of Philippine water buffaloes, served as<br />
team leader. The other team members were: Dr. Elito F. Landicho, a<br />
distinguished faculty and researcher also from the CVM, UPLB, and a<br />
recognized figure in the field of veterinary physiology and health; Dr.<br />
Arnel N. del Barrio, center director, PCC at University of the Philippines<br />
Los Baños, an expert on animal nutrition; and Dr. Annabelle S. Sarabia,<br />
center director at West Visayas State University, an expert on water<br />
buffalo reproduction.<br />
This compilation of research abstracts presents information<br />
related to the biology of the Philippine Carabao and identifies the extent<br />
of research conducted essentially on the key areas of anatomy,<br />
physiology and its behavioral characteristics. This also helps in<br />
identifying knowledge and information gaps which, in effect, define<br />
research strategies to generate the needed data for the completion of<br />
the book that will aptly describe the distinct features of the Philippine<br />
water buffalo.<br />
LIBERTADO C. CRUZ<br />
Executive Director, PCC
ACKNOWLEDGMENT<br />
Grateful recognition is extended to the following individuals whose<br />
valuable help contributed to the successful completion of this project:<br />
The presidents of State Colleges and Universities for allowing access to<br />
the full text of graduate and undergraduate theses from their respective<br />
university library units;<br />
The chief librarians of CVM at UPLB and CLSU and their staff for their<br />
kind assistance in information retrieval and for sharing of library<br />
information resources;<br />
The PCC Center Directors for facilitating the gathering of theses materials<br />
from the libraries of their host institutions;<br />
Ms. Victorina Alba, head of the Knowledge Resource and Management<br />
Center, PCC and Ms. Flocer Aquino for their assistance and support in<br />
the extensive search and gathering of various information materials;<br />
Ms. Emeline M. del Barrio for encoding bibliographic entries on nutrition,<br />
and Ms. Janice Hurtada of PCC at WVSU for encoding for breeding and<br />
reproduction;<br />
Ms. Hipolita D. Cortes of CVM, UPLB for encoding abstract of researches<br />
on anatomy, physiology and health, and for processing the book;<br />
Dr. Ceferino P. Maala for his tremendous work in consolidating and<br />
editing the entire manuscript;<br />
The staff of Information and Training Division, PCC for their valuable<br />
inputs on the book format and cover design;<br />
And finally, to Mr. Rogel dela Cuesta of the PCC Manila Liaison Office for<br />
his great help in facilitating the printing and reproduction of the book.
CONTENTS<br />
PART 1 - ANATOMY ( Dr. Ceferino P. Maala)<br />
Acosta, M. R. 1988. Distribution and microscopic structure of the lingual papillae of the Philippine swamp<br />
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)....................................................................................................<br />
Advincula, L. G. 1998. Histochemistry of the hypophysis cerebri of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus<br />
bubalis)..........................................................................................................................<br />
Baltazar, E. T., C. P. Maala, N. Kitamura, E. Hondo, G. D. de Ocampo, E. F. Landicho and J. Yamada.<br />
1996. Immunohistochemical study of endocrine cells in the pancreas of Philippine carabao, Bubalus<br />
bubalis L.........................................................................................................................<br />
Baltazar, E. T., C. P. Maala and E. F. Landicho. 2001. Histology of the pancreatic islets of the Philippine<br />
carabao (Bubalus bubalis)..................................................................................................<br />
Baltazar, E. T., C. P. Maala and V. G. Momongan. 1996. Histological and immunological studies on the<br />
pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)......................<br />
Baltazar, E. T., C. P. Maala, V. G. Momongan and N. Kitamura. 1992. Immunohistochemical demonstration<br />
of four cell types in the endocrine pancreas of Philippine carabao, (bubalus bubalis)............................<br />
Baltazar, E. T., N. Kitamura, E. Hondo, J. Yamada, C. P. Maala and L. T. Simborio. 1998. Immunohistochemical<br />
study of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the Philippine Carabao (Bubalus<br />
bubalis)..........................................................................................................................<br />
Boydon, D. G. V. 1988. A study on the location of taste buds in the tongue of the Philippine swamp buffalo<br />
(Bubalus bubalis L.)..........................................................................................................<br />
Bustamante, A. and C. P. Maala. 1991. Microscopic characteristics of serosal, muscular and submucosal<br />
layers of the large intestine of Philippine carabaos (Bubalus bubalis)..........................................<br />
Caoli, F. D. B. 1999. Microscopic anatomy of seminal vesicle and prostate gland of male Philippine<br />
carabao (Bubalus bubalis L.)..............................................................................................<br />
Casis, C. L. and A. S. Sarabia. 1999. Microscopic anatomy of the skin of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus<br />
bubalis L.) and Philippine murrah crossbred.........................................................................<br />
Castillo, C. L. 1998. Histology of the skin in some specialized regions of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus<br />
bubalis)..........................................................................................................................<br />
David, T. 1937. Ossa cordis of the carabao (Bubalus bubalis).........................................................<br />
De la Peña, E. C., A. N. del Barrio, J. C. Canaria, B. R. Arenda, B. A. Oliveros, Ma. F. V. Templado<br />
and C. P. Maala. 1996. Evaluation of sexual behavior and semen quality of murrah and crossbred<br />
buffaloes.........................................................................................................................<br />
De Ocampo, G. D. and O. M. C. David. 1993. The modified horn ring method as a tool in determining the<br />
age of carabao (Bubalus bubalis)........................................................................................<br />
De Ocampo, G. D., R. P. G. Nolasco and C. E. Bondac. 1983. SEM studies on the digestive tract of<br />
Philippine swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). II. Small and large intestines..........................................<br />
Dunwan, M. M. 1990. The incidence of pregnant carabaos slaughtered at Food Terminal, Inc. from 1989-<br />
1990..............................................................................................................................<br />
Estacio, M. A. C., Calimlim and G. D. de Ocampo. 1997. Histology of the spleen of Philippine carabao<br />
(Bubalus bubalis L.)..........................................................................................................<br />
Estacio, A. C., R. L. D. Hontomin and G. D. de Ocampo. 1999. Gross and microscopic anatomy of the<br />
lung of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis Linn.).....................................................................<br />
Estacio, M. A. C. and C. P. Maala. 1997. Ultrastructural observations of the cecal mucosa of the<br />
Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)....................................................................................<br />
Santiago-Flores, M. L. A., C. P. Maala and J. S. Masangkay. 2001. Hair medullary patterns in Philippine<br />
water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis)...........................................................................................<br />
Gagni, N. M. D. 1991. Gross anatomy of the tail of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis).........................<br />
Gajutos, A. B. 1999. Microscopic anatomy of the testes and epididymis of the Philippine-murrah<br />
(PMF2) (Bubalus bubalis Linn.) crossbred...........................................................................<br />
Galicia, A. S. 2002. Palatine printing: an alternative method for the identification of carabao (Bubalus<br />
bubalis L.)......................................................................................................................<br />
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CONTENTS<br />
Inoc, J. G. and C. P. Maala. 1999. Histology of the interstitial tissue of the testes with some ultrastructural<br />
observations of the interstitial (Leydig) cells of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)...............<br />
Interior, E. R. 1979. Biometry and preliminary study of the uterus and uterine tube of sexually mature nonpregnant<br />
Philippine buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)......................................................................<br />
Jagmis, I. M. 2003. Microscopic anatomy of the ovary of sexually mature non-pregnant Philippine water<br />
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.) with emphasis on normal and atretic follicles....................................<br />
Ludan, G and C. P. Maala. 1984. Cornual innervation in the Philippine swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)<br />
with reference to its blocking for horn amputation....................................................................<br />
Maala, C. P., R. M. Buenviaje, E. F. Landicho, and V. G. Momongan. 1992. Some hematological values<br />
of F 1 and F 2 crossbred Phil-murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) raised under intensive backyard<br />
management practice at the Philippine Carabao Research and Development Center, U. P. Los<br />
Baños, College, Laguna....................................................................................................<br />
Maala, C. P. and C. G. Cambay. 1990. The skull of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis).............<br />
Maala, C. P., J. F. Catotal, N. Y. Calingasan, G. D. de Ocampo and K. Y. Ilio. 1987. Scanning electron<br />
microscopic features of the reticular groove of the carabao (Bubalus bubalis)..............................<br />
Maala, C. P. and L. V. Reynoso. Some histological and histochemical features of the thyroid gland and<br />
its isthmus in the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)...........................................................<br />
Maala, C. P., F. M. Vilela, Jr., G. D. de Ocampo and K. Y. Ilio. 1987. Surface morphology of hair of cattle<br />
and Philippine carabao as seen under scanning electron microscope........................................<br />
Maala, C. P. and R. D. L. Refuerzo. 1988. The coronary vessels of the Philippine water buffalo (Bubalus<br />
bubalis)..........................................................................................................................<br />
Maala, C. P. and H. R. Casubha. 1989. Histological and some histochemical features of the parotid,<br />
mandibular and sublingual salivary glands of the Philippine carabao.........................................<br />
Maala, C. P., M. T. S. Oñate and E. C. Bernardo. 2004. Electron microscopic study on the pancreatic<br />
acinus and islets of the Philippine water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).............................................<br />
Maala, C. P. and M. T. S. Oñate. 2004. Gross and microscopic characteristics of the small and large<br />
luteal cells of corpus luteum of pregnancy of the Philippine water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)...<br />
Maala, C. P. and C. R. Claveria. 1990. A comparative study of the weights and measurement of some<br />
organs of the Philippine carabao and cattle............................................................................<br />
Maala, C. P., E. F. Landicho and D. L. Dycheepuat. 1997. Immunocytochemical demonstration of<br />
endocrine cells in the large intestine of Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis L.)...........................<br />
Maala, C. P., E. F. Landicho and J. A. R. Sotto. 2002. Presence of esophageal glands in the Philippine<br />
carabao (Bubalus bubalis L.)..............................................................................................<br />
Maala, C. P., E. F. Landicho and L. C. Joaquin. 2003. Histology of the testis and epididymis of two years<br />
old Philippine water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis L.).................................................................<br />
Maala, C. P. and P. G. Malicdem. 1997. Gross and histological characterization of the epididymis of the<br />
Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)...................................................................................<br />
Maala, C. P., R. D. Domingo and R. J. T. Ducusin. 1988. The anatomy of the permanent and temporary<br />
incisors of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)...............................................................<br />
Maala, C. P., R. D. Domingo and R. J. T. Ducusin. 1989. The anatomy of the permanent and temporary<br />
cheek teeth of the Philippine carabao...................................................................................<br />
Maala, C. P., I. A. Rye, N. Y. Calingasan, G. D. de Ocampo, J. Yamada and N. Kitamura.1989.<br />
Immunocytochemical demonstration of some endocrine cells in the small intestine of the Philippine<br />
carabao (Bubalus bubalis).................................................................................................<br />
Maala, C. P. and P. P. Oncinian. 2003. The superficial and gross anatomy, and histology of the buccal<br />
glands of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis L.)..............................................................<br />
Maala, C. P., J. F. Policarpio, and A. S. Sarabia. 1996. The anatomy of the trachea of the Philippine<br />
carabao and crossbreds.....................................................................................................<br />
Martin, S. R. 1985. Histological and histochemical studies of the small intestinal epithelium of the Philippine<br />
carabao (Bubalus bubalis L.)................................................................................................<br />
Medrano, A. L. B. 1999. Microscopic anatomy of the nasolabial glands of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus<br />
bubalis)..........................................................................................................................<br />
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CONTENTS<br />
Muñoz, J. C. 1979. A preliminary study on the measurement of the reproductive organs of pregnant<br />
Philippine buffaloes (carabao) (BubalusBubalis).....................................................................<br />
Nasu, T., G. D. de Ocampo, H. A. Molina, S. Tateyama and M. Morimoto. 2000. Immunohistochemical<br />
study of the neuropeptides in the stellate ganglion of the water buffalo........................................<br />
Novilla, M. N., G. T. Baoy and J. A. Solis. 1970. Some anatomico-pathological observations on the<br />
pancreas of the Philippine carabaos.....................................................................................<br />
Nuñeza, O. M. 1992. Ultrastructure of sertoli and spermatogenic cells of Philippine carabaos and their<br />
crossbreds in relation to sperm production ...........................................................................<br />
Nuñeza, O. M. and V. G. Momongan. 1992. Electron microscopic investigations on the spermatogenetic<br />
cells of the Philippine carabaos and their crossbreds.............................................................<br />
Nuñeza, O. M. and V. G. Momongan. 1993. Histology of the postnatal testis of the Philippine carabao<br />
(Bubalus bubalis Linn).......................................................................................................<br />
Nuñeza, O. M., Z. M. Nava, A. S. Sarabia, O. M. Gatmaitan and V. G. Momongan. 1983. Electron<br />
microscopic studies on spermatogenesis in carabao bull.........................................................<br />
Nuñeza, O. M., Z. M. Nava, A. S. Sarabia, O. M. Gatmaitan and V. G. Momongan. 1983. Post-natal<br />
development of the testes of Philippine carabao bulls.............................................................<br />
Ocampo, M. B., A. T. de Asis, L. C. Ocampo and H. Kanagawa. 1994. Histological observation of<br />
follicular atresia in swamp buffalo........................................................................................<br />
Pallasigue, T. G. 1979. A study on some histochemical characteristics of the ovary of sexually mature<br />
non-pregnant Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis).................................................................<br />
Policarpio, J. F., G. D. de Ocampo and A. S. Sarabia. 1998. Histological and histochemical studies of the<br />
internal parathyroid of the male Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis L.) and its crossbreed..........<br />
Policarpio, J. F., G. D. de Ocampo and A. S. Sarabia. 1997. Biometry and histology of the thyroid gland<br />
of Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis L.) and its crossbreed..................................................<br />
Quibael, G. J. and G. D. de Ocampo. 1983. SEM studies on the digestive tract of Philippine swamp<br />
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). I. tongue and esophagus................................................................<br />
Quinto, M. S. 1980. A preliminary study of the vascular anatomy of the thoracic limbs of the Philippine<br />
buffalo (carabao) (Bubalus bubalis)......................................................................................<br />
Revilla, A. B., F. Adriano, R. S. Gundran and F. Ching. 1989. Morphometry of the female reproductive<br />
organs of sexually mature non-pregnant Philippine swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)................<br />
Rigos, L. M. 1998. Biometry, histology and histochemistry of the pituitary gland of the Philippine carabao<br />
(Bubalus bubalis L.) and Philippine murrah crossbred............................................................<br />
Ruma, A. C. 1998. Biometry and microscopic anatomy of the hypophysis (pituitary gland) of the<br />
Philippine swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)..........................................................................<br />
Smith, O. F., F. A. Adriano, P. G. Duran, E. C. Atabay, S. S. Jha, T. Niwat, P. Serra and L. C. Cruz.<br />
1990. Ovarian structures and follicular population in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).................<br />
Smith, O. F., F. A. Adriano, P. G. Duran, H. V. Venturina, A. S. Argañosa and L. C. Cruz. 1991. Ovarian<br />
follicular population in swamp buffaloes at various ages..........................................................<br />
Solis, J. A. 1976. Comparative features of the laryngeal skeleton of the Philippine water buffalo...........<br />
Solis, J. A. and C. P. Maala. 1973. The intrathoracic vessels of the Philippine carabao (Bos bubalis)...<br />
Solis, J. A. and A. B. Diaz, Jr. 1970. Angio-architecture of the external ear of the Philippine carabao....<br />
Solis, J. A. and C. P. Maala. 1975. Muzzle printing as a method for identification of cattle and carabaos<br />
Tamayo, R. M. 1998. Scanning electron, microscopic characterization of hair cuticles and medullary<br />
pattern of some specialized hairs of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus)................<br />
Telada, H. H. 2004. Comparative gross anatomy, histology and histochemistry of the trachea of the<br />
Philippine water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle (Bos taurus).............................................<br />
Torres, E. B., J. Q. Molina and C. P. Maala. 1980. A study on the measurements of the female<br />
reproductive organs of mature non-pregnant Philippine buffaloes (carabao) (Bubalus bubalis)........<br />
Tubalinal, K. B. 2001. Comparative anatomy, histology and histochemistry of the gallbladder and cystic<br />
duct and physical characteristics of bile of Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis) and Philippine raised<br />
cattle (Bos taurus)............................................................................................................<br />
Velasco, A. D. C. 1999. Classification of muzzle prints in Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis L.) and its<br />
Philippine-murrah crossbred...............................................................................................<br />
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CONTENTS<br />
Viernes, Jr., V. D. 2004. The anatomy of the bones, tendons and ligaments of the metacarpo-phalangeal<br />
and metatarso-phalangeal regions in the Philippine water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.)..................<br />
Yap-Enriquez, E. L. 1975. Cytobiologic characterization of the hemolymph node in the Philippine carabao<br />
(Bubalus bubalis): an anatomico-histologic correlative study on its hemopoietic and immunologic<br />
role...............................................................................................................................<br />
Yap-Enriquez, E. L. and A. H. Almanza. 1973. On the measurements of the spleen of the Philippine<br />
carabao (Bos bubalis)......................................................................................................<br />
Yap-Enriquez, E. L., C. P. Maala and E. Mariano. 1973. Some observations on the esophagus of the<br />
Philippine carabao (Bos bubalis).........................................................................................<br />
Yap-Enriquez, E. L. and L. B. Herbosa. 1964. Weights and measurements of the heart of the Philippine<br />
carabaos........................................................................................................................<br />
Yap-Enriquez, E. L. 1974. The placentome of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis) in mid-pregnancy:<br />
a study to establish the basis of clinico-pathological causes of early reproductive failures............<br />
Yap-Enriquez, E. L. and L. N. Seldera. 1964. A histo-anatomical study of the penis of Philippine<br />
carabaos........................................................................................................................<br />
Yap-Enriquez, E. L. 1975. Some observations on the extramural and intramural vascular supply patterns<br />
of the uteri and ovaries of Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)...............................................<br />
Yap-Enriquez, E. L. 1976. Cytoarchitectural pattern of the thymus gland of the Philippine carabao<br />
(Bubalus bubalis) fetus in early ante natal development...........................................................<br />
Zamora, C. S. and B. U. Alegado. 1967. Histological and histochemical studies on the adrenal medulla<br />
of the carabao..................................................................................................................<br />
Zamora, C. S. and E. M. Niones. 1968. Sex difference in the morphology of neutrophils in the Philippine<br />
carabao..........................................................................................................................<br />
II - PHYSIOLOGY (Dr. Elito F. Landicho)<br />
Acebedo, R. A. and T. Topacio. 1937. Differentiation of cattle and carabao meat by biochemical<br />
methods.........................................................................................................................<br />
Adriano, F. A. 1988. The effect of work-load on the hemogram of swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): RBC<br />
count, PCV, ESR, HC, MCV, MCH, MCHC....................................................................<br />
Bernardo, R. M. 1964. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of native carabaos................<br />
Camba, R. A. 1981. Photometric measurements of serum proteins of carabaos.................................<br />
Cruz, J. P. 1998. Physical, chemical and microscopic properties of the urine of water buffaloes (Bubalus<br />
bubalis L.).......................................................................................................................<br />
Cruz, L. M. 1989. Physical, chemical and microscopic properties of the urine of water buffaloes (Bubalus<br />
bubalis L.)......................................................................................................................<br />
Dantes, E. S. 1978. Estimation of blood leukocyte numbers by means of deoxyribonucleic acid viscosity<br />
in Philippine carabaos.......................................................................................................<br />
Escudero III, S. H. and B. Resoso. 1968. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate and packed cell volume of<br />
blood of Philippine carabaos..............................................................................................<br />
Espiritu, J. M. 1989. Determination of serum bilirubin values of mature crossbred (Swamp X Murrah)<br />
buffaloes.........................................................................................................................<br />
Heruela, C.R. 1980. Estrus synchronization of caracows and caraheifers using prostaglandin under Sta.<br />
Maria, Bulacan field conditions...........................................................................................<br />
Ibañez, K. Y. 1981. Conception rate after induced estrus in caracows and caraheifers using Prostaglandin<br />
F 2á under Sta. Maria field conditions....................................................................................<br />
Jubilan, B. M. 1979. Determination of serum cholinesterase activity in the Philippine carabao (Bubalus<br />
bubalis) Linneaus.............................................................................................................<br />
Lannu, R. T. 1978. A preliminary study of some properties of the synovial fluid from the tibiotarsal sac of<br />
the Philippine buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)...............................................................................<br />
Libo, R. N. 1981. A study on electrocardiographic patterns of Philippine carabaos..............................<br />
Magbalon, D. S. 1989. Determination of serum bilirubin values on mature Philippine swamp buffalo<br />
(Bubalus bubalis)..............................................................................................................<br />
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CONTENTS<br />
Mamuad, F. V. and V. G. Momongan. 1992. Physiological and biochemical integrity of buffalo semen..<br />
Maon, J. A. 1971. The correlation of body weight to body measurements in Philippine native carabaos....<br />
Micu Jr., E. D. 1979. A study on the serum thyroxine (T4) levels in Philippine carabaos....................<br />
Mingrajal, W. S. 1987. A preliminary study on the leukogram of tibio-tarsal joint fluid of the Philippine<br />
swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis Linn.).................................................................................<br />
Noble, M. C. 1987. Some physical characteristics of the synovial fluid of the Philippine swamp buffalo<br />
(Bubalus bubalis)..............................................................................................................<br />
Pascua, A. M. 1999. Quantitative morphological evaluation of the erythrocytes of Philippine carabao<br />
(Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus) and Philippine-murrah (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus)...........................<br />
Ramos, M. P. 1996. Serum protein values of Philippine native carabao and cattle.............................<br />
Rosario, J. C. 1993. Rumen juice characteristics of Philippine swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).......<br />
San Pedro, E. F. 1987. Influence of draftwork, daylight heat and parasitic load on the mean eosinophil<br />
count of adult male Philippine swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).............................................<br />
Sol, A. S. 1990. A study on the blood glucose levels of adult carabaos (Bubalus bubalis)...................<br />
Talvo, F. A. 1978. A study on the concentration of some serum electrolytes in Philippine carabaos<br />
(Bubalus bubalis)..............................................................................................................<br />
Tan, M. E. M. 1986. Hematological study of young Philippine swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.): RBC<br />
morphology, RBC count, PCV, Hb, ESR, MCV, MCH and MCHC......................................<br />
Valencia, J. P. 1999. Blood biochemical profile of dry pregnant, dry non-pregnant and lactating nonpregnant.........................................................................................................................<br />
Villegas, V. 1959. Breeding phenomena of carabaos in the Philippines.............................................<br />
III - BREEDING AND GENETICS (Dr. Annabelle S. Sarabia)<br />
Abanto, O. D., et al. Carcass characteristics of Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis Linn) and its<br />
crossbreds.....................................................................................................................<br />
Al-Marasashi, A. M. A. and B. A. Parker. The relationship of testicular and seminal vesicle characteristics<br />
with body weight and age in Philippine carabao bulls.............................................................<br />
Arboleda, C. R. Animal genetic resources conservation and development in the Philippines................<br />
Bondoc, O. L. The carabao genetic improvement program.............................................................<br />
Bondoc, O. L. Analysis of local data on animals performance using blup mixed models......................<br />
Bondoc, O. L. Development of a national recording system for carabaos..........................................<br />
Bondoc, O. L. Animal breeding in crop-livestock farming system.....................................................<br />
Bondoc, O. L. and A. C. M. Bantoc. An assesment of the genetic an economic impacts of artificial<br />
inseminations (A1) on the cattle and carabao breeding programs of the Philippines......................<br />
Bondoc, O. L., et al. Genetic variability of karyotypic characteristics in relation to the genetic improvement<br />
of economically important traits in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)..........................................<br />
Bondoc, O. L., et al. Estimated breeding values and genetic trends of bodyweights at birth up to 36 months<br />
of age of water buffaloes at PCC at UPLB...........................................................................<br />
Bondoc, O. L., et al. Correlations between body weights at different ages of water buffaloes................<br />
Bondoc, O. L., et al. Quantitative analysis of karyotypic characteristics in water buffaloes (Bubalus<br />
bubalis)..........................................................................................................................<br />
Bondoc, O. L., et al. Least square analysis of published heterosis estimates in farm animals...............<br />
Bondoc, O. L., et al. Relative economic values of some heritable traits in selected breeds of cattle, water<br />
buffalo, goat and pig..........................................................................................................<br />
Bacalso, J. M. The cattle and carabaos in Los Baños, Calamba and Cabuyao, Laguna after the liberation<br />
in the Philippines in 1945...................................................................................................<br />
Castillo, L. S. Proposal: New scientific name of the domesticated swamp buffalo, the carabao – Bubalus<br />
bubalis carabanensis sp. nov., Castillo 1998).......................................................................<br />
Contawe, K. M. R. Chromosomal analysis of Philippine carabao (Bubalus carabanensis)..................<br />
Cruz, L. C. Effective utilization and conservation of indigenous animals genetic resources: development<br />
of the carabao in the Philippines.........................................................................................<br />
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CONTENTS<br />
Harada, H., et al. Ultrasonic scanning for estimating the carcass traits of live water buffaloes..............<br />
Kwan, M. T. and B. A. Parker. Albumin and post-albumin genotypes in Philippine carabaos................<br />
Majid, M. A., et al. Chromosomal analysis of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and their crosses in the<br />
Philippines......................................................................................................................<br />
Majid, M. A. Morphometric and genetic variations in the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis) and<br />
tamaraw (Anoa mindorensis Huede)...................................................................................<br />
Nabheerong, P. and V. G. Momongan. Effects of storage and breedtype on the quality of buffalo frozen<br />
semen...........................................................................................................................<br />
Ocampo, L. C., et al. Timing of sequential changes on chromosome configurations during the 1 st , meiosis,<br />
2 nd meiosis and cytoplasmic events of swamp buffalo oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro........<br />
Obsioma, V. P., et al. Muscle fiber diameter of selected muscles and sensory characteristics of carabeef<br />
from Philippine carabao (Bubalis carabanensis) and crossbreeds.............................................<br />
Parker, B. A. and V. G. Momongan. Blood transferrin types of Philippine carabaos............................<br />
Parker, B. A., et al. The distribution of amylase and carbonic anhydrase genotypes in Philippine cattle and<br />
carabao..........................................................................................................................<br />
Parker, B. A., et al. The distribution of esterase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase genotypes in<br />
Philippine cattle and carabao..............................................................................................<br />
Parker, B. A., et al. Evaluation of growth performance and development of breeding program for small<br />
scale carabeef production..................................................................................................<br />
Parker, B. A., et al. Data analysis of growth perfromance of carabaos and its crossbreds....................<br />
Roxas, B. P., S. C. Halos and A. S. Sarabia. Rapid analysis of Indian Murrah water buffalo, native<br />
carabao and their F 1 ........................................................................................................<br />
Saladin, R. and B. A. Parker. The determination of live weight and carcass weight based on body<br />
measurement of Philippine carabaos....................................................................................<br />
Santiago, A. R. and L. C. Cruz. Growth pattern of carabao under range condition..............................<br />
Santiago, A. R., L. C. Cruz and S. S. Bumagat. Growth pattern of carabao under range conditions......<br />
Shrestha, N. P. and B. A. Parker. Genetic evaluation of Philippine carabao (PC), murrah buffalo (MB)<br />
and the PC X Murrah and PC X Nili-Ravi hybrids................................................................<br />
Songsri, S. and D. A. Ramirez. The cytology of swamp and river types of water buffaloes and their<br />
hybrids..........................................................................................................................<br />
Suba, M. S., et al. Wither height, body length, and heart girth development of Philippine carabao and its<br />
F 1 crosses under ranch conditions.......................................................................................<br />
IV - REPRODUCTION (Dr. Annabelle S. Sarabia)<br />
Alejandrino, A., et al. Radioimmunoassay of LH in the carabao......................................................<br />
Aquino, E. J., et al. Effect of time of GNRH administration on ovulation response and corpus luteum<br />
function in postpartum buffalo cows treated with PGF 2 alpha for synchronization.........................<br />
Bondoc, O. L. and B. A. Parker. The characteristics of os uteri in relation to the detection of estrus in the<br />
Philippine carabao............................................................................................................<br />
Capitan, S. S., et al. Fertility following clitoral stimulation of heat synchronized carabaos....................<br />
Capitan, S. S., et al. The use of Norgestomet, PMSG, PGF 2 Alpha and GNRH in improving conception<br />
rates among synchronized carabaos...................................................................................<br />
Ching, F. A., M. B. Ocampo and L. C. Ocampo. Comparative study on the ability of maturation media<br />
to support nuclear maturation of swamp buffalo oocyte in vitro.................................................<br />
Chua, L. N., et al. Blood plasma progesterone in normally estrous cycling and anestrous Philippine<br />
carabao heifers................................................................................................................<br />
Corcoro, S. H. Gross pathological disorders of the internal reproductive organs of slaughtered Philippine<br />
buffalo-cows (Bubalus bubaline) in relation to infertility problems...............................................<br />
Cruz, L. C., et al. Ovarian responses and pregnancy rate of carabaos treated with PGF 2 alpha followed<br />
by GNRH at predetermined time........................................................................................<br />
Cruz, L. C., et al. Ovarian follicular dynamics and responses to superovulatory treatments in water<br />
buffaloes.........................................................................................................................<br />
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CONTENTS<br />
Duran, D. H., et al. Embryo development rate of in vitro matured swamp buffalo oocytes crossfertilized<br />
in vitro with riverine buffalo semen......................................................................................<br />
Duran, D. H., et al. Effect of some physical parameters on embryo development of buffalo oocytes<br />
matured and fertilized in vitro..............................................................................................<br />
Duran, D. H., et al. Studies on increasing the yield of in vitro embryo production in water buffaloes......<br />
Duran, D. H., et al. In vitro nuclear progression of immature swamp buffalo oocytes after cryopreservation<br />
by vitrification method.......................................................................................................<br />
Duran, P. G., et al. Onset of estrus, occurrence of ovulation, and estrous cycle length of cyclic buffaloes<br />
after pgf2 alpha or prid treatments........................................................................................<br />
Duran, P. G., et al. Post partum reproductive organ activity on Philippine carabao, murrah buffalo and their<br />
crosses..........................................................................................................................<br />
Dunwa, M. M. and C. P. Maala. The incidence of pregnant carabaos slaughtered at Food Terminal, Inc.<br />
from 1989-1990................................................................................................................<br />
Gilo, A. S. A study on the incidence of right and left horn pregnancies in slaughtered pregnant native cows<br />
and carabaos..................................................................................................................<br />
Gunjima, M., et al. Preliminary study on in vitro production of buffalo embryo: effect of culture media and<br />
sera...............................................................................................................................<br />
Hufana, B. B., et al. Effect of time on maturation and embryo development rates of buffalo oocytes in vitro..<br />
Jha, S. S., et al. Studies on embryo movement and multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (moet) in water<br />
buffaloes.........................................................................................................................<br />
Llaguno, G. V., et al. Field trial of prostaglandin f 2 alpha for estrus induction and synchronization and<br />
conception rate in carabaos (Bubalus bubalis).......................................................................<br />
Mamuad, F. V., et al. Estrus phenomena of carabao under range management condition.....................<br />
Matsumoto, T., et al. Optimizing handling processing techniques for the production of quality semen ii.<br />
preliminary study on the revivability of buffalo spermatozoa following different freezing methods....<br />
Momongan, V. G., et al. The monthly calving rates and calving interval of carabaos raised in confinement<br />
and in ranch type of management........................................................................................<br />
Momongan, V. G., et al. Conception rates of the Philippine carabao inseminated with buffalo frozen semen<br />
under smallholder farmer condition.......................................................................................<br />
Momongan, V. G., et al. Reproductive status and synchronization of oestrus for predetermined insemination<br />
of Philippine carabao (swamp buffalo) raised by smallholder farmers........................................<br />
Momongan, V. G., et al. Reproductive status of carabaos raised by smallholder farmers in selected areas<br />
in the Philippines..............................................................................................................<br />
Momongan, V. G., et al. The onset of puberty in female Philippine carabao and Phil-murrah crossbred...<br />
Momongan, V. G., et al. Improving the productivity of the Philippine carabaos under village conditions...<br />
Momongan, V. G., et al. Use of progesterone releasing intravaginal device (prid) in synchronizing estrus<br />
in Philippine carabaos at the institutional herd........................................................................<br />
Nuñeza, O. M., V. G. Momongan and S. S. Capitan. Sperm production of philippine carabaos and<br />
crossbreed buffaloes with or without ultrastructural alteration in the testes...................................<br />
Obsioma, A. R. and R. M. Lapitan. Mineral status and onset of post-partum heat in lactating Philippine<br />
carabaos under lucban condition.........................................................................................<br />
Obsioma, A. R. and V. G. Momongan. Assessment of the reproductive status of mature female carabaos<br />
slaughtered at Food Terminal, Inc. abattoirs..........................................................................<br />
Ocampo, L. C., F. P. Aquino, R. V. de Vera and L. C. Cruz. Blastocyst formation of swamp buffalo<br />
embryos in co-culture system............................................................................................<br />
Ocampo, L. C., et al. Cysteamine improves the glutathione (GSH) level, male pronucleus formation<br />
(MPN) and developmental capacity of swamp buffalo oocytes matured in vitro..........................<br />
Ocampo, L. C., et al. Intracytoplasmic glutathione concentration of swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis<br />
limneticus) oocytes cultured in vitro....................................................................................<br />
Ocampo, L. C., et al. Maturation and fertilization of swamp buffalo oocytes in vitro: effect of length of<br />
ovarian transport..............................................................................................................<br />
Ocampo, M. B., L. C. Cruz, F. V. Mamuad and L. Ocampo. In vitro production of pre-implantation stage<br />
buffalo embryos...............................................................................................................<br />
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CONTENTS<br />
Ocampo, M. B., et al. Cleavage rate of bubaline oocyte matured and fertilized in vitro........................<br />
Ocampo, M. B., et al. In vitro maturation and fertilization of water buffalo oocytes..............................<br />
Ocampo, M., L. Ocampo, F. Aquino, R. de Vera and L. C. Cruz. Some factors influencing the maturation,<br />
fertilization and development of buffalo oocytes in vitro............................................................<br />
Ocampo, M. B., et al. Pregnancies resulting from swamp buffalo oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro...<br />
Ocampo, M. B., et al. Present status of embryo transfer in water buffaloes (a review)........................<br />
Ocampo, M. B., et al. Survivability and fertilizability of swamp buffalo oocytes after cryopreservation...<br />
Ocampo, M. B., et al. Non-surgical embryo recovery in the water buffalo........................................<br />
Pascua, W. A. and F. V. Mamuad. Study on some aspects of reproductive performance of estrus<br />
synchronized Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis Linn.) in selected towns of Nueva Ecija..........<br />
Pastor, J. F., Et al. Study on non-surgical recovery techniques in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) under<br />
the to and fro system........................................................................................................<br />
Pastor, J. F., et al. Preliminary study on superovulation and non-surgical embryo recovery technique in<br />
water buffalo....................................................................................................................<br />
Pe, R. S., J. Acorda, C. A. Valdez and A. S. Sarabia. Effect of hypodermic needle acupuncture on the<br />
reproductive activity of postpartum anestrus water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)...........................<br />
Pedro, P. B., et al. Cryoperservation of in-vitro produced swamp buffalo blastocysts by vitrification<br />
method using ethylene glycol-based solution.........................................................................<br />
Ramos, R. C., et al. Cryopreservation of buffalo oocytes using dimethysulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol...<br />
Rigor, E. M. Reproductive biotechnology in the Philippines, the past, present and future......................<br />
Rodulfo, D. T. Histopathological disorders of the internal reproductive organs of mature non-pregnant<br />
Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)....................................................................................<br />
Roxas, N. P. And V. G. Momongan. Early pregnancy diagnosis in the Philippine carabaos................<br />
Roxas, N. P., et al. Milk progesterone profile and ovarian activity during postpartum period in lactating<br />
Philippine carabaos..........................................................................................................<br />
Roxas, N. P., et al. Milk progesterone concentration in early pregnancy diagnosis in lactating Philippine<br />
carabaos........................................................................................................................<br />
Roxas, N. P., et al. Milk progesterone radio-immunoassay: its use in the reproductive management of<br />
lactating Philippine carabao................................................................................................<br />
Sarabia, A. S., et al. Reproductive performance of the Philippine carabao and carabao crossbreeds under<br />
confinement....................................................................................................................<br />
Sarabia, A. S., et al. Post-partum uterine involution and ovarian activity in Philippine carabao cows.....<br />
Sarabia, A. S., et al. Blood plasma progesterone profiles during pregnancy, parturition and post-partum in<br />
Philippine carabao cows (Bubalus bubalis Linn.)...................................................................<br />
Sarabia, A. S., et al. Blood plasma progesterone profile during pregnancy and parturition in Philippine<br />
carabaos (Bubalus bubalis Linn.)........................................................................................<br />
Smith, O. F., et al. Follicular dynamics in Philippine water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)...........................<br />
Smith, O. F., et al. Development of per vaginal route of serial observations of ovarian activities in buffalo<br />
using simple fiberscope.....................................................................................................<br />
Taveros, A. A., A. M. Taveros and O. B. Posas. Verification of farmers’ perception of occurrence of estrus<br />
(heat) carabaos during the full phase of the moon...................................................................<br />
Venturina, H. V., et al. Successful pregnancy of purebred murrah buffalo embryo on Philippine carabao<br />
recipient.........................................................................................................................<br />
Venturina, H. V., et al. Management and climatic factors affecting libido, sexual behavior and semen<br />
quality of buffalo bulls........................................................................................................<br />
Venturina, H. V., et al. Ovarian responses of water buffaloes after PGF 2 alpha injection......................<br />
Venturina, H. V., et al. Superovulatory responses to PMSG and FSH treatments in water buffaloes.....<br />
Venturina, H. V., et al. Superovulatory treatments and embryo transfer in buffaloes............................<br />
Vinh, P. Q., V. G. Momongan and T. A. Abilay. A study on the estrous cycle length, estrus duration and<br />
ovulation time in Philippine water buffaloes in confinement with and without cooling facilities.........<br />
Vinh, P. Q., et al. Some reproductive data of the Philippine carabao in confinement............................<br />
Wongsrikeao, W. and V. G. Momongan. The effects of prostaglandin F 2 alpha (lutalyse) on estrus,<br />
ovulation and pregnancy in the Philippine carabao.................................................................<br />
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CONTENTS<br />
Wongsrikeao, W., et al. Blood gonadotropic activity during the estrous cycle of carabao heifers............<br />
Wongsrikeao, W., et al. Synchronization of estrus with PGF 2 alpha (lutalyse) and fertility in Philippine<br />
carabaos........................................................................................................................<br />
V - DRAFT POWER (Dr. Annabelle S. Sarabia)<br />
Adriano, F. A., et al. Comparative training and work persistency of Philippine carabao and its f 1 cross with<br />
murrah buffalo (50:50).......................................................................................................<br />
Cabana, E. M., F. A. Adriano and R. O. Encarnacion, Jr. Hematological observation of swamp buffalo<br />
(Bubalus Bubalis) harnessed to increasing pulling loads..........................................................<br />
Castro, Jr., R. M. Lantin and C. R. Del Rosario. Design, construction and testing of an animal draft<br />
dynamometer..................................................................................................................<br />
Encarnacion, Jr., R. O. The effect of workload on the leukogram of Philippine swamp buffalo (Bubalus<br />
Bubalis).........................................................................................................................<br />
Garillo, E. P., et al. Draftability of carabao and crossbred steers (mb x pc) under wet and dry land tillage<br />
operation........................................................................................................................<br />
Lasam, G. D. and C. A. Cabaccan. Performance of draft carabaos under two dominant croppings<br />
systems in cagayan valley................................................................................................<br />
Rigor, N. T., F. A. Ching and D. d. Lorenzo. Work persistency and physiological responses of philippine<br />
carabao and crossbred buffalo in crushing sugarcane.............................................................<br />
San Pedro, E. F. Influence of draft work, daylight heat and parasitic load on the mean eosinophil count of<br />
adult male philippine swamp buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis)............................................................<br />
Santos de los and V. G. Momongan. Comparative evaluation of the work ability of Philippine carabao and<br />
its crosses, Phil-Ravi and Phil-Murrah, in terms of physiological responses..............................<br />
Sarabia, A. S. and V. G. Momongan. Work performance and physiological responses to work stress of<br />
the philippine carabao, cambodian buffalo and their crosses with murrah buffalo under upland<br />
condition.........................................................................................................................<br />
Sarabia, A. S. and V. G. Momongan. Farmers’ preference for a draft water buffalo.............................<br />
Sarabia, A. S., V. G. Momongan and E. C. Castro. Draft ability and physiological responses of the<br />
Philippine carabao, Phil-murrah corssbred and murrah-Cambodian crossbreed to work stress......<br />
Sarabia, A. S., V. G. Momongan and R. M. Lapitan. Some physiological and biochemical changes<br />
correlated with work in the Philippine carabao and Phil-murrah crossbred.................................<br />
Sevilla, C. C., C. C. de Luna and E. C. Castro, Jr. Draught performance of water buffalo and cattle in the<br />
Philippines......................................................................................................................<br />
Villegas, V. E. The Philippine work carabao.................................................................................<br />
VI - FEEDING AND NUTRITION (Dr. Arnel N. del Barrio)<br />
Aglibo L. B., D. D. Lorenzo, and J. S. Viray. 1982. Observation on the grazing behavior of carabao<br />
(Bubalus bubalis Linn.) under Themeda pasture during wet season...........................................<br />
America, E. E., B. H. Romulo, D. L. Aquino and G. T. Concepcion. Digestibility and voluntary feed intake<br />
studies of grazing carabao under Themeda (Themeda triandra forks) range pasture. iii. determination<br />
of voluntary intake and digestibility by chromic oxide-fecal nitrogen ratio technique with caraheifers<br />
during dry season............................................................................................................<br />
Aquino, D. L., S. P. Neric and S. K. Ranjhan. 1987. Urea-molasses-mineral block (UMMB) and ureatreated<br />
Themeda (Themeda triandra forsk) hay as supplement to growing carabaos grazing during<br />
the dry season.................................................................................................................<br />
Aquino, D. L., J. B. Serra and B. H. Romulo. Digestibility and voluntary feed intake studies of grazing<br />
carabaos under Themeda (Themeda triandra forks) range pasture. i. determination of voluntary<br />
intake and digestibility by chromic oxide-fecal nitrogen ratio technique with caracows..................<br />
Aranas, T. J., L. C. Eala, A. Y. Robles and P. L. Lopez. 1971. Preliminary observation on the composition<br />
of the rumen contents of carabao and cattle fed napier grass....................................................<br />
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CONTENTS<br />
Aranas, T. J., et al. 1968. The nutritive value of Panicum maximum (guinea grass): vi. nitrogen balance<br />
studies with cattle and water buffaloes..................................................................................<br />
Aranas, T. J. and P. L. Lopez. 1978. Comparative study on the composition of the rumen liquor between<br />
carabao (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle (Bos taurus)..................................................................<br />
Asunto, G. B. and L. S. Castillo. 1970. The feeding value of high-moisture corn as a supplement to rice<br />
straw-molasses silage in feedlot fattening of carabao..............................................................<br />
Buenafe, F. D., D. B. Peña and P. S. Faylon. 1991. Grazing system for carabao production..............<br />
Calub, A.D., L. S. Castillo, J. C. Madamba, and L. P. Palo. 1971.The carcass quality of carabaos and<br />
cattle fattened in feedlot.......................................................................................................<br />
Calub, A.D. and J. C. Madamba. 1970. Feedlot performance of carabaos and cattle: carcass quality<br />
evaluation.......................................................................................................................<br />
Castillo, L .S., E. E. Abenir, L. P. Palo, A. L. Gerpacio, F. Sd. Pascual and C. I. Mercado. 1982.<br />
Digestibility and nitrogen balance studies on anabiong soilage for ruminants...............................<br />
Castillo, L. S., et al. Enriched rice straw silage as feed for carabaos................................................<br />
Castillo L. S., et al. 1970. Feedlot performance of cattle and carabaos fed corn stover-molasses silages...<br />
Castillo L. S., et al. Effect of high urea-molasses-mineral-block as supplement for growing carabao in<br />
confinement....................................................................................................................<br />
Castillo L. S., et al. 1970. Feeding value of corn stover-molasses and rice straw-molasses silages for<br />
sheep, cattle and carabaos................................................................................................<br />
Castillo, L. S., et al. The effect of urea-molasses block lick on the growing Philippine caracalves..........<br />
Castillo, L. S., et al. 1985. Maintenance requirements for digestible energy and protein of mature female<br />
carabao in confinement......................................................................................................<br />
Castillo, L. S., et al. Effects of concentrate supplementation on mature tethered carabaos.....................<br />
Castillo, L. S., et al. The effect of concentrate supplement and chopping and soaking rice straw and its<br />
voluntary intake by carabaos.............................................................................................<br />
Castillo, L. S., et al. 1982.Voluntary intake of carabaos fed rice straw in three methods of confinement...<br />
Castillo, L. S., et al. The energy and protein requirement of mature carabao......................................<br />
Corpus, F. E. 1987. In vitro evaluation of quality silage from commonly growing grasses for dry season<br />
carabao feeding system....................................................................................................<br />
Cruz, L. C., D. D. Lorenzo, H. H. Venturina, A. Venturina, T. Palada and F. V. Mamuad. 1996. Grazing<br />
trials on Themeda and Themeda x Stylo mixed pasture I. Grazing trials on unimproved Themeda<br />
pasture...........................................................................................................................<br />
Cruz, L. C., et al. 1996. Grazing trial on Themeda and Themeda x Style mixed pasture II. Grazing<br />
behavior of carabaos........................................................................................................<br />
Cruz, R. C., A. L. Ordoveza and L. P. Palo. 1977. Effects of feeding three energy levels on the growth<br />
and reproductive performance of dairy cattle and carabao (Bubalus bubalis Linn.) under Philippine<br />
condition.........................................................................................................................<br />
de Luna, A. C., C. C. Sevilla, E. C. Castro, L. M. Manlongat and R. M. Sanchez. 1991. Effect of rice<br />
bran supplementation on the draft power of carabaos in Sta. Barbara, Pangasinan......................<br />
Escaño, J. R., C. B. Perez, Jr. and A. L. Ordoveza. 1971. The yield and chemical composition of napier<br />
grass (Penisetum purpureum schum.) and its intake, digestibility and nitrogen retention by cattle<br />
versus carabao as affected by stage of growth and season.....................................................<br />
de Guzman, Jr., M. R. and C. B. Perez, Jr. 1982. Feeding management practices, physical characteristics<br />
and uses of carabao in five provinces of Luzon.....................................................................<br />
Hidalgo, M. D. T. and L. P. Palo. 1982. Intake and digestibility of rice straw with and without corn-urea<br />
supplementation...............................................................................................................<br />
Johnson, W. L., W. A. Hardison, A.L. Ordoveza and L. S. Castillo. 1969. Utilization of Panicum<br />
maximum (guinea grass) by cattle and carabaos...................................................................<br />
Lapitan, R. M., B. A. Oliveros, A. N. del Barrio and V. G. Momongan. Evaluation of growth performance<br />
of Philippine carabao and Phil-Murrah crosses under different feeding regimes: urea-treated straw<br />
and energy supplementation...............................................................................................<br />
Lasam, G. D. and C. A. Cabaccan. Performance of draft carabaos under two dominant cropping systems<br />
in Cagayan Valley............................................................................................................<br />
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CONTENTS<br />
Legaspino, C. R., E. A. Orden and D. D. Lorenzo. Digestibility and voluntary feed intake studies of<br />
grazing carabaos under Themeda (Themeda triandra forsk) range pasture. Study I. Determination<br />
of voluntary intake and digestibility by chromic oxide-lignin ratio technique with caraheifers during<br />
dry seasons....................................................................................................................<br />
Lopez, P. L., M. S. Banes and E. C. Ricohermoso. Variations in the nitrogen fractions of rumen liquors<br />
of slaughtered carabaos.....................................................................................................<br />
Lopez, P. L., et al. Variations in the nitrogen fractions of rumen liquors of slaughtered carabaos.............<br />
Lopez, P. L., et al. Variation in microbial counts in the rumen of slaughtered carabaos.........................<br />
Mallari, P. A., D. D. Lorenzo, S. S. Bumagat and J. S. Viray. Botanical composition of herbage grazed<br />
by carabaos from native pasture during dry season...............................................................<br />
Maza, A. C. and C. M. Dizon. A preliminary study of the serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus and<br />
cholesterol levels of cattle and carabaos slaughtered at the national abattoir................................<br />
Moog, F. A., A. C. Castillo, R. G. Tibayan and N. P. Tombocon. Carabeef production on native and<br />
native/ipil-ipil pastures on different stocking rates....................................................................<br />
Nagpala, R. G. Herbage productivity and quality of Themeda triandra forsk pasture grazed by caraheifers<br />
during the dryseason at Carranglan, Nueva Ecija.................................................................<br />
Neric, S. P., D. L. Aquino, P. C. dela Cruz, M. B. Garillo, F. V. Mamuad and S. K. Ranjhan.<br />
Performance of caraheifers on Themeda pasture supplemented with ipil-ipil (L. leucocephala Linn.)<br />
concentrate and urea-molasses-mineral block (UMMB) during wet season................................<br />
Neric, S. P., et al. Feeding values of indigenous fodder tree leaves and crop residues for carabaos.....<br />
Neric, S. P., et al. Performance of growing carabaos supplemented with rice straw, Themeda hay and<br />
urea-molasses-mineral block (UMMB) during the dry season and the following wet season I.<br />
Performance of growing carabaos during the dry season........................................................<br />
Neric, S. P., et al. Performance of grazing caracows fed concentrates based on rice bran or damaged<br />
palay with or without urea-molasses block supplementation during wet and dry season I. animals<br />
performance during wet season..........................................................................................<br />
Neric, S. P., et al. Performance of grazing caracows fed concentrates based on rice bran or damaged<br />
palay with or without urea-molasses block supplementation during wet and dry season II. Performance<br />
of animals during dry season<br />
Ocampo, A. G., D. D. Lorenzo and M. B. Suba. Study on the rumination behaviour of carabao grazing<br />
on native pasture.............................................................................................................<br />
Oliveros, B. A., R. M. Lapitan and A. N. del Barrio. Effect of limited concentrate supplementation on the<br />
performance of Philippine carabaos and Phil-Murrah crossbred fed urea-treated rice straw...........<br />
Olivo, C. O. Comparative performance of native and crossbred buffaloes under backyard production...<br />
Ordoveza, A. L., A. Y. Robles, L. P. Palo and W. A. Hardison. The effects of feed supplementation on<br />
intake and utilization of rice straw by cattle and Carabao.........................................................<br />
Oreña, N. R., D. D. Lorenzo and S. S. Bumagat. Observation on the grazing behaviour of carabao under<br />
the meda pasture.............................................................................................................<br />
Palo, L. P., L. S. Castillo, N. Panisales and N. Uichanco. Comparison of the feeding value of rice straw<br />
and rice straw molasses silage in cattle and carabaos...........................................................<br />
Palo, L. P. et al. High moisture corn as a supplement to rice straw molasses silage feed to cattle and<br />
carabaos with or without diethylstilbestrol implantation............................................................<br />
Palo, L. P. et al. Feeding values of some Philippine non-conventional feedstuffs................................<br />
Pascual, F. Sd. and P. L. Lopez. Establishing the nutritive values of locally available fooder/crop residues<br />
for cattle and carabao........................................................................................................<br />
Posas, O. B., R. C. Ramirez and O. de Guia. Effects of ipil-ipil supplementation on the milk performance<br />
of native caracows...........................................................................................................<br />
Robles, A. Y., A. L. Ordoveza and T. J. Aranas. The feeding value of napier grass (pennisetum purpureum<br />
schumach) for cattle and carabaos..............................................................................<br />
Romulo, B. H., D. L. Aquino, G. T. Concepcion and L. Lantay. Digestibility and voluntary feed intake<br />
studies of grazing carabao under themeda (themeda triandra forks) range pasture. ii. determination<br />
of voluntary intake and digestibility by chromic oxide-lignin ratio technique................................<br />
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CONTENTS<br />
Romulo, B. H., et al. Digestibility and voluntary feed intake studies of grazing carabao under themeda<br />
(themeda triandra forks) range pasture. iv. determination of voluntary intake and digestibility by<br />
chromic oxide chromogen ratio technique with caraheifers during summer.................................<br />
Rosete, N. P., S. P. Neric and S. S. Bumagat. Determination of voluntary dry matter intake and<br />
digestibility of themeda (themeda triandra forsk) pasture by chromic oxide-acid insoluble ash ratio<br />
technique on caracows (Bubalus bubalis Linn.)......................................................................<br />
Roxas, D. B., R. M. Lapitan, E. Roxas, A. N. del Barrio, V. G. Momongan and S. K. Ranjhan. Effects<br />
of soaking rice straw on growth performance of Philippine carabaos.........................................<br />
Roxas, D. B., et al. Feedlot fattening of cattle and carabaos with fresh ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala Lam<br />
de Wit) leaves and corn stover molasses silage....................................................................<br />
Roxas, D. B., et al. In vitro and in vivo digestion by cattle and carabaos of rice straw-based rations.....<br />
Roxas, D. B., et al. Studies on rumen ingesta of cattle and carabaos fed rice straw-based rations........<br />
Salces, C. B. and B. A. Oliveros. Effects of superphosphate application on dry matter yield, botanical and<br />
chemical composition of native/stylo mixed pastures on the performance of grazing carabulls.......<br />
Sanchez, S. L., G. R. Gerona and G. A. P. Anduyan. Chemical and nutritive values of banana and other<br />
crop residues for carabao and cattle.....................................................................................<br />
Santiago, A. R., L. C. Cruz and S. S. Bumagat. Growth pattern of carabao under range conditions......<br />
So, R. B. and P. L. Lopez. Ciliates in the rumen of carabao and cattle fed ipil-ipil [Leucaena leucocephala<br />
(lam. de wit)] and sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l.) tops diet.............................................<br />
So, R. B., P. L. Lopez and R. Santos-So. Ciliates in the rumen of carabao and cattle during an abrupt<br />
change in ration................................................................................................................<br />
Soetrisno, D. and R. R. Lopez. Studies on the growth and feeding quality of three varieties of sugarcane<br />
(Saccharum officinarum l.) under three cutting regimes...........................................................<br />
Subere, V. S. Management practices adopted for and characteristic features of the Philippine carabaos in<br />
the Visayan region..........................................................................................................<br />
Subere, V. S., and B. A. Parker. Management practices adopted for and characteristic features of the<br />
Philippine carabaos in the visayan region............................................................................<br />
Viray, J. S. The grazing behavior of carabaos (bubalus bubalis linn.) under native pasture during wet and<br />
dry seasons....................................................................................................................<br />
VII - HEALTH (Dr. Elito F. Landicho)<br />
Abellanosa, E. H. 1960. A preliminary study on the incidence of salmonella species in the feces of<br />
Philippine carabaos..........................................................................................................<br />
Ables, G. P. 1993. A preliminary study on the clinical effects of azaperone and chlorperidol on carabaos<br />
(Bubalus bubalis) raised in the Philippine Carabao Center.......................................................<br />
Abrena, F. L. 1964. A serological survey for Brucella abortus antibodies in the blood of native carabaos<br />
using the rapid plate agglutination test..................................................................................<br />
Abrigo, D. M. 1995. A survey of leptospiral antibodies in carabaos from ten selected carabao centers in<br />
the Philippines.................................................................................................................<br />
Alarcon, Jr. P. J. 1966. A preliminary study on the incidence of foreign bodies in the stomach of Philippine<br />
carabao..........................................................................................................................<br />
Alava, A. E. 1990. A survey of agglutinins against Pasteurella haemolytica serotypes among Philippineraised<br />
cattle and carabaos.................................................................................................<br />
Babasa, A. C. 1990. Occurrence of Brucella abortus agglutinins among carabaos and cattle in the<br />
Philippines based on the rapid plate agglutination...................................................................<br />
Balassu, M. T. T. 1992. Bacteriologic profile of the vagina and uterus of non-pregnant buffalo-cows in<br />
selected regions of the Philippines.......................................................................................<br />
E. M. Battad. 1988. Field trial of hemosep (Pasteurella multocida type B) vaccine in Philippine buffaloes...<br />
R. O. Boado. 1981.A survey of gross lesions of the heart and associated structures in the slaughtered<br />
Philippine carabaos as a preliminary approach in the study of cardiac disease in the bubaline<br />
species (Bubalus bubalis Linneaus).....................................................................................<br />
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CONTENTS<br />
Cheng, J. M. G. 1988. Dermatophytosis in a Philippine carabao....................................................<br />
Concepcion, M. C. 1981. Cardiac dysrhythmias in Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)....................<br />
Cordero, B. S. 1964. A serological survey of Brucella abortus (strain 19) antibodies in native carabaos<br />
using the microscopic tube agglutination tests........................................................................<br />
De la Cruz., E. G. 1980. Shelf approach (Magda’s method) of paralumbar nerve block in Philippine<br />
carabao (water buffalo: Bubalus bubalis)...............................................................................<br />
De la Cruz, T. D. 1980. Caudal epidural analgesia of the Philippine caracow (Bubalus bubalis).............<br />
De Leon, A. C. 1999. Bacterial isolation from the tonsils, jejunal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes of<br />
slaughtered Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)...................................................................<br />
De los Santos, J. L. 1990. Pathologic characterization of lung lesions in slaughtered carabaos and their<br />
bacterial profile.................................................................................................................<br />
Gaza, R. A. 1992. Monitoring immune response of cattle and carabaos to three types of CCA vaccine<br />
against hemorrhagic septicemia using Elisa and PMPT..........................................................<br />
Gordoncillo, M. J. N. 1995. Humoral response of Vitamin E supplemented buffaloes to hemorrhagic<br />
septicemia vaccine...........................................................................................................<br />
Guzman, L. D. T. 1979. Pathologic characterization of lung lesions in slaughtered carabaos.................<br />
Hain, E. S. 1993. Physiological and hematological effects of xylazine sedation in carabaos (Bubalus<br />
bubalis)..........................................................................................................................<br />
Inocencio, N. M. 1981. The occurrence of pregnancy among slaughtered cattle, carabaos, and swine in<br />
some slaughterhouses in Bulacan.......................................................................................<br />
Lacamento, F. M. 1991. Comparison of the antibody response of Philmurrah water buffaloes (Bubalus<br />
bubalis) to an aqueous and oil based foot-and-mouth disease (serotype 0 1 , A 24 and C 3 ) vaccine....<br />
Macarandang, E. A. 1971. Skin lesions of Philippine carabaos.......................................................<br />
Malvas, N. M. 1990. Serological survey of brucellosis in cattle and carabao slaughtered at a Bacolod<br />
abattoir using rose Bengal Agglutination Test .........................................................................<br />
Mateo, B. P. 1978. A study on the occurrence of tuberculosis among dairy buffaloes in Sta.Maria Bulacan<br />
and Central Luzon State University using old tuberculin and Kaolin agglutination test...................<br />
Ng, A. S. 1988. Isolation and serotyping of Pasteurella multocida in cattle (Bos indicus) and carabao<br />
(Bubalus bubalis)..............................................................................................................<br />
Olaso, R. M. 1982. Prevalence survey of tuberculosis in carabaos (Bubalus bubalis) in four municipalities<br />
of Camarines Sur by intradermal test with human purified protein derivative...............................<br />
Quebec Jr., C. M. 1990. Field trial of Pasteurella multocida Type B vaccine in pure and graded Philippine<br />
carabaos........................................................................................................................<br />
Robles, A. P. 1998. Comparative efficacy of tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum), makabuhay (Tinosphora<br />
rumphi), tubli (Derris philippinensis) and neem (Azadirachta indica) against carabao louse<br />
(Haematopinus tuberculatus)..............................................................................................<br />
Rodulfo, T. 1979. Histological disorders of the internal reproductive organs of slaughtered Philippine caracow<br />
(Bubalus bubalis).......................................................................................................<br />
Rundina, M. C. N. 1999. Pathologic characterization and bacterial profile of the liver and associated<br />
structures of slaughtered Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)..................................................<br />
Tumibay, D. O. 1961. A preliminary serological survey of leptospiral incidence in Philippine carabaos by<br />
plate screen and rapid plate test...........................................................................................<br />
Villanueva, K. C. 2002. Clinico-pathologic observations in a caracalf (Bubalus bubalis) inoculated with<br />
B:2................................................................................................................................<br />
Zabala, Z. C. O. 1990. Prevalence of agglutinins against Pasteurella multocida in cattle and carabaos in<br />
selected regions of the Philippines.......................................................................................<br />
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ANATOMY<br />
A-1<br />
DISTRIBUTION AND MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE<br />
OF <strong>THE</strong> LINGUAL PAPILLAE OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
SWAMP <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
M. R. Acosta, Student<br />
A total of thirty tongues from the Philippine swamp buffalo<br />
taken from slaughterhouses were used in this study. Five<br />
types of lingual papillae were observed namely: flavor,<br />
fungiform, conical, lenticular and circumvallate papillae.<br />
There were no foliate papillae seen. The filiform papillae<br />
were the most numerous lingual papillae covering the entire<br />
dorsal surface except at the region of the torus linguae.<br />
Irregularly distributed along these papillae are the fungiform<br />
papillae. The latter are concentrated on the tip, lateral edges<br />
and periphery of the ventral surface of the tongue. On the<br />
dorso-lateral surface of the tongue at the level of its root<br />
were the circumvallate papillae arranged in V-shape pattern<br />
with the apex pointing caudally. At the periphery of the<br />
torus linguae were the conical papillae, the largest papillae<br />
observed. While at the middle of the torus linguae were the<br />
lenticular papillae appearing as round convex structures.<br />
Microscopically, the layers comprising the epithelium of all<br />
the papillae were the same as that of the skin. Differences<br />
were observed on the thickness of each layer in each<br />
papillae; the lenticular and filiform papillae showed a thick<br />
stratum corneum while the other three with thin stratum<br />
corneum. The long connective tissue papillae and epithelial<br />
pegs in the lenticular and filiform papillae suggest a stronger<br />
attachment of these papillae to the underlying tissues than<br />
that of vallate, fungiform and conical papillae with shorter<br />
epithelial pegs and connective tissue papillae.<br />
Keywords: microscopic structure, lingual papillae,<br />
Philippine swamp buffalo, Bubalus bubalis<br />
* Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Science<br />
and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Muñoz,<br />
Nueva Ecija, 1988.<br />
A-2<br />
HISTOCHEMISTRY OF <strong>THE</strong> HYPOPHYSIS CEREBRI<br />
OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
L. G. Advincula, Student<br />
This study was conducted to describe the different cell<br />
types of the pituitary gland or hypophysis cerebri based on<br />
their histochemical reaction and to identify their locations.<br />
ANATOMY<br />
Five hypophysis cerebri from mature male and female<br />
Philippine carabao were collected. Tissue samples were<br />
fixed in the 10% neutral buffered formalin and subjected to<br />
routine paraffin technique. Tissue sections were stained<br />
with Period Acid Schiff (PAS), Heidenhain’s Azan Mallory<br />
stain (HAMS) and Performic Acid Alcian Blue-Periodic<br />
Acid Schiff-Orange G (FPAAB-PAS-OG) to demonstrate<br />
the chemical constituents of the cells of the pituitary gland.<br />
Five cell types were demonstrated. The chromophobes<br />
were grayish pink with HAMs. The acidophils were<br />
differentiated into yellow and red with HAMs and the<br />
basophils were blue with PAS and FPAAB-PAS-OG and<br />
purple with PAS or violet with FPAAB-PAS-OG. Through<br />
their color reaction, their location in the pars distalis were<br />
identified. The chromophobes were scattered throughout<br />
the pars distalis. The yellow acidophils were more<br />
concentrated in the dorso-lateral margin of the acidophilic<br />
zone while the carmine acidophils were more in the cranioventral<br />
margin, through both of them occur in the entire<br />
parenchyma of the pars distalis. The blue basophils were<br />
located more in the lateral margin of the caudal basophilic<br />
zone while the purple or violet basophils were<br />
more in the caudo-dorsal margin. Among the different types<br />
of cells identified in the pars distalis, the acidophils<br />
predominated both in the male and female followed by<br />
basophils and chromophobes as the least cells.<br />
Keywords: histochemistry, pituitary gland, (hypophysis<br />
cerebri), Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis<br />
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Science<br />
and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Muñoz,<br />
Nueva Ecija, 1998.<br />
A-3<br />
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF ENDOCRINE<br />
CELLS IN <strong>THE</strong> PANCREAS OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAO, Bubalus bubalis L.*<br />
E. T. Baltazar, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, Central<br />
Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon<br />
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
N. Kitamura, Associate Professor, Obihiro University of Agriculture and<br />
Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan<br />
E. Hondo , , Assistant Professor, Obihiro University of Agriculture and<br />
Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan<br />
G. D. de Ocampo, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
E. F. Landicho, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
J. Yamada, Professor, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary<br />
Medicine, Obihiro, Japan<br />
The occurrence and frequency of endocrine cells in the<br />
pancreas of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis L.)<br />
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were studied by specific immunohistochemistry. Four types<br />
of endocrine cells were identified: insulin, glucagon,<br />
pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin immunoreactive<br />
cells. Regional difference in the distribution of these cells<br />
was not observed. The predominant cell types are the<br />
insulin cells followed by glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide<br />
and somatostatin cells. The insulin cells were concentrated<br />
at the central region of the pancreatic islet while the<br />
glucagons, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin cells<br />
were distributed at the peripheral region. Isolated endocrine<br />
cells were occasionally detected in the exocrine portion of<br />
the pancreas including the duct epithelium. The present<br />
findings revealed that endocrine cells in the pancreas of<br />
carabao and other related species are similar to the primary<br />
cell types but not precisely as to their relative frequency<br />
and location in the pancreatic islets.<br />
Keywords: bubaline, carabao, endocrine cells,<br />
immunohistochemistry, pancreas<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 33(2): 41-<br />
45, 1996.<br />
A-4<br />
HISTOLOGY OF <strong>THE</strong> PANCREATIC ISLETS OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
E. T. Baltazar, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, Central<br />
Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon<br />
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
E. F. Landicho, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
The pancreatic islets are groups of hormone-secreting<br />
(endocrine) cells forming “islands” in the “sea” of digestive<br />
enzyme-secreting (exocrine) cells in the pancreas. The<br />
islets secrete the hormones insulin and glucagons, which<br />
are essential for the metabolism of sugars, the lack of<br />
which will lead to diabetes. Many studies have been done<br />
on the microscopic structure or morphology (histology) of<br />
the pancreatic islets of other species, but there is none on<br />
the carabao. Specimens from a slaughterhouse were<br />
examined using different stains: (1) hematoxylin and eosin<br />
(H&E), (2) Vorhoeff’s elastic tissue stain, (3) Masson’s<br />
trichrome stain, (4) silver stain, (5) Gomori’s chromium<br />
hematoxylin-phloxine stain. Based on the results of the<br />
study, the pancreatic islets of the carabao resemble those<br />
of other domestic animal species. The islets vary in shape<br />
and number and apparently are more concentrated in the<br />
right lobe than in the left lobe and the pancreatic body. They<br />
are not clearly differentiated from the exocrine cell of the<br />
pancreas because of their poorly developed capsule<br />
composed of two types of fibers: the collagenous and<br />
reticular fibers. Dark and light islets are demonstrated in<br />
2<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
hematoxylin- and eosin-stained sections, the first such<br />
report in mammals. Dark islets contain more cells than the<br />
light ones. Alpha and beta cells are demonstrated in<br />
Gomori’s chromium-hematoxylin phloxine stained sections.<br />
Beta cells are generally concentrated at the center of the<br />
islet while alpha cells are peripheral or at the outer part.<br />
Three cell types in the islets can be identified with the use<br />
of Masson’s trichrome stain. The present findings augment<br />
the scarce information on the microscopic morphology of<br />
the pancreatic islets of the carabao. These findings will<br />
help to provide a better understanding of the role of the<br />
pancreas in carbohydrate metabolism.<br />
Keywords: histology, pancreatic islets, Philippine carabao,<br />
Bubalus bubalis<br />
*The Philippine Agricultural Scientist, 84(3): 278-28, 2001.<br />
A-5<br />
HISTOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES<br />
ON <strong>THE</strong> PANCREATIC ISLETS (ISLETS OF<br />
LANGERHANS) OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO<br />
(Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
E. T. Baltazar, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, Central<br />
Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon<br />
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
Histological and immunocytochemical studies were<br />
conducted on the endocrine pancreas of the Philippine<br />
carabao (Bubalus bubalis). The islets varied in shape, size<br />
and distribution. There were round, oval and irregular islets<br />
with the oval shape predominating. Islets distribution varied<br />
from one part of the pancreas to the other, with the right part<br />
having the most islets. The islets were usually surrounded<br />
by complete connective tissue composed of reticular and<br />
collagen fibers. Reticular and little of collagen fibers<br />
penetrated the inner portion of the islet. Few to abundant<br />
capillaries were observed to be concentrated peripherally<br />
in the islets. The islet cells were distributed either evenly or<br />
unevenly. The islets with unevenly distributed cells had<br />
sparse and dense regions. Some islet cells appeared in<br />
anastomosing cords. Immunocytochemically, insulin-,<br />
glucagon-, pancreatic-, polypeptide-, and somatostatinimmunoreactive<br />
cells were localized. The insulinimmunoreactive<br />
cells were the most numerous of the four<br />
cell types demonstrated. They were usually arranged in<br />
clumps and were concentrated at the central portion of the<br />
islet. The glucagons- immunoreactive cells usually occurred<br />
in cords of various lengths and were concentrated at the<br />
peripheral portion of the islet. They usually outline the shape
of the islet. The pancreatic- polypeptic- immunoreactive<br />
cells were commonly observed at the dense peripheral<br />
region of the islet. Of the four cell types localized, the least<br />
common were somatostatin- immunoreactive cells that<br />
were usually found at the peripheral region of the islet. The<br />
four cell types were of various shapes. Isolated cells of<br />
each cell type were found inside some of the pancreatic<br />
acini. Pancreatic- polypeptide- immunoreactive cells<br />
occurring singly were also found in some duct epithelium.<br />
The findings of this study suggest that the anatomy of the<br />
endocrine pancreas of the Philippine carabao is similar to<br />
that of cattle.<br />
Keywords: carabao. histological and immunological<br />
observations, islet of Langerhans, pancreas, polypeptideimmunoreactive<br />
cells.<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1981-1995, (1996),<br />
PCC-DA, UPLB. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water<br />
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines, 1981-1995. p. 35.<br />
Part of the thesis submitted by the senior author for his MS<br />
degree in Veterinary Medicine.<br />
A-6<br />
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF<br />
FOUR CELL TYPES IN <strong>THE</strong> ENDOCRINE PANCREAS<br />
OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO, (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
E. T. Baltazar, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, Central<br />
Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon<br />
C. P. Maala, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
N. Kitamura, Professor, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary<br />
Medicine, Obihiro, Japan<br />
Tissue samples used in the study were collected from<br />
freshly slaughtered, apparently healthy adult Philippine<br />
carabaos of both sexes. Insulin-, glucagon-, somatostatinand<br />
bovine pancreatic polypeptide- immunoreactive cells<br />
were observed by light microscopic immunocytochemistry<br />
using Avidin Biotin Peroxidase Complex Method. The<br />
insulin cells were concentrated at the central portion of the<br />
islets while the glucagons, somatostatin and the bovine<br />
pancreatic polypeptide cells were observed mainly at the<br />
periphery. Isolated cells of each cell type were observed<br />
among the acini.<br />
Keywords: endocrine pancreas, carabao,<br />
immunocytochemistry, Bubalus bubalis<br />
*Proceedings of the 8 th Congress of the Federation of<br />
Asian Veterinary Associations, Manila, Philippines (1992);<br />
pp. 416-419. Part of the thesis submitted by the senior<br />
author for his MS degree in Veterinary Medicine.<br />
ANATOMY<br />
A-7<br />
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF ENDOCRINE<br />
CELLS IN <strong>THE</strong> GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
E. T. Baltazar, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, Central<br />
Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon<br />
N. Kitamura, Associate Professor, Obihiro University of Agriculture and<br />
Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan<br />
E. Hondo, Assistant Professor, Obihiro University of Agriculture and<br />
Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan<br />
J. Yamada, Professor, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary<br />
Medicine, Obihiro, Japan<br />
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
L. T. Simborio, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon<br />
The distribution and frequency of occurrence of endocrine<br />
cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the Philippine carabao<br />
(Bubalus bubalis) were studied by immunohistochemistry.<br />
Fourteen types of immunoreactive (IR) endocrine cells<br />
were revealed. Among the cell types, only chromogranin,<br />
serotonin, and bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP) were<br />
present in the entire gut, while the others showed restricted<br />
distribution: somatostatin, gastrin, and cholecystokinin in<br />
the abomasum and small intestine; methionine- enkephaline-<br />
Arg 6 -Gly 7 -Leu 8 , motilin, neurotensin, secretin, gastric<br />
inhibitory peptide, and substance P in the small intestine;<br />
peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) in the large intestine; and<br />
glucagons in the whole intestinal tract. Most of the cell<br />
types showed peak density in the pyloric, duodenal, or<br />
rectal region. The highest cell type heterogeneity was<br />
observed in the duodenum. The distribution profile of the<br />
gut endocrine cells in the carabao is closely related to that<br />
in the Holstein cattle. Important findings include the<br />
occurrence of BPP-IR cells in the entire gut and the high<br />
frequency of PYY-IR cells in the large intestine.<br />
Keywords: immunohistochemistry, endocrine cells,<br />
gastrointestinal tract, Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis<br />
*Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, (27): 407-411, 1998.<br />
A-8<br />
A STUDY ON <strong>THE</strong> LOCATION OF TASTE BUDS IN<br />
<strong>THE</strong> TONGUE OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> SWAMP<br />
<strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus bubalis L.)*<br />
D. G. V. Boydon, Student, College of Veterinary Science and Medicine,<br />
Central Luzon State University, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija<br />
Taste buds were examined in hematoxylin eosin stained<br />
tissue sections using a light microscope. Taste buds were<br />
found only on the lateral surface of the circumvallate papillae<br />
3
and on the dorsal surface of the fungiform papillae. Based<br />
on this finding, the dorsal surface of the root, ventro-lateral<br />
surface and the tip of the tongue are associated with taste.<br />
Keywords: taste buds, tongue, Philippine swamp buffalo,<br />
Bubalus bubalis L.<br />
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Science<br />
and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Muñoz,<br />
Nueva Ecija (1988). Copy of the thesis is available at<br />
CLSU Library, and at the Knowledge Resource<br />
Management Center, Philippine Carabao Center, Muñoz,<br />
Nueva Ecija.<br />
A-9<br />
MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SEROSAL,<br />
MUSCULAR AND SUBMUCOSAL LAYERS OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
LARGE INTESTINE OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAOS<br />
(Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
A. Bustamante, Student, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of<br />
the Philippines Los Baños<br />
C. P. Maala, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
The histological features of the submucosal, muscular, and<br />
serosal layers of the cecum, colon, and rectum of the<br />
Philippine carabao were studied using Hematoxyline<br />
staining (H&E) stained sections and various differential<br />
staining techniques. The submucosal layer consisted of a<br />
large amount of collagen fibers. A few elastic and reticular<br />
fibers were found in this layer. The submucosa appeared<br />
thickest in the cecum. Ganglion cells belonging to the<br />
submucosal plexus were plentiful. Some occurred in groups<br />
while some occurred singly. There were many blood<br />
vessels and nerves in the submucosa. The muscular<br />
layer of the large intestine consists of an inner muscular<br />
muscle layer and an outer longitudinal muscle layer. Among<br />
the three segments of the large intestine studied, the tunica<br />
muscularis was thickest in the rectum. Ganglion cells<br />
belonging to the myenteric plexus were observed in this<br />
layer and were generally located in between the muscle<br />
layers. Individual ganglion cells may be found between<br />
muscle bundles in the outer part of the inner circular muscle<br />
layer. The serosal layer was well-developed in the cecum<br />
and colon because of the accumulation of a large amount of<br />
adipose tissue between the serosa and the muscular layer.<br />
In the caudal part of the rectum, the serosal layer was<br />
replaced by an adventitial layer.<br />
Keywords: carabao, ganglion cells, large intestine,<br />
muscular, serosal, submucosal and adventitial layer<br />
*Abstract of Completed Researches, 1981-1995, (1996)<br />
PCC-DA, UPLB. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water<br />
4<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1996, p.37.<br />
Prescribed during the 27 th PSAS Annual Convention, PICC,<br />
Metro Manila, October, 1990. Abstract published in the<br />
Philippine Journal of Animal Science, 17:56 (1991).<br />
A-10<br />
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF SEMINAL VESICLE<br />
AND PROSTATE GLAND OF MALE <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis L.)*<br />
F. D. B. Caoli, Student<br />
Seminal vesicle and prostate gland were collected from<br />
seven apparently healthy male Philippine carabao (Bubalus<br />
bubalis L.) between two to five years of age immediately<br />
after slaughter. The samples were processed and stained<br />
with H&E stain. The seminal vesicle of the Philippine<br />
carabao was similar with the bull. It was encapsulated by<br />
a DWFCT. The glandular epithelium was lined by simple<br />
columnar epithelium. Lipid droplets were observed in the<br />
cytoplasm of the cells. The lamina propria-tunica<br />
submucosa consisted of loose connective tissue. The tunica<br />
muscularis was thick and composed of smooth muscle<br />
fibers. The tunica adventitia consisted of loose connective<br />
tissue. The intralobular ducts were lined by simple cuboidal<br />
or stratified columnar epithelium. The body of the prostate<br />
gland was encapsulated by DWFCT with smooth muscle<br />
fibers. The glandular epithelium was lined by simple<br />
cuboidal cells. Large and small alveoli were present in the<br />
parenchyma. Prostatic concretions were observed only in<br />
larger alveoli. Intralobular ducts were lined by simple<br />
cuboidal or columnar cells.<br />
Keywords: microscopic anatomy, seminal vesicle,<br />
prostate glands, Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1999.<br />
A-11<br />
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF <strong>THE</strong> SKIN OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis L.) AND<br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> MURRAH CROSSBRED*<br />
C. L. Casis, Student<br />
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines, Los Baños<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Senior Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Center,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
The skin from the head, neck, dorsum, ventrum and<br />
hindlimb from five adult male Philippine carabao and<br />
Philippine Murrah crossbred were microscopically studied.<br />
The carabao skin (8.30 um) was not significantly thicker
(P>0.05) from that of the Philippine Murrah crossbred (9.13<br />
um). Regardless of breed, the skin was significantly thickest<br />
in the neck (11.80 um) followed by those in the ventrum<br />
(8.90 um), dorsum (8.11 um) and head (7.94 um). The skin<br />
was thinnest in the hindlimb (6.82 um) followed by those in<br />
the dorsum and head (7.94 um). In both breeds, the<br />
epidermis was composed of only four layers: stratum<br />
corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and<br />
stratum basale. The stratum lucidum was absent in all<br />
areas examined. The shape, size and number of the<br />
epidermal ridges or pegs were extremely variable in both<br />
breeds. Tongue-shaped, pointed, wide and branching<br />
epidermal ridges were observed. Although the epidermis<br />
was thicker in the carabao (197.23 um) than in the Philippine<br />
Murrah crossbred (171.40 um), their difference was not<br />
statistically significant (P>0.05). Regardless of breed, the<br />
epidermis was thickest in the neck (211.95 um) and ventrum<br />
(218.00 um) (P0.05). The dermis in both breeds was made up of two<br />
indistinctly separable layers: the superficial papillary layer<br />
and the deep reticular layer. Collagen, elastic and reticular<br />
connective tissue fibers, blood vessels, hair follicles and<br />
their sebaceous glands, nerve fibers and smooth muscle<br />
fibers were found in the dermis. The collagenous fibers<br />
were finer in the papillary layer than in the reticular layer. In<br />
the papillary layer the more slender collagenous fiber were<br />
more compact and were oriented parallel to the skin surface.<br />
In the reticular layer, these were loosely arranged, some<br />
occurred in bundles, and ran in various directions. The<br />
collagenous fibers were more regularly arranged in the<br />
Philippine Murrah crossbred than in the carabao. Hair<br />
follicles were few and occurred singly. They were<br />
particularly numerous in the head of the Philippine Murrah<br />
crossbred and in the hindlimb of the Philippine carabao.<br />
The sebaceous glands were large and were attached near<br />
the base of hair follicles. Some hair follicles lacked<br />
sebaceous glands. Two types of apocrine sweat glands<br />
were seen in both breeds: tubular and saccular, with the<br />
former being more numerous than the latter. There were<br />
more sweat glands in the Philippine Murrah crossbred<br />
than in the Philippine carabao. The dermis of the Philippine<br />
Murrah crossbred (10740.0 um) was significantly thicker<br />
than that of the Philippine carabao (6136.0 um). This study<br />
disproved earlier reports that carabaos lack sweat glands.<br />
Keywords: Bubalus bubalus, hair follicles, skin thickness,<br />
sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, Philippine carabao.<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences.<br />
25(2): 16-37, 1999.<br />
ANATOMY<br />
A-12<br />
HISTOLOGY OF <strong>THE</strong> SKIN IN SOME SPECIALIZED<br />
REGIONS OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus<br />
bubalis)*<br />
C. L. Castillo, Student<br />
Skin from the upper and lower eyelids, muzzle, external<br />
ear, mammary area, prepuce, scrotum and interdigital space<br />
of two to six years old Philippine carabaos were studied<br />
histologically. The epidermis from these regions was lined<br />
by a stratified squamous epithelium, which consisted of<br />
four layers: the stratum corneum, stratum granulosum,<br />
stratum spinosum and stratum basale. The stratum lucidum<br />
was absent in all the regions examined. Condensation of<br />
melanin was observed more on the basal layer of the<br />
eyelids, muzzle and external ear than on the mammary<br />
area, prepuce, scrotum and interdigital space. The dermis<br />
in all the regions was indistinctly divided into superficial<br />
papillary and deep reticular layers. Collagen, elastic and<br />
reticular fibers were present in both layers of the dermis. In<br />
the papillary layer the collagenous fibers occurred in fine<br />
bundles and ran mostly parallel to the skin surface. In the<br />
reticular layer the collagen fibers formed the bulk of the<br />
layer and were large, coarse and dense. They ran mostly<br />
parallel to the skin surface. In general, the basic architecture<br />
of the integument was similar in all the animals examined.<br />
Differences existed, however, in the thickness of the<br />
epidermis and the dermis in various regions of the body.<br />
The upper and lower eyelids were characterized by the<br />
tarsal glands which were modified sebaceous glands. The<br />
tarsal glands were larger and well-developed in the upper<br />
eyelid and the hair follicles were thicker and numerous. In<br />
the lower eyelid, the tarsal glands were smaller and less<br />
developed and the hair follicles were smaller and less<br />
numerous. The sweat glands were both tubular and saccular<br />
apocrine types and the branched sebaceous glands were<br />
large. Striated muscle fibers of the orbicularis oculi and<br />
levator palpebrae superioris were found in both the upper<br />
and lower eyelids whereas only the orbicularis oculi was<br />
found in the lower eyelid. The muzzle epidermis was<br />
highly cornified and the thickest of all body areas examined.<br />
The stratum lucidum was absent. It is devoid of hair follicles<br />
and had tubular merocrine glands known as muzzle or<br />
nasolabial glands with characteristic of salivary glands.<br />
The external ear was covered by thin skin. However, the<br />
epidermis was thicker in the outer convex surface than in<br />
the inner concave surface. The epidermal pegs on the<br />
other hand, were more complex in the inner surface than in<br />
the outer surface. The hair follicles were more numerous in<br />
the convex surface. The sebaceous glands were highly<br />
developed and lobulated. The external ear contains<br />
5
supportive structures of hyaline cartilage which separates<br />
the convex from the concave surface. The mammary area<br />
had sparse and fine hair follicles with well-developed<br />
apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands which were<br />
not multilobulated. The dermis was characterized by loose<br />
collagenous tissue. Lymphocytes were also present in the<br />
papillary layer of the dermis. The prepuce was characterized<br />
by long bristle-like hair follicles with apocrine sweat glands<br />
and sebaceous glands were not always related to the hair<br />
follicle. Lymphatic nodules were present in the area just<br />
below the epidermis. The stratum corneum of the scrotum<br />
was not very well developed. Hair follicles were not<br />
abundant and they were short and fine. Large apocrine<br />
sweat glands were present and sebaceous glands were<br />
located on the upper portion of the hair follicle. The scrotum<br />
was characterized by the presence of smooth fibers of the<br />
tunica dartos. The interdigital space also had a thickened<br />
and highly cornified epidermis but not as thick as that of the<br />
muzzle skin. It had very few small apocrine sweat glands<br />
and the hair follicles were large but few. Regional skin<br />
variations relating to amount and type of pelage, distribution<br />
and type of glands, and skin thickness were observed and<br />
these are functional adaptations to suit the animal to its<br />
environment.<br />
Keywords: histology, skin, Philippine carabao, Bubalus<br />
bubalis<br />
* Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1998.<br />
A-13<br />
OSSA CORDIS OF <strong>THE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus<br />
bubalis)*<br />
T. David, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Diliman<br />
Two bones were found in each heart of Philippine water<br />
buffalo 7-19 years of age. The bones were embedded in<br />
the aortic fibrous ring. The right bone measured from 4-5.5<br />
cm long and weighed about 1.5 - 2g. The left one about 2.3<br />
– 3cm long and its weight was 0.2 – 0.4g. No bones were<br />
found in the heart of 1.5 years old Philippine water buffaloes.<br />
The measurements obtained for the Philippine water<br />
buffaloes were smaller than those of cattle. The microscopic<br />
features of the bones were similar to compact bones. The<br />
ossa cordis in the Philippine water buffalo may provide a<br />
firm and secure attachments for the semilunar cusps of the<br />
aortic valve.<br />
Keywords: ossa cordis, carabao, Bubalus bubalis<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Animal Industry, 4(6): 521-528,<br />
1937.<br />
6<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
A-14<br />
EVALUATION OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND SEMEN<br />
QUALITY OF MURRAH AND CROSSBRED<br />
<strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES*<br />
E. C. de la Peña, Senior Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao<br />
Center, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija<br />
A. N. del Barrio, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine<br />
Carabao Center, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
J. C. Canaria, Farm Superintendent, Philippine Carabao Center, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
B. R. Arenda, Science Research Assistant, Philippine Carabao Center,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
B. A. Oliveros, Associate Professor, Institute of Animals Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
Ma. F. V. Templado, Student<br />
C. P. Maala, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
Four each of Murrah (M), PMF 1 or Phil- Murrah F 1<br />
(Philippine carabao (PC) x M] and PMF 2 (PMF 1 x PMF 1 )<br />
bulls were evaluated for their sexual behavior, semen<br />
quality and sperm biometry. The sexual behavior of bulls<br />
differed significantly (P0.05) was observed in the volume of semen ejaculated<br />
by the bulls. However, the MB tended to give more (2.91<br />
ml) semen than either PMF 1 (2.20 ml) or PMF 2 (1.94 ml)<br />
bulls. The MB had the highest (P0.05) was observed for the length of the<br />
head tail, and the entire length of spermatozoa. However,<br />
the width of the sperm cell heads from the MB and PMF 2<br />
were wider (P
A-15<br />
<strong>THE</strong> MODIFIED HORN RING METHOD AS A TOOL<br />
IN DETERMINING <strong>THE</strong> AGE OF CARABAO (Bubalus<br />
bubalis)*<br />
G. D. de Ocampo, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
O. M. C. David, Student<br />
The accuracy of the modified horn ring method to determine<br />
the age of carabao (Bubalus bubalis) was tested using 127<br />
carabaos of both sexes, aged one to 23 years old, randomly<br />
selected at an auction market. The length and circumference<br />
of the horns were measured while the number of rings<br />
were counted in both the right and left horns. The results<br />
showed that although variations occurred in the length,<br />
circumference and number of rings between right and left<br />
horns and between male and female animals in relation to<br />
age, such variations were not statistically significant.<br />
Furthermore, the linear regression model showed a direct<br />
correlation between the number of horn rings and the age of<br />
the animal. thus the formula:<br />
y = 1.22322503 + 0.264245856 (x)<br />
where y is the age and x is the number of horn rings, was<br />
arrived at to estimate the age of the carabao. Using this<br />
formula, a table of confidence interval was subsequently<br />
made to facilitate age determination.<br />
Keywords: age determination, Bubalus bubalis, horn ring<br />
method, carabao<br />
* NRCP Research Journal, 3(2): 191-200, 1993.<br />
A-16<br />
SEM STUDIES ON <strong>THE</strong> DIGESTIVE TRACT OF<br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> SWAMP <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus bubalis).<br />
II. SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES*<br />
G. D. de Ocampo, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman<br />
R. P. G. Nolasco, Student<br />
C. E. Bondac, Student<br />
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the duodenum,<br />
jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon was conducted on<br />
samples from 14 apparently healthy, female, Philippine<br />
swamp buffaloes or carabaos. There were morphological<br />
variation in the villi of the different regions of the small<br />
intestine. Ridge-like villi in the duodenum and jejunum and<br />
leaf-like villi in the duodenum and ileum were observed.<br />
Much taller and slender ridge-shaped villi were also noted<br />
in the duodenum. The mucosal surface architecture differed<br />
between the two regions of the large intestine. The ceca<br />
mucosa has a mosaic of uniformly distributed sunken<br />
ANATOMY<br />
openings of the crypts of Lieberkuhn; that of the colon<br />
showed a repetition of interconnected ridges. The crypt<br />
openings in the cecum appeared funnel-like; in the colon,<br />
their outlines were polygonal. Crypts of the colon were<br />
larger than those of the cecum. Goblet cells and mucous<br />
secretions, the latter as white, irregular structures, were<br />
also observed in the colon and cecum.<br />
Keywords: scanning electron microscopy (SEM),<br />
digestive tract, Philippine swamp buffalo, Bubalus bubalis,<br />
small intestine, large intestine<br />
* The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 22(2): 50-<br />
58, 1983.<br />
A-17<br />
<strong>THE</strong> INCIDENCE OF PREGNANT CARABAOS<br />
SLAUGHTERED AT FOOD TERMINAL, INC. FROM<br />
1989-1990*<br />
M. M. Dunwan, Student<br />
The percentages of pregnant cattle and carabaos slaughtered<br />
in 1988 at New Slaughterhouse, Food Terminal, Inc. (FTI),<br />
Tagging, Metro Manila were determined. Pregnant animals<br />
slaughtered were higher in cattle (10.56%) than in carabaos<br />
(3.51%). The percentages of slaughtered pregnant cattle<br />
and carabaos were highest during the months July<br />
(17.83%) and June (6.03%), respectively. Based on the<br />
three stages of pregnancy, the highest percentage of<br />
slaughtered carabaos occurred at early pregnancy (1.36%),<br />
followed by mid (1.21%) and later pregnancy (0.94%).<br />
The highest percentage of carabaos slaughtered at early<br />
stage of pregnancy occurred in May (3.03%), April (3.03%)<br />
for mid pregnancy and November (1.75%) for late<br />
pregnancy. In cattle, the highest percentage of slaughtered<br />
pregnant animals was at early pregnancy (4.41%),<br />
followed by mid pregnancy (3.28%) and lowest at late<br />
pregnancy (2.88%). According to place of origin, Cavite<br />
(46.32%) and Masbate (30.24%) had the highest<br />
percentages of slaughtered pregnant cattle and carabaos,<br />
respectively. In spite of the law prohibiting the slaughter of<br />
pregnant cattle and carabaos, the authorities have failed to<br />
totally prevent this practice as revealed in the present<br />
study. Pregnant animals are still being slaughtered in<br />
abattoirs because of insufficient ante-mortem inspection,<br />
laxity on the implementation of the law against the<br />
slaughtering of pregnant animal and lack of expertise in<br />
pregnancy diagnosis at farm level. Hence, to prevent the<br />
shipment and slaughter of pregnant cattle and carabaos,<br />
the “Buy Back Operation” is recommended to be revived.<br />
Keywords: buy back operation, cattle, carabao, Food<br />
7
Terminal Inc., abattoir, incidence of slaughtered pregnant<br />
ruminants<br />
*Abstract of Completed Researches, 1981-1996, (1990)<br />
PCC-DA, UPLB. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water<br />
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995, p.44-45.<br />
Copy of thesis available at the library of the College of<br />
Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los<br />
Baños.<br />
A-18<br />
HISTOLOGY OF <strong>THE</strong> SPLEEN OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis L.)*<br />
M. A. C. Estacio, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
C. L. Calimlim, Student<br />
G. D. de Ocampo, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
The spleen of adult male Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis<br />
L.) was examined histologically using the H & E stain.<br />
The carabao had a storage type of spleen characterized by<br />
presence of numerous trabeculae and minimal amount of<br />
white pulp in the parenchyma. It was enclosed by a thick<br />
capsule consisting of two distinct layers: a thick outer<br />
dense white fibrous connective tissue layer (DWFCT) and<br />
an inner smooth muscle layer. The white pulp was made<br />
up of the lymphatic module and peripheral sheath that<br />
surrounded the nodular or central arteriole. The red pulp or<br />
splenic cord consisted of lymphocytes, phagocyte cells<br />
and erythrocytes separated by sinuses.<br />
Keywords: Bubalus bubalis, Philippine carabao, histology,<br />
spleen<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 34(1&2):<br />
65-67, 1997.<br />
A-19<br />
GROSS AND MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
LUNG OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus<br />
bubalis Linn.)*<br />
A. C. Estacio, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
R. L. D. Hontomin, Student<br />
G. D. de Ocampo, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
The lung of the Philippine carabao was grossly and<br />
microscopically examined. Grossly, the left lung was<br />
smaller and had 2 lobes, cranial and caudal lobes. The<br />
cranial lobe was further divided into cranial and caudal<br />
8<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
parts by a U or V shaped notch. The right lung had 4 lobes<br />
namely: cranial, middle, caudal and accessory lobes.<br />
Microscopically, the lung was enclosed by a capsule<br />
composed of 3 layers; mesothelium, elastic, and subserosal<br />
layers. The lung parenchyma presented structures typical<br />
of the lung of most domestic mammalian species. The wall<br />
of the bronchus consisted of 4 layers; 1) tunica mucosa<br />
which is made up of pseudostratified columnar ciliated<br />
lining epithelium with goblet cells, lamina propria containing<br />
loose connective tissue and lymphatic tissue, and a lamina<br />
muscularis mucosae of circulatory arranged smooth muscle<br />
fibers; 2) tunica submucosa made up of loose connective<br />
tissue, solitary lymphatic nodules and mixed but<br />
predominantly mucous glands; 3) tunica muscularis<br />
contained hyaline cartilage; and 4) tunica adventitia<br />
composed of loose connective tissue. The wall of the<br />
bronchiole, except that of the respiratory bronchiole, had 2<br />
layers: 1) tunica mucosa made up of simple columnar or<br />
cuboidal ephithelium, a lamina propria with thin loose<br />
connective tissue and lamina muscularis mucosae with<br />
thin circularly arranged smooth muscles; and 2) tunica<br />
submucosa with thin layer of loose connective tissue.<br />
Respiratory bronchioles were not frequently observed.<br />
The wall of the bronchial part consisted of 1 layer; tunica<br />
mucosa composed of simple cuboidal epithelium, lamina<br />
propria with very thin loose connective and lamina<br />
muscularis mucosae with thin smooth fiber. The alveolar<br />
part was lined by simple squamous epithelium. The alveolar<br />
duct, alveolar sac and alveoli were typical of other<br />
mammalian species.<br />
Keywords: alveoli, bronchiole, bronchus, bubaline,<br />
capsule, lung, Bubalus bubalis<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 36:1-7,<br />
1999.<br />
A-20<br />
ULTRASTRUCTURAL OBSERVATIONS OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
CECAL MUCOSA OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO<br />
(Bubalus bubalis) *<br />
M. A. C. Estacio, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of<br />
the Philippines Los Baños<br />
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
The cecal mucosa of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus<br />
bubalis) was studied using transmission electron<br />
microscope. The cells lining it generally resemble those<br />
previously described in other species. The surface<br />
epithelium was lined primarily by columnar absorptive<br />
cells and a few goblet cells. The glandular epithelium was<br />
lined by goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells and
undifferentiated cells. Mucigenous granules of varying<br />
degrees of density were observed in the cytoplasm of the<br />
goblet cells. Based on the shape, density and distribution<br />
of the secretory granules, two types of enteroendocrine<br />
cells were observed. Type 1 cells had pleomorphic<br />
secretory granules of varying density in its infranuclear<br />
region, while type 2 cells had generally rounded dense<br />
granules throughout its cytoplasm. No Paneth cells and<br />
non-epithelial cells were observed. The cell types noted in<br />
the lamina propria were plasma cells, mast cells,<br />
eosinophils and neutrophils. The ultrastructural features of<br />
these cells did not significantly differ from what had been<br />
previously reported in other species except that in plasma<br />
cell, the Russell bodies were absent and in the eosinophils,<br />
the nucleus was not lobed.<br />
Keywords: carabao, cecal mucosa, electron microscopy,<br />
morphological descriptions, ultrastructural cells, Bubalus<br />
bubalis<br />
*Abstract of Completed Researches, 1981-1995, (1996)<br />
PCC-DA, UPLB. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water<br />
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995, p.46,<br />
and in the Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 34 (1<br />
and 2): 82-83 (1997).<br />
A-21<br />
HAIR MEDULLARY PATTERNS IN <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
<strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus bubalis)<br />
M. L. A. Santiago-Flores, Resident Veterinarian, Veterinary Teaching<br />
Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines<br />
Los Baños<br />
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
J. S. Masangkay, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of<br />
the Philippines Los Baños<br />
The medullary patterns of hairs taken from the forehead,<br />
lateral surface of forelimb, hindlimb, dorsum, ventral<br />
abdominal wall and tail of Philippine water buffalo (Bubalus<br />
bubalis, Linnaeus) were examined. The hair medullary<br />
patterns in the six body regions varied depending on the<br />
age (young vs old) and sex (male vs female) of the<br />
Philippine water buffalo. Young male buffalo had<br />
predominantly continuous nodose or homogenous type.<br />
Adult male and female buffalo lacked medulla typical of<br />
absent type. Young female Philippine water buffalo showed<br />
a more varied distribution of hair medullary patterns with<br />
the fragmental type restricted to the forehead, and the other<br />
body regions with two to four patterns in varying proportions.<br />
Based on this study, it would therefore be possible to utilize<br />
differences in the hair medullary patterns to distinguish<br />
adult male buffalo from adult female, young male and female<br />
buffalo.<br />
ANATOMY<br />
Keywords: hair medullary pattern, Philippine water buffalo,<br />
Bubalus bubalis<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine 38(1): 1-<br />
8, 2001.<br />
A-22<br />
GROSS ANATOMY OF <strong>THE</strong> TAIL OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
N. M. D. Gagni, Student<br />
The gross anatomy of the tail of the Philippine carabao was<br />
studied by gross dissection and compared it to that of the ox. It<br />
was found out that the first three vertebra of the tail of the Philippine<br />
carabao were similar to typical vertebrae. It consisted of a body<br />
and arch and processes. The caudal part of the series was<br />
reduced into cylindrical rods. The body of the vertebra was<br />
more cylindrical than that of the ox. The arch and processes<br />
were more or less similar in shape and structure. Mamillary and<br />
accessory processes were absent in both species. Lymph<br />
nodes were not present in the area while the lymph vessels<br />
may have been present in the lymphatic anatomy of the tail of<br />
the carabao but these vessels were to minute for identification.<br />
The arthrological anatomy of the tail presents no special ligaments<br />
in both species. The thickenings of the fascia function as ligaments.<br />
Intervertebral discs were thicker in the carabao than in the ox.<br />
The blood vascular anatomy of the tail showed that the tail was<br />
vascularized by four (4) vessels namely: (a) the median caudal<br />
artery and vein, (b) the superficial lateral vein, (c) the dorsolateral<br />
caudal artery and vein. The superficial lateral caudal artery and<br />
vein was present in the carabao but absent in the ox and was<br />
not accompanied by any artery of like name. The first two<br />
vessels were single while the other two are paired. The caudal<br />
nerves of the tail number five to seven (5-7) pairs in both<br />
species. They terminated at the level of the third and fourth<br />
caudal vertebra. The muscular anatomy of the tail of the carabao<br />
showed eight (8) muscles compared to that of the ox which has<br />
seven (7). A rectococcygeus muscle was present in the carabao<br />
but absent in the ox. This muscle was also present in the horse<br />
and dog. There were slight differences in the origin, insertion and<br />
relations of the muscles. The present study also revealed that no<br />
two tails have exactly identical anatomical patterns<br />
Keywords: gross anatomy, tail, Philippine carabao,<br />
Bubalus bubalis<br />
* Undergraduate Thesis, College of Agriculture and Forestry,<br />
DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, 1991.<br />
A-23<br />
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF <strong>THE</strong> TESTES AND<br />
EPIDIDYMIS OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong>-MURRAH (PMF2)<br />
(Bubalus bubalis Linn.) CROSSBRED*<br />
9
A. Bajado-Gajutos, Assistant Professor College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of Eastern Philippines, Catarman, Northern Samar<br />
The microscopic anatomy of the testes and epididymis of<br />
four Philippine-murrah crossbreds, three to four years of<br />
age, was studied. The connective tissue of the testes was<br />
made up mainly of collagen fibers, blood and lymphatic<br />
vessels of various sizes, nerves and fibroblasts. The<br />
parenchyma of the testes was composed of seminiferous<br />
tubules separated from each by loose connective tissue,<br />
the interstitium. The tubules were lined by spermatogenic<br />
and sertoli cells. The interstitium consisted mainly of reticular<br />
fibers, interstitial (leydig) cells, blood and lymphatic<br />
vessels, nerves and fibroblasts. The interstitial cells<br />
occurred singly or in groups near blood vessels. The<br />
efferent ductules were lined by low columnar epithelium<br />
consisting of columnar, basal and intraepithelial<br />
lymphocytes. The epididymal duct in the head, body and<br />
tail was lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium<br />
consisting of tall columnar, basal, clear and intra-epithelial<br />
lymphocytes. The ducts contained spermatozoa of<br />
increasing volume from the head to the tail region.<br />
Keywords: microscopic anatomy, testis, epididymis,<br />
Philippine-murrah crossbred, Bubalus bubalis Linn.<br />
*MS Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna (1999).<br />
Copy of the thesis is available at the library of the College<br />
of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los<br />
Baños, College, Laguna. Part of the thesis was presented<br />
in the 70 th Philippine Veterinary Medical Association Annual<br />
Convention and Scientific Conference, February 19-21,<br />
2003 Bohol Tropics Resort, Tagbilaran, Bohol.<br />
A-24<br />
PALATINE PRINTING: AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD<br />
FOR <strong>THE</strong> IDENTIFICATION OF CARABAO (Bubalus<br />
bubalis L.)*<br />
A. S. Galicia , Student<br />
Palatine printing was performed in live carabaos. A palatine<br />
print showed the actual configuration of the rostral third of<br />
the hard palate. All the features of this part such as the<br />
transverse ridges, dental pads, median raphe and the<br />
incisive papilla were outlined in the prints. Upon closer<br />
examination, no two palatine prints were exactly alike.<br />
Prints taken by the same person from the same animal<br />
were identical. Also, two palatine prints taken from the<br />
same animal by different persons showed no difference.<br />
Problems encountered during the palatine printing process<br />
that have affected quality of the palatine prints included<br />
10<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
movement of the animal, failure of the mouth speculum to<br />
adequately open the mouth of the animal, excessive<br />
salivation of the animal, uneven ink application on the<br />
mucosa, excessive salivation of the animal, uneven ink<br />
application on the mucosa, and uneven digital pressure<br />
during print taking. In spite of all these, however, the present<br />
study proved that palatine printing can be used as an<br />
alternative method of identification in the carabao.<br />
Keywords: palatine printing, method for identification,<br />
carabao, Bubalus bubalis<br />
* Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 2002.<br />
A-25<br />
HISTOLOGY OF <strong>THE</strong> INTERSTITIAL TISSUE OF<br />
<strong>THE</strong> TESTES WITH SOME ULTRASTRUCTURAL<br />
OBSERVATIONS OF <strong>THE</strong> INTERSTITIAL (Leydig)<br />
CELLS OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus<br />
bubalis)*<br />
J. G. Inoc, Student<br />
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
The interstitial tissue and cells of the Philippine carabao<br />
were histologically and ultrastructurally characterized,<br />
respectively Collagen and reticular connective fibers were<br />
markedly abundant while elastic fibers were few. Extensive<br />
lymphatic vessels were present. Interstitial cells appeared<br />
in cluster of five to seven and were closely associated<br />
with the lymphatic vessels. Adjacent to the interstitial cells<br />
were vacuoles, arterioles and capillaries. Few fibroblast<br />
were also present. Ultrastructurally, the interstitial cells<br />
were irregularly polyhedral in shape with variably shaped<br />
nucleus. The nucleus was a ovoid and peripherally located<br />
while the nucleolus was small and eccentrically located.<br />
The hetero chromatin granules sometimes occurred in<br />
clumps, dispersed and closely associated with the nuclear<br />
membrane. The cytoplasm was filled with smooth<br />
endoplasmic reticulum large number of oval to round shape<br />
mitochondria and were scattered among the smooth<br />
endoplasmic reticulum. Their cristea were poorly defined<br />
but dense bodied within were observed. Rough<br />
endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets, golgi elements and<br />
membrane-bound bodies were visible in the cytoplasm. In<br />
general, the ultrastructural characteristics of the bubaline<br />
interstitial cells observed in the Philippine carabao were<br />
identical with what have been reported for other species of<br />
animals.<br />
Keywords: carabao bull, interstitial cells, testes,<br />
ultrastructural characteristics, Bubalus bubalis
*Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1881-1995 PCC-<br />
DA, UPLB. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water<br />
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995 p. 48.<br />
Also in the Proceedings of the 35 th Annual Convention of<br />
the Philippine Society of Animal Science (PSAS), Pasay<br />
City, Metro Manila, Philippines, 1998. pp. 29-41and in the<br />
Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science, 25<br />
(1): 25-34 (1999).<br />
A-26<br />
BIOMETRY AND PRELIMINARY HISTOLOGICAL<br />
STUDY OF <strong>THE</strong> UTERUS AND UTERINE TUBE OF<br />
SEXUALLY MATURE NON-PREGNANT <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
<strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
E.R. Interior, Student<br />
Biometry and preliminary histological study on the uterus<br />
and uterine tubes of 20 newly slaughtered non-pregnant<br />
Philippine carabao was conducted. The results of the<br />
study support Torres’ findings that the Philippine carabao<br />
reproductive organs are smaller than other buffalo breeds.<br />
Microscopic measurements obtained indicated that the<br />
histologic structures of both native and other buffalo breeds<br />
are the same. The only difference is that the muscularis of<br />
the Philippine carabao was slightly thicker than other breeds<br />
and the pyometrin of Philippine carabao was slightly thinner<br />
that the other breeds. Lack of records on the nutrition,<br />
breeding and nutritional history of the animals is the limiting<br />
factor in attaining significant results of the study.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao, non-pregnant, uterus,<br />
biometry, histologic structures<br />
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, 1979.<br />
A-27<br />
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF <strong>THE</strong> OVARY OF<br />
SEXUALLY MATURE NON-PREGNANT <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
<strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus bubalis L.) WITH<br />
EMPHASIS ON NORMAL AND ATRETIC FOLLICLES*<br />
I. M. Jagmis, Student<br />
Ovaries from 12 apparently healthy, non-pregnant Philippine<br />
water buffaloes were collected and processed routinely for<br />
histological examination. They were grouped according to<br />
age (7-10 and 11-14 years old). The study revealed that<br />
the size and weight of the ovary were not affected by age<br />
and ovary (P>0.05). It was smaller but heavier compared<br />
to that of foreign breeds of buffalo and cattle. The microscopic<br />
anatomy of the ovary of the Philippine water buffalo was<br />
ANATOMY<br />
similar to cattle and other breeds of buffalo except for the<br />
absence of elastic connective tissue fibers in the tunica<br />
albuginea. Unilaminar (primordial, intermediate and primary)<br />
and multilaminar (secondary, pre-antral and mature) ovarian<br />
follicles were observed and classified according to their<br />
follicular or granulose cell layer. One intermediate follicle<br />
was seen to have two oocytes. The age of the animals and<br />
the ovary did not affect the population of normal and atretic<br />
follicle (P>0.05). Atretic follicles were seen in different<br />
stages of degeneration. Except for the intermediate follicles<br />
that were bigger (P< 0.05) in the right ovary, no significant<br />
difference was observed in the sizes of primordial and<br />
primary follicles. The follicular cells of the unilaminar follicles<br />
in the right ovary were more numerous than those in the<br />
left (P
line, midway between the lateral canthus of the eye and<br />
the base of the horn. Incomplete desensitization during<br />
cornual nerve blocking can be supplemented by infiltrating<br />
the dorsal and ventral branches of the cornual nerve. As<br />
long as the animal is adequately restrained and the cornual<br />
nerve and its branches are completely desensitized,<br />
amputation can be carried out at once. Hemorrhage is<br />
controlled by cautery and by crushing and ligating small<br />
arteries.<br />
Keywords: corneal innervation, Philippine swamp buffalo,<br />
Bubalus bubalis, nerve blocking, horn amputation<br />
* The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 23(1 & 2):<br />
15-22, 1984.<br />
A-29<br />
SOME HEMATOLOGICAL VALUES OF F AND F 1 2<br />
CROSSBRED PHIL-MURRAH <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES (Bubalus<br />
bubalis) RAISED UNDER INTENSIVE BACKYARD<br />
MANAGEMENT PRACTICE AT <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAO RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT<br />
CENTER, U.P. AT LOS BAÑOS, COLLEGE, LAGUNA*<br />
C. P. Maala, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
R. M. Buenviaje, Student<br />
E. F. Landicho, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
The total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count<br />
(TLC), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume<br />
(PCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean<br />
corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin<br />
concentration (MCHC), and differential leukocyte count<br />
(DLC) of 4 age groups of F 1 and F 2 crossbred Phil-Murrah<br />
buffaloes raised in an intensive backyard management at<br />
PCRDC, IAS, UPLB were studied. TEC decreased with<br />
age. It is highest (10.696 ± 0.042 x 10 6 /cu mm) in Group<br />
I and lowest in (7.818 ± 0.04 x 10 6 /cu mm) in Group III<br />
(P< 0.05). It appears that TLC is not influenced by age. It<br />
is highest (13.977 ± x 10 3 /cu mm) in Group IV and lowest<br />
(12.457 ± 0.85 x10 3 /cu mm) in Group III. Hemoglobin is<br />
highest (P
A-31<br />
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC FEATURES<br />
OF <strong>THE</strong> RETICULAR GROOVE OF <strong>THE</strong> CARABAO<br />
(Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
C. P. Maala, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
J. F. Catotal, Student<br />
N. Y. Calingasan, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
G. D. de Ocampo, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
K. Y. Ilio, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
The reticular groove of the carabao was morphologically<br />
similar with that of cattle. The mucosa of the reticular groove<br />
was lined by a highly keratinized stratified squamous<br />
epithelium. Papillae normally observed in the mucosa of<br />
adjacent reticulum and rumen were absent in the reticular<br />
groove of the carabao. Instead, the reticular mucosa<br />
showed numerous surface elevations separated by furrows.<br />
Occasionally, crater-like orifices were seen at the center of<br />
these surface elevations. In some cases, smaller openings<br />
were observed inside the larger ones. The importance of<br />
these orifices is not yet known. Throughout the mucosal<br />
surface of the reticular groove, flattened polyhedral cells<br />
and a few desquamated cells were observed. Corneal<br />
cells appeared granular because of the presence of<br />
numerous cytoplasmic projections that lined the entire<br />
surface of the cells. Based on the present findings, it could<br />
be concluded that the reticular groove of the carabao is<br />
morphologically similar to that of cattle although no surface<br />
papillae were observed.<br />
Keywords: scanning electron microscopy, reticular groove,<br />
carabao, Bubalus bubalis<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science,<br />
13(1): 23-32, 1987.<br />
A-32<br />
SOME HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL<br />
FEATURES OF <strong>THE</strong> THYROID GLAND AND ITS<br />
ISTHMUS IN <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus<br />
bubalis)*<br />
C. P. Maala, DVM, MVSc, PhD, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
L.V. Reynoso, DVM, Former Undergraduate Student<br />
The thyroid gland of the carabao consisted of two lateral<br />
lobes and an isthmus. The thyroid lobes were attached to<br />
the lateral surface of the cricoid cartilage and in some<br />
specimens to the third tracheal cartilage. They were<br />
brownish red in color measuring from 36 to 45 mm long, 26<br />
ANATOMY<br />
to 37 mm wide and 9 to 12 mm thick. The isthmus was<br />
located in the groove between the cricoid cartilage and the<br />
first tracheal cartilage. In some specimens, the isthmus<br />
was attached to the external surface of the second tracheal<br />
cartilage. The isthmus was also brownish red in color<br />
measuring 77-117 mm long, 8-12 mm wide and 2-5 mm<br />
thick. It was widest at its junction with the lateral lobes. The<br />
isthmus of the bubaline thyroid gland was glandular. Its<br />
histological features were almost similar with those of the<br />
lateral lobes. The capsule was well developed in both<br />
lateral lobes and isthmus, but there were more interfollicular<br />
connective tissue in the isthmus. The interfollicular connective<br />
tissue divided the lateral lobes and isthmus into several<br />
lobules containing follicles of varying sizes and shapes. In<br />
both lateral lobes and isthmus, the larger follicles were<br />
centrally located while the smaller ones were peripherally<br />
located. The follicles were line by the follicular and<br />
parafollicular cells, with the latter as the predominant cell<br />
type. Histochemically, the colloid in both lateral lobes and<br />
isthmus was positive for neutral mucin. The follicular cells<br />
in both lateral lobes and isthmus were positive for sulfated,<br />
acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides. The parafollicular<br />
cells in both lateral lobes and isthmus were negative for<br />
neutral, acidic and sulfated mucopolysaccharides.<br />
Keywords: histology, histochemistry, thyroid gland,<br />
isthmus, Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences<br />
pp. 45-49<br />
A-33<br />
SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF HAIR OF CATTLE<br />
AND <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO AS SEEN UNDER<br />
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE*<br />
C. P. Maala, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
F. M. Vilela, Jr., Student<br />
G. D. de Ocampo, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
K. Y. Ilio, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
The surface morphology of hairs from the head, thorax,<br />
forelimb, abdomen, inguinal region and tail of adult Philippine<br />
carabao and cattle of both sexes were examined under the<br />
scanning electron microscope. Carabao hairs exhibited<br />
small and more irregularly arranged surface cuticles than<br />
those of cattle. Hair cuticles from the cattle were arranged<br />
in an oblique manner, while those of the carabaos,<br />
transversely oriented. The morphological differences of the<br />
cuticular pattern of hairs from the different regions in both<br />
animals were slight. Based on the present observation, the<br />
cuticular pattern of hairs of carabao and cattle observed<br />
13
under scanning electron microscope could be used for the<br />
identification of reliable and time conserving procedure.<br />
Keywords: surface morphology, hair, cattle, Philippine<br />
carabao scanning electron microscope<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,<br />
13(1): 38-40, 1987.<br />
A-34<br />
<strong>THE</strong> CORONARY VESSELS OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
<strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
C. P. Maala, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
R. D. L. Refuerzo Student<br />
The coronary arteries and veins of the carabao were examined<br />
in 10 latex injected specimens. The left coronary artery was<br />
larger than the right coronary artery. It bifurcated into the<br />
circumflex branch and the paraconal interventricular branch.<br />
The circumflex branch occupied the left coronary groove while<br />
the paraconal interventricular branch descended into the<br />
paraconal interventricular groove. It gave off several septal<br />
branches to the left side of the interventricular septum. A septal<br />
branch may be given off by the left coronary before dividing<br />
into the circumflex and paraconal interventricular branches.<br />
The right coronary artery lacked a circumflex branch. It was<br />
continued as the subsinuosal interventricular branch in the<br />
subsinuosal interventricular septum. The arterial arteries were<br />
fewer in number and smaller in size than the ventricular arteries.<br />
The coronary sinus was large and divided into the azygos<br />
vein and the great cardiac vein. In addition to the great cardiac<br />
vein, the middle cardiac vein which was found in the<br />
subsinuosal interventricular groove, opened directly into the<br />
right atrium. The great cardiac vein supplied branches to the<br />
left and right ventricular walls. Those of the left ventricle were<br />
larger and more numerous than those of the right ventricle. The<br />
azygos vein was as large as the great cardiac vein.<br />
Keywords: coronary vessels, Philippine water buffalo,<br />
Bubalus bubalis<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,<br />
14(1): 20-31, 1988.<br />
A-35<br />
HISTOLOGICAL AND SOME HISTOCHEMICAL<br />
FEATURES OF <strong>THE</strong> PAROTID, MANDIBULAR AND<br />
SUBLINGUAL SALIVARY GLANDS OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO*<br />
C. P. Maala, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary<br />
Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
H. R. Casubha, Student<br />
14<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
The microscopic and some histochemical features of the<br />
parotid, mandibular and sublingual salivary glands of adult<br />
carabaos were described. Microscopically, the parotid gland<br />
was purely serous while the mandibular and sublingual<br />
glands were mixed glands with predominant mucous<br />
component. The capsule of the parotid gland was well<br />
developed and rich in collagen fibers. It was poorly<br />
developed in sublingual gland. The interstitial tissue of parotid<br />
gland contains a large amount of fat cells. The connective<br />
tissue septum was most developed in sublingual gland<br />
and least developed in mandibular gland. The parotid<br />
excretory ducts showed a considerable number of goblet<br />
cells. The latter were absent in the excretory ducts of both<br />
groups and showed basal striations. There was a thick<br />
layer of smooth muscle fibers in between lobules in the<br />
parotid gland. Histochemically, the mucous acini of<br />
mandibular glands contained acidic, weakly sulfated and<br />
non-sulfated and mixed mucins. The goblet cells in the<br />
excretory ducts of the parotid gland were positive to acidic<br />
sulfated mucins.<br />
Keywords: histology, histochemical, parotid gland,<br />
mandibular gland, sublingual gland, Philippine carabao<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,<br />
15(1&2): 41-59, 1989.<br />
A-36<br />
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY ON <strong>THE</strong><br />
PANCREATIC ACINUS AND ISLETS OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus bubalis) *<br />
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
M. T. S. Oñate, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
E. C. Bernardo, Student, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of<br />
the Philippines Los Baños<br />
The pancreatic acini of the Philippine water buffalo were of<br />
variable size and shape. In both sexes, each acinus was<br />
composed of 5-10 pyramidal-shaped secretory cells,<br />
centroacinar cells, and occasionally 1-2 “clear cells”. A<br />
characteristic feature of the secretory acinar cells was the<br />
presence of numerous supranuclearly located zymogen<br />
granules, which appeared larger and more numerous in<br />
the male than in female animals. In male animals there<br />
were about 173-287 granules measuring 0.7µm-11µm while<br />
in female animals there were approximately 50-80 granules<br />
measuring 0.6µm-1µm. One or two centroacinar cells<br />
were identified in the lumen of each acinus. Their pale<br />
staining cytoplasm contained oval to round nucleus.<br />
Because of the low magnification used, cytoplasmic<br />
granules were hardly identified in these cells. “Clear
cells” had fewer zymogen granules and numeroud dilated<br />
smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Pancreatic islets were very<br />
few in number. A, B, C and D cells were identified. B cells<br />
were the most predominant cell type. Their characteristic<br />
feature was the presence of many pleomorphic granules.<br />
Majority of the granules were round containing a<br />
homogenous mass surrounded by a helo of variable size.<br />
In some cells, there were numerous granules appearing<br />
like dilated vacuole-like bodies containing pleomorphic<br />
crystalloids bodies. The secretory granules of B cells<br />
measured from 0.22µm-0.38µm. The secretory granules<br />
of A cells were more uniform in shape than B cells and<br />
consisted of dense homogenous core surrounded by a<br />
tight membrane. They appeared to be uniformly distributed<br />
around the nucleus. The granules measured about 0.13µm-<br />
0.20µm. The secretory granules of D cells appeared<br />
almost identical to those of A cells except that they were<br />
fewer in number and less electron dense. They measured<br />
approximately 0.16µm-0.22µm. C cells has scanty and<br />
pale cytoplasm containing very few secretory granules.<br />
Some C cells completely lacked secretory granules. X, F,<br />
and E cells demonstrated in other species were not<br />
observed in the Philippine water buffalo. The ultrastuctural<br />
features of A, B, C and D cells of the pancreatic islets and<br />
the pancreatic acinus of the Philippine water buffalo generally<br />
conformed with those of other species of domestic animals.<br />
Keywords: electron microscopic study, pancreatic acinus,<br />
pancreatic islets, Philippine water buffalo<br />
* The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 41 (1): 1-<br />
9, 2004.<br />
A-37<br />
GROSS AND MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS<br />
OF <strong>THE</strong> SMALL AND LARGE LUTEAL CELLS OF<br />
CORPUS LUTEUM OF PREGNANCY OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus bubalis) *<br />
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
M. T. S. Oñate, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
The corpus luteum of the Philippine water buffalo (Bubalus<br />
bubalis L) during the early, middle, and late stages of<br />
pregnancy was studied using hematoxylin and eosin<br />
stained sections. Grossly, the corpus luteum appeared<br />
pinkish red in color at the early stage of pregnancy and<br />
was almost entirely embedded in the ovary, except for the<br />
crown, which protruded into the ovarian stroma. During<br />
middle and late stages of pregnancy, the corpus luteum<br />
turned brownish in color and as pregnancy progressed, it<br />
decreased in size. Microscopically, a well-developed<br />
ANATOMY<br />
connective tissue layer composed mainly of collagen fibers<br />
surrounded the corpus luteum and divided it into lobules of<br />
varying sizes. Large and small luteal cells made up the<br />
cell population of the corpus luteum. The large cells were<br />
polygonal in shape, with a large eccentric euchromatic<br />
nucleus and eosinophilic cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic lipid<br />
droplets were observed in large cells during the early<br />
stages of pregnancy, which appeared to decrease in amount<br />
in the middle and late stages of pregnancy. Eosinophilic<br />
granules were visible in the cytoplasm of large cells in the<br />
mid stage and were most numerous in the late stage of<br />
pregnancy. Small cells were darker with a dense<br />
heterochromic nucleus. Small cells and large cells were<br />
largest during mid-pregnancy and early pregnancy,<br />
respectively (P
A-39<br />
IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF<br />
ENDOCRINE CELLS IN <strong>THE</strong> LARGE INTESTINE OF<br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis L.)*<br />
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
E. F. Landicho, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
D. L. Dycheepuat, Student<br />
This study was conducted to demonstrate by<br />
immunocytochemistry the endocrine cells in the cecum,<br />
colon, and rectum of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis<br />
L.) Five types of cells were identified: serotoninimmunoreactive<br />
cells, substance P-immunoreactive nerve<br />
fibers and cells, chromogranin-immunoreactive cells, bovine<br />
pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive (BPP) cells and<br />
enteroglucagon-immunoreactive cells. A moderate number<br />
of serotonin-immunoreactive cells (5-HT) were observed<br />
in the colon and rectum. There were more substance Pimmunoreactive<br />
nerve fibers and cells noted in the rectum<br />
than in the cecum and colon. Chromograninimmunoreactive<br />
cells were observed more often in the<br />
colon than in the cecum and rectum. Only a few BPP<br />
were demonstrated in the colon and rectum, and were<br />
rarely observed in the cecum. Very few enteroglucagon<br />
cells (glicentin) were identified. They were mostly seen in<br />
the colon and only occasionally observed in the cecum<br />
and rectum. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), somatostatin,<br />
motilin, neurotensin, secretin and gastrin secreting cells<br />
were not demonstrated.<br />
Keywords: endocrine cells, immunocytochemistry, large<br />
intestine, Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 34(1&2):<br />
45-52, 1997).<br />
A-40<br />
PRESENCE OF ESOPHAGEAL GLANDS IN <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis L.)*<br />
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
E. F. Landicho, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
J. A. R. Sotto, Student<br />
In most domestic animals, glands under mucus membrane<br />
are present at the junction of the pharynx and the esophagus;<br />
these have not been reported in the carabao. The esophagus<br />
is part of the digestive canal which conveys food from the<br />
pharynx to the stomach. Examinations of specimens<br />
collected at the tissue junction of pharynx and esophagus<br />
16<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
revealed the presence of mucus-secreting glands in the<br />
submucosal layer. The glands were partitioned into lobules<br />
of varying sizes within a framework of well-developed<br />
connective tissue rich in collagen fibers. The secretory<br />
units of the glands contained glycoproteins and neutral<br />
mucosubstances, mucin, and weakly acidic sulfated<br />
mucosubtances, hyaluronic acids and sialomucins as<br />
shown by their positive reactions to indicator stains. The<br />
mucus secreted by the glands coats the food that enters<br />
the esophagus, thus, protecting the mucosal lining of the<br />
esophagus from mechanical irritation and drying.<br />
Keywords: esophageal glands, Philippine carabao,<br />
Bubalus bubalis<br />
*The Philippine Agricultural Scientist, 85 (4): 376-378, 2002.<br />
A-41<br />
HISTOLOGY OF <strong>THE</strong> TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS OF<br />
TWO YEARS OLD <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES<br />
(Bubalus bubalis L.)*<br />
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
E. F. Landicho, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
L. C. Joaquin, Student<br />
The histology of the testes and epididymis of two years old<br />
Philippine water buffalo was described using various<br />
histological stains. The testis was enclosed by a capsule<br />
consisting of the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis and<br />
the tunica albuginea. The tunica albuginea was thick and<br />
consisted of collagenous fibers and a few elastic fibers.<br />
Deep to the tunica albuginea was a vascular layer showing<br />
blood and lymphatic vessels. Majority of the seminiferous<br />
tubules still lacked lumen. The germinal epithelium was<br />
made up of sustentacular cells, spermatogonia and primary<br />
spermatocytes. Spermatids were observed in tubules with<br />
lumen. The interstitial tissue was poorly developed. It<br />
consisted of a few interstitial cells, collagen fibers, fibroblast,<br />
lymphocytes and blood and lymphatic vessels. The<br />
epididymal duct was lined by a ciliated pseudostratified<br />
columnar epithelium, composed of tall columnar and basal<br />
cells. In addition, there were a few apical cells, clear cells<br />
and intraepithelial lymphocytes. The stereocilia of the<br />
principal columnar cells appeared taller and more numerous<br />
in the head and body regions than in the tail region of the<br />
epididymis. The lumen and the smooth muscle layer<br />
appeared widest in the tail region. The study revealed that<br />
based on morphology, the epididymis appeared more mature<br />
than the testis. In as much as the majority of the seminiferous<br />
still lacked lumen and the spermatogonic cells were made<br />
up mostly of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes, it
is recommended that two years old Philippine buffalo bulls<br />
should not yet be put to service.<br />
Keywords: histology, testis, epididymis, Philippine water<br />
buffalo, Bubalus bubalis<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 40 (1): 1-<br />
9, 2003.<br />
A-42<br />
GROSS AND HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION<br />
OF <strong>THE</strong> EPIDIDYMIS OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO<br />
(Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
P. G. Malicdem, Student<br />
The gross anatomy and histology of the epididymis of the<br />
Philippine carabao were studied. The bubaline epididymis<br />
was divided into three regions: head, body and tail. The<br />
head was a crescentic structure closely attached to the<br />
medial surface of the dorsal extremity of the testis. It was<br />
continued distally by the cylindrical body that was<br />
incompletely attached to the testis. A narrow space, the<br />
testicular bursa, separated the epididymis from the testis.<br />
The body was continued at the ventral extremity of the<br />
testis as the enlarged and rounded tail. The tail was attached<br />
to the testicle by the proper ligament of the testis. The length<br />
of head, body and tail regions ranged from 4.5 to 5 cm; 5 to<br />
8 and 1.4 to 2.0 cm, respectively, while the width ranged<br />
from 1.1 to 2.5 cm (head), 1.0 to 1.5 cm (body) and 1.5 to<br />
2.1 cm (tail). Histologically, the bubaline epididymis was<br />
enclosed by a thick tunica albuginea composed of dense<br />
irregular connective tissue that increased in thickness<br />
toward the ductus deferens. The interstitial connective tissue<br />
contained nerve fibers, bloods vessels, collagen and<br />
reticular fibers, fibroblast, lymphocytes and macrophages.<br />
The ducts varied in size and shape. There were more<br />
spermatozoa in the tail than in the head and body regions.<br />
The head of epididymis consisted of epididymal segment<br />
of ductuli efferentes and the initial portion of the ductus<br />
epididymis. The ductuli efferentes were lined by a low<br />
pseudostratified epithelium consisting of columnar cells,<br />
basal cells and lymphocytes. The ductuli efferentes were<br />
surrounded by smooth muscle cells and loose connective<br />
tissue. The epididymis duct was lined by a pseudostratified<br />
columnar epithelium consisting of principal cells, basal<br />
cells, apical cells and lymphocytes. The epididymal duct<br />
was surrounded by smooth muscle layer that increased in<br />
thickness toward the ductus deferens. The height of the<br />
principal columnar cells also decreased toward the tail<br />
region.<br />
ANATOMY<br />
Keywords: epididymis, Philippine carabao, Bubalus<br />
bubalis, gross anatomy, histology<br />
*Proceedings of the Philippine Society of Animal Science<br />
(PSAS), Annual Convention (1997), Metro Manila,<br />
Philippines, pp. 256-273.<br />
A-43<br />
<strong>THE</strong> ANATOMY OF <strong>THE</strong> PERMANENT AND<br />
TEMPORARY INCISORS OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
C. P. Maala, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
R. D. Domingo, Student<br />
R. J. T. Ducusin, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of<br />
the Philippines Los Baños<br />
The incisors of 45 carabao skulls were examined and<br />
described. Twenty specimens showed temporary dentition<br />
while the remaining 25 had permanent. The temporary and<br />
permanent dental formulae of the carabao are 2(Di 0<br />
4 Dc0<br />
0 Dp3<br />
3 )<br />
= 20 and 2(I 0<br />
4 C0<br />
0 P3<br />
3 M3<br />
3<br />
) = 32 respectively. The incisors of<br />
the carabao were wide and long. The characteristic long crown<br />
and the less evident neck gave the bubaline incisor a<br />
semblance of an equine incisor. The temporary incisor were<br />
smaller in all aspects than their permanent counterparts. Coronal<br />
overlapping and the degree of curvature of the arrangement in<br />
temporary incisors in situ were greater than in permanent teeth<br />
showing slight wearing, until coronal overlapping was lost and<br />
the arrangement changed to a straight line in leveled incisors.<br />
The temporary incisors were typical brachydonts, the crown<br />
being shorter than the root while the permanent teeth resembled<br />
a hypsodont tooth. The neck of temporary incisors was more<br />
distinct than in permanent teeth. Based on the degree of attrition,<br />
the dental star at first appeared elongated transversely and<br />
then assumed a butterfly shape. Later it became rectangular<br />
with rounded corners and finally, circular. The height of the<br />
crown decreased toward the midline and the occlusal surface<br />
of the incisors was concave with the labial border higher than<br />
the lingual. The labial and lingual surfaces of the crown were<br />
marked by longitudinal grooves. A medial and lateral grooves<br />
also marked the roots of the incisors. The roots tapered from<br />
the neck to the apex in temporary incisors and stubby with a<br />
blunt tip in leveled teeth.<br />
Keywords: anatomy, permanent incisors, temporary<br />
incisors, Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 25(2): 7-<br />
14, 1988.<br />
A-44<br />
<strong>THE</strong> ANATOMY OF <strong>THE</strong> PERMANENT AND<br />
TEMPORARY CHEEK TEETH OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAO*<br />
17
C. P. Maala, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
R. D. Domingo, Student<br />
R. J. T. Ducusin, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of<br />
the Philippines Los Baños<br />
The permanent and temporary premolars and molars of the<br />
Philippine carabao were examined and described. The<br />
permanent cheek teeth were arranged in 2 rows along the<br />
alveolar borders of the maxilla and mandible. In the upper<br />
jaw the dental rows were curved with their concavities<br />
facing each other while in the lower jaw they were almost<br />
parallel with each other. When viewed laterally, the upper<br />
premolars were directed ventrocaudally while the rest<br />
(upper molars and lower premolars and molars) were<br />
almost straight. The crowns of the cheek teeth narrowed as<br />
they joined the roots except in the last pairs of molars.<br />
Each permanent premolar and molar was made up of one<br />
and two columns, respectively, except the third lower<br />
molar which had a small third column located caudally.<br />
There were 3 roots for each upper cheek tooth and two for<br />
the lower cheek teeth except in the third lower molar which<br />
had a rostral root and 2 caudal roots which were usually<br />
fused. The temporary cheek teeth were smaller than the<br />
permanent teeth. In the upper jaw, the first premolar<br />
resembled the permanent premolars while the other two<br />
temporary premolars and the upper permanent molars were<br />
morphologically similar. In the lower jaw, the first two pairs<br />
of premolars resembled their permanent counterparts while<br />
the last premolar resembled the permanent lower molars.<br />
The crowns of the first upper premolar and first and second<br />
lower premolars were made up of one column each while<br />
there were 2 columns in the second and third premolars.<br />
The third lower premolar had 3 columns. In both upper and<br />
lower jaws, the first premolars had 2 roots while the second<br />
and third premolars had 3 each.<br />
Keywords: anatomy, permanent cheek teeth, temporary<br />
cheek teeth, Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 26(2): 61-<br />
70, 1989.<br />
A-45<br />
IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF<br />
SOME ENDOCRINE CELLS IN <strong>THE</strong> SMALL<br />
INTESTINE OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO*<br />
(Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
C. P. Maala, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
I. A. Rye, Student<br />
N. Y. Calingasan, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
G. D. de Ocampo, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
18<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
J. Yamada, Professor, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary<br />
Medicine, Obihiro, Japan<br />
N. Kitamura, Associate Professor, Obihiro University of Agriculture and<br />
Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan<br />
Serotonin-, chromogranin-, somatostatin-, gastrin-, secretin-<br />
, substance P-, and motilin- immunoreactive cells were<br />
localized in the small intestine of the Philippine carabao by<br />
immunocytochemistry. Their distribution and relative<br />
frequency in the three regions of the small intestine were<br />
determined. Serotonin secreting cells were most numerous<br />
in the duodenum and least in the jejunum. Chromogranin<br />
immunoreactive cells were abundant in the duodenum and<br />
ileum but only moderate in numbers in the jejunum. Cells<br />
immunoreactive to somatostatin were moderate in the<br />
duodenum, few in the jejunum and rare in the ileum. Gastrin<br />
immunoreactive cells were seen in moderate number only<br />
in the jejunum. Secretin immunoreactive cells were few in<br />
the duodenum. Substance P immunoreactive nerve fibers<br />
and cells were plentiful in the duodenum and moderate in<br />
the jejunum and ileum. Motilin secreting cells were rarely<br />
found in the duodenum. They were not demonstrated in the<br />
jejunum and ileum. Neurotensin and gastric inhibitory<br />
polypeptide producing cells were not localized in the small<br />
intestines of carabao.<br />
Keywords: immunocytochemical demonstration,<br />
endocrine cells, small intestine, Philippine carabao, Bubalus<br />
bubalis<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 26(1): 7-<br />
18, 1989.<br />
A-46<br />
<strong>THE</strong> SUPERFICIAL AND GROSS ANATOMY, AND<br />
HISTOLOGY OF <strong>THE</strong> BUCCAL GLANDS OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis L.)*<br />
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
P. P. Oncinian, Student<br />
In domestic animals, the buccal glands are regarded as<br />
small versions of salivary glands scattered in the oral<br />
cavity. This study outlines how two kinds of buccal glands<br />
can be detected and shows where they are located in the<br />
head of the Philippine carabao. It also gives measurements<br />
of the sizes of these glands. The middle buccal gland<br />
reportedly present in most species of domestic animals<br />
was absent in the carabao. Using different histochemical<br />
stains, the presence of neutral, sulfated and acidic<br />
mucosubstances in the mucous secretory units was<br />
demonstrated in the upper buccal gland but not in the lower<br />
gland of the Philippine carabao. Although mixed glands,<br />
the buccal glands were shown to be predominantly mucous.
Their secretions, together with those of other major salivary<br />
glands, coat the food for easier passage from the oral<br />
cavity to the esophagus and protect the mucosa of the<br />
pharynx and esophagus from mechanical injury.<br />
Keywords: superficial anatomy, gross anatomy, histology,<br />
buccal glands, Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis L.<br />
*The Philippine Agricultural Scientist, 86(1): 51-55, 2003.<br />
A-47<br />
<strong>THE</strong> ANATOMY OF <strong>THE</strong> TRACHEA OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO AND CROSSBREDS*<br />
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
J. F. Policarpio, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
Gregorio Araneta University Foundation<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Senior Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Center,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
The anatomy of the trachea of the Philippine carabao (PC),<br />
Phil-Murrah F 1 (PM F 1 ) (Murrah Buffalo x PC), Philmurrah<br />
F 1 (PM F 1 ) (Murrah x Buffalo x PC) and Phil-<br />
Murrah F 2 (PM F 2 ) (Phil-Murrah x Phil-Murrah) was<br />
studied. A total of 12 buffalo bulls (4 each of PC, PM F 1 ,<br />
and PM F 2 ) were used. The bubaline trachea was noncollapsible<br />
tube which extends from the cricoid cartilage<br />
cranially to the root of the lung where it is divided into right<br />
and left principal bronchi. A short distance cranial to its<br />
bifurcation, the trachea gave of the tracheal bronchus<br />
(epibronchus). In the PC, the opening of the tracheal<br />
bronchus involved tracheal cartilages 46 to 48, whereas,<br />
in PMF 1 and PMF 2 crossbreds, tracheal cartilages 45 to<br />
49. The length of the trachea, number of tracheal cartilages,<br />
number of fused cartilages, horizontal and vertical<br />
diameters, and the thickness and width of the cartilages of<br />
the three breed types were analyzed using One-way<br />
analysis covariance (ANACOVA), with weight of the<br />
animal as covariate. The length of the trachea of the three<br />
breed types was not significantly different from one another<br />
(P>0.05). The number of the tracheal cartilages of the PM<br />
F 1 (55.03+1.0) were significantly greater (P
carabaos whose ages ranged from 5-7 years old. They<br />
were acquired fresh from slaughtered animals and were<br />
fixed in 10% buffered formalin. The samples were then<br />
processed for histologic examination following the routine<br />
paraffin block technique. Tissue sections were cut,<br />
stained with H & E, PAS, Masson’s<br />
Trichrome and Weigert’s stains and examined<br />
microscopically at different magnifications. Twenty acini,<br />
intralobular and interlobular ducts from male and female<br />
samples were randomly measured using micrometer and<br />
the number of secretory cells in each acinus were counted.<br />
The nasolabial glands of the Philippine Carabao were<br />
compound tubuloacinar glands and closely resembled the<br />
salivary glands structurally. The duct system consisted of<br />
the intercalated, intralobular, interlobular, and excretory<br />
ducts. No striated ducts were observed. The glands were<br />
located in the reticular layer of the dermis. The secretory<br />
units were composed of pyramidal-shaped cells with round<br />
and densely stained nuclei. Few myoepithelial cells<br />
surrounded the acini and ducts of the gland. Significant<br />
histologic differences were observed between the nasolabial<br />
gland of the male and female carabao. The connective<br />
tissue septae were more developed in the male. The acini<br />
were larger but fewer in numbers in the male than in the<br />
female. The lobules contained larger acini (27-50 u) in the<br />
male than in the female (19-40 u). The acinus in the male<br />
consisted of 8-10 secretory cells while in the female it<br />
consisted of 5-7 secretory cells. The secretory ducts had<br />
wider lumen in males than in females. The epithelial lining<br />
of the intralobular and interlobular ducts were taller (19-31<br />
u) in the female than in the male (11-19 u and 12-25 u,<br />
respectively). With PAS stain, the Philippine carabao<br />
nasolabial gland was observed to be a mixed gland but<br />
predominantly mucous. This finding agrees with earlier<br />
reports in water buffalo and cattle.<br />
Keywords: microscopic anatomy, nasolabial glands,<br />
Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1999.<br />
A-50<br />
A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON <strong>THE</strong> MEASUREMENTS<br />
OF <strong>THE</strong> REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF PREGNANT<br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES (CARABAO) (Bubalus<br />
bubalis)*<br />
J. C. Muñoz, Student<br />
The present study aimed to determine the changes in the<br />
20<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
measurements of the reproductive organs of pregnant<br />
bubaline as an aid in pregnancy examination. However,<br />
the author was constrained to use the bovine fetal<br />
measurements in determining the stages of gestation<br />
although it was recognized that the two species have<br />
different gestation lengths. This was because no studies<br />
yet have been made on the bubaline in this aspect to be<br />
used as a basis. A study was made on 50 pregnant<br />
bubaline reproductive organs at the first and second<br />
trimesters of pregnancy from animals with ages ranging<br />
from 8 to 16 years and weights from 350 to 450 kilograms.<br />
The results are presented in tables. During early pregnancy,<br />
the vagina was shorter but broader. The cervix, body and<br />
horns of the uterus were generally longer and broader than<br />
those of the non-pregnant animal. The uterine tubes were<br />
relatively shorter. The ovaries with the corpora lutea were<br />
greater in length, width, thickness and weight. Those<br />
without the corpora lutea increased in length but decreased<br />
in width, thickness and weight especially as pregnancy<br />
advanced. No ova transmigration was observed. Fiftysix<br />
percent of the total pregnancies occurred in the right<br />
horn while 44% occurred in the left. In the future, it is<br />
hoped that further studies will be made on this, keeping a<br />
closer track of the breeding histories so that the definite<br />
stages of gestation could be determined, and more accurate<br />
measurements could be taken on the changes of the<br />
reproductive organs in each gestation stage. It is also<br />
suggested that greater number of sample animals per<br />
gestation stage should be used to obtain more accurate<br />
results. Limitations of the study include lack of breeding<br />
records and previous calving histories, age and plane of<br />
nutrition of the animals.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao, pregnant, measurements<br />
of the reproductive organs<br />
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, 1979.<br />
A-51<br />
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
NEUROPEPTIDES IN <strong>THE</strong> STELLATE GANGLION<br />
OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>*<br />
T. Nasu, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University<br />
G. D. de Ocampo, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
H. A. Molina, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
S. Tateyama, Center for Laboratory Animals, Saga Medical School<br />
M. Morimoto, Center for Laboratory Animals, Saga Medical School<br />
The localization of some neuropeptides including<br />
neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene
elated peptide (CGRP), vasoative intestinal peptide (VIP),<br />
galanin (Gal), methionine enkephalin (M-ENK), tyrosine<br />
hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity was studied in the<br />
stellate ganglion (SG) of water buffalo. NPY, SP, Gal, SP,<br />
CGRP, VIP and M-ENK immunoreactive nerve fibers<br />
were also seen in the SG. The localization and pattern of<br />
distribution of these peptides in the water buffalo stellate<br />
ganglion were compared with those in stellate ganglia of<br />
other mammalian species.<br />
Keywords: neuropeptide, stellate ganglion, water buffalo<br />
*Fukuoka Acta Medica, 91(5): 116-122, 2000.<br />
A-52<br />
SOME ANATOMICO-PATHOLOGICAL OBSER-<br />
VATIONS ON <strong>THE</strong> PANCREAS OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAOS*<br />
M. N. Novilla, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman<br />
G. T. Baoy, Student<br />
J. A. Solis, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Diliman<br />
Some observations on the anatomy and pathology of the<br />
carabao pancreas at slaughter are herein presented. The<br />
gross anatomy and histology of the carabao pancreas are<br />
quite similar to those of the ox. The carabao pancreas is<br />
heavier than that of the ox, the weight varying from 300-<br />
450 grams with a mean of 386 ± 36.8 grams. Very few<br />
gross lesions were noted at slaughter even if the other<br />
viscera had lesions. Dark coloration, edema and fibrosis<br />
were the only discernible changes found. Histopathologically,<br />
vascular congestion, edema and varying<br />
degrees of leukocytic infiltrations of pancreatic fatty tissues<br />
were noted. In a few cases, fibroplasias of the ductal and<br />
vascular systems were observed. These changes were<br />
associated with incomplete bleeding, fat necrosis and<br />
fascioliasis.<br />
Keywords: anatomico-pathological observations,<br />
pancreas, Philippine carabao<br />
* The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 9(1&2):<br />
51-59, 1970.<br />
A-53<br />
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SERTOLI AND<br />
SPERMATOGENIC CELLS OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAOS AND <strong>THE</strong>IR CROSSBREDS IN<br />
RELATION TO SPERM PRODUCTION *<br />
O. M. Nuñeza. Instructor, Iligan Institute of Technology,<br />
Mindanao State University, Iligan City<br />
ANATOMY<br />
Study 1 was conducted to compare the sertoli cells and<br />
spermatogenic cell morphology of Philippine carabaos and<br />
crossbreds buffaloes as well as to determine the incidence<br />
of ultrastructural alterations in both groups. Thirteen Philippine<br />
carabao bulls and twenty five crossbreds male buffaloes<br />
were used in this study. Testicular biopsy was used to get<br />
tissue samples which were prepared for histologic<br />
evaluation using the paraffin as well as electron microscopy<br />
methods. Light and electron microscopy showed active<br />
spermatogenesis in Philippine carabao bulls. A significant<br />
high incidence of ultrastructural alterations in sertoli and<br />
spermatogenic cells was observed in crossbred buffaloes<br />
(80%) as compared to the 23% occurrence Philippine<br />
carabaos. The frequently observed alterations were pyonotic<br />
nuclei (20%), and intracytoplasmic vacuolations (32%) in<br />
spermatogonia and spermatocytes. Developing spermatids<br />
exhibited nuclear bleb (8%), disintegrated nuclear<br />
membrane (28%) and some vesiculations. Sertoli cells<br />
exhibited intravavitary structures and exaggerated<br />
infoldings of the nuclear envelop (30%), nuclear bleb (16%),<br />
and intracytoplasmic vacuolations (16%). Philippine<br />
carabaos exhibited few ultrastructural alterations which<br />
were mainly intracytoplasmic vacuolations in sertoli cells<br />
(15%) and spermatogenic cells (7.6%). Study 2 was<br />
conducted to evaluate and compare the semen<br />
characteristics of three Philippine carabao bulls, three<br />
crossbreds with normal testicular morphology and three<br />
crossbreds with ultrastuctural alterations in the testes.<br />
Weekly ejaculate obtained for a duration of one month were<br />
assessed based on semen value, initial motility, sperm<br />
concentration, percentage of live and dead spermatozoa<br />
and percent sperm abnormalities. Data were analyzed<br />
using ANOVA for split plot in completely randomized design<br />
(CRD). Crossbreds with testicular alterations were found<br />
to have inferior semen quality compared to Philippine<br />
carabaos and crossbred buffaloes without testicular<br />
alterations.<br />
Keywords: ultrastuctures, sertoli cells, spermatogenic cells,<br />
Philippine carabao, sperm production<br />
*Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Animal Science, Collage<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños,<br />
1992.<br />
A-54<br />
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> SPERMATOGENETIC CELLS OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAOS AND <strong>THE</strong>IR<br />
CROSSBREDS*<br />
O. M. Nuñeza, Ph.D. Student, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-<br />
PCARRD, UPLB<br />
21
Thirteen Philippine carabao bulls and 35 crossbred male<br />
buffaloes with ages three years and above were used in<br />
the study. Testicular biopsy was used to get tissue samples<br />
from the experimental animals. A JEOL transmission<br />
electron microscope was used to observe the ultrastructure<br />
of spermatogenetic cells. Incidence of ultrastructural<br />
alterations were analyzed by means of Fisher exact<br />
probability test. Twenty-four percent (24%) of crossbred<br />
buffaloes had spermatogenic cell alterations while a<br />
significant 40% (P
methods. The diameter of the seminiferous tubules<br />
increased with age, the increase being abrupt at 10½<br />
months of age, then became more or less stabilized at 25<br />
months of age. Intratubular cells remained primodial cells<br />
in 1½ to 4½ months old animals and then these gradually<br />
differentiated to spermatogonia in 8 months old animals<br />
which could indicate the start of spermatogenesis. Lumen<br />
formation manifested its first clear-cut appearance in 15<br />
months old animals. With advance in age, the lumina also<br />
increased in size. The interstitial cells were most numerous<br />
in 1½ month old carabull testes and decreases in number<br />
as the animal grew older until 8 months of age. Regeneration<br />
of the interstitial cells occurred when the animals approached<br />
pre-pubertal stage at 10½ months of age.<br />
Keywords: carabulls, interstitial cells, post-natal<br />
development, pre-pubertal stage, seminferous tubules,<br />
testes<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches (1983), PCRDC-<br />
PCARRD, UPLB. Also in PCC-OED, DA Abstracts:<br />
Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995<br />
(1996) p. 62. Also in Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal<br />
Science 1984, 10 (3 & 4):40 (Abstr.). Also in Annotated<br />
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and<br />
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p.<br />
367.<br />
A-58<br />
HISTOLOGICAL OBSERVATION OF FOLLICULAR<br />
ATRESIA IN SWAMP <strong>BUFFALO</strong>*<br />
M. B. Ocampo, PhD Student, Hokkaido University<br />
A. T. de Asis, Student, CVM, CLSU<br />
L. C. Ocampo, M. S. Student, Hokkaido University<br />
H. Kanagawa, Professor, JFVM, Hokkaido University<br />
Swamp buffalo ovaries were collected and fixed for<br />
histological examination of follicular atresia. The follicles<br />
were classified according to size into three groups: 1.0-4.0<br />
mm (small, 4.1-9.9 mm (medium) and 10.0 mm and above<br />
(large) in diameter. Also, the size of the corpus luteum on<br />
the surface of each pair of ovary was used to estimate the<br />
stage of estrus cycle. Of 312 follicles examined, 286, 18<br />
and 8 were classified as small, medium and large follicles.<br />
Of these, 238 (83.2%), 10 (55.5%) and 8 (100%),<br />
respectively were observed to manifest signs of atresia.<br />
The number of follicles examined under follicular and luteal<br />
phase of estrus cycle were 168 (53.8%) and 144 46.2%),<br />
respectively. Of these, 120 (71.04%) and 136 (94.4%),<br />
were found to have signs of atresia. The results presented<br />
here provided the basic information for studying follicular<br />
atresia in swamp buffalo. That follicle diameter and stage<br />
of the estrus cycle are both a convenient and appropriate<br />
ANATOMY<br />
basis to use in the classification and description of the<br />
course of atresia.<br />
Keywords: follicular atresia, swamp buffalo ovaries<br />
*Buffalo Bulletin. 1994. 13:51-55. Also in PCC-OED, DA<br />
Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines<br />
1981-1995 (1996), p.66. Also in Annotated Bibliography on<br />
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 356.<br />
A-59<br />
A STUDY ON SOME HISTOCHEMICAL CHARAC-<br />
TERISTICS OF <strong>THE</strong> OVARY OF SEXUALLY<br />
MATURE NON-PREGNANT <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO<br />
(Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
T. G. Pallasigue, Student<br />
The results of some histochemical studies on the ovaries<br />
of fifty (50) sexually mature Philippine carabao are<br />
presented in the study. During the follicular phase, the<br />
intensity of PAS reaction was persistent in the zona<br />
pellucida and Call-Exner’s bodies of the growing follicle<br />
compared with the other cellular structures of the ovary.<br />
Variations in the PAS reaction were observed in the<br />
basement membrane and liquor folliculi. These structures<br />
gave an intense PAS reaction during their developmental<br />
phase but weakens as the follicle approaches maturity.<br />
During the luteal phase, developing and regressing corpus<br />
luteum gave an intense PAS reaction than the fully<br />
developed corpus luteum. However, this phase showed<br />
less intense PAS reaction than the follicular phase. PASpositive<br />
materials were observed to be saliva resistant.<br />
Using the silver impregnation and mallory’s<br />
phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin stains, the different<br />
connective tissue elements in the ovary were identified<br />
and differentiated. In both stains used, collagen fibers<br />
were observed in the tunica albuginea, connective tissues<br />
surrounding the corpus luteum and in the stroma of the<br />
ovary. Reticular fibers were abundant in the ovarian stroma<br />
and theca interna and theca externa. Elastic fibers, which<br />
gave similar reaction as collagen were present in the walls<br />
of blood vessels.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao, non-pregnant,<br />
histochemical characteristics of ovaries<br />
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, 1979.<br />
A-60<br />
HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES<br />
OF <strong>THE</strong> INTERNAL PARATHYROID OF <strong>THE</strong> MALE<br />
23
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis L.) AND<br />
ITS CROSSBREED*<br />
J. F. Policarpio, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine and<br />
Agricultural Sciences, De La Salle-Araneta University<br />
G. D. De Ocampo, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Center,<br />
Iloilo City -<br />
The study was conducted to describe and compare the<br />
location, microscopic structure and histochemical<br />
characteristics of the internal parathyroid of Philippine<br />
carabao (PC) and Phil-murrah F1 (PM F1) crossbreed.<br />
Eight (8) thyroids, which contained the internal parathyroids,<br />
were collected; four (4) from male PC and four (4) from<br />
PM F1. the glands were processed using the paraffin<br />
technique, stained with various histochemical stains, and<br />
examined under light microscope. Results showed that the<br />
internal parathyroid in PC was embedded in the dorsomedial<br />
part of the thyroid were it blended with the thyroid tissue.<br />
The parathyroid parenchyma consisted of small follicles<br />
that contained light pink homogenous material. The follicle<br />
was lined by principal cells while the interfollicular area<br />
was occupied by parafollicular cells arranged singly or in<br />
groups. The internal parathyroid cells of PC did not respond<br />
positively to all the stains used. In the PM F1, the internal<br />
parathyroid was a single ovoid mass located just beneath<br />
the thyroid capsule. It was surrounded by a thin capsule<br />
and made up mainly of cords or clumps of principal cells,<br />
with a few oxyphils. The principal cells were classified as<br />
light, dark and sanescent cells. The light and dark cells of<br />
PM F1 reacted moderately to periodic acid Schiff (PAS),<br />
indicating the presence of glycoprotein in these cells. The<br />
internal parathyroids of PC and PM F1 differed with regard<br />
to location, histology and histochemistry.<br />
Keywords: internal parathyroid, Philippine carabao, Phil-<br />
Murrah F1 crossbreed, histology, histochemistry<br />
*Proceedings of the 35 th Annual Convention of the Philippine<br />
Society of Animal Science (PSAS), 1998, Metro Manila,<br />
Philippines, pp. 42-49. Part of the thesis submitted by the<br />
senior author for MS degree in Veterinary Medicine.<br />
A-61<br />
BIOMETRY AND HISTOLOGY OF <strong>THE</strong> THYROID<br />
GLAND OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis<br />
L.) AND ITS CROSSBREED*<br />
J. F. Policarpio, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine<br />
Gregorio Araneta University Foundation<br />
G. D. De Ocampo, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Senior Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Center,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
24<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
The location, shape, measurements, microscopic structure<br />
and histochemical characteristics of the thyroid glands of<br />
four entire male Philippine carabaos (Bubalus bubalis L.)<br />
and four entire male Phil- Murrah F 1 (PMF 1 ) were described<br />
and compared. The results revealed that the gross and<br />
microscopic characteristics of thyroid gland were basically<br />
similar in both the Philippine carabao and the Phil- Murrah<br />
F 1 crossbreed. The gland was related to the cricoid cartilage<br />
and the dorso-lateral part of the first three tracheal cartilages.<br />
It consisted of two roughly triangular lateral lobes connected<br />
by a narrow isthmus at their middle or caudal parts. The<br />
measurements did not differ significantly between the two<br />
breeds, except for total volume of thyroid that was<br />
significantly larger in the PMF 1 . Measurements of the two<br />
lateral lobes in each breed did not differ significantly except<br />
for lobar thickness in PMF 1 where the left lobe was<br />
significantly thicker than the right lobe and may account for<br />
the higher total volume of thyroid in PMF 1 . Differences of<br />
the two lateral lobes were not significant between the two<br />
breeds. Histologically the most significant findings in both<br />
breeds were the following: i. a three-layered thyroid<br />
capsule; ii. follicular cells with apical blebs and vesicles in<br />
the supranuclear cytoplasm; iii. parafollicular cells that<br />
reached the follicular lumens and presented apical<br />
cytoplasmic protrusions; and iv. colloid that showed<br />
peripheral serrations or vacuolations and detached from<br />
follicular epithelium. Histochemical staining demonstrated<br />
the presence of glycoprotein which was essentially a<br />
thyroglobulin in follicular cells and colloid.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao, biometry, histology,<br />
histochemistry, thyroid, Bubalus bubalis L.<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine 34(1&2):<br />
53-64, 1997.<br />
A-62<br />
SEM STUDIES ON <strong>THE</strong> DIGESTIVE TRACT OF<br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> SWAMP <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus bubalis).<br />
I. TONGUE AND ESOPHAGUS*<br />
G. J. Quibael, Student<br />
G. D. de Ocampo, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
Scanning electron and light microscopic studies revealed<br />
five types of lingual papilla in the Philippine swamp buffalo.<br />
The filiform papillae were predominant and varied in different<br />
parts of the tongue. The fungiform papillae had a smooth,<br />
flat surface and were rounded toward the edges. The vallate<br />
papillae resembled a doughnut: a centrally rounded<br />
protrusion surrounded by a circular ridge separated by a<br />
deep furrow. The conical papillae had a leaf-like structure<br />
with blunt ends. The lenticular papillae were similar in
appearance to the fungiform papillae except for the larger<br />
size and a slightly convex surface. The esophageal mucosal<br />
surface showed longitudinal ridges and furrows and irregular<br />
corrugations. Stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium<br />
in various states of dequamation was observed lining the<br />
esophageal mucosa. Scanning election microscopy<br />
allowed detection of some features on the mucosal surface<br />
of the tongue and esophagus that would have been missed<br />
in light microscopy. The general appearance of the<br />
esophagus and the tongue papillae of the carabao conform<br />
to their counterparts in other species of animal.<br />
Keywords: scanning electron microscopy (SEM),<br />
digestive tract, Philippine swamp buffalo, Bubalus bubalis,<br />
tongue, esophagus<br />
* The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 22(2): 44-<br />
49, 1983.<br />
A-63<br />
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF <strong>THE</strong> VASCULAR<br />
ANATOMY OF <strong>THE</strong> THORACIC LIMBS OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (CARABAO) (Bubalus<br />
bubalis)*<br />
M. S. Quinto, Student<br />
A preliminary study of the vascular anatomy of the thoracic<br />
limb of the Philippine buffalo (carabao) (Bubalus bubalis)<br />
was conducted and the results are herein presented. Results<br />
of the dissection of 5 pairs of thoracic limbs showed that the<br />
general pattern of the vascular anatomy of the thoracic limb<br />
of the Philippine buffalo does not differ markedly from that of<br />
the ox. For more conclusive knowledge of the carabao’s<br />
vascular anatomy of the thoracic limbs of the Philippine<br />
carabao, more specimens should be examined.<br />
Keywords: vascular anatomy, thoracic limb, Philippine<br />
buffalo, carabao, Bubalus bubalis<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1980.<br />
A-64<br />
MORPHOMETRY OF <strong>THE</strong> FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE<br />
ORGANS OF SEXUALLY MATURE NON-PREGNANT<br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> SWAMP <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
A. B. Revilla, Student, CVSM, CLSU<br />
F. Adriano, Science Research Analyst, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
R. S. Gundran, Associate Professor, CVSM, CLSU<br />
F. Ching, Professor, CVSM, CLSU<br />
Measurement of 160 female reproductive organs from<br />
slaughtered non-pregnant Philippine swamp buffaloes with<br />
ANATOMY<br />
age range of 10-15 years and live weight of 280 to 615 kg<br />
was conducted. The average measurements obtained<br />
were: vagina: length – 22.98 + 4.06 cm, width – 6.14 +<br />
1.61 cm; cervix: length – 5.15 + 0.80 cm, width – 4.27 +<br />
0.7 cm, number of cervical folds – 3.60 + 0.66; body of the<br />
uterus: length – 5.07 + 0.63 cm, width – 4.71 + 0.73 cm;<br />
horns of the uterus: length – 21.68 + 4.47 cm; ovary:<br />
length – 2.44 + 0.54 cm; width – 1.62 + 0.40 cm; thickness<br />
– 1.07 + 0.24 cm; weight – 3.03 + 1.18 gm. There was no<br />
statistical difference between paired structures of the female<br />
Philippine swamp buffalo genitalia. This study is only<br />
limited to Philippine swamp buffalo whose age is ranging<br />
from 10 to 15 years.<br />
Keywords: Philippine swamp buffalo, morphometry of<br />
female reproductive organs, non-pregnant<br />
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
Central Luzon State University, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija,<br />
1989.<br />
A-65<br />
BIOMETRY, HISTOLOGY AND HISTOCHEMISTRY<br />
OF <strong>THE</strong> PITUITARY GLAND OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis L.) AND <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
MURRAH CROSSBRED*<br />
L. Mendoza-Rigos, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Science<br />
and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija<br />
Pituitary glands from 7 male Philippine carabao (PC), 7<br />
non-pregnant Philippine carabao, 7 pregnant Philippine<br />
carabao and 7 male Philippine Murrah crossbred (PMC)<br />
were used in the study. The weight and size of the pituitary<br />
gland did not vary among the three groups of Philippine<br />
carabao. However, the pituitary glands were heavier and<br />
larger in the Philippine carabao than in the Philippine Murrah<br />
crossbreds. Histologically, the pituitary gland in the<br />
Philippine carabao and the Philippine Murrah crossbred<br />
was surrounded by dense<br />
white fibrous connective tissue capsule which was thicker<br />
at the dorsal surface of the gland; a highly vascular basophilic<br />
zone of pars distalis; partial or complete ensheating of pars<br />
nervosa by the pars intermedia; marked lobulation of pars<br />
intermedia, with each lobule bounded by simple columnar<br />
to pseudostratified columnar epithelium; presence of “wheellike”<br />
bodies in pars intermedia; clear demarcation of pars<br />
intermedia from pars distalis by a thin layer of collagen<br />
fibers and from pars nervosa by a thin layer of loose<br />
connective tissue; absence of cone of Wülzen in the pars<br />
intermedia; and the colloid-filled hypophyseal cleft which<br />
was lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelium. In<br />
25
general the most predominant endocrine cells were the<br />
acidophils. Yellow acidophils were most abundant in Philmurrah<br />
and red acidophils in pregnant carabaos.<br />
Histochemically, five types of cells were identified in the<br />
pars distalis: chromophobes, yellow acidophils, red<br />
acidophils, beta basophils and delta basophils. The delta<br />
basophils (gonadotrophs) were more numerous than the<br />
delta cells in all groups studied. Red acidophils (lactotrophs)<br />
were the most abundant in pregnant Philippine carabaos<br />
and yellow acidophils (somatotrophs) in male Philippine<br />
carabaos and Phil-murrah.<br />
Keywords: biometry, histology, histochemistry, pituitary<br />
gland, Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis L., Phil-murrah<br />
crossbred<br />
*MS Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 1998.<br />
Copy of the thesis is available at the library of the College<br />
of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los<br />
Baños, College, Laguna<br />
A-66<br />
BIOMETRY AND MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
HYPOPHYSIS (PITUITARY GLAND) OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> SWAMP <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
A. C. Ruma, Student<br />
The study aimed to describe into the histology and biometry<br />
(weight, length, width and thickness) of the pituitary gland<br />
of the Philippine swamp buffalo. A total of twenty-five (25)<br />
pituitary glands from abattoir of Guiguinto, Bulacan were<br />
collected. The glands were measured in terms of weight<br />
(grams), length, width and thickness (cm.). Five pituitary<br />
glands (3 female and 2 males) were subjected to routine<br />
paraffin technique and haematoxylin and eosin stain and<br />
studied under light microscopy. The pituitary gland weighed<br />
2.3 g in male and 2.0 g in the female. In terms of length,<br />
width and thickness, the male was found to have 2.35 cm,<br />
1.78 cm and 1.23 cm respectively while 2.1 cm, 1.66 cm<br />
and 1.28 cm with that of the female hypophysis. No<br />
significant difference between the male and female<br />
hypophysis in terms of weight, length, width and thickness<br />
was noted. Microscopic observation revealed that the pars<br />
distalis of the pituitary gland of Philippine swamp buffalo<br />
was highly vascularized where cords or cluster of<br />
parenchymal cells were closely associated to small and<br />
big colloidal structures. This was observed to be lined by<br />
squamous to cuboidal cells scattered throughout the<br />
parenchyma. Position of the pars intermedia was cranial in<br />
location in the female which almost enclosed the<br />
26<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
neurohypophysis whereas in the male, it extended cranioventrally.<br />
Hypophyseal cleft in the Philippine swamp buffalo<br />
was not very distinct. Its identity was marked by the large<br />
colloidal structure lined by simple squamous to stratified<br />
squamous and cuboidal cells. No cilia could be distinguished<br />
on its lining epithelium. Few but large colloidal structures<br />
were observed along with blood vessels. Neurohypophysis<br />
was located cranial to the pars distalis. Pituicytes (stellate<br />
cells) predominated which were richly supplied with blood<br />
vessels. Small round cells with small rim of cytoplasm<br />
were also present along with oval or elongated cells.<br />
Keywords: biometry, histology, pituitary gland, Philippine<br />
water buffalo<br />
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Science<br />
and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Muñoz<br />
City Nueva Ecija, 1998.<br />
A-67<br />
OVARIAN STRUCTURES AND FOLLICULAR<br />
POPULATION IN <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES (Bubalus<br />
bubalis)*<br />
O.F. Smith, Ph.D. Student, IGS, CLSU<br />
F.A. Adriano, Science Research Analyst, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
P.G. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
E.C. Atabay, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
S.S. Jha, M.S. Student, IGS, CLSU<br />
T. Niwat, Ph.D. Student, IGS, CLSU<br />
P. Serra, Science Aide, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
L.C. Cruz, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-<br />
PCARRD, CLSU<br />
Ovarian samples were collected from fetal, young (5-6<br />
mo.) pubertal (2 years), adult (7-8 years) and old (12-14<br />
years) water buffaloes to characterize the ovarian structures<br />
and to determine the follicular population relative to age.<br />
Immediately after the ovaries were collected, tissue<br />
samples were fixed in 10% formol-saline solution for 24<br />
hr, dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. All tissue samples<br />
were serially sectioned at 10 u. Every 20 th section was<br />
obtained and stained with periodic Acid Schiffs-<br />
Hematoxylin. Stained sections were examined under<br />
light microscope. Numerous primary follicles were<br />
observed in the outer layer of the stroma. These were<br />
surrounded with single layer of follicular cells. The growing<br />
follicles consist of two or more layers of polygonal or<br />
cuboidal cells while there was an increased follicular cells<br />
in the secondary follicles. Changes such as the increase<br />
in size of the oocytes, appearance of the zona pellucida,<br />
cumulus oophorus and accumulation of follicular fluid in the<br />
antrum characterizes the tertiary follicles. Atresia of the<br />
antral follicles was recognized by the pulling away of the<br />
follicular epithelium from the theca interna and the presence
of pyknotic nuclei in the follicular cells. In the 6-month-old<br />
calf, the average follicular population was 148,400 while<br />
adult cows had an average of 20,000 follicles. Development<br />
of the secondary and tertiary follicles was more pronounced<br />
in calves than in older buffaloes while corpus luteum (1-2)<br />
and large numbers of atretic follicles (5-10) were prominent<br />
in older animals.<br />
Keywords: water buffaloes, ovarian structures, follicular<br />
dynamics<br />
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science,<br />
16(1&2):71-72, 1990.<br />
A-68<br />
OVARIAN FOLLICULAR POPULATION IN SWAMP<br />
<strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES AT VARIOUS AGES*<br />
O. F. Smith, Ph.D. Student, IGS, CLSU<br />
F. A. Adriano, Science Research Analyst, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
P. G. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
A. S. Argañosa, Deputy Director, LRD, PCARRD<br />
L. C. Cruz, Professor, DAS-DA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,<br />
CLSU<br />
Fifteen healthy Philippine carabaos (PC) with body score<br />
4.0 (scale of 1-5) from 4 age groups, namely: young (6-7<br />
mo., n=4), pubertal (2 years, n=5), adult (7-8 years, n=3)<br />
and old (12-14 years, n=3) were ovariectomized.<br />
Immediately after collection, ovaries were fixed, dehydrated<br />
and embedded in paraffin wax and stained with<br />
Hematoxylin-Eosin and Periodic Acid Schiffs Hematoxylin.<br />
Follicles were counted and classified into primordial,<br />
growing secondary and tertiary. Furthermore, follicles<br />
were classified as atretic or not.<br />
Keywords: ovarian follicular population, Philippine<br />
carabao females at various ages<br />
*Proc. 3 rd World Buffalo Congress, Bulgaria. 1991. 1:86<br />
(Abstr.). Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in<br />
the Philippines. 1981-1995 (1996), PCC-DA, p. 74. Also<br />
in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:<br />
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,<br />
Carabaos. (2002) p. 346.<br />
A-69<br />
COMPARATIVE FEATURES OF <strong>THE</strong> LARYNGEAL<br />
SKELETON OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>*<br />
J. A. Solis, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
The larynx of 12 adult apparently healthy native carabaos<br />
were collected from the Caloocan City slaughterhouse.<br />
ANATOMY<br />
The individual cartilages were identified, isolated from the<br />
other parts of the laryngeal organ and studied in detail with<br />
respect to their anatomical features. The skeletal framework<br />
of the larynx of the Philippine water buffalo is composed of<br />
the cricoid, thyroid, epiglottic and arytenoids. The cricoid<br />
as in other domestic animals is the most caudal of all the<br />
laryngeal cartilages. It is more compressed from side to<br />
side and shows a characteristic signet ring-like appearance<br />
similar to that observed in other domestic animals. The<br />
thyroid is the most extensive of all the laryngeal cartilages.<br />
It occupies the greater part of the lateral and ventral aspects<br />
of the larynx. The epiglottic cartilage is broad and<br />
quadrangular in shape. It is located most cranially and lies<br />
over the internal surface of the thyroid cartilage. The arytenoid<br />
is paired. They are related to the cricoid cranially and to the<br />
thyroid laterally. Each cartilage is triangular in outline and<br />
has for its parts three surfaces, three borders, a base and<br />
an apex. As a whole, the cartilaginous framework of the<br />
bubaline larynx appears bulkier, broader and shorter than<br />
the bovines. The individual cartilages are thicker, more<br />
compact and fume in their attachments.<br />
Keywords: comparative anatomy, laryngeal skeleton,<br />
Philippine water buffalo<br />
*Third Professorial chair lecture delivered on June 21,<br />
1976 during the Freshman Orientation Program, College of<br />
Veterinary Medicine, UP Diliman, Quezon City and also<br />
published in the Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
15 (1&2): 21-27, 1976.<br />
A-70<br />
<strong>THE</strong> INTRATHORACIC VESSELS OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bos bubalis)*<br />
J. A. Solis, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
C. P. Maala, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
The embalmed cadavers of six apparently healthy adult<br />
native carabaos of both sexes were utilized in this<br />
investigation. They constituted the specimens used in<br />
comparative anatomy by the Veterinary Anatomy 102 class<br />
during the second semester school year 1972-1973. Among<br />
the blood vessels observed are the thoracic aorta, common<br />
brachiocephalic trunk, brachiocephalic artery, pulmonary<br />
artery, brachial arteries and the azygos veins. Comparing<br />
these vessels with those of the ox, there appeared to be<br />
only slight differences observed. However, the azygos<br />
veins in the Philippine carabao are well developed and<br />
exhibited peculiar arrangement and distribution of their<br />
tributaries. Two azygos veins were observed: a vena<br />
hemiazygos on the left side and an azygos vein on the<br />
27
ight side. With the exception of the first intercostals vein,<br />
all intercostal veins drain into the vena hemiazygos. It<br />
collects blood from the radicles of the first to the fifth intercostal<br />
veins. The hemiazygos empties into the coronary sinus<br />
below the opening of the caudal vena cava on the right<br />
atrium while the azygos terminate at the cranial vena cava.<br />
Keywords: intrathoracic vessels, Philippine carabao<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 12(1&2):<br />
1-14, 1973. The scientific name of the water buffalo, and<br />
that includes the carabao, is Bubalus bubalis.<br />
A-71<br />
ANGIO-ARCHITECTURE OF <strong>THE</strong> EXTERNAL EAR<br />
OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO*<br />
J. A. Solis, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Diliman<br />
A. B. Diaz, Jr. Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Diliman<br />
A study on the gross anatomy of the external ear of the<br />
Philippine carabao with particular emphasis on its angioarchitecture,<br />
based on the dissection of the auricular organs<br />
and adjacent structures of (12) adult animals of both sexes,<br />
is herein presented. The gross features of the bubaline ear<br />
generally resemble those of the bovine’s with some<br />
exceptions. There appeared no obvious differences with<br />
regard to the external characteristics of the carabao’s ear<br />
between the sexes or between the left and right ears of the<br />
same animal. The vascular supply and drainage of the<br />
external ear of the carabao essentially followed the same<br />
pattern as that of cattle except for a few minor differences in<br />
the course, relations and ramifications of the auricular<br />
vessels, and the formation of extensive vascular networks<br />
and plexuses along the borders, apex and ridges of the<br />
pinna.<br />
Keywords: angio-architecture, external ear, Philippine<br />
carabao<br />
* The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 9(1 & 2):<br />
17-26, 1970.<br />
A-72<br />
MUZZLE PRINTING AS A METHOD FOR IDEN-<br />
TIFICATION OF CATTLE AND CARABAOS *<br />
J. A. Solis, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Diliman<br />
C. P. Maala, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
A new system for identification of animals, particularly<br />
cattle and carabaos, is reported in this paper. It is called<br />
28<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
muzzle printing. This method has evolved out of a detailed<br />
study in which the anatomical features of the muzzle, or<br />
planum nasolabiale, were found to vary greatly from animal<br />
to animal. Muzzle prints taken from two hundred cattle and<br />
carabaos of both sexes, young and old, were so different<br />
from one another that no two prints appeared exactly alike<br />
or identical. Muzzle printing as a means of identification is<br />
simple, practical and reliable. Its use eliminates the<br />
undesirable aspects of such methods as branding with hot<br />
irons or chemicals, tattooing, ear tagging and ear notching.<br />
Not only in veterinary jurisprudence is the need for an<br />
infallible system like muzzle printing to great value,<br />
especially in cases where the identity of prized animals<br />
and claims to their ownership and involved, but also in<br />
sound livestock management and practice where the<br />
individual animals of a valuable herd have to be properly<br />
identified for obvious reasons.<br />
Keywords: muzzle printing, method for identification,<br />
carabao, cattle<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 14(1): 1-<br />
14, 1975.<br />
A-73<br />
SCANNING ELECTRON, MICROSCOPIC CHARAC-<br />
TERIZATION OF HAIR CUTICLES AND MEDULLARY<br />
PATTERN OF SOME ESPECIALIZED HAIRS OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis Linneus)*<br />
R. M. Tamayo, Student<br />
Especialized hairs and long hairs of thirty adult male and<br />
female Philippine carabao were examined for surface<br />
morphology and medullary patterns by means of scanning<br />
electron microscope and light microscope, respectively.<br />
Site of collection includes the eyelids, above the eyelids,<br />
muzzle, concave surface of the external ear and the switch<br />
of the tail. The study showed that hairs from the ears,<br />
eyelids and tail of both sexes exhibited an imbricate crenate<br />
cuticular pattern while hairs from the muzzle and the region<br />
above the upper eyelid did not exhibit any scales. Difference<br />
observed between sexes was the more stacked cuticular<br />
scales in the male. The scales on the hair of the external<br />
ear and eyelid of female and tail of male were transversely<br />
oriented, scales of hair from ears of male and tail of female<br />
were irregularly oriented and the hairs from the upper eyelids<br />
of male were obliquely oriented. The dorsal margin of all<br />
the scales observed was serrated. Hairs from the concave<br />
surface of the external ears showed absent, fragmented<br />
and continuous medullary pattern. Highly pigmented hairs<br />
from the ears of male animals showed fragment to absent<br />
medulla. In unpigmented hairs, continuous medulla was
observed. Continuous medullary pattern was exhibited<br />
both in pigmented and unpigmented ear hair of the female.<br />
Long tail hairs of male animals showed narrow continuous<br />
pattern and a narrow segmented pattern in the eyelid.<br />
Compound elongate pattern was seen on the hairs of the<br />
muzzle of male animal. No medulla was observed in other<br />
regions especially in the female. As shown in this study,<br />
the hairs from different regions examined had imbricate<br />
crenate cuticular pattern, however, more than one medullary<br />
patterns were observed in a given body region. The hairs<br />
of the male and female cannot be differentiated from one<br />
another because of the similarity in their morphology. The<br />
present study showed that scanning electron microscopic<br />
characterization of the hair cuticles, and light microscopic<br />
description of medullary patterns could be used in species<br />
identification. However, their application becomes limited<br />
in cases of absence cuticles due to traumatic injuries, and<br />
also when there is a thick and highly pigmented cortex. In<br />
such cases, cuticular and medullary findings should be<br />
supplemented with gross observations (size of hair, color<br />
of hair and cross section of medulla) and if available, DNA<br />
analysis.<br />
Keywords: scanning electron microscopy, hair cuticles,<br />
medullary patterns, Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1998.<br />
A-74<br />
COMPARATIVE GROSS ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY<br />
AND HISTOCHEMISTRY OF <strong>THE</strong> TRACHEA OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus bubalis) AND<br />
CATTLE (Bos taurus)*<br />
H. H. Telada, Student<br />
The gross anatomy, histology and some histochemistical<br />
properties of the bubaline and bovine trachea were studied.<br />
The trachea of the Philippine water buffalo (53.41 ± 4.73<br />
cm) was significantly longer than that of the cattle (47.63 ±<br />
4.93 cm) (P
corpora lutea, 0.64 ± 0.77 mature ovarian follicles; left<br />
ovary –0.37 ± 0.50 corpora lutea, 0.41 ± 0.67 mature<br />
ovarian follicles. At 5% level no statistical significance<br />
was found in the differences in values between paired<br />
structures of the female bubaline genitalia. The results<br />
obtained in the present study indicate that the female<br />
reproductive organs of the Philippine buffaloes are smaller<br />
than those of the foreign breeds of buffaloes and cattle.<br />
Comparisons between the measurements taken from the<br />
two large Philippine ruminants reveal that the genital tracts<br />
are longer and ovaries are smaller but heavier in the native<br />
buffaloes than those in the native cows.<br />
Keywords: female reproductive organs, mature nonpregnant<br />
Philippine buffaloes, carabao, Bubalus bubalis<br />
* The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 19(2): 45-<br />
55, 1980.<br />
A-76<br />
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY AND<br />
HISTOCHEMISTRY OF <strong>THE</strong> GALLBLADDER AND<br />
CYSTIC DUCT AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS<br />
OF BILE OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus<br />
bubalis) AND <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> RAISED CATTLE (Bos<br />
taurus)*<br />
K. B. Tubalinal, Student<br />
The location, relation to the liver, shape, length and width of<br />
the gallbladder and cystic duct were similar in both the<br />
carabao and cattle. The gallbladder was pear-shaped and<br />
located in between the quadrate and right lobes of the<br />
visceral surface of the liver. It was 9 to 18 cm long and 4<br />
to 10 cm wide in carabao and 8 to 18 cm long and 4.5 to 10<br />
cm wide in cattle. Connected to the neck of the gallbladder<br />
was the cystic duct. Microscopically, the wall of gallbladder<br />
and cystic duct in both species did not present any major<br />
difference. Three types of cells were found in the lining<br />
epithelium: mucus-secreting columnar cells that presented<br />
apical blebs and secreted neutral mucins; non-secretory<br />
columnar cells with brush borders and did not contain any<br />
secretion; and goblet cells that secreted strongly sulphated<br />
acid mucins. Mucous and mixed glands with the same<br />
cells as the lining epithelium, were observed in the<br />
gallbladder and cystic duct walls of both the bubaline and<br />
bovine species. The bile volume obtained in both species<br />
ranged from 20 to 340 ml, the pH, from six to 8.1, the<br />
specific gravity, from 1.0030 to >1.0045 and the bile color,<br />
from yellow to green to brown. Results showed that the<br />
gross and microscopic anatomy of the gallbladder and<br />
cystic duct and the physical characteristics of bile did not<br />
differ markedly between the sexes and between the two<br />
30<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
species (carabao and cattle) studied. Similarly, the<br />
measurements when subjected to Two-sample t-test showed<br />
that the size of the gallbladder and the physical<br />
characteristics of bile did not vary significantly between<br />
the sexes and the two species of ruminant studied.<br />
Keywords: anatomy, gall bladder, cystic duct, bile,<br />
Philippine carabao, Philippine cattle<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 2001.<br />
A-77<br />
CLASSIFICATION OF MUZZLE PRINTS IN<br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis L.) AND<br />
ITS <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong>-MURRAH CROSSBRED*<br />
A. D. C. Velasco, Student<br />
Muzzle prints were taken from two hundred (200) Philippine<br />
carabaos and its crossbred from the Philippine Carabao<br />
Center, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna<br />
and Livestock Auction Center, Padre Garcia, Batangas.<br />
The muzzle prints of the carabao showed clear images of<br />
the various features seen on the surface of the muzzle.<br />
Among the distinct features observed in a muzzle print<br />
were the median groove, representing the philtrum; central<br />
depression, representing a depressed round area on the<br />
muzzle; beads, representing the polygonal raised areas on<br />
the surface of the muzzle; fine dark lines near the upper lip,<br />
representing the hair in the area of muzzle; and white lines<br />
around the beads, representing the grooves surrounding<br />
the surface tubercles. The height of the muzzle ranged from<br />
6.2-10.8 cm while its width ranged from 3.4-5.3 cm. The<br />
muzzle prints were initially classified based on the presence<br />
and absence of the median groove. Those with a median<br />
groove were again classified based on the continuity of the<br />
median groove up to the upper lip. Each major classification<br />
was further subdivided based on the length and width of<br />
the median groove, presence or absence of central<br />
depressions and the direction and manner of origin of the<br />
beds from the median groove. Of the 200 carabao muzzle<br />
prints examined, 190 (95%) showed median groove while<br />
only 10 (5.0%) had no median groove. Ninety eight (49%)<br />
of the muzzle prints had no central depression while 102<br />
(51.0%) showed central depression. Some prints showed<br />
only one central depression, others had two which were<br />
either conjoined or separate, and one print showed three<br />
central depressions. There was no significant difference<br />
between the muzzle prints of Philippine carabao and of the<br />
Philippine Murrah based on the presence and absence of<br />
median groove, bead radiation and bead origin. Muzzle<br />
printing is an easy and simple procedure. On closer
examination of the muzzle prints no two prints are identical.<br />
Therefore, muzzle printing as a means of identification could<br />
be used for the carabao identification. As previously reported<br />
in cattle and buffalo, the muzzle pattern does not change<br />
with age.<br />
Keywords: muzzle prints, Philippine carabao, Bubalus<br />
bubalis, Philippine-Murrah crossbred<br />
* Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1999.<br />
A-78<br />
<strong>THE</strong> ANATOMY OF <strong>THE</strong> BONES, TENDONS AND<br />
LIGAMENTS OF <strong>THE</strong> METACARPO-PHALANGEAL<br />
AND METATARSO-PHALANGEAL REGIONS IN <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus bubalis L.)*<br />
V. D. Viernes Jr., Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Science and<br />
Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija<br />
The bones, tendons and ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal<br />
and metatarso-phalangeal regions of the<br />
Philippine water buffalo were described. The shape,<br />
relationship and measurement (length and weight) of the<br />
metacarpus, metatarsus, phalanges and sesamoid bones<br />
were determined. The attachment of the individual tendon<br />
and ligaments were also characterized and compared with<br />
the existing data in cattle. The bones of the metacarpophalangeal<br />
region was composed of one large metacarpal<br />
bone (Mc3 and Mc4), one small metacarpal bone (Mc5),<br />
two chief digits (III and IV) with three phalanges each, two<br />
dewclaws (digit II and V) with one or two phalanges each,<br />
four proximal sesamois and two distal sesamoids or<br />
navicular bones. The bones of the metatarso-phalangeal is<br />
composed of two metatarsal bones (large metatarsus and<br />
small metatarsus), four digits (principal and accessory)<br />
with two to three phalanges each, four proximal sesamoids<br />
and two distal sesamoids or navicular bone. There were<br />
three extensor tendons in the forelimb; lateral and medial<br />
branch of the common digital extensor and the lateral digital<br />
extensor. In the hindlimb, the long extensor of the digits,<br />
extensor proper of digit III and the lateral digital extensor.<br />
The flexor tendons were the superficial digital flexor, deep<br />
digital flexor and the interosseous ligament. The common<br />
collateral ligament was divided into four groups; (1) abaxial<br />
lateral collateral ligaments, (2) abaxial medial collateral<br />
ligaments (3) axial collateral ligament of digit III, (4) axial<br />
collateral ligament of digit IV and (5) common collateral<br />
ligaments. There are two ligaments of the dewclaw; the<br />
transverse and distal suspensory ligament of digit III and<br />
IV. The interdigital ligament was divided into proximal<br />
interdigital and distal intedigital (superficial and deep). There<br />
ANATOMY<br />
are also two annular ligaments, one for the fetlock region<br />
and a digital annular ligament of digit III and IV, which was<br />
divided into proximal and distal. The sesamoidean ligaments<br />
were the following; middle sesamoidean (collateral,<br />
intersesamoidean, lateral and medial palmar ligament),<br />
distal sesamoidean (middle short sesamoidean ligament),<br />
interdigital phalangosesamoidean, cruciate sesamoidean,<br />
oblique sesamoidean, distal interphalangeal sesamoidean<br />
(axial collateral, abaxial collateral, axial digital, abaxial<br />
digital). There were three pairs of palmar ligaments of the<br />
proximal interphalangeal joint; the abaxial, middle and axial.<br />
Keywords: metacarpo-phalangeal region, metatarsophalangeal<br />
region, Philippine water buffalo, Bubalus<br />
bubalis<br />
* Masteral Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna<br />
(2004). Copy of thesis available at the Library of the College<br />
of Veterinary Medicine, UPLB.<br />
A-79<br />
CYTOBIOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
HEMOLYMPH NODE IN <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO<br />
(Bubalus bubalis): AN ANATOMICO-HISTOLOGIC<br />
CORRELATIVE STUDY ON ITS HEMOPOIETIC AND<br />
IMMUNOLOGIC ROLE*<br />
E. L. Enriquez-Yap, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City<br />
The hemolymph node or gland is a modified lymphoid<br />
structure which is a member of a group of histologicallyrelated<br />
lymphoid tissue forming the so- called “Hemopoietic<br />
System” of the animal. At present, there exist a diversity<br />
of opinion regarding its exact morphological nature that will<br />
place it into a class or category of its own in the system of<br />
the so-called lymphoid structures and/or hemopoietic<br />
organs. The knowledge of its exact character may suggest<br />
its probable role in hemopoiesis and in the immunologic<br />
functions of the animal. The present study is the first report<br />
made on this structure in the Philippine carabao which is<br />
an initial work involving the study of the whole lymphoid<br />
organ system in this animal. These structures are frequently<br />
encountered within the perivascular tissue, particularly<br />
along the abdominal aorta, in close association with the<br />
abdominal viscera, lymph glands and mesentery and in<br />
the subcutaneous tissue and retroperitoneal fat, especially<br />
in the perirenal region. Hemolymph nodes are oval<br />
structures, with color ranging from deep red to light purple<br />
and to dark purple. They vary in size from hardly noticeable<br />
to pea-size nodules with a diameter of approximately 0.1<br />
cm to 1.6 cm. A fibro-elastic capsule envelopes the entire<br />
31
node, wherein some areas show small blood and lymphatic<br />
vessels coursing in between the capsular fibers. A prominent<br />
lymphatic vessel, most probably an afferent vessel, was<br />
observed in the capsule in one of the specimens studied.<br />
Well-defined blood and lymph sinusoids were noted<br />
immediately below the capsule. Some of these sinusoids<br />
were seen to continue into the deeper parenchymal regions.<br />
Several trabeculae were seen arising from the capsule,<br />
which penetrated the parenchyma of various points, some<br />
of which contained blood vessels. Examination of serially<br />
sectioned nodes did not show any hilus like that of a<br />
typical lymph node. In this connection, no efferent lymphatic<br />
vessels was identified. The parenchymal organization show<br />
no cortical or medullary regions typically seen in a lymph<br />
node and instead show an admixture of red and white pulp<br />
similar to that seen in the parenchyma of the spleen. The<br />
white pulp presents two types of cellular lymphoid<br />
aggregation; one type is corpuscular in arrangement<br />
whereas the other type is diffused. The areas in between<br />
the white pulp is occupied by the red pulp, which is made<br />
up of blood sinusoids filled with blood cell elements. There<br />
are lymph sinusoids and sinuses occasionally observed<br />
among the blood sinusoids of the red pulp. The observation<br />
of numerous mitotic figures in the white pulp, particularly in<br />
corpuscular types, indicates that this organ is actively<br />
involved in lymphopoiesis. Other cellular elements<br />
observed in the white pulp are the lymphoblast, large and<br />
medium size lymphocytes and plasma cells. These<br />
observations strongly suggest that the hemolymph nodes<br />
are contributors to immunologically competent cells and<br />
also to those of the blood cell elements, particularly to the<br />
lymphocytic and monocytic varieties. The cytoarchitectural<br />
organization seen in the hemolymph node of the Philippine<br />
carabao presents an arrangement which is unique for this<br />
animal, and which is not noted in other domestic ruminants.<br />
This feature places this organ in a position in the structural<br />
series among lymphoid organs which is intermediate<br />
between a lymph node and the spleen.<br />
Keywords: cytobiologic characterization, hemolymph<br />
node, Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis, anatomicohistologic<br />
correlative study<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 14(1): 15-<br />
38, 1975.<br />
A-80<br />
ON <strong>THE</strong> MEASUREMENTS OF <strong>THE</strong> SPLEEN OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bos bubalis)*<br />
E. L. Enriquez-Yap, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
A. H. Almazan, Jr., Student<br />
32<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
Spleens from 60 (30 males and 30 females) freshly<br />
slaughtered Philippine carabaos with ages ranging from 15<br />
to 25 years were studied as to: a) external features; b)<br />
weight; and c) dimensions (length, width and thickness).<br />
The fresh spleens studied showed a bluish-red to purple<br />
color and were soft and yielding in consistency. They<br />
presented a convex parietal surface and a concave visceral<br />
surface bearing the imprints of the rumen. The straight<br />
borders (dorsal and ventral), both thin and flat, were seen<br />
converging towards each other at the two opposite rounded<br />
extremities of the organ. They were lighter, shorter, narrower<br />
but almost equal in thickness when compared with equine<br />
and bovine spleens. The spleens studied had the following<br />
mean measurements: male carabao –weight 970 ±<br />
46.52gm.; length, 45.00 ± 6.32cm.; width, 14.5 1 + 0.28cm.;<br />
and thickness, 2.20 ± 0. 1 4cm.; female carabao – weight,<br />
966.67 ± 44.80gm.; length, 44.60 ± 0.18cm.; width, 1 4.08<br />
± 0.36cm.; and thickness, 2.13 + 0.10cm. Statistical<br />
analysis of the measurements obtained showed no<br />
significant differences in all aspects studied (at 95%<br />
confidence coefficient level) between the male and female<br />
spleens. Based on this finding, it appears that sex does not<br />
influence the weight, length, width and thickness of the<br />
spleen of Philippine carabaos.<br />
Keywords: spleen, Philippine carabao<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 12(1 & 2):<br />
13-19, 1973. The scientific name of the water buffalo, and<br />
that includes the carabao, is Bubalus bubalis.<br />
A-81<br />
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON <strong>THE</strong> ESOPHAGUS OF<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bos bubalis)*<br />
E. L. Enriquez-Yap, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman<br />
C. P. Maala, DVM, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of<br />
the Philippines Los Baños<br />
E. Mariano, DVM, Student<br />
The histological part of the study used specimens collected<br />
from 60 freshly slaughtered apparently healthy carabaos<br />
from Caloocan City Abattoir. Three carabaos of both sexes<br />
were used for the verification of the course and topography<br />
of the esophagus in situ. The esophagus presents two<br />
recognizable parts: the cervical and the thoracic parts. The<br />
esophagus of the carabao measures 24.12-28.31 in long.<br />
The cervical and thoracic pair measures 1.06-2.00 and<br />
1.50-2.31 in wide, respectively. Histologically, the wall of<br />
the esophagus is composed of tunica mucosa, submucosa,<br />
muscularis and adventitia. The tunica muscularis is<br />
subdivided into an inner circular muscle layer and outer<br />
longitudinal muscle layer. Esophageal glands are
conspicuously absent in the tunica submucosa. There are<br />
no marked differential findings on the course, topography,<br />
morphology and histology of the bubaline esophagus as<br />
compared with similar studies on the esophagus of cattle.<br />
Keywords: esophagus, Philippine carabao, Bos bubalis<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 11(2): 6-<br />
15, 1973. The scientific name of the water buffalo, and that<br />
includes the carabao, is Bubalus bubalis.<br />
A-82<br />
WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS OF <strong>THE</strong> HEART<br />
OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAOS*<br />
E. L. Enriquez-Yap, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Diliman<br />
L. B. Herbosa, Student<br />
Sixty hearts from 5 to 23 years old Philippine carabaos<br />
collected from Caloocan City slaughterhouse were used<br />
in the study. The weights and measurements were recorded<br />
in kg and cm, respectively. The heart weights in the males<br />
varied from 2 to 3.2 kg with a mean of 2.54 ± 0.05. In the<br />
females, the weights of the hearts ranged from 2 to 3 kg<br />
with a mean of 2.49 ± 0.05. The sagittal diameter of the<br />
base of the hearts of both sexes ranged from 19 to 24 cm<br />
with a mean of 21.60 ± 0.30 for the male and 21.41 ± 0.27<br />
cm for the female. The greatest width of the base ranged<br />
from 15 to 20 cm for both males and females with a mean<br />
of 17.57 ± 0.22 for males and 17 ± 0.21 for females. The<br />
circumference at the coronary groove in the males ranged<br />
from 48 to 55 cm with a mean of 52.20 ± 0.41. In the<br />
females they ranged from 44 to 54 cm with a mean of 51.96<br />
± 0.28. The distance between the origin of pulmonary<br />
artery and apex in males ranged from 19 to 24 cm for both<br />
sexes with a mean of 21.70 ± 0.24 cm. The distances<br />
between the termination of the posterior vena cava and the<br />
apex in males varied from 16 to 21 cm with a mean of<br />
18.10 ± 0.25. In females, the range was from 15 to 19 cm<br />
with a mean of 17.60 ± 0.22. Based on the computed tvalue,<br />
the weights and measurements showed no significant<br />
differences between male and female hearts of the Philippine<br />
carabaos.<br />
Keywords: weight, heart, Philippine carabaos<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 3(1): 51-<br />
56, 1964.<br />
A-83<br />
<strong>THE</strong> PLACENTOME OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO<br />
(Bubalus bubalis) IN MID-PREGNANCY: A STUDY<br />
TO ESTABLISH <strong>THE</strong> BASIS OF CLINICO-<br />
ANATOMY<br />
PATHOLOGICAL CAUSES OF EARLY REPRO-<br />
DUCTIVE FAILURES*<br />
E. L. Enriquez-Yap, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman<br />
Ten pregnant uteri from Philippine carabaos in midpregnancy<br />
were obtained from the Caloocan City Abattoir.<br />
Representative placentomes were taken from the different<br />
uterine regions (body and middle and extremity of the<br />
horns), and histological sections were prepared and studied.<br />
The placentome is a mushroom-shaped structure with a<br />
convex free surface and a broad, short stalk. The latter<br />
develops from the raised underlying uterine endometrial<br />
stratum compactum together with parts of the stratum<br />
spongiosum beneath it. The placental membrane or barrier,<br />
as seen in the majority of the specimens studied, is made<br />
up of six layers, namely: on the maternal side, 1. endothelial<br />
lining of endometrial blood vessels, 2. endometrial<br />
connective tissue, and 3. endometrial lining epithelium of<br />
the crypt; and on the fetal side, 4. chorionic villus lining<br />
epithelium, 5.chorionic villus connective tissue core and<br />
6. chorionic villus core blood vessel endothelium. The<br />
cytoarchitectural pattern seen in the placenta of the Philippine<br />
carabao is discussed. Based on Grossen’s classification<br />
(Amoros), the placenta of this ruminant belongs more to the<br />
epitheliochorial than to the syndesmochorial type.<br />
Keywords: placentome, Philippine carabao, Bubalus<br />
bubalis, mid-pregnancy, clinico-pathological analysis<br />
* The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 13(1&2):<br />
1-25, 1974.<br />
A-84<br />
A HISTO-ANATOMICAL STUDY OF <strong>THE</strong> PENIS OF<br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAOS*<br />
E. L. Enriquez-Yap, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Diliman<br />
L. N. Seldera, Student<br />
A study on the gross and microscopic anatomy of thirty<br />
penises from 15- to 23 year old male Philippine carabaos<br />
is herein reported. The penis of carabaos has a minimum<br />
length of 50.8 cm (20 in.) and a maximum of 63.5 cm (25<br />
in.), with an average of 56.72 cm (22.39 in.) in the flaccid<br />
state with the sigmoid flexure unstretched, but has a<br />
minimum length of 76.2 cm (30 in.), and a maximum of<br />
91.44 cm (36 in.), with an average of 84.15 cm (33.13 in.),<br />
when the sigmoid flexure is stretched. The organ, in general,<br />
has a diameter of from 2.44 to 3.45 cm (0.96 to 1.36 in.),<br />
with an average of 2.95 cm (1.16 in.). The glans penis<br />
measures from 6.35 to 11.43 cm (2.5 to 4.5 in.), with an<br />
33
average of 9.32 cm (3.66 in.) in length. Its minimum diameter<br />
is 1.49 cm; the maximum 2.36 cm; and the average, 1.67<br />
cm. The sigmoid flexure has a minimum length of 15.24<br />
cm (6 in.), a maximum of 21.59 cm (8.5 in.), and an<br />
average of 17.73 cm (6.98 in.). The diameter ranges from<br />
2.54 to 3.63 cm, with an average of 2.79 cm. The root of<br />
the organ has a minimum diameter of 3.33 cm and a<br />
maximum of 4.9 cm, with an average of 4.19 cm. The<br />
penis at the region of the body presents on its dorso-lateral<br />
aspect a deep arteria profunda penis. The glans presents<br />
on its dorsal and ventral surfaces finger-like projections<br />
radiating from the thin tunica albuginea, the dorsal projection<br />
being much longer than either of the two ventral ones. The<br />
corpus cavernosum penis at the glans has finer trabeculae<br />
and much more cavernous spaces embedded with more<br />
minute blood vessels than the rest of the organ.<br />
Keywords: histo-anatomical study, penis, Philippine<br />
carabao<br />
* The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 3(2): 219-<br />
232, 1964.<br />
A-85<br />
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON <strong>THE</strong> EXTRAMURAL AND<br />
INTRAMURAL VASCULAR SUPPLY PATTERNS OF<br />
<strong>THE</strong> UTERI AND OVARIES OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
E. L. Enriquez-Yap, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Diliman<br />
The extramural and intramural vascular supply patterns of<br />
the uteri and ovaries of the Philippine carabao heifers have<br />
been successfully demonstrated by special injection<br />
techniques employing various injection masses and<br />
procedures. It is observed in the present study that the<br />
vascular supply patterns described for cattle and sheep by<br />
foreign workers are similar to that of the Philippine carabao<br />
heifers. However, the latter ruminant has revealed some<br />
vascular features distinct from those reported for the cow<br />
and ewe. A correlation of the present findings on the vascular<br />
supply patterns of the chief organs of the female reproductive<br />
system with the present concept on the existence of the<br />
so-called “uterine luteolytic system”, believed to be<br />
responsible for the early regression phenomenon of the<br />
cycling corpus luteum of the mammalian ovary, is also<br />
herein discussed. It is highly possible that a similar uterine<br />
luteolytic system, as reported in the cow and ewe, is<br />
likewise present in the carabao heifer. The same type of<br />
pathway and mechanism may also be operated along<br />
similar manner, as clearly demonstrated by the carabao<br />
heifer’s vascular anatomical organization. Further studies<br />
34<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
should be undertaken to definitely isolate and identify this<br />
so-called “uterine luteolytic factor” in the Philippine carabao<br />
heifers.<br />
Keywords: vascular supply, uterus, ovaries, Philippine<br />
carabao, Bubalus bubalis<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 14(2): 1-<br />
22, 1975.<br />
A-86<br />
CYTOARCHITECTURAL PATTERN OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
THYMUS GLAND OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO<br />
(Bubalus bubalis) FETUS IN EARLY ANTE NATAL<br />
DEVELOPMENT *<br />
E. L. Enriquez-Yap, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Diliman<br />
The cytoarchitectural pattern of the thymus gland of the<br />
Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis) fetus at its very early<br />
developmental stage was studied. The prenatal thymus is<br />
a unilobed whitish structure, irregular in contour, and<br />
measures from 0.25 – 0.5 in long. It is located on the<br />
antero-ventral portion of the mediastinal space closely<br />
related to the base of the heart and the roots of the great<br />
blood vessels. The entire thymus is enclosed by a thin<br />
fibrous capsule, which in turn gives origin to the septa and<br />
series of trabeculae that subdivide the thymic parenchyma<br />
into lobules. Each lobule consists of an outer, dark, critical<br />
substance and an inner, pale, medullary substance.<br />
Frequently, many of the lobules are devoid of the medullary<br />
substance; thus, the lobule consists entirely of the cortical<br />
substance with the small lymphocytes (thymocytes) as<br />
the predominating cellular elements. The medulla consists<br />
mainly of large and medium thymocytes (immature forms):<br />
some plasma and epithelial reticular cells are also present.<br />
Plasma cells and many lymphocytes exhibiting mitotic<br />
figures are more common in the cortex than in the medulla.<br />
The thymic bodies or Hassal’s corpuscles, in different<br />
stages of development, a common feature of the medulla,<br />
are specifically diagnostic for the carabao prenatal thymus.<br />
However, not all the medulla exhibit thymic bodies. The<br />
presence of mitotic figures, as exhibited by the lymphocytes,<br />
strongly suggests that the prenatal thymus is the primary<br />
organ involved in lymphopoiesis. The presence of plasma<br />
cells, small lymphocytes (thymocytes) and epithelial<br />
reticular cells is evidence that the prenatal thymus is already<br />
a major contributor of immunologically competent cells<br />
which are the constituents of the specific immune system<br />
of the carabao body, specifically, humoral (antibody) and<br />
cell-mediated immune systems. Generally, the<br />
cytoarchitectural pattern of the prenatal carabao thymus
esembles closely that of the lymphoid organs, particularly<br />
the lymph node, and does not exhibit any structure typical<br />
of an endocrine gland. Its cellular organization presents no<br />
marked differences from that of the early postnatal thymuses<br />
of the bovine and other breeds of buffaloes.<br />
Keywords: cytoarchitectural pattern, thymus, Philippine<br />
carabao, Bubalus bubalis, ante-natal development<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 15(1&2):<br />
1-20, 1976.<br />
A-87<br />
HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES<br />
ON <strong>THE</strong> ADRENAL MEDULLA OF <strong>THE</strong> CARABAO*<br />
C. S. Zamora, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman<br />
B. U. Alegado, Student<br />
Studies on the adrenal medulla of the carabao were<br />
undertaken to look into its general histological structure and<br />
to identify and locate its component epinephrine and<br />
norepinephrine secreting cells. The histological structure of<br />
the adrenal medulla of the carabao closely resembles that<br />
of the ox. Although an outer medullary zone composed<br />
chiefly of cords of columnar shaped cells and an inner<br />
medullary zone made up mainly of aggregates of polyhedral<br />
shaped cells were generally observed, an intermingling of<br />
the two types of parenchymal cells was also noted in<br />
several instances. Based on the results of the iodate reaction<br />
and differential fixation and staining technique, the two<br />
functional types of chromaffin cells were identified, namely:<br />
the epinephrine secreting cells located principally in the<br />
outer medullary zone and the norepinephrine secreting<br />
cells distributed mainly in the inner medullary zone.<br />
Keywords: histological study, histochemical study, adrenal<br />
gland, carabao<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 6(1&2):<br />
145-154, 1967.<br />
A-88<br />
SEX DIFFERENCE IN <strong>THE</strong> MORPHOLOGY OF<br />
NEUTROPHILS IN <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO*<br />
C. S. Zamora, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman<br />
E. M. Niones, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the<br />
Philippines Diliman<br />
Blood films from 106 apparently healthy carabaos of both<br />
sexes were examined for the presence of the sex chromatin<br />
in neutrophils. Two forms of nuclear sex appendage were<br />
ANATOMY<br />
observed in the neutrophils of female carabaos: the<br />
“drumstick” appendage, present in 1-4% of the cells, and<br />
the “sessile” form, present in 8-11% of the cells. Such<br />
structures were rarely seen in the neutrophils of males.<br />
The “drumstick” appendage was occasionally seen in the<br />
nucleus of female eosinophils. Based on this study, sexual<br />
dimorphism in the morphology of the neutrophils can be<br />
used as a basis for sex differentiation and as a valuable aid<br />
in the study of intersexuality and certain sexual<br />
abnormalities in carabaos.<br />
Keywords: sex difference, morphology, neutrophils,<br />
Philippine carabao<br />
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 7(1&2):<br />
92-100, 1968.<br />
35
PHYSIOLOGY<br />
P-1<br />
DIFFERENTIATION OF CATTLE AND CARABAO<br />
MEAT BY BIOCHEMICAL METHODS *<br />
R. A. Acebedo, Student<br />
T. Topacio<br />
The results of a number of previous comparative studies<br />
on cattle and carabao meats showed more similarities than<br />
differences. One overt observation was that cattle fat is<br />
constantly yellow while the carabao fat is constantly lacking<br />
this color. Could this difference in coloration be due to the<br />
presence of carotene in cattle meat, and its absence in<br />
carabao meat? Subsequent tests showed that both carabao<br />
and cattle meats contained carotene in more or less equal<br />
quantity but in different forms. The results implied that<br />
carotene in carabaos were in hydrogenated form which<br />
does not impart yellow color, while that in cattle were<br />
highly-colored form such as alpha-carotene and betacarotene.<br />
Keywords: carabao, cattle, meat, carotene, biochemical<br />
methods<br />
*Philippine Journal of Animal Industry 4 (no. 5): 419-434,<br />
1937.<br />
P-2<br />
<strong>THE</strong> EFFECT OF WORK-LOAD ON <strong>THE</strong> HEMOGRAM<br />
OF SWAMP <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus bubalis): RBC<br />
COUNT, PCV, ESR, HC, MCV, MCH, MCHC*<br />
F. A. Adriano, Student<br />
The effect of workload on the hemogram of swamp buffalo<br />
was determined following harnessing of 3 male castrated<br />
buffalo for increasing workload gradient (100 kg, 200 kg,<br />
300 kg). The animals were allowed to travel the 100 meters<br />
on asphalted road daily for 30 days for each workload<br />
ingredient. Blood collection and hemogram analysis were<br />
done every 7 th day. The values for total RBC count, PCV,<br />
ESG, MCV, MCHC, and MCH for each work load<br />
gradient were determined and compared to the values<br />
obtained prior to harnessing. The values for hemogram<br />
parameters obtained in the study were presented and<br />
discussed with meteorologic data and time elapsed for the<br />
buffaloes to travel the 1000 meter distance as<br />
supplementary data. Results showed that increasing<br />
workload gradient have no significant effects on most<br />
hemogram parameters save hemoglobin concentration,<br />
36<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
where a significant fall was initially recorded. However, at<br />
300 kg load, Hb concentration gradually returned to the<br />
previous values obtained prior to harnessing.<br />
Keywords: swamp buffalo, work load, hemogram<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
Central Luzon State University, 1988.<br />
P-3<br />
<strong>THE</strong> MEAN CORPUSCULAR HEMOGLOBIN<br />
CONCENTRATION OF NATIVE CARABAOS*<br />
R. M. Bernardo, Student<br />
A study of the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration<br />
of native carabaos derived from hemoglobin concentration<br />
and hematocrit percentage is herein presented. The<br />
hemoglobin concentration ranged from 8.01 to 10.40 with<br />
mean of 8.99 0.09 grams per 100 ml of blood. The males<br />
ranged from 8.64 to 10.40 with a mean of 9.21 ± 0.12 and<br />
in females, from 8.01 to 9.93 with a mean of 8.87 ± 0.13<br />
grams per 100 ml of blood. The hematocrit percentage<br />
varied from 29.00 to 38.90 with a mean of 31.92 ± 0.54 per<br />
cent; that of the males ranged from 29.09 to 38.90 with a<br />
mean of 31.99 ± 0.89, and in females they ranged from<br />
29.00 to 38.80 with a mean of 31.94 ± 0.75 per cent. The<br />
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration for all the<br />
animals ranged from 22.02 to 31.72 with a mean of 28.16<br />
± 0.45 per cent; that of the males ranged from 27.66 to<br />
30.84 with a mean of 28.93 ± 0.53, and in females they<br />
ranged from 22.02 to 31.72 with a mean of 27.49 ± 0.69<br />
per cent. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the<br />
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration readings of<br />
the males and females differed significantly at 5 per cent<br />
level. Inasmuch as this study was conducted on a<br />
relatively limited basis, further work on the subject is<br />
necessary.<br />
Keywords: carabao, mean corpuscular hemoglobin<br />
concentration, hematocrit, Hb concentration.<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1964.<br />
P-4<br />
PHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF SERUM<br />
PROTEINS OF CARABAOS*<br />
R. A. Camba, Student<br />
The total serum protein, albumin, globulin and A/G ratio of<br />
100 clinically normal carabaos were determined using the<br />
Biuret method with the aid of sprectrophotometer. The values
obtained for total serum protein, albumin and globulin ranged<br />
from 5.6-8.2 g/100 ml; 2.15-4.32 g/100 ml; and 2.96-5.21<br />
g/100ml, respectively. The means were 6.80 ± 0.70 g/100<br />
ml; 2.98 ± 0.50 g/100 ml and 3.97 ± 0.52 g/100 ml,<br />
respectively. The average serum protein of male carabaos<br />
was 6.85 ± 0.81 and was equal to that of the females<br />
whose value was 6.82 ± 0.67. This confirmed the<br />
assumption that sex is not a significant factor for total serum<br />
protein concentration. As to the age group of the carabaos,<br />
average total serum protein concentration is related to<br />
increase in age. The A/G ratio has an overall average of<br />
0.73 ± 0.12 gm/100 ml which is not affected by sex but<br />
significantly affected by age which show an increasing<br />
order. The factors affecting the total serum protein and<br />
albumin-globulin ratio of carabaos include their nutritional<br />
status, stress factors, hemoconcentration, pregnancy and<br />
lactation, parasitism, liver disease, kidney infection,<br />
nephrosis, bacterial and viral infections which manifest the<br />
over all pathological aspect of the animal system.<br />
Keywords: serum protein, albumin-globulin ratio, carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1981.<br />
P-5<br />
PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND MICROSCOPIC<br />
PROPERTIES OF <strong>THE</strong> URINE OF <strong>WATER</strong><br />
<strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES (Bubalus bubalis L.)*<br />
J. P. Cruz, Student<br />
The study was conducted to determine the physical,<br />
chemical and microscopic properties of the urine of water<br />
buffaloes. Freshly voided samples were collected from<br />
seven Murrah buffaloes and seven Philippine carabaos.<br />
Each sample was examined physically, chemically and<br />
microscopically. The color was consistently yellow. All<br />
samples were slightly cloudy owing to the presence of<br />
proteins and other constituents of the urine sediment. The<br />
odor produced by each sample was aromatic. Foam was<br />
white and slow to disappear due to significant proteinuria.<br />
Specific gravity ranged from 1.010 to 1.015. Chemical<br />
examination revealed negative results for glucose, bilirubin,<br />
ketone, blood, nitrite and leukocytes. The tests results for<br />
pH, protein and urobilinogen were similar in both breeds.<br />
Common constituents of urine sediment were red blood<br />
cells, white blood cells, squamous epithelial cells, triple<br />
and amorphous phosphate crystals and mucous threads.<br />
There were no significant differences between breeds.<br />
Keywords: carabao, urine, physical and chemical<br />
properties<br />
PHYSIOLOGY<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baòos, 1998.<br />
P-6<br />
A STUDY ON <strong>THE</strong> SERUM AND SYNOVIAL FLUID<br />
OF <strong>THE</strong> PHIILIPPINE SWAMP <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus<br />
bubalis) (IMMUNOGLOBULIN, pH, SPECIFIC<br />
GRAVITY, COLOR, AND SOLID CONTENTS)*<br />
L. M. Cruz, Student<br />
Anyhydrous sodium sulfite precipitation test at 14%, 16%,<br />
and 18% concentration was used to detect the<br />
immunoglobulin (Ig) level of serum and synovial fluid of<br />
mature swamp buffaloes. Results on serum test show that<br />
76.66% had an immunoglobulin level of greater than 15<br />
mg/ml (samples tested positive at all concentration), 10%<br />
indicated 5-15 mg/ml Ig level (samples tested positive at<br />
16% and 18% concentration). Results on synovial fluid<br />
test showed that none of the samples precipitated at the Ig<br />
level greater than 15 mg/ml which gave rise to the condition<br />
of the animal being apparently normal. At the Ig level of 5-<br />
15 mg/ml there were 56.66% samples which precipitated<br />
and Ig level less than 5 mg/ml there were 43.33% samples<br />
tested positive. None of the samples, both serum and<br />
synovial fluid was without gamma-globulin. Based on the<br />
results, sex and age had no significant influence on the<br />
characteristic of serum and synovial fluid samples. Nutrition<br />
and state of hydration of the animals might play a role in the<br />
specific gravity, pH, color, and soluble solids.<br />
Keywords: serum, synovial fluid, immunoglobulins,<br />
swamp buffalo<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
Central Luzon State University, 1989.<br />
P-7<br />
ESTIMATION OF BLOOD LEUKOCYTE NUMBERS<br />
BY MEANS OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID<br />
VISCOSITY IN <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAOS*<br />
E. S. Dantes, Student<br />
A correlation between DNA viscosity test and standard<br />
hemocytometer method of white blood cell count in 100<br />
Philippine carabaos is herein presented. A mean flow time<br />
of 6.55 ± 0.88 seconds with range of 4.78 to 9.56 seconds<br />
was obtained. The mean leukocyte count was 10 896.11 ±<br />
2921.79 with range of 4 850 to 19 650 per cc. the study<br />
showed a strong<br />
correlation with a coefficient of 0.97 and an F-value of<br />
37
1645.37. Considering the high test of significance, strong<br />
correlation, reasonable accuracy, ease and handiness of<br />
this method, it could be great value in field diagnosis if<br />
adopted in the Philippine setting.<br />
Keywords: carabao, leukocyte count, DNA viscosity test<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1978.<br />
P-8<br />
<strong>THE</strong> ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE AND<br />
PACKED CELL VOLUME OF BLOOD OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAOS*<br />
S. H. Escudero III, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University<br />
of the Philippines Diliman<br />
B. Resoso, Student<br />
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and packed cell<br />
volume (PCV) of 10 female and 10 male carabaos were<br />
measured. The average ESR in males was 70.0 ± 0.7 mm<br />
per hour, and in females 75.3 ± 0.79 mm per hour. The mean<br />
PCV of males and of females were 30.9 ± 0.52 percent and<br />
32.1 ± 0.67 percent, respectively. The difference between<br />
the values for male and female were not statistically significant.<br />
Keywords: carabao, blood, ESR, PCV<br />
Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine 7:57-68, 1968.<br />
P-9<br />
DETERMINATION OF SERUM BILIRUBIN VALUES<br />
OF MATURE CROSSBRED (Swamp X Murrah)<br />
<strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES*<br />
J. M. Espiritu, Student<br />
Twenty (20) apparently healthy, crossbred (Swamp X<br />
Murrah) buffaloes, aging 15-20 months were used in the<br />
study. Serum was obtained from the morning and afternoon<br />
collection. Duplicate serum samples were analyzed<br />
individually in two dilutions applying the van den Bergh<br />
test for bilirubin determination. Test revealed that the time of<br />
collection had no significant effect on the serum bilirubin<br />
level. It was determined that the normal range of direct<br />
bilirubin is 0 - 0.34 mg/dl; 0 - 0.30 mg/dl for indirect and 0<br />
– 0.41 mg/dl for total bilirubin with a normal value of 0.063<br />
mg/dl; 0.107 mg/dl; and 0.168 mg/dl for the direct, indirect<br />
and total bilirubin, respectively.<br />
Keywords: serum, bilirubin, van den Bergh test, crossbred<br />
buffalo<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
Central Luzon State University, 1989.<br />
38<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
P-10<br />
ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION OF CARACOWS AND<br />
CARAHEIFERS USING PROSTAGLANDIN UNDER<br />
STA. MARIA, BULACAN FIELD CONDITIONS*<br />
C. R. Heruela, Student<br />
A study in the synchronization of estrus of Philippine upgraded<br />
buffaloes using an analogue of PGF 2 alpha was done. Of the<br />
22 experimental animals given double injections at 11 days<br />
interval only 14 (63.6%) had estrus three days after the<br />
second administration; five (22.7%) had estrus on the fourth<br />
day; and two (9.09%) had estrus seven days after the<br />
second administration. One had estrus eleven days yet<br />
after the first injection. The present study had demonstrated<br />
that estrus can occur on the third day after the second<br />
administration of Dinoprost tromethamine. Likewise, this study<br />
revealed that 25 mg (5 ml) Dinoprost tromethamine given<br />
intramuscularly and repeated after eleven days was effective<br />
in synchronizing estrus in Philippine upgraded buffaloes.<br />
Estrus detection in caracows and caraheifers was difficult<br />
due to mild external sign. Aside from their having heat at<br />
night, the vagueness of estrus signs necessitates continuous<br />
and close observation of these animals. This could be<br />
overcome by the traditional practice of allowing teaser or<br />
vasectomized carabulls to go along with the caracows and<br />
caraheifers to determine whether they were in heat or not<br />
should artificial insemination be employed. The advantage of<br />
this treatment was that the farmer would be able to calendar<br />
his farm activities by controlling the oestrus cycle since this<br />
drug works by “re-setting” the timing of the estrus cycle.<br />
Based on the results of the present findings, it appears that<br />
PGF 2 alpha could also have a promising use on upgraded<br />
caracows and caraheifers as an oestrus synchronizer and<br />
inducer. This study dealt with estrus synchronization only.<br />
The author therefore recommends a further or follow-up study<br />
to determine the fertility and conception rate of the<br />
synchronized Philippine upgraded caracows and caraheifers,<br />
and the hormonal pattern involved in it.<br />
Keywords: estrus synchronization, dinoprost,<br />
prostaglandin F 2á , carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1980.<br />
P-11<br />
CONCEPTION RATE AFTER INDUCED ESTRUS IN<br />
CARACOWS AND CARAHEIFERS USING<br />
PROSTAGLANDIN F 2á UNDER STA. MARIA FIELD<br />
CONDITIONS*<br />
K. Y. Ibañez, Student
A study in the conception rate of the Philippine upgraded<br />
buffaloes after induced estrus using prostaglandin F 2á is<br />
herein presented. Of the twenty untreated animals with<br />
normal estrus cycle, 13 (65%) caracows and caraheifers<br />
were pregnant. Among 20 anestrus animals in the<br />
experimental group treated with prostaglandin F 2á , 11 (55%)<br />
caracows and caraheifers were pregnant. In additions, 4<br />
(20%) of the treated caracows and caraheifers showed<br />
signs of estrus after unsuccessful breeding. Two of these<br />
animals became pregnant on the succeeding estrus. The<br />
average concentration rates of caracows and caraheifers<br />
in the control group regardless of the nature of breeding<br />
were 62.5% and 75% respectively; in the experimental<br />
group, the average was 57.1% among caracows and<br />
50% among caraheifers. Statistical analysis showed no<br />
significant difference between caracows and caraheifers.<br />
The overall average conception rates in the experimental<br />
and control group were 55% and 65% respectively. Based<br />
on these results, it could be concluded that in the unestrous<br />
animals prostaglandin F 2á -induced heat had a conception<br />
rate comparable to that normally cycling animals as<br />
indicated by the non-significant difference between the two<br />
groups as regards overall conception rate. Since the<br />
experiment was done under field conditions and was not<br />
rigidly controlled, several factors such as the plane nutrition,<br />
climatic condition (e.g. atmospheric humidity) day length<br />
and viability of the semen used in artificial insemination<br />
were unavoidable.<br />
Keywords: estrus-induction, prostaglandin F 2á, anestrus,<br />
conception rate, carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1981.<br />
P-12<br />
DETERMINATION OF SERUM CHOLINESTERASE<br />
ACTIVITY IN <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO<br />
(BUBALUS BUBALIS) LINNEAUS*<br />
B. M. Jubilan, Student<br />
The serum cholinesterase activity of 100 apparently healthy<br />
Philippine carabaos were determined. Values obtained<br />
ranged from 0.0259 to 0.1464 U/ml with a mean of 0.0629<br />
U/ml ± .01999. the serum enzyme mean activities of the<br />
female group was higher than that of the male; uncastrated<br />
male carabaos revealed lower mean enzyme activity than<br />
the castrated ones with the latter approximating the values<br />
in the female group. Factors affecting the serum<br />
cholinesterase levels included the sex hormones, the state<br />
of nutrition, liver disease conditions, and exposure to serum<br />
cholinesterase inhibitors such as organophosphates and<br />
PHYSIOLOGY<br />
urea compounds, and physiologic interspecies and intraspecies<br />
variations.<br />
Keywords: serum cholinesterase, carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1979.<br />
P-13<br />
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF SOME PROPERTIES<br />
OF <strong>THE</strong> SYNOVIAL FLUID FROM <strong>THE</strong><br />
TIBIOTARSAL SAC OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
(Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
R. T. Lannu, Student<br />
A preliminary study of some physical and chemical properties<br />
of the bubaline tibiotarsal synovial fluid was undertaken. A<br />
total of sixty two bubaline synovial fluid samples from different<br />
animals were analyzed. The macroscopic properties of the<br />
bubaline tibiotarsal synovia were presented. The synovial<br />
fluid appeared colorless to pale yellow with some having a<br />
very slight degree of turbidity. No clotting of the synovial fluid<br />
was observed. The pH values obtained were almost similar<br />
to those reported on other domestic animals. The mean was<br />
7.56 ± 0.15 with a range from 7.30 to 7.90. The specific<br />
gravity of the tibiotarsal bubaline synovial fluid was within<br />
the range previously reported for the bovine. It recorded a<br />
mean of 1.014 ± 0.002 ranging from 1.011 to 1.025. Total<br />
protein values noted were significantly lower than those<br />
reported in other domestic animals. The mean was 0.82 ±<br />
0.33 g/100 ml with a minimum of 0.30 and a maximum of<br />
1.85 g/100 ml. Probable factors influencing the protein content<br />
of the synovia were presented. Total leukocyte count in the<br />
present investigation gave a mean of 152.82 ± 154.58 cells/<br />
ìl, with range of 25 to 750 cells/ ìl. The data did not significantly<br />
differ with leukocyte values reported for other domestic animals<br />
by previous authors. The present inquiry entailed many<br />
limitations. For the synovial fluid to be useful as a diagnostic<br />
test in differentiation, prognosis, and evaluation of joint diseases,<br />
other properties should also be investigated. These properties<br />
should include: (1) chemical examination of the synovia<br />
(e.g. sugar concentration in the synovia correlated to blood<br />
sugar concentration in the synovia correlated to blood sugar<br />
concentration and character of the mucus after reaction with<br />
acetic acid); (2) viscosity testing; (3) determination of enzyme<br />
concentration (i.e. ALP, GPT, and LDH); (4) determination of<br />
albumin-globulin ratio; (5) differential leukocyte count; and in<br />
special cases (6) bacteriologic examination and isolation.<br />
Keywords: synovial fluid, tibiotarsal joint, carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1978.<br />
39
P-14<br />
A STUDY ON ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC<br />
PATTERNS OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAOS*<br />
R. N. Libo, Student<br />
A preliminary study on the ECG patterns of one-hundred<br />
seven (107) apparently normal carabaos of swamp type<br />
breeds with ages ranging from 2 months to 12 years using<br />
standard limb lead system was undertaken in an attempt to<br />
establish ECG values for carabaos (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus).<br />
Heart rate of young carabaos below 3 years of age was found<br />
to be significantly higher (50.87 bpm) than carabaos over 3<br />
years of age (30.57 bpm) with a total average heart rate of<br />
36.36 bpm and ranging from 21.42 to 85.71 bpm for all ages.<br />
Normal sinus rhythm, sinus dysrhythmia and wandering<br />
paremaker were commonly observed which could be<br />
considered normal variation of heart rhythm of carabaos. The<br />
duration and intervals as well as amplitudes (except Q wave<br />
deflection) of bubaline ECG observed in the study were<br />
considerably lower than the normal bovine and equine normal<br />
ECG values of similar ages reported previously. Various<br />
forms and occurrence of bubaline ECG deflections with respect<br />
to the different limb lead were observed. P waves were<br />
mainly monophasic positive consisting of upward notched,<br />
upward pointed upward round and occasionally upward flat<br />
were encountered in all leads except V10. Significant<br />
occurrence of monophasic negative in all cases was observed<br />
in V10 and less frequently in other leads. Various types of<br />
biphasic waves with biphasic isoelectic predominating in all<br />
leads except V10 were observed. QRS configurations showed<br />
large variation of wave patterns characterized by the<br />
predominance of R, Qr, qR, Qs, and rS and Rs. Notching and<br />
nuermous different combinations of QRS complexes were<br />
quite common except in lead V10. The T wave like the P<br />
wave showed great variability in shapes and direction.<br />
Monophasic negative waves consisting of inverted pointed<br />
and inverted round T wave occurred most frequently in all<br />
leads. Biphasic isoelectric waves were observed in all leads<br />
as well as biphasic positive and biphasic negative except<br />
V10. Monophasic positive, isoelectric and triphasic T wave<br />
were also noted. The electrical axis of QRS in the bubaline<br />
showed wider variation ranging from +30 to +171 and from -<br />
30 to -180 with 73 (68.22%) cases were within -30 to -176. A<br />
separated study on the S-T segment and T wave patterns will<br />
be a great help in the fuller understanding of the bubaline<br />
electrocardiogram since these could only be properly evaluated<br />
if accompanied by electrolyte studies.<br />
Keywords: ECG patterns, carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1981.<br />
40<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
P-15<br />
DETERMINATION OF SERUM BILIRUBIN VALUES<br />
ON MATURE <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> SWAMP <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
(Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
D. S. Magbalon, Student<br />
Sera were collected from twenty (20) apparently healthy,<br />
mature swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and duplicated<br />
samples in the morning and in the afternoon were analyzed<br />
individually in two dilutions applying van den Bergh test<br />
for bilirubin examination. It was found out that the normal<br />
range of direct bilirubin is 0 – 0.414 mg%; 0 – 0.324 mg%<br />
for indirect and ) – 0.521 ng% for total bilirubin with mean<br />
value of 0.183 mg%, 0.159 mg% and 0.254 mg% for the<br />
direct, indirect and total bilirubin respectively. T-test at 5%<br />
significance revealed that the time of collection had no<br />
significant effect on the serum bilirubin level. Since the<br />
research was limited only on the Philippine swamp<br />
buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) strictly confined under ranch<br />
condition, it was suggested that further research must be<br />
done to compare the bilirubin level of buffaloes reared<br />
under various management practices. It was also<br />
recommended that further investigation be conducted on<br />
the immature swamp buffalo.<br />
Keywords: serum bilirubin, swamp buffalo, van den Bergh<br />
test<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
Central Luzon State University, 1989.<br />
P-16<br />
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL INTEGRITY<br />
OF <strong>BUFFALO</strong> SEMEN*<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Ph.D. Student, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-<br />
PCARRD, UPLB<br />
Two studies were conducted to characterize and compare<br />
the different physiological and biochemical integrity of<br />
spermatozoa of Murrah buffalo (MB), Philippine carabao<br />
(PC) and crossbred of MB x PC (CB). The first study<br />
was conducted to describe the changes on the physiological<br />
integrity as affected by processing and storage. Three<br />
evaluation methods were used in addition to the standard<br />
semen evaluation techniques: Sephadex Filter Test (SFT),<br />
cervical mucus penetration test (CMPT), and hypo-osmotic<br />
medium (HOM). Results of the evaluation indicated percent<br />
motility dropped significantly (P
significantly (P
A study on the serum thyroxine levels of 110 apparently<br />
normal Philippine carabaos was undertaken. The values<br />
obtained ranged from 12 nmoles/liter to 194 nmoles/liter.<br />
The lowest was from a female sample while the highest<br />
value obtained was from a male sample. Statistical analysis<br />
of the data gave a mean of 58.091 (±23.24) nmoles/liter, a<br />
95% confidence intervals computed to be 53.728 to 62.454<br />
nmoles/liter. With these confidence intervals, 26 (23.6%)<br />
falls under the euthyroid, 47 (42.7%) within the hypothyroid<br />
while 37 (33.6%) are under the hyperthyroid group. Sex<br />
seems to play a role in the thyroxine levels of the<br />
experimental animals. The males had higher levels than<br />
females. The 95% confidence intervals for males was<br />
computed to be 59.063 ± 5.468 nmoles/liter while that of<br />
females was found to be 55.613 ± 6.77 n moles/liter.<br />
Uncastrated males were also found to have a higher T 4<br />
values than castrated male. The 95% confidence intervals<br />
for uncastrated males was computed to be 62.35 ± 32.28<br />
n moles/liter while that for castrated samples was 57.525<br />
± 0.8378 n moles/liter. As to age, there was a decreasing<br />
level of thyroxine (when grouped) as age increases. More<br />
detailed work is needed to confirm the findings of this<br />
preliminary survey and the seasonal occurrence as well<br />
as the sex and age of thyroxine concentrations should be<br />
taken into consideration.<br />
Keywords: serum thyroxine, carabao, euthyroid,<br />
hyperthyroid, hypothyroid<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1979.<br />
P-19<br />
A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON <strong>THE</strong> LEUKOGRAM OF<br />
TIBIO-TARSAL JOINT FLUID OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
SWAMP <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus bubalis Linn.)*<br />
W. S. Mingrajal, Student<br />
A study on the total and differential WBC counts of the<br />
synovial fluid obtained from the tibio-tarsal joint of 30<br />
Philippine buffalo is herein presented. Values obtained for<br />
the total WBC count gave a mean value of 218 ± 96.03<br />
and a range of 55 to 450 cells/ìl of synovial fluid. For the<br />
differential counts, lymphocytes have a mean value of<br />
78.82 ± 11.50% and ranges from 60 to 100% of the total<br />
cell populace. Monocytes had a mean value of 16.93 ±<br />
12.73% and ranged from zero to 36%; neutrophils had a<br />
mean value of 4.25 ± 7.46% and a range of 0.26%.<br />
Eosinophils and basophils were never encountered in the<br />
series of samples being studied. For the synovia to be<br />
more useful as a diagnostic tool in differentiation, prognosis<br />
and evaluation of joint diseases, observation shall be made<br />
42<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
on concentrated as well as unconcentrated synovial fluid<br />
and in all joints in the animal body.<br />
Keywords: tibio-tarsal joint, synovial fluid, leukogram,<br />
swamp buffalo<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
Central Luzon State University, 1987.<br />
P-20<br />
SOME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
SYNOVIAL FLUID OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> SWAMP<br />
<strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
M. C. Noble, Student<br />
A study on some physical characteristics of a bubaline<br />
tibio-tarsal joint synovial fluid was undertaken. Synovial<br />
fluid samples from sixty (60) Philippine swamp buffalo<br />
were analyzed for pH, color and soluble solid content.<br />
Some physical characteristics of bubaline tibio-tarsal<br />
synovial fluid were presented. The synovial fluid appeared<br />
colorless to pale yellow. The pH of the fluid in the present<br />
study was slightly alkaline with a mean value of 7.30 with<br />
a minimum of 7.10 and maximum of 7.60. The average<br />
soluble solid content of the synovial fluid is 2.12 with a<br />
range of 1.60 – 3.40%. To establish normal pH value,<br />
soluble content and color of the Philippine swamp buffalo<br />
synovial fluid similar study should be conducted not only<br />
on the tibio-tarsal joint but on other joints.<br />
Keywords: swamp buffalo, synovial fluid, tibio-tarsal joint<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
Central Luzon State University, 1987.<br />
P-21<br />
QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL EVALUATION<br />
OF <strong>THE</strong> ERYTHROCYTES OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus) AND<br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong>-MURRAH (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus)*<br />
A. M. Pascua, Student<br />
Blood smears from 19 water buffaloes, 13 from Philippine<br />
Carabaos and six from Philippine-Murrah were prepared<br />
for microscopic examination to determine the quantity and<br />
morphology of erythrocytes as well as evaluation for<br />
inclusion bodies, if any. The average cell diameter was<br />
also determined. The animals were assessed and were<br />
found to be in normal condition. The average erythrocyte<br />
diameters were in the range of 5.07µm to 7.23µm. The<br />
variation in size was statistically significant. This indicated<br />
that anisocytosis was present in both Philippine Carabao
and Philippine-Murrah in health. Eight erythrocytic forms,<br />
which basically differed in morphology, were identified and<br />
included discocyte, dacryocyte, echinocyte, macrocyte,<br />
microcyte, ovalocyte, torocyte and kenicyte. Cytoplasmic<br />
inclusions observed from the samples were basophilic<br />
stippling, Heinz bodies and Howell-Jolly bodies. The<br />
presence of erythrocytic variants in the peripheral blood<br />
smears of the animals in this study indicated that these<br />
variants might be normal observations. No abnormalities<br />
in the systems of each individual water buffalo could account<br />
for the presence of these cells of different morphology. This<br />
study on erythrocyte morphology attempted to standardize<br />
the normal quantity of different red cell forms and inclusions<br />
for future investigations.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao, Philippine-Murrah,<br />
erythrocyte morphology, inclusion bodies<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1999.<br />
P-22<br />
SERUM PROTEIN VALUES OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> NATIVE<br />
CARABAO AND CATTLE*<br />
M. P. Ramos, Student<br />
This study aimed to determine the total serum protein of<br />
Philippine native Carabao and cattle using refractometer<br />
and spectrophotometer. A total of 60 apparently healthy and<br />
sexually mature animals were used in the study comprising<br />
30 carabao and 30 cattle with 15 males and 15 females<br />
each. Results showed that with refractometer, total serum<br />
protein at 99% confidence level of significance was 6.9 ±<br />
0.4 gm/dl and 6.1 ± 1.5 gm/dl for male and female<br />
carabaos, respectively. While in cattle, the male value<br />
was 6.9 ± 0.6 gm/dl and 6.3 ± 0.3 gm/dl for female. Using<br />
spectrophotometer, the obtained confidence internal at 99%<br />
level of significance were 7.1 ± 0.5 gm/dl and 7.2 ± 1.0<br />
gm/dl for male and female carabaos respectively. In cattle,<br />
the value for male was 7.7 ± 1.0 gm/dl and 7.4 ± 0.7 gm/<br />
dl for female. Philippine native Carabao total serum proteins<br />
were all statistically the same compared to the total serum<br />
proteins of cattle. The total serum protein between sexes<br />
proved to be significantly different when using<br />
spectrophotometer. No significant difference was observed<br />
in males while highly significant difference was observed<br />
in females in both Philippine Carabao and cattle.<br />
Keywords: total serum protein, Philippine Carabao, cattle,<br />
spectrophotometer<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
Central Luzon State University, 1996.<br />
PHYSIOLOGY<br />
P-23<br />
RUMEN JUICE CHARACTERISTICS OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
SWAMP <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
J. C. Rosario, Student<br />
Ten (10) native swamp buffaloes were used to examine<br />
the rumen juice based on nine parameters namely: color,<br />
odor, consistency, sedimentation and flotation, pH test,<br />
protozoa quality test, bacterial content, methylene blue test<br />
and glucose test. Results showed three types of rumen<br />
juice color: pure green, green with grayish shade, and<br />
golden brown to brown color. Pure green and green with<br />
grayish shade colors were observed to have aromatic<br />
odors while the brown colored samples gave an ammonia<br />
odor. For rumen juice consistency, all the samples showed<br />
a consistency which was lighter than the human saliva.<br />
The average time for sedimentation and flotation in both<br />
samples with colors pure green and green with grayish<br />
shade was 5 minutes and 7 minutes, respectively.<br />
However, for the brown colored samples, the average<br />
time it took for the particles to settle and fibers to float was<br />
longer (8 minutes for sedimentation and 10 minutes for<br />
flotation). The pH of the pure green and brown colored<br />
samples was basic, while the green with grayish shade<br />
were acidic. The protozoa density revealed that the large,<br />
medium and small protozoa were seen in the pure green<br />
and the green with grayish shade while a thinner<br />
concentration of protozoa was observed in the brown color.<br />
Bacterial content of the rumen juice after staining showed<br />
both Gram (+) and Gram (-) organisms in the pure green<br />
samples while only Gram (+) for the two other colors. The<br />
average time of colors pure green and green with grayish<br />
shade in the methylene blue test was 3 minutes while the<br />
average time of the brown color was 5 minutes.<br />
Keywords: rumen juice, swamp buffalo, clinical pathology<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
Central Luzon State University, 1993.<br />
P-24<br />
INFLUENCE OF DRAFTWORK, DAYLIGHT HEAT<br />
AND PARASITIC LOAD ON <strong>THE</strong> MEAN EOSINOPHIL<br />
COUNT OF ADULT MALE <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> SWAMP<br />
<strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
E. F. San Pedro, Student<br />
Thirty mature male Philippine swamp buffaloes were used<br />
in the study. Fresh fecal samples for fecalysis and blood<br />
smears to determine the eosinophil percentage were<br />
collected for two consecutive days during the pre-<br />
43
deworming period and the post-deworming period. An<br />
eosinophil count of 20.7% in the morning and 24.04% in<br />
the afternoon of the first day of the pre-deworming collection<br />
were recorded. An eosinophil count of 18.4% and 24.3%<br />
in the morning and afternoon, respectively were recorded<br />
for the second day of collection. The animals during these<br />
periods of collection were rested and fed on a cut and carry<br />
basis or pastured as compared to post deworming collection<br />
wherein these animals were used for draftwork. During the<br />
post deworming period, the eosinophil count of 24.04%<br />
and 26.43% in the morning and afternoon respectively<br />
were recorded. On the second day of collection, 26.67%<br />
in the morning and 26.74% in the afternoon were recorded.<br />
During the pre deworming period, 257.7 EPG was recorded<br />
and 132 EPG was recorded during the post deworming<br />
period.<br />
Keywords: buffalo, eosinophil, draftwork<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
Central Luzon State University, 1987.<br />
P-25<br />
A STUDY ON <strong>THE</strong> BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS OF<br />
ADULT CARABAOS (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
A. S. Sol, Student<br />
One hundred (100) healthy swamp buffaloes, 50 male and<br />
50 female, with age ranging from 5-12 years were used in<br />
the study. Serum samples were obtained early in the<br />
morning and analyzed for blood glucose level using 0toluidine,<br />
Dubowski Modified Method. Test revealed that<br />
there was a slight sex variation in the blood glucose level<br />
of the animals with an average of 38.67 mg/dl and 34.73<br />
mg/dl for male and female animals, respectively. Seventy<br />
percent of the animals studied had a glucose level of less<br />
than 44.76 mg/dl for males and less than 40.31 mg/dl for<br />
female carabaos.<br />
Keywords: blood glucose, carabao, sex variation<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
Central Luzon State University, 1990.<br />
P-26<br />
A STUDY ON <strong>THE</strong> CONCENTRATION OF SOME<br />
SERUM ELECTROLYTES IN <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAOS (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
F. A. Talvo, Student<br />
A study was undertaken to determine the concentration of<br />
some serum electrolytes in 120 Philippine carabaos. The<br />
44<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
serum sodium concentration ranged from 120.50 to 283.00<br />
mEq/L with mean (± SD) of 200.20 ± 35.20 mEq/L. The<br />
values fell within a wider range than those given for normal<br />
values in other domestic ruminants. Serum potassium<br />
concentration ranged from 3.00 to 7.65 mEq/L with mean<br />
(± SD) of 4.78 to 0.67 mEq/L. These values did not vary<br />
considerably from the results of other studies made in<br />
different ruminants. Serum calcium determination in 120<br />
animals yielded a range of 7.80 to 14.00 mg/dl and a mean<br />
(± SD) of 3.16 ± 1.58 mg/dl. The present data were within<br />
the range of normal values given for other domestic<br />
ruminants. A mean of 3.16 ± 1.58 for magnesium and<br />
164.84 ± 56.24 for zinc was obtained. The range varies<br />
from 0.84 to 11.50 for magnesium, 107.00 to 485.00 ìg/dl<br />
for zinc. Data from the present study for serum magnesium<br />
and zinc were within a wider range of normal values for<br />
other domestic animals. There was no statistical significant<br />
difference found between male and female for all the<br />
electrolytes determined. Serum sodium concentrations<br />
appeared higher in the morning and gradually decreased in<br />
the afternoon and further at night (Z = 1.32; 5.62; 3.34).<br />
Calcium concentration decreased with increasing age (Z +<br />
4.56). The limitation of the present study involved limited<br />
samples and lack of more extensive data that could be<br />
used for greater correlation of the different factors.<br />
Keywords: serum electrolytes, carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1978<br />
P-27<br />
HEMATOLOGICAL STUDY OF YOUNG <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
SWAMP <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus bubalis L.): RBC<br />
MORPHOLOGY, RBC COUNT, PCV, Hb, ESR, MCV,<br />
MCH AND MCHC*<br />
M. E. M. Tan, Student<br />
Hematological indices such as RBC morphology, count,<br />
hemoglobin (Hb), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR),<br />
packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume<br />
(MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean<br />
corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were<br />
determined from blood samples of 60 apparently normal<br />
Philippine swamp buffaloes (30 males, 30 females) from<br />
different barangays of Nueva Ecija. Sample animals were<br />
classified into 3 age groups; each group was composed of<br />
20 experimental animals in equal sex ratio of 10 males and<br />
10 females. The age of animals under group I ranged from<br />
1 to 12 months. Group II comprised of carabaos whose<br />
age varied from 13 months to 24 months, and group III<br />
represented the adult buffaloes with ages ranging from 25
months to 3 years. Erythrocyte size varied from 4.5 to<br />
7.5ìm with a mean diameter of 5.7 ìm. Anisocytosis was a<br />
common feature. Results revealed that mean RBC count<br />
of all animals ranged from 3.02 to 9.8 mill/cu mm with a<br />
mean count of 6.05 ± 0.41 ml/cu mm. In male RBC count<br />
ranged from 3.02 to 9.8 mill/cu mm with a mean of 6.13 ±<br />
0.69 mill/cu mm: that of female showed a mean of 6.029 ±<br />
0.8736 mill/cu mm from a variation of 4.07 to 8.35 mill/cu<br />
mm. Total PCV of all animals regardless of sex had a<br />
mean of 31.55 ± 1.33%; that of females was 32.6 ±<br />
2.11%, whereas a mean of 30.5 ± 1.66% was observed<br />
among male buffaloes. Overall mean Hb content was<br />
11.61 ± 0.67 gm/dl; for the males the mean value was<br />
11.58 ± 0.96 gm/dl, while in females it was 11.63 ± 0.96<br />
g/dl of blood. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate in all animals<br />
registered a mean of 5.34 ± 0.42 cm/hr. Male buffaloes<br />
registered a mean of 5.25 ± 0.65 cm/hr; whereas in females<br />
mean ESR was 5.54 ± 0.47 cm/hr. Total MCV, MCH and<br />
MCHC means of both sexes were 53.75 ± 4.69 fl, 19.61<br />
± 1.58 pg and 37.36 ± 2.3 g lb respectively. Mean MCV,<br />
MCH and MCHC in males were computed as follows:<br />
52.93 ± 6.32 fl, 20.12 ± 2.39 pg and 38.39 ± 3.77 g Hb.<br />
Values calculated in females were recorded as 54.92 ±<br />
6.92 fl, 19.79 ± 1.73 pg and 31.38 ± 4.37 g Hb for mean<br />
MCV, MCH and MCHC respectively. Results indicated<br />
that RBC count in males exceeded insignificantly that of<br />
their female counterparts. Erythrocyte count, Hb, MCH<br />
and MCHC varied inversely with advancing age in all<br />
animals. On the other hand, Hb, MCH and MCHC showed<br />
a positive correlation with the RBC count in this study.<br />
Statistical analyses of the data supported no significant<br />
sex or age – related differences in the blood parameters<br />
used in the study, except for MCHC in which case,<br />
significant differences were proven as to the age and sex<br />
of the carabaos. More detailed study should be undertaken<br />
to identify the influence of other variables such as breed,<br />
geographical locations, type of feeds, degree of work,<br />
season, time of day and reproductive activity on the<br />
erythrogram of young Philippine swamp buffaloes. The<br />
study should also be expanded to include blood serum or<br />
plasma chemistry. And to make the blood values more<br />
useful to veterinary clinicians, studies should be done also<br />
to establish the blood picture in different disease conditions.<br />
Keywords: swamp buffalo, hemogram, blood indices<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
Central Luzon State University, 1986.<br />
P-28<br />
BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF DRY<br />
PREGNANT, DRY NON-PREGNANT AND<br />
LACTATING NON-PREGNANT*<br />
PHYSIOLOGY<br />
J. P. Valencia, Student<br />
Serum samples from Philippine carabao, Bulgarian<br />
buffaloes and its crosses, were used in determining the<br />
values from serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase<br />
(SGOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium (Ca) and<br />
creatinine (CREA) using the blood biochemical analyzer<br />
at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Los Baños. Each<br />
breed was divided into 3 groups: dry pregnant animals,<br />
dry non-pregnant and lactating non-pregnant. SGOT values<br />
were found to be higher in lactating non-pregnant than in<br />
dry non-pregnant. Among breeds, higher SGOT values<br />
were observed in Philippine carabao than in crossbreeds<br />
and Bulgarian Murrah. Among groups, SGOT values were<br />
higher in lactating non-pregnant than in dry pregnant and<br />
dry non-pregnant. ALP values were higher in crosses in<br />
dry non-pregnant group than in dry pregnant. Ca values<br />
were found to be higher in dry pregnant than in dry nonpregnant.<br />
CREA was higher in dry non-pregnant animals<br />
than in dry pregnant animals.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao, Bulgarian Murrah,<br />
crossbreeds, blood biochemical profile, non-pregnant,<br />
pregnant, lactating<br />
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna,<br />
1999.<br />
P-29<br />
BREEDING PHENOMENA OF CARABAOS IN <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong>S*<br />
V. Villegas, Student<br />
Mating and parturition among carabaos occur throughout<br />
the year but higher incidence is observed during the rainy<br />
and cooler months. The average gestation period among<br />
Philippine carabaos is 324 days. Average periods of 35 to<br />
54 days spaced the next estrus from parturition in Philippine<br />
carabaos. The frequency of parturition was every 472.7<br />
days, and the average rest period (the interval between<br />
parturition and the next fertilization) being 156.9 days.<br />
Keywords: carabao, mating period, frequency of parturition,<br />
gestation,<br />
*Philippine Journal of Animal Industry 20 (nos. 1-4): 89-<br />
95, 1959.<br />
45
BREEDING AND GENETICS<br />
B-1<br />
CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis Linn) AND ITS<br />
CROSSBREDS<br />
O. D. Abanto, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
P. I. Ibarra, Retired Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
N. P. Roxas, Professor, IAS-CA<br />
E. I. Dizon, Associate Professor, IFS-CA, UPLB<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-UPLB, DA<br />
A. N. del Barrio, Center Director, PCC-UPLB, DA<br />
R. M. Lapitan, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-UPLB, DA<br />
Slaughter and carcass yields of the Philippine carabao (PC),<br />
Philippine carabao x Murrah F1 (PMF1) and F2 (PMF2)<br />
and Philippine carabao x Nili Ravi F1 (PRF1) were<br />
investigated. A total of 37 water buffaloes, 25-132 mos old,<br />
weighing 278-672 kg, slaughtered and fabricated into standard<br />
wholesale and retail cuts. The yield of each by-product and<br />
wholesale cuts were determined and correlated to the live<br />
weight and age of water buffaloes. The economic value of<br />
the slaughter and carcass yield of each breedtype was<br />
determined. Among the breedtypes, PMF1 had the highest<br />
average live weight of 480.50 kg while the PC had the<br />
lowest with 343.18 kg. PMF1 had heavier hot carcass<br />
(249.54 kg) and chilled carcass (242.96 kg) than other<br />
breedtypes. The carcass of PMF1 had the highest percent<br />
lean, lowest percent fat and highest chilled carcass weight.<br />
The percent lean in the carcass increased (r=0.554) while<br />
the percent fat decreased (r=-0.444) as the animals get<br />
heavier. The percent fat in the carcass tended to increase<br />
(r=0.388) as the water buffaloes get older. PMF1 had the<br />
highest estimated sale of Php18,644.89 per head, while PC<br />
had the lowest with Php12,586.45. PMF1 had the highest<br />
estimated sale per kg live weight of Php38.00 while PRF1<br />
had the lowest with Php36.52. The results of the study<br />
suggest that Philippine carabao x Murrah crossbreds can<br />
give higher monetary value to the farmer from slaughter and<br />
carcass yields, with almost the same meat quality as the<br />
Philippine carabao. The crossbreds have genetic potential<br />
to grow faster than Philippine carabaos; thus, they can<br />
reach optimum slaughter weight at a much shorter time or at<br />
a younger age with a relatively tender meat and less amount<br />
of trimmable fats.<br />
Keywords: buffalo, carcass, economic value<br />
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 26(1):81-95.<br />
B-2<br />
<strong>THE</strong> RELATIONSHIP OF TESTICULAR AND<br />
SEMINAL VESICLE CHARACTERISTICS WITH<br />
46<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
BODY WEIGHT AND AGE IN <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAO BULLS*<br />
A. M. A. Al-Maraashi, M. S. Student, DAS-CA, UPLB<br />
B. A. Parker, Professor, DAS-CA, UPLB<br />
Data were obtained from two hundred four native Philippine<br />
carabao bulls slaughtered at the Purefoods, Inc.<br />
slaughterhouse. The data were grouped according to ages,<br />
body weights and scrotal circumferences. Age of carabao<br />
bulls ranging from 2015 years was grouped into one and<br />
two years class intervals. The body weight ranging from<br />
231.8 to 547.0 kg and were grouped into 40 kg class<br />
intervals. Likewise, scrotal circumference (20 to 28 cm)<br />
was grouped into one cm class intervals. The classes<br />
were resorted to due to difference in the environmental<br />
factors and sources of animals. Age relationship with<br />
testicular measurements (weight, volume, length and width),<br />
seminal vesicle measurements (weight and volume) and<br />
scrotal circumference were quadratic and the shape of the<br />
graphs curvilinear. The curvilinear correlation coefficients<br />
were high, 0.967, 0.968, 0.939 and 0.932, respectively for<br />
average testicular weight, volume, length, width, for age<br />
and scrotal circumference (R) was 0.979; among age and<br />
seminal vesicle weight and volume (R) more 0.975 and<br />
0.974, respectively. All curvilinear correlations were lightly<br />
significant (P< 0.0001). The difference between right and<br />
left testes and seminal vesicle based on age classes were<br />
however not significant. The curvilinear regression equation<br />
values for estimating scrotal circumference and right, left,<br />
average and total testicular weight volume, length, width,<br />
seminal vesicle weight and volume measurements, all as<br />
dependent variables, based on age classes as independent<br />
variables were tabulated. All the parameters of regression<br />
equation values were highly significant (P
were highly significant level (P
*Proceedings of the Review, Consultation, and Workshop<br />
on Water Buffalo Research, PCC-DA, UPLB. 1994. 15 p.<br />
Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:<br />
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,<br />
Carabaos (2002) p. 279.<br />
B-5<br />
ANALYSIS OF LOCAL DATA ON ANIMALS<br />
PERFORMANCE USING BLUP MIXED MODELS*<br />
O. L. Bondoc, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
The uses of Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP)<br />
mixed models in the analysis of performance data of goats,<br />
cattle, and water buffalo under Philippine conditions is<br />
presented. The fundamental of the BLUP procedure, its<br />
computation, uses and relevance to the local livestock<br />
industry, and similarities with the selection index are<br />
highlighted. Results of the local BLUP analyses were<br />
also summarized and compared in terms of data sizes,<br />
assumptions and composition of linear models, type and<br />
implication of output and/or solutions. Finally,<br />
recommendation to institutionalize advance and optimized<br />
(i.e. faster, more accurate, and cheaper) BLUP evaluation<br />
in national breeding programs for livestock are given.<br />
Keywords: Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP)<br />
mixed models, cattle, goat, water buffalo<br />
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science,<br />
21(3&4):19-28. Also in Annotated Bibliography on<br />
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 286.<br />
B-6<br />
DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL RECORDING<br />
SYSTEM FOR CARABAOS*<br />
O. L. Bondoc, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
Animal’s performance recording system for the PCC will<br />
be required to improve the carabao’s individual<br />
performance, farm/herd productivity, and the national<br />
breeding base. Following the proposed dispersed nucleus<br />
breeding scheme, a standardized recording, testing/<br />
computing, and selection program will initially be<br />
concentrated among the PCC network centers. At the end<br />
of the seminar-workshop, a national recording system for<br />
carabaos will be developed to include, among others; (1)<br />
standardized collection of animals performance records of<br />
breeding animals and their pedigree on a continuous basis,<br />
(2) Genetic evaluation using the best statistical methods for<br />
predicting breeding values in order to rank individuals, (3)<br />
48<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
Periodic assessment of changes in animals performance<br />
and farm productivity, (4) networking and prompt submission<br />
of results of analyses to assist the PCC and smallholder<br />
carabao raisers in making basic farm decision including<br />
selection within their herds, and (5) Validation and<br />
restructuring of the national recording system to improve<br />
the data gathering, storage, analysis, and application<br />
activities in the long term.<br />
Keywords: carabao, national recording system<br />
*Report (Proceedings) of the Training-Workshop on Animals<br />
Performance Recording System for PCC-DA, UPLB.<br />
1995. p. 6-15. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine<br />
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)<br />
1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 287.<br />
B-7<br />
ANIMAL BREEDING IN CROP-LIVESTOCK FARMING<br />
SYSTEM*<br />
O. L. Bondoc, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
This paper features the relevance and uses of the principles<br />
of animals breeding in order to improve productivity of the<br />
livestock component in traditional crop-livestock farming<br />
systems. In general, animal breeding strategies can be<br />
used to improved quantity (i.e. through better reproduction)<br />
and quality (i.e. genetic improvement) of breeding stocks<br />
of cattle and water buffaloes being raised by smallholder<br />
farmers. Problems peculiar to such production system<br />
were identified and include the following: lack of record<br />
animal performance, small population size and their<br />
scattered distribution, inherently low reproductive rates,<br />
and low success rates of artificial breeding in farmers fields<br />
such as artificial insemination (AI), estrus synchronization<br />
(ES), pregnancy diagnosis (PD) and embryo transfer<br />
(MOET). In this regards, the establishment of nucleus or<br />
cooperative breeding schemes to effect genetic improvement<br />
and disseminate/share improved animals performance is<br />
recommended.<br />
Keywords: animals breeding strategies, cattle, water<br />
buffalo<br />
*Proceeding of the Three-Month Training Course on Conducting<br />
On-Farm Research in Farming Systems Development<br />
FSSRI, UPLB. 1996. 5 p. Also in Annotated Bibliography on<br />
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 293<br />
B-8<br />
AN ASSESMENT OF <strong>THE</strong> GENETIC AN ECONOMIC<br />
IMPACTS OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATIONS (AI) ON
<strong>THE</strong> CATTLE AND CARABAO BREEDING<br />
PROGRAMS OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong>S*<br />
O. L. Bondoc, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
A. C. M. Bantoc, University Research Associate, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
The project aimed to evaluate the genetic and economic<br />
impacts of artificial insemination (AI) on the cattle and carabao<br />
breeding programs in the Philippines. Historical records<br />
about the technical viability and application of AI in relation<br />
to breeding programs were reviewed. The scope, field<br />
success rates, and potentials to effect rapid genetic<br />
improvement in the performance (and breeding structure)<br />
of cattle and carabao in the Philippines were then determined<br />
through in-depth library work, personal interview, and mailin<br />
survey. Finally, specific recommendation about a national<br />
breeding program, breeding stations, professional of a pilot<br />
project in Laguna are given with the intention of improving<br />
the usefulness and impacts of AI on the local cattle and<br />
carabao breeding programs. The following are the highlights<br />
of the project: (1) Cattle and carabao breeding (i.e. genetic<br />
improvement programs in the Philippines were noted to<br />
lack of the infrastructure for AI and animal performance<br />
recording and evaluation systems and thus economically<br />
important traits; (2) Based on AI records compiled by the<br />
National Artificial Breeding Center (NSBC), the scope and<br />
success rates when using AI under Philippines conditions<br />
have been limited, very low, and unsustained. With natural<br />
mating and traditional (usually unimproved) husbandry<br />
practices, cattle and carabaos are expected to produced at<br />
much lower levels and reproduce themselves less rapidly.<br />
In view of the low field success rates, the use of AI should<br />
be restricted in selected matings to produce bulls for natural<br />
breeding; (3) Results of mail – in survey indicated low<br />
success rates with AI in the farm due to many problems<br />
associated with the animals themselves, AI technicians<br />
and technology itself, and poor environmental conditions.<br />
Furthermore, heterogeneity in opinions and decision<br />
regarding what breed to use and what recording system,<br />
breeding objectives and selection criteria to implement were<br />
prevalent at all; (4) Theoretical (predicted) genetic progress<br />
attained through AI in cattle and carabao can be<br />
demonstrated locally under workable breeding schemes;<br />
(5) Importation of frozen semen from outstanding sires to<br />
be used in impregnating a nucleus of selected (i.e. locally<br />
available and superior) cows is recommended to<br />
complement the current government program that introduces<br />
the usually expensive live breeding stock; (6) Cost of AI<br />
relative to genetic and socio-economic benefits need to be<br />
monitored and evaluated regularly; (7) An AI breeding<br />
project that shall highlight the genetic and economic impact<br />
of AI in cattle is proposed to be piloted in the province of<br />
BREEDING AND GENETICS<br />
Laguna; and (8) Distribution of a technical publication about<br />
the genetics and economics of AI is likewise proposed in<br />
order to spur interest and knowledge in the use of artificial<br />
breeding technology by local cattle and carabao breeders.<br />
Keywords: artificial insemination (AI), cattle and carabao<br />
breeding programs, genetic and economic impacts<br />
*Terminal Report. PCARRD–DOST Project No. 89-540.<br />
IAS, UPLB, Colleges, Laguna. 1996. 95 p. Also in<br />
Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:<br />
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,<br />
Carabaos (2002) p. 294.<br />
B-9<br />
GENETIC VARIABILITY OF KARYOTYPIC<br />
CHARACTERISTICS IN RELATION TO <strong>THE</strong><br />
GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF ECONOMICALLY<br />
IMPORTANT TRAITS IN <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES<br />
(Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
O. L. Bondoc, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
M. C. G. T. Flor, Research Assistant, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
B. C. Gomez, Research Assistant, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
I.. T. Santos, Research Assistant, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
J. A. C. G. Flor, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC at UPLB<br />
E. A. H. Bisa, Farm Superintendent, PCC at UPLB<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC at UPLB<br />
A. N. del Barrio, Center Director, PCC at UPLB<br />
One hundred and thirty (130) water buffaloes grouped into:<br />
pure breeds (i.e., Philippine carabao (C), Indian Murrah<br />
(IM) and Bulgarian Murrah (BM), two-way crosses (i.e.<br />
50%IM-50%C, 50%BM-50%C, 50%Nili-Ravi-50%C),<br />
backcross (75%IM-25%C), and three-way crosses<br />
among C, IM, and Nili-Ravi, were considered for<br />
karyotypes analysis using the modified Leukocyte Culture<br />
Techinique and evaluation of their production and<br />
reproductive performance using the ordinary least squares<br />
method. Karyotypic characteristics (i.e. modal chromosome<br />
number based on chromosome frequency, chromosome<br />
type, and percent relative length, centromeric index, and<br />
arm ratio for some chromosome) were significantly different<br />
between breed groups. Significant differences between<br />
groups were also found for production traits (i.e. 1-year<br />
and 3-year old body weights, wither height, heart girth,<br />
and body length) and reproductive parameters (i.e. total<br />
milk yield, lactation length, age at first calving, and semen<br />
volume). Significant linear correlation between karyotypic<br />
characteristics and some economically important traits in<br />
water buffaloes are highlighted in the study. The significant<br />
correlation values imply that some karyotypic<br />
characteristics can be used as important markers or criteria<br />
to select potentially productive young water buffaloes. The<br />
high coefficient of variation (C.V.) values in karyotypic<br />
49
characteristics, production and reproductive traits imply<br />
potential and practical basis to accurately distinguish<br />
genetic differences between breed groups, especially in<br />
the absence of breeding history and factual pedigree and<br />
identification records on-farm. Results of the karyotype<br />
analyses and their relationships with production and<br />
reproductive traits in water buffaloes can be applied in the<br />
design and development of local selection, crossbreeding,<br />
and/or conservation programs. Differences between pure<br />
breeds and their crosses in terms of percent heterosis and<br />
advantage over the Philippine carabao will be useful in the<br />
design and development of systematic crossbreeding<br />
programs useful in the dominant local production and<br />
marketing systems. Indirect selection for overall<br />
productivity based on the karyotypic characteristics of<br />
breeding animals can be practiced at a much earlier age,<br />
thereby reducing generation interval considerably. Because<br />
of the requirements for laboratory facilities and expertise,<br />
the use of karyotype analysis is however recommended<br />
for the gene pool and institutional herds such as those<br />
maintained by the Philippine Carabao Center (PCC) in aid<br />
of the establishment of a national buffalo registry and<br />
implementation of a national breeding program for water<br />
buffaloes.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao, Indian Murrah, Bulgarian<br />
Murrah, karyotype, karyotypic characteristics, economic<br />
traits<br />
*Completed Research Studies, 1996-2002, (2003) PCC<br />
at UPLB.<br />
B-10<br />
ESTIMATED BREEDING VALUES AND GENETIC<br />
TRENDS OF BODYWEIGHTS AT BIRTH UP TO 36<br />
MONTHS OF AGE OF <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES AT PCC<br />
AT UPLB*<br />
O. L. Bondoc, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
C. D. Salazar, Undergraduate Student, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
Using the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) mixed<br />
model methodology, the bodyweight record at birth, six,<br />
12, 24 and 36 months of age of 171 water buffaloes born<br />
between 1983 and 1994 from 30 sires and 93 dams of<br />
PCC at UPLB were evaluated. Male water buffaloes<br />
were heavier than the females at birth by 0.97 kg, at six<br />
months by 6.67 kg and at 24 months of age by 3.10 kg.<br />
However, males were lighter than females at 12 and 36<br />
months of age by 5.47 and 7.8 kg, respectively. Maximum<br />
body weights at birth, sixth and twelfth month of age were<br />
recorded in the months of May, December, and January,<br />
respectively. The Murrah buffaloes were found to have the<br />
50<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
highest sixth and 36 th month bodyweights, while the 50%<br />
PC: 50% Nili-Ravi produced the heaviest bodyweights at<br />
birth and twelfth month of age. On the other hand, the 50%<br />
PC: 50% Murrah had the highest 24 th month bodyweight.<br />
In general, the Murrah sires produced offsprings with heavier<br />
bodyweights at all ages. In terms of producing bodyweights<br />
of offsprings from birth up to twelfth month of age, the 50%<br />
PC: 50% Murrah and pure PC’s seemed to be the best<br />
breed of dams at PCC-UPLB. The phenotypic trends of<br />
all body weight measurements were the same from 1983<br />
to 1994 except for bodyweights at 24 and 36 th months of<br />
age that were observed to decrease from 1983 to 1986.<br />
On the basis of the average phenotypic change per year,<br />
bodyweight measurements of buffaloes at all ages<br />
decreased at a range of –8.7 to 0.35 kg/yr except at six<br />
months of age. On the other hand, the genetic trend for<br />
each bodyweight from birth to 36 months fluctuated from<br />
1983 to 1994. Yearly genetic gains of bodyweights at all<br />
ages were almost zero. Based on the results, the cow<br />
indices and sire proofs obtained can be used as one of the<br />
criteria for selecting breeding animals. In order to obtain<br />
higher selection intensity for sires, fewer tested sires must<br />
be used relative to the number of dams.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao, Murrah buffalo,<br />
crossbreeds, estimated breeding values, genetic trends of<br />
bodyweight<br />
*PCC-OED-DA Philippine Carabao R & D Highlights<br />
1994-1996 (1997) p. 1-2.<br />
B-11<br />
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN BODY WEIGHTS AT<br />
DIFFERENT AGES OF <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES*<br />
O. L. Bondoc, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
C. D. Salazar, Undergraduate Student, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-DA,<br />
UPLB<br />
Correlation between body weights at different ages were<br />
studied using records of one hundred and seventy-one<br />
(171) water buffaloes born between 1983 and 1994 at the<br />
Philippine Carabao Center, PCC at UPLB. Highly<br />
significant phenotypic correlation coefficients involving body<br />
weight at one year of age were high (r = 0.57 to 0.80). On<br />
the other hand, phenotypic correlation of various body<br />
weights with birth weight were low (r = 0.20 to 0.33).<br />
Correlation studies within subgroups of breed, sex and<br />
breed-sex combinations showed that significant<br />
relationships between body weights were most consistent<br />
among Phil-Murrah crosses, among female buffaloes, and<br />
among Phil-Murrah females. Correlation in terms of
estimated breeding values of (EBVs) (from Best Linear<br />
Unbiased Prediction of BLUP mixed models) between<br />
body weights at the different ages were generally not<br />
significant (P>0.05). This is because individual EBVs that<br />
are commonly expressed as the deviations from the<br />
population mean, were small and close to zero. The EBV<br />
for each trait however, should be used as the main criterion<br />
for selection, either as an EBV of an animal for one trait or<br />
as part of a selection index composed of more that one<br />
trait. The high phenotypic correlations are recommended<br />
to redesign the local breeding program to allow selection<br />
for body weights at younger ages (i.e., yearling weight).<br />
However, more studies to determine the genetic correlations<br />
and relative economic values of body weights at different<br />
ages are needed to properly derive a local multiple trait<br />
selection index for water buffaloes.<br />
Keywords: correlations between body weights, estimated<br />
breeding values (EBVs)<br />
*Proceeding of the PSAS 32 nd Annual Convention, PICC,<br />
Metro Manila, October 26-27, 1995. p. 273-283. Also in<br />
Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science,<br />
22(1&2):33-42. Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo<br />
Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995 (1996) p. 1, PCC-<br />
DA. Also in Philippine Carabao Center R & D Highlights<br />
1994-1996 (1997) p. 2-4, PCC-DA. Also in Annotated<br />
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and<br />
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p.<br />
357<br />
B-12<br />
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF KARYOTYPIC<br />
CHARACTERISTICS IN <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES<br />
(Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
O. L. Bondoc, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
I.. T. Santos, Research Assistant, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
M. R. Rapusas, Research Assistant, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
B. C. Gomez, Research Assistant, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
Twenty-eight (28) water buffaloes at the Philippine Carabao<br />
Center (PCC) – U. P. Los Baños, belonging to five breed<br />
groups namely, 6 Carabao (C), 5 Murrah (M), 5 F 1 (50%M<br />
– 50%C), 4 F 2 (50%M – 50%C) and 8 backcross or<br />
(75%M – 25%C), were used in the karyotype analysis.<br />
Using the modified Leukocyte Culture Technique (Bongso<br />
and Hilmi, 1982), blood samples were cultured and<br />
processed. Photomicrographs were taken, scanned, and<br />
further enhanced, magnified (4 to 5 times), and printed.<br />
Chromosome pairs were manually cut and pasted according<br />
to their length and position of centromere to from the<br />
photokaryotype. Modal chromosome number and<br />
chromosome type based on centromeric location were<br />
BREEDING AND GENETICS<br />
compared by simple frequency analysis. Analysis of<br />
variance by ordinary least squares methods was used to<br />
determine significant breed differences in relative length,<br />
centromeric index, and arm ratio of all chromosomes.<br />
Means of karyotypic characteristics were compared<br />
between breeds using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test<br />
(DMRT). Based on a total of 2,973 cells examined, the<br />
modal chromosome number for the Carabao (C), Murrah<br />
(M), F 1 (50%M – 50%C), F 2 (50%M – 50%C) and<br />
backcross or (75%M – 25%C) was 48 (80.25%), 50<br />
(69.75%), 49 (83.31%), and 50 (55.35%), respectively.<br />
The results of the present study are consistent with the<br />
results reported by previous workers (Songsri and<br />
Ramirez, 1979; Bongso, et. al. 1984). No metacentric<br />
chromosomes were found for all breed groups examined.<br />
For Carabao and Murrah breeds, 21% of all chromosomes<br />
were submetacentric and the remainder (79%) acrocentric.<br />
Chromosomes of the three crossbreed groups in contrast<br />
were 20% submetacentric and 80% acrocentric. Significant<br />
breed differences (P
the least square analysis revealed no significant differences<br />
(P> 0.05) in heterosis estimates between farm species (S)<br />
and between breed’s contribution to the blood composition<br />
of crossbred progeny as a measure of heterozygosity in<br />
different crossbreeding systems. Heterosis reports in the<br />
Philippines and other countries also do not vary significantly<br />
(P>0.05). However, heterosis values were significantly<br />
influenced (P0.01) by the type of formula used to estimate<br />
heterosis (F) and character group (C). Heterosis based on<br />
one parent only were overestimates of heterosis based on<br />
mid parent average. Growth and yield traits exhibited<br />
substantially higher heterosis than product quality and cost<br />
reduction traits. The high heterosis values in highly heritable<br />
traits may be attributed to the “additive x additive” epistatic<br />
term in the many loci model described by Willham and<br />
Pollk (1984) or a result of improving the average genetic<br />
merit of the foundation breeds used in the cross, as<br />
suggested by Warwick and Legates (1979). Significant<br />
interaction effects (P
and broken horn were common among the native cattle<br />
and carabaos. Short dropping rump, upstanding body,<br />
sway-back, splayfoot, tron nasal septum, blind eye, and<br />
lame hind leg were frequent among the carabaos. Thirtyeight<br />
head, or 25.8 percent of the male native cattle and 45<br />
head or 30.6 percent of the female, were for breeding<br />
purposes; 11 head, or 34.7 percent of the male carabaos,<br />
and 120 head or 35.9 percent were also for breeding. The<br />
work cattle were for carting and plowing upland areas, the<br />
work carabaos, for plowing upland and lowland fields.<br />
Two hundred seventy-nine native cattle slaughtered from<br />
August 1945 to August 1946, retailed at Php 3.50 a kilo of<br />
lean meat in Los Baños and Php 4.00 in Calamba and<br />
Cabuyao. A kilo of lean meat and bone was Php 3.00 in<br />
Los Baños and Calamba and Php 3.0 in Cabuyao. The<br />
28 native carabaos slaughtered retailed at Php 2.50 a kilo<br />
of lean meat and Php 2.00 a kilo of lean meat and bone.<br />
Native cattle for beef was sold at an average of Php<br />
171.40 each and those for breeding Php 500.00. The<br />
native work carabaos sold for Php 435.91 each. The<br />
native cattle and carabaos were, in general, medium in<br />
condition or degree of fatness. The animals were turned<br />
loose in the rice fields and neglected areas after harvest,<br />
but at planting time they were grazed in a limited area.<br />
Keywords: cattle, carabao, physical characteristics,<br />
economic value<br />
*B. S. A. Thesis, Department of Animal Husbandry, CA,<br />
UPLB (1946). Also in Philippine Agriculturist, 35(3):163-169.<br />
B-16<br />
PROPOSAL: NEW SCIENTIFIC NAME OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
DOMESTICATED SWAMP <strong>BUFFALO</strong>, <strong>THE</strong><br />
CARABAO – Bubalus bubalis carabanensis Sp. Nov.,<br />
Castillo 1998)*<br />
L. S. Castillo, Academician, NAST and Emeritus Professor, UPLB<br />
The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis Linn) has two groups,<br />
namely the swamp buffalo typified by the carabao and the<br />
riverine buffalo, typified by the Murrah. The proposal for a<br />
new subspecific name of the swamp buffalo, Bubalus<br />
bubalis carabanensis {(Sub) Sp. Nov. Castillo, 1998} is<br />
suggested because of important differences between the<br />
two types. Carabao has 48 chromosomes while Murrah<br />
has 50. Furthermore, the relative size of chromosome no.<br />
1 in carabao is longer with metacentric centromere while<br />
the Murrah has shorter size with submetacentric<br />
centromere. The carabao is light gray whereas the rurrah<br />
is black to jet black. The carabao stockings from the<br />
knees/hocks to the hoofs are whitish in color but are black<br />
in Murrah. There is a whitish chevron/s in the ventral side<br />
BREEDING AND GENETICS<br />
of the neck of the carabao but not in the Murrah. The horns<br />
of the carabao are curved upward and inward to form<br />
approximately a semi-circle (crescent horns) but in the<br />
Murrah they are curved or coiled backward and up.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao scientific name<br />
*20 th Annual Scientific Meeting of the National Academy of<br />
Science and Technology Philippines, July 8-9, 1998, Westin<br />
Philippine Plaza.<br />
B-17<br />
CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAO (Bubalus carabanensis)<br />
K. M. R. Contawe, Student, DAS-CA, CLSU<br />
This study was conducted to prepare karyotype of male<br />
and female Philippine carabao. Chromosome analysis of<br />
Giemsa stained lymphocytes culture was done on 5 male<br />
and 5 female Philippine carabao. The karyotype of the<br />
Philippine carabao (2n=48) consisted of 6 metacentric, 4<br />
submetacentric, 38 acrocentric including the sex<br />
chromosome (X and Y). A total of 76 cells were observed<br />
of which 9 were in good condition. These good conditions<br />
were characterized as having a distinctly identifiable<br />
complete chromosome, while 67 were not in good state<br />
having clustered, scattered and too difficult to count<br />
chromosomes. Morphological characteristics of the<br />
chromosome of the Philippine carabao (male and female)<br />
are very similar except for the Y chromosome of the male<br />
Philippine carabao which has small acrocentric.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao, chromosomal analysis<br />
*Undergraduate Thesis, Central Luzon State University,<br />
Muñoz, Nueva Ecija (2001).<br />
B-18<br />
EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION OF<br />
INDIGENOUS ANIMALS GENETIC RESOURCES:<br />
DEVELOPMENT OF <strong>THE</strong> CARABAO IN <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong>S*<br />
L. C. Cruz, Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA<br />
Effectively utilization of indigenous animals genetic<br />
resources is discussed with specific reference to<br />
experience with research and development of the carabao<br />
in the Philippines. The paper puts into perspective the<br />
presence of genetic diversity, recent developments in breed<br />
improvement, future challenges to develop crossbred<br />
animals for smallholders and the importance of conservation.<br />
Data are given on the distribution of an estimated population<br />
53
of about 18 million swamp buffaloes in South-East Asia.<br />
Within this group, all the countries in Indo-China together<br />
with Indonesia recorded average annual population growth<br />
rate of between –1.7 and 3.3 percent decreased. Their<br />
value, especially to draft and beef production, is indicated.<br />
The Philippine carabao development program involves<br />
lengthening the gene pool, upgrading carabao for milk and<br />
meat, enterprise development, and research and<br />
development activities. Major researchable issues are<br />
breeding and genetic feeding and nutrition, reproduction,<br />
animal’s health, socio-economic aspects, technology<br />
delivery and policy matters. The restraints to research are<br />
technical manpower capacity, sustained funding, formation<br />
flow, system orientation, failure to translate the efforts and<br />
programmed continuity. The research and development<br />
efforts in the Philippines, and the implication of the activities<br />
to the South – East Asian region and elsewhere are<br />
emphasized.<br />
Keywords: development of Philippine carabao, indigenous<br />
animals genetic resources<br />
*Devendra C., Gardiner P. (eds.). ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya.<br />
Global Agenda for Livestock Research. Proceeding of the<br />
Consultation for the South–East Asia Region, Nairobi<br />
Kenya, ILRI. 1995. p. 5. Also in Annotated Bibliography<br />
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 289.<br />
B-19<br />
ULTRASONIC SCANNING FOR ESTIMATING <strong>THE</strong><br />
CARCASS TRAITS OF LIVE <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES*<br />
H. Harada, Professor, Miyazaki University, Japan<br />
P. G. Duran, Superivsing Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Director, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
L. C. Cruz, Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA<br />
I.. J. Domingo, Assistant Professor, DAS, CLSU<br />
T. Ohashi, Professor, Miyazaki University, Japan<br />
A total of 341 live water buffaloes that consisted of 180 hd<br />
of Murrah buffalo (MB) (male=79 and female=101); 108 hd<br />
of Philippine carabao (PC) (male=24 and female=84); and<br />
53 hd of Crossbred (CB) (male=18 an female=35) from<br />
six locations were ultrasonicaly analyzed of their meat<br />
characteristics. These animals were ultrasonically scanned<br />
on the left side of the body between the 6 th and 7 th , and<br />
between 12 th and 13 th rib sections. Ultrasonic machine<br />
used was Super-eye MEAT with B-mode electronic linear<br />
probe that operates at 3.5 MGz. Data obtained were<br />
statistically analyzed using LSMLMW procedures by<br />
Harvey (1990). Results indicated that ultrasonic scanning<br />
in water was made possible with clear scan image obtained.<br />
Boundaries of fat and muscle and M. longissimus thoracis<br />
54<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
area (MLTA) are traceable and can be identified. Analysis<br />
of variance for ultrasonic estimates of carcass traits of MB,<br />
PC and CB, male and female among six locations and the<br />
interactions of breed x sex indicated that breed effects<br />
were significantly on MLTA (P
the Alb A Alb B and Alb B Alb B genotypes. The frequencies of<br />
Alb A and Alb B alleles were 0.2051 and 0.7949, respectively.<br />
Genetic equilibrium was apparent. Post-albumin<br />
polymorphism in Philippine and Malaysian carabaos was<br />
also observed. The genotypes Pa F Pa F , Pa F Pa S and Pa S<br />
Pa S were observed in both carabaos. Genotype Pa F Pa S<br />
was the most common and the frequencies of the Pa F and<br />
Pa S alleles in both carabaos were found to be similar.<br />
There appeared to be a genetic disequilibrium in both cases.<br />
Keywords: albumin and post-albumin polymorphism,<br />
Philippine carabaos, starch gel electrophoresis<br />
*M.S. Thesis, Institute of Animal Science, CA, UPLB<br />
(1972). Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine<br />
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity),<br />
1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 248.<br />
B-21<br />
CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS OF <strong>WATER</strong><br />
<strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES (Bubalus bubalis) AND <strong>THE</strong>IR<br />
CROSSES IN <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong>S*<br />
M. A. Majid, M.S. Student, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
Z. M. Nava, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
B. A. Parker, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
M. N. I. Faridi, International Rice Research Institute<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-<br />
PCARRD, UPLB<br />
L. A. Sitch, International Rice Research Institute<br />
Chromosome analysis of Giemsa-stained lymphocytes<br />
culture was undertaken on 5 males and 5 females in<br />
each breeding group of Murrah buffalo, Philippine carabao,<br />
F 1 hybrid (Philippine Carabao x Murrah buffalo and<br />
Philippine carabao x Nili Ravi) and F 2 animals from<br />
interse mating of F 1 offspring within each group. The<br />
karyotype of Murrah buffalo (2n=50 consisted of 10 meta<br />
or submetacentric chromosomes and 40 acrocentric<br />
including sex chromosomes. The Philippine carabao<br />
(2n=48) consisted of 10 meta or submetacentric and 38<br />
acrocentric chromosomes including two sex<br />
chromosomes (X and Y). Chromosome pair 4 in the<br />
Philippine carabao karyotype was the 4/9 tandem fusion<br />
product of Murrah karyotype. All F 1 hybrids had 2n=49<br />
chromosomes complements. A single longest metacentric<br />
chromosome was also produced by tandem fusion<br />
between one member of chromosome pair 4 and 9 which<br />
could serve as a marker to differentiate whether it is<br />
crossbred or not. The F 2 animals comprised two<br />
populations carrying 2n=48 and 2n=50 chromosomes.<br />
The “X” chromosome was the largest and the “Y”<br />
chromosome was one of the small acrocentric<br />
chromosome in the complements in all the cases.<br />
BREEDING AND GENETICS<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao, Murrah buffalo, buffalo<br />
crossbreds, karyotype<br />
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science,<br />
17(3&4):58 (Abstract). Also in The Philippine Agriculturist,<br />
1991. 74 (4):543-556.<br />
B-22<br />
MORPHOMETRIC AND GENETIC VARIATIONS IN<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis) AND<br />
TAMARAW (Anoa mindorensis Huede)*<br />
M. A. Majid, Ph.D. Student, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
The Philippine carabao (PC) ranging from 1 to 2 years old<br />
from different locations were found significantly different in<br />
terms of morphometric characteristics such as body length<br />
(BL), height of withers (HW) and chest girth (CG).<br />
However, hip height (HH) and cannon circumference (CC)<br />
were not significantly different. In the 3 to 4 years old<br />
female animals, BL, CC, HW and TL were found<br />
significantly different while HH, CG, head length (HL) and<br />
horn length (HL) were not significantly different. The above<br />
4 yers old PCs significantly differed in body weight (BW),<br />
BL, WH, HH, CG CC, HL and TL. Sex effect was found<br />
significant only on HW. All the morphometric measurements<br />
of tamaraw were observed much lower than those of the<br />
PC. Positive correlation on all the morphometric traits was<br />
found in PC and tamaraw. Of all the parameters involved<br />
in developing the prediction equations, chest girth was the<br />
best predictor for body weight of female PCs above 4 years<br />
old while body length was best predictor to 1 to 2 years old<br />
male PCs. Four blood proteins namely, albumin, hemoglobin,<br />
two macroglobulin and transferrin; two enzymes such as<br />
malate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate<br />
dehydrogenase were examined using starch gel<br />
electrophoresis and were all found to be polymorphic.<br />
Significant differences were observed in all six loci among<br />
PCs but only transferrin and and macroglobulin loci<br />
significantly differed between PC and tanaraw. Genetic<br />
distance among different populations ranged from 0.22 to<br />
0.27. The dendrogram constructed indicates that the PC<br />
and the tamaraw are genetically related.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao, tamaraw, morphometric<br />
characteristics, blood proteins, dehydrogenase enzymes,<br />
genetic distance, dendrogram<br />
*Ph. D. Dissertation, Institute of Animal Science, CA,<br />
UPLB (1992).<br />
B-23<br />
EFFECTS OF STORAGE AND BREEDTYPE ON <strong>THE</strong><br />
QUALITY OF <strong>BUFFALO</strong> FROZEN SEMEN*<br />
55
P. Nabheerong, Ph.D. Student, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-<br />
PCARRD, UPLB<br />
Four bulls of Philippines carabao, Murrah buffalo and Phil-<br />
Murrah (Philippines carabao x Murrah buffalo); and storage<br />
times of one week, one month, three month, six month,<br />
nine month and 12 month for frozen semen were analyzed<br />
using a split-plot in Completely Randomized Design (CRD).<br />
The initial quality of the semen ejaculates with respect to<br />
semen volume, sperm concentration, percentage motility,<br />
dead-alive staining and morphology were evaluated. The<br />
semen ejaculates were diluted with Tris-glycerol extender<br />
and processed for storage in liquid nitrogen. Criteria for<br />
examination of frozen semen were percent motility, deadalive<br />
staining and morphological changes of sperm cell<br />
organelles as seen under the electron microscope. One<br />
year of storage of buffalo semen showed no effect on<br />
percent motility, dead-alive staining and morphological<br />
change of sperm cell organelles. The lowest percentage of<br />
abnormal sperm and abnormal acrosome was obtained<br />
from crossbred.<br />
Keywords: buffalo breedtype, frozen semen, semen<br />
quality, stored semen<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1981-1995, PCC-<br />
UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water<br />
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995 (1996)<br />
PCC-DA, p. 60. Also in Annotated Bibliography on<br />
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity), 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 296.<br />
B-24<br />
TIMING OF SEQUENTIAL CHANGES ON<br />
CHROMOSOME CONFIGURATIONS DURING <strong>THE</strong><br />
1 ST , MEIOSIS, 2 ND MEIOSIS AND CYTOPLASMIC<br />
EVENTS OF SWAMP <strong>BUFFALO</strong> OOCYTES<br />
MATURED AND FERTILIZED IN VITRO*<br />
L. C. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, OED-PCC-DA<br />
M. B. Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, OED-PCC-DA<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Associate Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU<br />
E. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCC-DA, CLSU<br />
T. Mori, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University<br />
H. Shimizu, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University<br />
Swamp buffalo oocytes were examined to determine the<br />
specifics of early events of maturation and fertilization in<br />
vitro. A variation in germinal vesicle morphology revealed<br />
an asynchronous oocyte population at the time of collection<br />
(o hr culture). Germinal vesicle breakdown was noticed<br />
from 8-11.7 hr of culture, Metaphase I stage at 11.7 – 19.3<br />
hr. Anaphase I and Telophase I stages were seen<br />
occasionally between 19.3–21 hr and 21.1- 22.2 hr,<br />
56<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
respectively, while Metaphase II stage was prominent<br />
between 22.2 – 24.0 hr of culture. The first evidence of<br />
sperm penetration was observed 1 hr after insemination.<br />
Attachement of spermatozoa in the ooplasm resulted to the<br />
initiation of 2 nd meiosis and was seen from 5 – 8 hr post<br />
insemination. Further decondensation of penetrating sperm<br />
head in association with female chromosome<br />
decondensation, accompanied with nuclear envelope<br />
formation was noted between 8–11 hr post insemination.<br />
Opposing and apposing pronuclei were frequently seen<br />
between 11–23 hr after insemination. Syngamy, prophase<br />
stage of 1 st mitotic division, including first cleavage, were<br />
observed as early as 20 hr after insemination.<br />
Keywords: asynchrony, buffalo, meiosis, oocyte,<br />
syngamy<br />
*Proceedings of the 38 th Annual Convention, Philippine<br />
Society of Animal Science, October 18-19, 2000. Manila,<br />
Philippines. p. 24-25. Also in Philippine Journal of<br />
Veterinary Animal Science, 27(1):1-11.<br />
B-25<br />
MUSCLE FIBER DIAMETER OF SELECTED<br />
MUSCLES AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF<br />
CARABEEF FROM <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalis<br />
carabanensis) AND CROSSBREEDS*<br />
V. P. Obsioma, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
S. P. Horn, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
M. L. S. Mangabat, Undergraduate Student, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
C. L. Tiongson, Undergraduate Student, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-DA, UPLB<br />
B. A. Oliveros, Director, PCC-DA, UPLB<br />
Two studies were conducted to compare the muscle fiber<br />
diameter of selected muscles, sensory characteristics,<br />
shear force value and firmness of carabeef from the<br />
Philippine carabao (PC) and Phil-Murrah (PM) crossbreeds<br />
(Murrah buffalo x PC or PM F 1 and PM x PM crossbreeds<br />
or PM F 2 ). Four animals from each breedtype were used<br />
in each stucy. In study I, psoas major, semitendinosus<br />
and supraspinatus muscles were taken from the left<br />
carcasses, for muscle fiber diameter determination using a<br />
compound microscope ser at low power objective (400x).<br />
In study 2, longissimus dorsi muscles from the right side of<br />
carabeef carcasses were used in penetrometer test, shear<br />
force test and sensory evaluation. Results showed no<br />
significant interaction effect of breedtypes and type of muscle<br />
on muscle fiber diameter. The mean fiber diameter of<br />
psoas major, semitendinosus and supraspinatus were<br />
31.42u, 44.83u and 59.00u, respectively, which were<br />
significantly different from each other. In study 2, loin<br />
samples from the three breedtypes were not significantly
different in trms of shear force values. However, carabeef<br />
from PM F 1 had significantly lowere penetrometer reading<br />
than that of PC. Carabeef from PM F 1 did not differ<br />
significantly from that of PC of PM F 2 in terms of<br />
penetrometer reading. Mean sensory scores of carabeef<br />
samples from PC and Phil-Murrah crossbreeds were found<br />
to be similar except for tenderness. The carabeef samples<br />
had similar acceptability scores. The results of the study<br />
suggest that crossbreeding scheme did not significantly<br />
affect the muscle fiber size, shear force values and most of<br />
the sensory traits of carabeef.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao, crossbreeds, carabeef,<br />
muscle fiber, sensory characteristics<br />
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 22<br />
(3&4):17-23.<br />
B-26<br />
BLOOD TRANSFERRIN TYPES OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAOS*<br />
B. A. Parker, Assistant Professor, DAH-CA, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Assistant Professor, DAH-CA, UPLB<br />
The existence of polymorphic plasma trasferrin in Philippine<br />
carabao has been ascertained by means of disc and starch<br />
gel electrophoresis. Three electrophoretic patterns,<br />
Phenotype I, II and III, in blood samples showed<br />
Phenotype I, which is characterized by two distinct and<br />
densely stained brands with a very faint leading band.<br />
Differences in the degree of stain absorption, size of bands<br />
and rate of migration were noted between the cattle and the<br />
carabao transferrin bands. The possible applications of<br />
these findings are discussed.<br />
Keywords: blood transferrin types, frequency distribution,<br />
Phil. carabao<br />
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 8(2):<br />
87–92. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine<br />
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)<br />
1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 314.<br />
B-27<br />
<strong>THE</strong> DISTRIBUTION OF AMYLASE AND CARBONIC<br />
ANHYDRASE GENOTYPES IN <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CATTLE<br />
AND CARABAO*<br />
B. A. Parker, Associate Professor, DAS-CA, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Associate Professor, DAS-CA, UPLB<br />
P. S. Sotaridona, Research Assistant, DAS-CA, UPLB<br />
A modified technique of horizontal starch gel electrophoresis<br />
in a discontinuous buffer system was used for esterase<br />
BREEDING AND GENETICS<br />
determination in blood samples from 293 mature Philippine<br />
cattle and 118 carabaos. The analysis indicated the<br />
presence of esterase polymorphs in the blood of Philippine<br />
cattle and carabaos. Inhibition test was performed with the<br />
use of 10-4M EDTA, a specific inhibitor for esterase, in<br />
order to confirm that the investigation is esterase. There<br />
are no phenotypes of esterase (ES to the A and ES to the<br />
AB) observed in cattle and only one phenotype (ES to the<br />
A) in carabaos. The ES to the A was common to both<br />
cattle and carabao and ES to the AB was absent in carabao.<br />
The ES to the AB was found in only six cattle.<br />
Keywords: amylase and carbonic anhydrase genotypes,<br />
Philippine carabao and cattle, starch gel electrophoresis<br />
*Abstract of Completed Researches 1973-1995. IAS-CA,<br />
UPLB, College, Laguna (1996). Compiled by A. T. Banzon,<br />
N. L. de Castro, S. M. Ramos, F. F. Peñalba and D. B.<br />
Roxas. 1996. p. 11-12. Also in Annotated Bibliography on<br />
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002, p. 315<br />
B-28<br />
<strong>THE</strong> DISTRIBUTION OF ESTERASE, ACID<br />
PHOSPHATASE AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE<br />
GENOTYPES IN <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CATTLE AND<br />
CARABAO*<br />
B. A. Parker, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
P. S. Sotaridona, Research Assistant, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
Esterase and alkaline phosphatase polymorphisms were<br />
determined in hemolysates and the plasma using the starchgel<br />
electrophoresis system. Electrophoretic results indicated<br />
that long storage of the sample affects the zone pattern of the<br />
enzyme as exhibited by lighter intensity and diffused bands<br />
which were difficult to identify. The results also showed that<br />
esterase and alkaline phosphatase activities are inhibited by<br />
10 to the – 4M solution of ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid<br />
and 5 x 10 to the -3M solution of L-phenylalamine, respectively.<br />
This led to the disappearance of the bands which confirmed<br />
the activity of the enzymes being investigated. Base on the<br />
limited number of samples, two phenotypes of Esterase<br />
(ES to the A and ES to the AB) were observed in cattle and<br />
one phenotype (ES to the A) in carabaos. Two phenotypes<br />
of alkaline phosphates (Alp to the A) and Apl to the AO) were<br />
observed to be common in both cattle and carabao.<br />
Phenotype A of both enzymes migrated ahead of phenotypes<br />
B and O.<br />
Keywords: esterase and alkaline phosphatase,<br />
polymorphisms, Philippine cattle and carabao, starch-gel<br />
electrophoresis<br />
57
*Abstract of Completed Researches. 1973-1995. 1996.<br />
IAS-CA, UPLB, College, Laguna. Compiled by A. T.<br />
Banson, N. L. de Castro, S. M. Ramos, F. F. Peñalba<br />
and D. B. Roxas. p. 11. Also in Annotated Bibliography on<br />
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 316.<br />
B-29<br />
EVALUATION OF GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND<br />
DEVELOPMENT OF BREEDING PROGRAM FOR<br />
SMALL SCALE CARABEEF PRODUCTION*<br />
B. A. Parker, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
C. Missiaen, FAO Associate Expert<br />
O. A. Palad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
A. R. Obsioma, University Researcher, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
Z. M. Nava, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-<br />
PCARRD, UPLB<br />
This study was conducted to: (a) develop a strain or type of<br />
carabaos that will be superior for draft, milk and meat under<br />
the farmers backyard production systems; (b) develop<br />
breeding programs suited to small scale carabeef production;<br />
and (c) evaluate the genetic potentials of the progenies<br />
resulting from the mating of different breeds of river buffaloes<br />
with the Philippines carabao for use as draft, milk and meat<br />
animals. Based on the least-squares data analyses of the<br />
Philippines Carabao, Phil-Ravi crossbred, and Phil-Murrah<br />
crossbred produced by the PCRDC at UPLB and its<br />
cooperators, the following results were obtained: (a) either of<br />
the two water buffalo crossbreds would be the breed of<br />
choice for meat production. The highly significant difference<br />
among the three breeds/strains of sire indicated that at an<br />
average of 12 and 18 months of age the crossbreds were<br />
heavier than the Philippines carabaos. However, at 24<br />
months of age, no significant differences existed between<br />
the two crossbreds. This could be due to the relatively few<br />
animals involved in the analysis. Murrah bulls are available<br />
locally and can be used extensively in any artificial<br />
insemination (AI) programs; (b) locations of production of<br />
crossbreds and Philippine weights. Expression of growth<br />
potentials of crossbreds varied according to location and<br />
other environmental factors; (c) year and month of birth, sex<br />
and age of dam did not significantly contribute to the source<br />
of variations for weights of Philippines carabao and its crosses;<br />
and (d) the breeding scheme of grading up the first cross<br />
carabao females with F1 sires appears to be suitable for<br />
small farmer herds where a stabilized 50:50 mixture of local<br />
and exotic breed is desired.<br />
Keywords: carabao and crossbreds, carabao breeding<br />
program, crossbreeding, growth performance, small – scale<br />
carabeef production<br />
58<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1981-1995. 1996.<br />
PCC-UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water<br />
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995 (1996)<br />
PCC-DA p. 4. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine<br />
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)<br />
1949-1997, Carabaos 2002) p. 297.<br />
B-30<br />
DATA ANALYSIS OF GROWTH PERFROMANCE OF<br />
CARABAOS AND ITS CROSSBREDS*<br />
B. A. Parker, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
Z. M. Nava, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-<br />
PCARRD, UPLB<br />
P. S. Faylon, Director, LRD, PCARRD<br />
L. Demple, FAO-UNDP Consultant for Animal Breeding<br />
S. K, Ranjhan, PCRDC Project Manager and FAO-UNDP Consultant<br />
L. C. Cruz, Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
D. B. Peña, Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD, LCSF-DA<br />
R. Anacleto, Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD, CMU<br />
F. Rellin, Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD, CSU<br />
J. Elumba, Farm Superintendent, USF-DA<br />
This study aims to evaluate the crossbreeding program of<br />
the Philippine Carabao Research and Development Center<br />
(PCRDC) in terms of growth performance under institutional<br />
and smallholder farmers’ herd level. Data set contained<br />
information for 737 animals with disproportionate sub-class<br />
numbers covering three farming systems, and two breeds<br />
of sires (Murrah and carabao) collected from 4 institutions,<br />
2 stock farms, and 11 farmer cooperators were analyzed<br />
using the methods of least squares for disproportionate<br />
sub-class numbers. The mean square estimates of the<br />
least analysis of variance showed location and breed were<br />
significantly sources of variations for height, heart girth and<br />
body length for buffaloes raised by farmer cooperators and<br />
in stock farms. Locations was not a significant source of<br />
variations for height and heart girth measurements at birth,<br />
6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months of ages for animals raised at<br />
the institutions (UPLB and CLSU) with different<br />
environmental conditions. Location of farm and genotypes<br />
raised in different farms were significant sources of variations<br />
for body weights and measurements. Murrah F1 were<br />
relatively heavier and larger compared with the carabao<br />
progenies between and within locations. There were no<br />
significant genotype x location interaction observed in the<br />
performance of buffaloes raised by farmer cooperators within<br />
Luzon and between those raised in Luzon and the Visayas.<br />
This is also true for the institutional herds (UPLB and<br />
CLSU), indicating that the F 1S and carabao progenies raised<br />
in different locations did not vary significantly in weights in<br />
spite of the differences in environmental conditions. In the<br />
Visayas, where-ranch type of production is practiced, body<br />
weights and measurements of the genotypes raised in
stock farms which practiced backyard-type production,<br />
e.g. La Carlota. Results of the analysis with reference to<br />
main effects and two-factor interactions confirmed most of<br />
the previous statistical analyses. The present analysis is<br />
confined more on comparative performances in relation to<br />
locations and type of farming system (feeding and<br />
management).<br />
Keywords: backyard and ranch-type production, carabao<br />
and crossbreds, growth performance, institutional herds<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1981-1995, (1996)<br />
PCC-DA, UPLB. Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo<br />
Researches in the Philippines, 1981-1995, (1996) PCC-<br />
DA p. 4-5. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine<br />
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)<br />
1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 243<br />
B-31<br />
RAPD ANALYSIS OF INDIAN MURRAH <strong>WATER</strong><br />
<strong>BUFFALO</strong>, NATIVE CARABAO AND <strong>THE</strong>IR F 1 *<br />
B. P. Roxas, Graduate Student, Molecular Biology and Biotech Program,<br />
UPDiliman<br />
S. C. Halos, Professor, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Program,<br />
UPDiliman<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-DA, UPLB<br />
RAPD assay was used to identify polymorphic DNA<br />
markers between Murrah buffalo, native carabao and their<br />
F1. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples.<br />
PCR amplification using six UBC primers was done using<br />
25 ng DNA template and 2.5 mM Mg 2 Cl in a 25 ul reaction<br />
mixture under the following conditions: single cycle of 5<br />
mins at 95 o C, 45 cycles of 5 sec at 94 o C, 1 min at 34 o C,<br />
2 mins at 72 o C and final elongation of 5 mins. PCR<br />
amplification products were resolved in 5% polyacrylamide<br />
gel. Four primers generated one to nine bands ranging<br />
from 175 to 2150 bp in length. Nei’s similarity coefficient<br />
was calculated to be S XY = 0.706 between Murrah and<br />
native carabao. The F 1 was observed to exhibit Mendelian<br />
inheritance of bands as well as the generations of nonparental<br />
bands.<br />
Keywords: RAPD assay, DNA markers, water buffalo,<br />
native carabao, F 1 cross<br />
*Proceedings of the 34 th Annual Convention, Philippine<br />
Society of Animal Science, October 23-24, 1997, PICC,<br />
Manila, Philippines. p. 314-319. Also in Completed and<br />
On-going Research Studies, PCC at UPLB, January 1-<br />
December 31, 1997. p. 1-6. Also in Annotated Bibliography<br />
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 304<br />
BREEDING AND GENETICS<br />
B-32<br />
<strong>THE</strong> DETERMINATION OF LIVE WEIGHT AND<br />
CARCASS WEIGHT BASED ON BODY<br />
MEASUREMENT OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAOS*<br />
R. Saladin, M. S. Student, DAS-CA, UPLB<br />
B. A. Parker, Associate Professor, DAS-CA, UPLB<br />
Five hundred and thirty two Philippine native carabaos<br />
were grouped according to sex (males, females and steers),<br />
age (below five years old over five years old) and sources<br />
(Luzon region , Visayas region and Mindanao region).<br />
Measurements of body length and heart girth revealed<br />
consistent correlation with liveweight and carcass weight<br />
in the carabaos used. The average correlation coefficient<br />
(r) of live weight with body length and heart girth or animal<br />
from Luzon are 0.84 and 0.912, respectively. For animals<br />
from Visayas region, these estimates are 0.751 and 0.894,<br />
respectively, and for animals from Mindanao region 0.785<br />
and 0.905, respectively; all being statistically significant<br />
(P
Twenty-four yearling carabaos with average live weight of<br />
238.38 kg were raised on Themeda grassland at a stocking<br />
rate of 0.33 a.u./ha for the entire year to define the growth<br />
pattern under range conditions. The effect of season on the<br />
nutritional status of the grassland was reflected in the growth<br />
pattern of the grazing animals. During the dry season, the<br />
carabaos lost 6.32 kg/head which were, however,<br />
compensated during the subsequent rainy season. On the<br />
average, a grazing head had an average daily gain of 0.20<br />
kg/head. Changes in live weight highly correlated with<br />
changes in both heart girth (r=0.98) and body weight<br />
(r=0.98). The live weight can be estimated from the heart<br />
girth and the body height values using the equation X=(Y –<br />
47.44)/0.0066 or from the body length values (tail base to<br />
point of shoulder) using the equation X=(Z – 32.17)/0.0367.<br />
Keywords: growth pattern, themeda grassland, yearling<br />
carabaos<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1981-1986, (1987).<br />
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also in<br />
Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-<br />
1995 (1996) PCC-DA. p. 140. Also in Annotated Bibliography<br />
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 240<br />
B-34<br />
GROWTH PATTERN OF CARABAO UNDER RANGE<br />
CONDITIONS*<br />
A. R. Santiago, Student, DAS-CA, CLSU<br />
L. C. Cruz, Professor, DAS-CAS, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-<br />
PCARRD, CLSU<br />
S. S. Bumagat, Instructor, DAS-CA, CLSU<br />
Twenty-four (24) yearling carabaos, eighteen (18) females,<br />
six (6) males, were used in this study to determine the<br />
growth pattern of carabaos raised under range condition.<br />
Statistical analysis indicated highly significant relationship<br />
between live weight and heart girth (r=0.98). Significant<br />
relationships were also noted between live weight and<br />
body height (r=0.93); between live weight and body length<br />
from tail base to poll and body length from tail base to<br />
shoulder (r=0.84) growth parameters from the rainy season<br />
although female calves had faster rate of growth that the<br />
male calves. Nutrition of the animals as influenced by the<br />
season significantly affected the growth rate. The rate of<br />
growth was low during the dry season and gradually<br />
increased towards the rainy season. Supplemental feeding<br />
during pasture stress also helped in meeting the<br />
requirements for growth of the animals.<br />
Keywords: growth pattern, yearling carabaos<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1986, (1987).<br />
60<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
PCRDC at CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also in Abstracts<br />
of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995.<br />
1996. PCC-DA. p. 141. Also in Annotated Bibliography<br />
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 155<br />
B-35<br />
GENETIC EVALUATION OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO<br />
(PC), MURRAH <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (MB) AND <strong>THE</strong> PC X<br />
MURRAH AND PC X NILI-RAVI HYBRIDS*<br />
N. P. Shrestha, Ph.D. Student, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
B. A. Parker, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
Evaluation of production performances (growth, reproduction<br />
and milk production) of PCs and their hybrids at different<br />
locations, and estimation of genetic and phenotypic<br />
parameters for carabaos are the major objectives of the<br />
study. A total of 794 animals from the herds of different<br />
PCRDC stations, namely, CSU, CLSU, UPLB, La<br />
Carlota Stock Farm, Ubay Stock Farm and CMU were<br />
used in the study. The data for milk production and<br />
reproduction were taken from UPLB and CLSU while<br />
body weights and measurements were collected from the<br />
different PCRDC centers. The statistical methods<br />
described by Harvey (1960) were used to analyze the<br />
data with<br />
the SAS (1985) GLM procedure. Based on least square<br />
means of body weight, body length and heart girth, carbaos<br />
had significantly lighter body weight, lower body height<br />
and smaller heart girth than the Phil-Murrah, Phil-Ravi and<br />
Murrah. A prediction equation for each genotype was<br />
developed for determining body weight and heart girth from<br />
age. The heritability estimates of body weight from birth to<br />
36 months ranged from 0.31 + 0.3 to 0.69 + 0.38 (36 mo.);<br />
body height ranged from 0.16 + 0.16 (12 mo.) to 0.58 +<br />
0.24 (24 mo.); heart girth followed the pattern of body<br />
weight; and no trend for body length. The repeatability<br />
estimates for lactation yield, lactation length, calving interval<br />
and daily milk yield average were 0.32 + 0.06; 0.18 +<br />
0.06; 0.25 + 0.06; and 0.33 + 0.06, respectively. The<br />
inverse polynomial model is best fit to describe the lactation<br />
curve in all the four genotypes. All estimates of BWs for all<br />
ages for all genotypes were significant. The carabo weighed<br />
significantly lower at all ages from birth to 129 months of<br />
age. There were no difference between Phil-Ravi and<br />
Phil-Murrah for BW from birth to 115 months of age. The<br />
non-linear models described the growth better than the<br />
earlier linearized non-linear models. The Gompertz equation<br />
model seems to describe the growth better but was not<br />
good for predicting birth weights. The growth curve of the<br />
carabao was at the lower level of growth while that of Phil-
Ravi was at the top. The heterosis estimation for growth at<br />
maturity and milk production were about 5%. It was also<br />
found out that based on genetic correlations of body weights<br />
at 12 and 16 months, selection at 18 th -month body weight<br />
was better than at 12 th month.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao, Murrah buffalo,<br />
crossbreeds, genetic evaluation, body weight and<br />
measurements<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Studies, 1981-1996, PCC-UPLB,<br />
College, Laguna.<br />
B-36<br />
<strong>THE</strong> CYTOLOGY OF SWAMP AND RIVER TYPES<br />
OF <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES AND <strong>THE</strong>IR HYBRIDS*<br />
S. Songsri, Ph.D. Student, DBS-CA, UPLB<br />
D. A. Ramirez, Professor, DBS-CA, UPLB<br />
The chromosomes of two major types of water buffaloes,<br />
namely river type (Murrah Buffaloes) and swamp type<br />
(carabaos) and of their hybrids were analyzed. The diploid<br />
chromosome number of the carabao consists of 2n=48<br />
chromosomes of which 6 are metacentric, 4 submetacentric,<br />
and the rest including the sex chromosomes, acrocentric.<br />
The Murrah buffalo has 2n=50 chromosomes of which 4<br />
are metacentric, 6 submetacentric, and the rest acrocentric.<br />
The F1 and the BC1 (carabao) hybrids have 2n=49<br />
chromosomes and the smallest acrocentric chromosomes<br />
(Chromosome 24) is unpaired. In each type of water<br />
buffaloes, the X-chromosome is the largest acrocentric.<br />
The Y-chromosome is also acrocentric. The morphological<br />
characteristics of the chromosomes of the Murrah buffalo<br />
and the carabao and the carabao are very similar except<br />
for chromosome 1 which is metacentric and longer in the<br />
carabao, and is submetacentric and shorter in the Murrah<br />
buffalo. The differences in the chromosome 1 of the carabao<br />
(swamp type) and the Murrah Buffalo (river type) are<br />
further proofs supporting (Castillo’s proposal for the<br />
classification of carabao as Bubalus carabenensis Linn).<br />
Keywords: cytology of water buffalo, hybrid water buffalo,<br />
river type buffalo, swamp type water buffalo<br />
*Philippine Agriculturist, 62(4):262-275. Also in Annotated<br />
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 249<br />
B-37<br />
WI<strong>THE</strong>R HEIGHT, BODY LENGTH, AND HEART<br />
GIRTH DEVELOPMENT OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO<br />
AND ITS F 1 CROSSES UNDER RANCH<br />
CONDITIONS*<br />
BREEDING AND GENETICS<br />
M. S. Suba, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU<br />
F. M. Mamuad, Associate Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU<br />
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
P. G Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
V. L. Mamuad, Science Research Assistant, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
M. Pineda, Science Research Aide, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
Structural parameters of 109 PCs and its F1 crosses with<br />
MB, Nili-Ravi (NR) and Thai Swamp Buffalo (TB) were<br />
analyzed to determine their performance during their first<br />
two years of development. Structural parameters studied<br />
were wither height, body length, body length and heart<br />
girth. NR x PC and MB x PC crosses tended to be taller<br />
(P
REPRODUCTION<br />
R-1<br />
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF LH IN <strong>THE</strong> CARABAO*<br />
A. Alejandrino, Researcher, PAEC<br />
J. Alcantara, Researcher, PAEC<br />
E. Wagelie, Researcher, NABC-DA and BAI-DA (Alabang)<br />
C. Goze, Researcher, NABC-DA and BAI-DA (Alabang)<br />
J. Sevilla, Researcher, NABC-DA and BAI-DA (Alabang)<br />
A. Caburian, Researcher, NABC-DA and BAI-DA (Alabang)<br />
B. Oprenario, Researcher, NABC-DA and BAI-DA (Alabang)<br />
A sensitive method for the measurement of leutenizing<br />
hormone (LH) in carabao serum using radioimmunoassay<br />
was validated. To better understand carabao reproductive<br />
physiology and to evolve to breeding management scheme<br />
to improve reproductive efficiency, LH concentrations with<br />
focus on the LH surge event in 21 adult female carabaos<br />
managed under confinement, were determined. The majority<br />
of the animals (57.1%) showed the preovulatory LH peak<br />
values (5mg/ml or greater); others gave medium or low<br />
peaks. Basal, tonic values (0.4 + 0.2 mg/ml) were<br />
observed during the estrous cycle except for the brief LH<br />
surge which appeared either at early or late estrus stage.<br />
During pregnancy, LH concentration also remained basal<br />
(0.5 + 0.3 ng/ml) apparently suppressed by the sustained<br />
higher levels of progesterone.<br />
Keywords: carabao serum, radioimmunoassay of LH<br />
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science,<br />
10(3&4):40-41 (Abstr.). Also in Annotated Bibliography on<br />
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos, (2002), p. 324.<br />
R-2<br />
EFFECT OF TIME OF GnRH ADMINISTRATION ON<br />
OVULATION RESPONSE AND CORPUS LUTEUM<br />
FUNCTION IN POSTPARTUM <strong>BUFFALO</strong> COWS<br />
TREATED WITH PGF 2 ALPHA FOR<br />
SYNCHRONIZATION*<br />
E. J. Aquino, M. S. Student, IGS, CLSU<br />
P. G. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
H.V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
F. Rellin, M. S. Student, IGS, CLSU<br />
O. F. Smith, PhD Student, IGS, CLSU<br />
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS-CA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
Twenty-eight (28) cyclic caracows were assigned to a 2 x<br />
3 factorial experiment involving two-prostaglandin F 2 alpha<br />
(PGF 2 alpha) (fenprostalene and dinoprost tromethamine)<br />
preparations and three intervals of GnRH treatment after<br />
PGF 2 alpha (60, 72 and 84 hours) injection. The study<br />
62<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
aimed to identify the appropriate type of PGF 2 alpha for<br />
estrus synchronization and the proper time of gonadotropin<br />
releasing hormone (GnRH) treatment for induction of<br />
ovulation. All animals were injected twice with PGF 2<br />
alpha (1 mg fenprostalene or 25 mg dinoprost tromethamine/<br />
injection). The same animals were given GnRH (100 ug<br />
fertilerin acetate, IM) 60, 72 or 84 hours after the last PGF 2<br />
alpha administration. Results showed no significant<br />
differences in the estrus responses of the animals to the<br />
two types of PGF 2 alpha. All the animals ovulated after<br />
GnRH treatment. However, the incidence of abnormal<br />
luteal phases was significantly higher (P
& 4):61-66. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine<br />
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)<br />
1949-1997, Carabaos, (2002), p. 251.<br />
R-4<br />
FERTILITY FOLLOWING CLITORAL STIMULATION<br />
OF HEAT SYNCHRONIZED CARABAOS*<br />
S. S Capitan, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
A. R. Obsioma, University Researcher, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
A. N. del Barrio, University Researcher, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
A 2 x 2 and 3 x 2 factorial experiment in randomized<br />
complete block design (RCBD) was conducted to determine<br />
the effect of clitoral stimulation on the fertility of heat<br />
synchronized carabaos. One hundred sixty three (163)<br />
animals were used in 3 separate trials with two treatment<br />
groups per trial: control and with 30 second clitoral stimulation<br />
after each insemination. Parity, tone of uterus and site of<br />
semen deposition were also used as criteria in subdividing<br />
the main groups. The pregnancy rates of animals that<br />
received clitoral stimulation were significantly (P0.01) higher than those of control for both caraheifers<br />
(52.98 vs. 31.41%) and caracows (52.68 vs. 27.07%):<br />
under all uterine conditions, tone 1 (53.33 vs. 31.75%)<br />
tone 2 (35.83 vs. 22.82%) and tone 3 76.65 vs. 42.22%);<br />
and in both site of semen placement, cervix (43.99 vs.<br />
22.85%) and uterus (60.92 vs. 37.81%). Fertility was<br />
also significantly (P
covered with mineral oil and placed in an incubator at 39 0 C<br />
with 15% carbon dioxide in air and high humidity.<br />
Assessment of nuclear maturation of swamp buffalo oocytes<br />
where based on the following: Germinal Vesicle (GV),<br />
Germinal Vesicle Breakdown (GVBD), Metaphase I (MI),<br />
Telophase I (TI) and Metaphase II (MII) Parthenote and<br />
Degenerated. After 24 hours incubation, oocytes were<br />
mounted on a glass slide, fixed and cleared with acetic<br />
acid: ethanol (1.3v/v) and stained with 1% orcein in 40%<br />
acetic acid and was observed under the microscope. The<br />
percentage of oocytes that had reached Metaphase II or<br />
maturation rates were at 67%, 58%, 59% and 70% for<br />
T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Statistical analysis showed<br />
that no significant differences exist with respect to its ability<br />
to support nuclear maturation.<br />
Keywords: immature swamp buffalo oocytes, IVM,<br />
maturation media, nuclear maturation<br />
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija (1997).<br />
R-7<br />
BLOOD PLASMA PROGESTERONE IN NORMALLY<br />
ESTROUS CYCLING AND ANESTROUS <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAO HEIFERS*<br />
L. N. Chua, M.S. Student, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
N. P. Roxas, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
Z. M. Nava, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
Regularly cycling carabao heifers had plasma progesterone<br />
level which was lowest at estrus (0.241 + 0.134 ng/ml) and<br />
which gradually increased to reach a peak (1.759 + 0.187 ng/<br />
ml) at luteal phase, about day 12 to 14, and then gradually<br />
decline thereafter until it reached the lowest level at the next<br />
estrus. On the other hand, anestrus caraheifers had two patterns<br />
of plasma progesterone levels. One group had similar plasma<br />
progesterone pattern as the regular cycling animals, the other<br />
group had no cycling pattern but had plasma progesterone<br />
levels which remained low (0.164 to 0.718 ng/ml) throughout<br />
the expected length of the estrous cycle.<br />
Keywords: anestrus, blood plasma progesterone, carabao<br />
heifers, estrus<br />
*Abstract of Completed Researches 1981-1995 (1985). PCC-<br />
DA, UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water<br />
Buffalo researches in the Philippines 1981-1995. 1996. PCC-<br />
DA. p. 39. Also in Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal<br />
Science, 10(1&2):41 (Abstr.). Also in Annotated Bibliography<br />
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. (2002) p. 325.<br />
64<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
R-8<br />
GROSS PATHOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF<br />
SLAUGHTERED <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>-COWS<br />
(Bubalus bubaline) IN RELATION TO<br />
INFERTILITY PROBLEMS*<br />
S. H. Corcoro, Student, CVM, UP, Diliman, Quezon City<br />
The gross pathological disorders of the internal reproductive<br />
organs of the slaughtered Philippine buffalo-cows is herein<br />
presented. The gross pathological disorders observed and<br />
their incidence are: follicular cyst, 8.33 percent; cystic<br />
corpera lutea, 5.30 percent; parovarian cyst, 7.30 percent,<br />
ovarian hematoma, 0.49 percent; adhesions, 4.9 percent;<br />
hydrosalpinx, 5.88 percent, mucometra, 3.40 percent;<br />
pyometra, 0.98 percent; hypoplasia 4.9, percent; and cystic<br />
glandular hypoplasia, 5.3 percent; cervicitis, 5.9 percent;<br />
vaginitis, 2.90 percent; cervical cyst, 1.96 percent; and<br />
tumor, 2.45 percent. Of the gross pathological disorders<br />
observed, follicular cyst, hydrosalpinx, mucometra,<br />
pyometra and hypoplasia will cause infertility in the affected<br />
animal. Generalized adhesions especially if it involves<br />
the ovaries, will also result to infertility. Cystic glandular<br />
hyperplasia and uterine tumor if extensive, may order the<br />
endometrium inhospitable to ovum implantation. Cervicitis<br />
and vaginitis may cause infertility if the condition extends<br />
to the uterus. Cervical cysts may obstruct the cervix and<br />
prevent insemination or it may destroy the cervical plug of<br />
pregnancy facilitating uterine infection. Parovarian cysts<br />
do not affect the fertility of the animal and cystic corpora<br />
lutea are known to occur in infertile animals. Further studies<br />
should be conducted to determine if the gross pathological<br />
disorders observed in the present study also occur in nonslaughter<br />
animals.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao cows, pathological<br />
disorders, internal reproductive organs, infertility problems<br />
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City (1978).<br />
R-9<br />
OVARIAN RESPONSES AND PREGNANCY RATE OF<br />
CARABAOS TREATED WITH PGF 2 ALPHA<br />
FOLLOWED BY GnRH AT PREDETERMINED TIME*<br />
L. C. Cruz, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU & Project Leader, PCRDC-<br />
PCARRD, CLSU<br />
P. G. Duran, Science Research Specialist; PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist; PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
E. Aquino, Science Research Assistant, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
D. Hufana, Science Research Assistant, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
F. Rellin, M. Student, IGS, CLSU<br />
O. F. Smith, PhD Student, IGS, CLSU
Series of experiment were conducted aimed at developing<br />
least-cost and more effective synchronization scheme for<br />
the carabaos in the villages. Experiment I focused on the<br />
understanding of the occurrence of estrus and ovulation in<br />
carabaos after prostaglandin F 2 alpha (PGF 2 alpha)<br />
treatment. Result obtained from 36 cycling caracows<br />
administered with two PGF 2 alpha injections (1 mg<br />
fenprostalene, i.m./injection) 11 days apart indicated that<br />
the onset of estrus was 60.8 + 13 hours. After the last<br />
PGF 2 alpha treatment and estrus duration was 20.0 + 3.1<br />
hours. Ovulation occurred 91.6 + 9.5 hours after the last<br />
PGF 2 alpha treatment. In Experiment II, 28 cycling<br />
caracows were assigned to 2 x 3 factorial experiment<br />
involving two PGF 2 alpha preparations (fenprostalene and<br />
dinoprost tromethamine) and three intervals of<br />
gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) treatment after<br />
PGF 2 alpha (60, 72 and 84 hours) to identify the more<br />
appropriate PGF 2 alpha estrus synchronization and the<br />
proper time of GnRH treatment for induction of ovulation.<br />
All animals received two injections of PGF 2 alpha (1 mg<br />
fenprostalene or 25 mg dinoprost tromethamine/injection).<br />
GnRH (100 ug fertilerin acetate, i.m.) was given to<br />
respective treatment groups at either 60, 72 or 84 hours<br />
after the last PGF 2 alpha administration. There was no<br />
difference in the estrus response of the animals after the<br />
GnRH treatement. However, the incidence of abnormal<br />
luteal phases was significantly higher (P
priming prior to main FSH treatments improved further the<br />
ovulation rate in buffaloes.<br />
Keywords: water buffaloes, superovulatory, ovarian<br />
follicles, follicular dynamics<br />
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 18 (1):19-32.<br />
R-11<br />
EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT RATE OF IN VITRO<br />
MATURED SWAMP <strong>BUFFALO</strong> OOCYTES<br />
CROSSFERTILIZED IN VITRO WITH RIVERINE<br />
<strong>BUFFALO</strong> SEMEN*<br />
D. H. Duran, Science Research Specialist II, PCC- CLSU, DA<br />
F. P. Aquino, Training Specialist III, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
R. de Vera, Laboratory Aide, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
L. C. Cruz, Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA<br />
A study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro development<br />
of F1 hybrid embryos which resulted from in vitro<br />
crossfertilization of in vitro mature swamp (2n=48, Philippine<br />
carabao) buffalo oocytes and riverine (2n=50, Murrah) buffalo<br />
semen. One hundred eighty three immature cumulus<br />
enclosed-oocytes from slaughter house derived swamp<br />
buffalo ovaries were cultured in TCM 199 suplemented with<br />
10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and antibiotics for<br />
maturation. After 23-24 hours of in vitro maturation (IVM),<br />
mature oocytes were partially freed from expanded cumulus<br />
cells and in vitro fertilization (IVF) commenced using frozenthawed<br />
semen from Murrah buffalo bull. After IVF, fertilized<br />
oocytes were further cultured for embryo development in the<br />
former maturation medium containing cumulus cells for 7<br />
days. Cleavage at 2-4, 5-6, and 7-8 cell stages<br />
approximately 24 hours after IVF were 39.34%, 10.93%<br />
and 3.28%, respectively, with total cleavage rate of 53.6%.<br />
Observed development rate of the cleaved embryos was<br />
10.20% morula, 15.31% blastocyst and 6.12% expanded<br />
blastocyst, and 6.12% hatched blastocyst on the 4 th , 5 th and<br />
6 th day after IVF, respectively. In swamp x swamp and<br />
river x river IVF, morula development in vitro was observed<br />
on the 6 th day of in vitro culture. These results suggest that<br />
heterosis effect may took place as early as the stage of<br />
zygotic gene activation among F 1 hybrid buffalo embryos.<br />
Keywords: in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization, water<br />
buffalo oocytes<br />
*Proceedings of the PSAS 34 th Annual Convention. October<br />
23-24, 1997. Metro Manila, Philippines. p. 251.<br />
R-12<br />
EFFECT OF SOME PHYSICAL PARAMETERS ON<br />
EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT OF <strong>BUFFALO</strong> OOCYTES<br />
MATURED AND FERTILIZED IN VITRO*<br />
66<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
D. H. Duran, Science Research Specialist II, PCC-<br />
CLSU, DA<br />
F. P. Aquino, Training Specialist III, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
R. V. de Vera, Laboratory Aide, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
P. Pedro, Senior Agriculturist, PCC-OED, DA<br />
L. C. Cruz, Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA<br />
Three studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of<br />
some physical parameters of embryo development of in<br />
vitro matured and in vitro fertilized buffalo oocytes. Study<br />
I was aimed to assess the effect of the type of culture dish.<br />
Two types of commercial dishes were compared; A =<br />
coated/treated (tissue culture dish) and B = non-coated<br />
(petri dish). To evaluate the brand effect of tissue culture<br />
dish, two brands, denoted as A 1 and A 2 were compared. A<br />
total of 229 cumulus-enclosed swamp buffalo oocytes were<br />
divided into three groups and cultured in vitro in the three<br />
dishes. Study 2 was designed to examine the effects of<br />
using aspiration medium during oocyte collection. Oocyte<br />
from 2-8 mm follicles were aspirated with or without<br />
aspiration medium and cultured for maturation and blastocyst<br />
development after in vitro fertilization. Study 3 was aimed<br />
to evaluate the effect of the types of oil that used to cover<br />
the culture medium. Three types of oil were compared;<br />
A=Mineral oil (marked embryo tested), B=Mineral oil (not<br />
marked) and C=Paraffin oil. Buffalo immature cumulus<br />
oocyte complexes were collected from slaughter housedderived<br />
ovaries, washed 3x and matured in TCM 199<br />
supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics.<br />
In vitro fertilization was done using frozen-thawed semen<br />
capacitated with caffeine (5mM) and heparin (5ug/mM) in<br />
Bracket and Oliphant solution. Fertilized oocytes were<br />
cultured for 8 days in vitro using the same maturation<br />
medium with cumulus cell monolayer. Results in Study 1<br />
that cleavage rate in the tissue culture dishes A 1 (67.5%)<br />
and A 2 (60.3%) were significantly higher (P
Keywords: embryo, in vitro fertilization, in vitro maturation,<br />
oocytes, water buffalo<br />
*Proceedings of the 34 th Annual Convention, Philippines<br />
Society of Animal Science, October 23-24, 1997, PICC.<br />
Manila. p. 304-313. Also in Philippine Journal of Veterinary<br />
Animal Science 1998. 24(1&2):54-64. Also in Annotated<br />
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and<br />
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. (2002)<br />
p. 395.<br />
R-13<br />
STUDIES ON INCREASING <strong>THE</strong> YIELD OF IN VITRO<br />
EMBRYO PRODUCTION IN <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES*<br />
D. H. Duran, Science Research Assistant II, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
M. Gunjima, JOCV Volunteer<br />
P. B. Pedro, Senior Agriculturist, PCC-OED, DA<br />
F. P. Aquino, Science Research Assistant, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
R. de Vera, Laboratory Aide, PCC-OED, DA<br />
P.G. Duran, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
L.C. Cruz, Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA<br />
Studies were conducted aimed at increasing the yield of<br />
preimplantation buffalo embryos in vitro. Method for efficient<br />
oocyte retrieval from the ovaries, criteria for selection of<br />
oocytes, and effects of different culture media were<br />
assessed. Results revealed that significantly higher number<br />
of oocytes could be retrieved from the ovaries using the<br />
slicing method than aspiration method (7.33 vs. 3.54<br />
oocytes/ovary, respectively). Similarly, higher number of<br />
good oocytes could be retrieved in using slicing method<br />
than in aspiration method (1.34+0.50 & 1.83+0.25 vs.<br />
0.43+0.15 & 0.92+0.28 Rank A & B oocytes, respectively).<br />
When in vitro development potential of the classified oocytes<br />
were assessed, significantly higher (P
R-15<br />
ONSET OF ESTRUS, OCCURRENCE OF OVU-<br />
LATION, AND ESTROUS CYCLE LENGTH OF<br />
CYCLIC <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES AFTER PGF2 ALPHA OR PRID<br />
TREATMENTS*<br />
P. G. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
F. V. Mamuad, PhD Student, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
L. C. Cruz, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-<br />
PCARRD, CLSU<br />
Three studies were conducted to determine the ovarian<br />
response of cyclic water buffaloes to prostaglandin F 2 alpha<br />
(PGF 2 alpha) or progesterone releasing intra-vaginal device<br />
(PRID) treatments. Study 1 compared the effect of PGF 2<br />
alpha and PRID in reference to the onset of estrus and<br />
occurrence of ovulation. Animals in treatment A (14)<br />
received two injections of PGF 2 alpha 11 days apart while<br />
the animals in treatment B (13) had PRID remained in situ<br />
for 11 days. In study II, twelve animals were subjected to<br />
a 2 x 2 factorial experiment to compare the effects of two<br />
types of PGF 2 alpha (Dinoprost tromethamine and<br />
Cloprostenol) and to determine the effect of the stage of the<br />
luteal phase at the time of PGF 2 alpha adminstration on the<br />
variability of the onset of estrus and ovulation. Study II<br />
involved 17 water buffaloes in luteal phase aimed at<br />
determining the ovarian responses immediately after and<br />
in subsequent cycles after consecutive PGF 2 alpha<br />
treatments. Result of the study I indicated no difference in<br />
response to either PGF 2 alpha or PRID on the onset of<br />
estrus and occurrence of ovulation although there was a<br />
tendency for the PRID-treated animals to come to estrus<br />
and ovulate earlier than the other group. Animals treated<br />
with PGF 2 alpha during the early luteal phase (day 7-10)<br />
had the onset of estrus at the same time as those treated<br />
during the late luteal phase (day 15-18). Mean interval<br />
from the treatment to onset of estrus for early and late luteal<br />
phases were 69.8 + 16.6 hours and 68.5 + 19.6 hours,<br />
respectively. The interval of ovulation in the early and late<br />
luteal phase groups did not vary significantly (127.0 + 34.9<br />
hours). In the same respect, responses to two types of<br />
PGF 2 alpha did not differ significantly. Result of the study<br />
II indicated that precocious luteolysis resulting from<br />
consecutive PGF 2 alpha treatments promoted high incidence<br />
of abnormal cycles. Animals with short cycles had an<br />
average length cycle of 7.62 + 2.13 days and represent<br />
52.9 percent of the treated animals. Subsequent cycle<br />
following immediately after short cycle was relatively longer<br />
(15.87 + 5.3 days). Fifty percent of the short cycles<br />
observed immediately following consecutive PGF 2 alpha<br />
treatments where followed by normal cycles whereas the<br />
68<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
other 50 percent were followed by another short cycle<br />
prior to normal cycle.<br />
Keywords: cyclic water buffaloes, ovarian response,<br />
prostaglandin F 2 alpha, progesterone releasing intra-vaginal<br />
device<br />
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science.<br />
16(1&2):72-73 (Abstr.). Also in Annotated Bibliography on<br />
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 333.<br />
R-16<br />
POST PARTUM REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN ACTIVITY<br />
ON <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO, MURRAH <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
AND <strong>THE</strong>IR CROSSES*<br />
P. G. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
M. Singh, Reproductive Physiologist and FAO Consultant<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Instructor, DAS-CA, CLSU<br />
Observations were made on 15 Philippine caracows (PC),<br />
six Murrah buffalo (MB) and four crossbreds (F 1 ) to study<br />
postpartum changes in the reproductive tract and the<br />
occurrence of first postpartum estrus under ranch<br />
management. Rectal palpations were done 48 to 72 hours<br />
after parturation and at five days interval thereafter, until<br />
complete involution of the cervix and uterus and until the<br />
onset of the next estrus. Results revealed that on the<br />
average, PC, MB and F 1 crossbreds required 38, 39 and<br />
39 days, respectively, to complete cervical and uterine<br />
involution. The mean period postpartum for follicular<br />
development in the PC, MB and F 1 crossbreds were 36,<br />
42 and 21 days, respectively. Average first postpartum<br />
estrus observed for Philippine carabao, Murrah buffalo and<br />
F 1 crossbreds were 94 + 40.05, 107.76 + 15.50 and 76.75<br />
+ 18.59 days, respectively.<br />
Keywords: crossbred carabao, Murrah buffalo, Philippine<br />
caracow, postpartum changes<br />
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science.<br />
10(3&4):45 (Abstr.). Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo<br />
Researches in the Philippines 1981–1995. 1996. PCC-<br />
DA. p. 45-46. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine<br />
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)<br />
1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 252.<br />
R-17<br />
<strong>THE</strong> INCIDENCE OF PREGNANT CARABAOS<br />
SLAUGHTERED AT FOOD TERMINAL, INC. FROM<br />
1989-1990*<br />
M. M. Dunwa, Undergraduate Student, CVM, UPLB<br />
C. P. Maala, Professor, CVM, UPLB
The percentages of pregnant cattle and carabaos slaughtered<br />
in 1988 at New Slaughterhouse, Food Terminal, Inc. (FTI),<br />
Taguig, Metro Manila were determined. Pregnant<br />
animals slaughtered were higher in cattle (10.56%) than in<br />
carabaos (3.51%). The percentages of slaughtered pregnant<br />
cattle and carabaos were highest during the months of July<br />
(17.83%) and June (6.03%), respectively. Based on the<br />
three stages of pregnancy, the highest percentage of<br />
slaughtered carabaos occurred at early pregnancy (1.36%),<br />
followed by mid (1.21%) and late pregnancy (0.94%).<br />
The highest percentage of carabaos slaughtered at early<br />
stage of pregnancy occurred in May (3.03%), April (3.03%)<br />
for mid pregnancy and November (1.75%) for late<br />
pregnancy. In cattle, the highest percentage of slaughtered<br />
pregnant animals was at early pregnancy (4.41%),<br />
followed by mid pregnancy (3.28%) and lowest at late<br />
pregnancy (2.88%). According to place of origin, Cavite<br />
(46.32%) and Masbate (30.24%) had the highest<br />
percentages of slaughtered pregnant cattle and carabaos,<br />
respectively. In spite of the law prohibiting the slaughter of<br />
pregnant cattle and carabaos, the authorities have failed to<br />
totally prevent this practice as revealed in the present<br />
study. Pregnant animals are still being slaughtered in<br />
abattoirs because of insufficient ante-mortem inspection,<br />
laxity on the implementation of the law against the<br />
slaughtering of pregnant animal and lack of expertise in<br />
pregnancy diagnosis at farm level. Hence, to prevent the<br />
shipment and slaughter of pregnant cattle and carabaos,<br />
the “Buy Back Operation” is recommended to be revived.<br />
Keywords: buy back operation, cattle, carabao, Food<br />
Terminal Inc., abattoir, incidence of slaughtered pregnant<br />
ruminants<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1996. (1990).<br />
PCC-UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water<br />
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995. 1996.<br />
PCC-DA. p. 44-45. Also in Annotated Bibliography on<br />
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 377.<br />
R-18<br />
A STUDY ON <strong>THE</strong> INCIDENCE OF RIGHT AND LEFT<br />
HORN PREGNANCIES IN SLAUGHTERED<br />
PREGNANT NATIVE COWS AND CARABAOS*<br />
A. S. Gilo, Student, CVM, UP, Diliman, Quezon City<br />
A study on the incidence of right-horn and left-horn<br />
pregnancies as well as pregnancies wherein the corpus<br />
luteum is on the same side and those wherein the corpus<br />
luteum is on the opposite side of the gravid horn among<br />
slaughtered native cows and carabaos are herein<br />
REPRODUCTION<br />
presented. The findings in this study agreed with earlier<br />
observations that there are more right-horn than left-horn<br />
pregnancies and that in most cases, the corpus luteum is<br />
on the same side as the gravid horn.<br />
Keywords: cow, carabao, pregnancy<br />
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City (1972).<br />
R-19<br />
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON IN VITRO PRODUCTION<br />
OF <strong>BUFFALO</strong> EMBRYO: EFFECT OF CULTURE<br />
MEDIA AND SERA*<br />
M. Gunjima, JOCV Volunteer<br />
E. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist II, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
E. G. Annaguey, Laboratory Assistant, PCC-CLSU,DA<br />
R. V. Javier, Laboratory Assistant, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Center Director, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
This study aimed to examine effects of culture media and<br />
sera on in vitro development of buffalo embryo. Cumulus–<br />
oocyte–complexes (COC’s) were aspirated from ovaries<br />
of slaughtered Philippine carabao. The COC’s were counted<br />
and classified into 5 groups based on the morphology of<br />
the cumulus and the ooplasm. Mean number of COC’s<br />
obtained per ovary was 3.1. Mean number of the good<br />
quality COC’s (Rank A and B) was 1.2 per ovary, 36.6%<br />
of all. COC’s with good quality were matured and fertilized<br />
in vitro, and then cultured in different combinations of culture<br />
medium (TCM–199 or mSOF) and serum (locally<br />
processed buffalo calf serum or commercial bovine calf<br />
serum) under the co-culture system with cumulus cells.<br />
Results showed that no cleavages ocurred in both of the<br />
media supplemented with locally processed buffalo calf<br />
serum. Some zygotes cleaved but stopped to develop up<br />
to 8 cell stage in mSOF supplemented with bovine calf<br />
serum. Some embryos developed up to blastocyst stage<br />
in TCM-199 supplemented with bovine calf serum. These<br />
results demonstrated that buffalo embryos could develop<br />
up to blastocyst stage in vitro, under the co-culture system<br />
with cumulus cells using TCM-199 supplemented with<br />
bovine calf serum as a culture medium.<br />
Keywords: mSOF, TCM-199, buffalo/bovine calf serum,<br />
buffalo embryo, cumulus-oocytes-complexes<br />
*Proceedings of the PSAS 35 th Annual Convention, October<br />
15-16, 1998, Metro Manila, Philippines. p. 50.<br />
R-20<br />
EFFECT OF TIME ON MATURATION AND EMBRYO<br />
DEVELOPMENT RATES OF <strong>BUFFALO</strong> OOCYTES<br />
IN VITRO*<br />
69
B. B. Hufana, Student, DAS-CA, CLSU<br />
D. H. Duran, Science Research Assistant, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
R. D. Hufana, Research Assistant, PCC-OED, DA<br />
P. G. Duran, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
E. P. Garillo, M. S. Student, DAS-IGS, CLSU<br />
L. C. Cruz, Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA<br />
Two studies were conducted to examine the effect of time<br />
on buffalo oocytes in vitro maturation (IVM) and embryo<br />
development after in vitro fertilization (IVF). The general<br />
objective is to come up with a concrete basis for technical<br />
procedure on collection and length of preservation of ovaries<br />
and oocytes IVM for improved rate of in vitro embryo<br />
production. Study 1 examined the effects of short (3-4 hr)<br />
and long (5-6 hr) periods of ovary collection and<br />
preservation on the subsequent development potential of<br />
buffalo oocytes after IVF. A total of 132 oocytes were<br />
randomly distributed into two groups – long period and<br />
short period. Results revealed that cleavage and blastocyct<br />
development rates were higher in the short period than in<br />
the long period, 58.57% vs 46.77% and 21.43% vs<br />
12.9%, respectively (P
after the second injection. The conception rate of 20 induced<br />
animals was 55% against 15% for a control group of 20<br />
normally cycling (uninduced) carabaos. However, the<br />
difference in conception incidence between two groups<br />
was not statistically significant (probability of calculated<br />
chi-square = 70). By manner of insemination, induced<br />
animals had a conception rate of 66.7% (8 of 12) for natural<br />
service and 40% (3 of 8) for artificial insemination. Control<br />
(uninduced) carabaos had 80% (8 of 10) and 50% (5 of<br />
10) conception rates for natural and artificial insemination<br />
sub-groups, respectively.<br />
Keywords: caracows, conception rate, estrus induction<br />
and synchronization, prostaglandin F 2 -alpha<br />
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science. 8(1&2):55<br />
(Abstr.). Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine<br />
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)<br />
1949-1997, Carabaos. (2002) p. 250<br />
R-23<br />
ESTRUS PHENOMENA OF CARABAO UNDER<br />
RANGE MANAGEMENT CONDITION*<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Instructor, DAS-CA, CLSU<br />
P. G. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
A study was conducted to establish the estrous cycle,<br />
duration of estrus and diurnal variations on the incidence of<br />
estrus symptoms of Philippine carabao (PC) raised under<br />
range condition. Females in the institutional herd exhibiting<br />
normal cycles were used in the study. They were exposed<br />
to two vasectomized bulls and observed round the clock.<br />
A total of 886 observations indicated that estrus usually<br />
start in the morning. Peak incidence of estrus was observed<br />
during the cooler part of the day from 5:00 a. m. to 9:00 a.<br />
m. The average percentage of caracows that exhibited<br />
estrus in the morning was 79.03% as against 20.83% for<br />
those that showed heat in the afternoon. Duration of estrus<br />
was from 12 to 36 hours with a mean value 23.24 + 3.7<br />
hours and repeated every 22.49 + 6.9 days. Observable<br />
signs of estrus manifestation were mounting other animals<br />
(38.17%), standing still while being mounted by teaser<br />
bull (22.9%), and copious mucus discharge (36.10%).<br />
Symptoms like swelling and reddening of the vulva,<br />
bellowing and restlessness were observed in only 2.73%<br />
of the animals.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao, estrus, range condition<br />
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science. 10(3-<br />
4):46 (Abstr.). Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo<br />
Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995. 1996. PCC-<br />
DA. p. 54. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine<br />
REPRODUCTION<br />
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)<br />
1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 184.<br />
R-24<br />
OPTIMIZING HANDLING PROCESSING TECH-<br />
NIQUES FOR <strong>THE</strong> PRODUCTION OF QUALITY<br />
SEMEN II. PRELIMINARY STUDY ON <strong>THE</strong><br />
REVIVABILITY OF <strong>BUFFALO</strong> SPERMATOZOA<br />
FOLLOWING DIFFERENT FREEZING METHODS*<br />
T. Matsumoto, Expert in Semen Processing, Japan Overseas Corp. Volntr.<br />
(JOCV)<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Associate Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU<br />
F. P. Aquino, Science Research Assistant, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
R. O. Cuaresma, Science Research Specialist I, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
The study aimed to develop an alternative freezing method<br />
for processing buffalo semen of high quality, utilizing limited<br />
materials. Three freezing methods were used: T1=ice<br />
chest, T2=tank freezing A, and T3=tank freezing B. Murrah<br />
buffalo (MB) (n=7), Philippine carabao (PC) (n=2), and F 1<br />
crossbred (MB x PC) (n=4) were used in the study. All<br />
ejaculates were diluted with Tris-yolk-raffinose glycerol<br />
extender up to a concentration of 100 million motile sperm<br />
per ml. Two freezing trials were made. First trial was with<br />
the use of T 2 versus T 1 . Second trial compared T 1 with that<br />
of T 3 . Results showed that T 2 gave higher post freezing<br />
revivability with 52.06 +11.39% than T 1 with 36.18% for<br />
all breeds tested. Similarly, postfreezing revivability of<br />
buffalo spermatozoa in T 3 was 53.30% +10.20%, which<br />
was higher that that of T 1 . Variation on percent revivability<br />
showed minimal differences among different breeds used.<br />
However, it is interesting to note that crossbred and PC<br />
postfreezing revivability was higher in T 2 while Murrah<br />
postfreezing revivability responded better in T 3.<br />
Keywords: buffalo spermatozoa, freezing methods,<br />
postfreezing sperm revivability<br />
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science. 16( ):76<br />
(Abstr.) .Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in<br />
the Philippines. 1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 55-56.<br />
Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:<br />
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,<br />
Carabaos (2002) p. 264.<br />
R-25<br />
<strong>THE</strong> MONTHLY CALVING RATES AND CALVING<br />
INTERVAL OF CARABAOS RAISED IN CONFINE-<br />
MENT AND IN RANCH TYPE OF MANAGEMENT*<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
A. S. Dabandan, Undergraduate Student, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research specialist, PCC-UPLB, DA<br />
F. M. Mamuad, Center Director, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
71
The study was conducted to determine the calving rates of<br />
the water buffaloe raised in confinement or feedlot system of<br />
management and under the ranch-type or range system of<br />
management. The breeding and calving records, from<br />
January 1982 to December 1997, of the Philippine carabao<br />
(PC) and Murrah-carabao crossbreed (CB) raised by the<br />
Philippine Carabao Center at the University of the Philippines<br />
Los Baños (UPLB) under feedlot management system, and<br />
those of the PC, Murrah (M) and CB raised by PCC at<br />
Central Luzon State University (CLSU) under ranch-type<br />
management system, were examined and analyzed to<br />
determine their monthly calving rates, from January to<br />
December. The monthly calving rates of both the PC (125<br />
calvings) and the CB (110 calvings) raised in confinement<br />
or feedlot management system did not seem to be influenced<br />
by the season of the year. The mean (+ S. D.) monthly<br />
calving rates of the PC and CB was 8.3 + 2.5% and 8.3 +<br />
1.4%, respectively. This could be due to the fact that the<br />
animals were protected from the changes in weather<br />
conditions since they are raised in confinement, fed regularly<br />
and provided with wallowing facilitites. The Murrah buffalo<br />
and its crossbreed raised under ranch-type or range<br />
management system had calving rates that were influenced<br />
by the season of the year. Peak of claving rates (above<br />
monthly average) were observed in Murrah buffalo during<br />
the months of August to December; and those of CB, during<br />
the months of September to January of the following year. At<br />
CLSU area, these are the months characterized by<br />
abundance of forage crop (rainy season) and/or cooler<br />
weather conditions. However, the PCs, which were also<br />
subjected to same management conditions as the Murrah<br />
and CB, did not show any definite pattern of calving rates.<br />
There are calving rates that were below average during the<br />
rainy season in September, October and November; and<br />
high calving rates (above average) during the dry season in<br />
March. The Murrah breed, being a dairy type, may have a<br />
higher sensitivity to changing environment than the carabao,<br />
being a draft type. The calving interval of the carabao<br />
(n=69), mean + S.E. (702.2 + 44.7 days), was significantly<br />
shorter than that of the Murrah-carabao (n=69) crossbreed<br />
(850.5 + 43.0 days), indicating that the former had a better<br />
post-partum fertility than the latter. Under ranch-type<br />
management, the calving intervals for the different breedtypes<br />
(mean + S.E.) were 963.4 + 48.0 days for the PC (n=70),<br />
873.0 + 60.6 for the CB (n=44) and 822.2 + 62.7 days for<br />
the Murrah (n=41), which were not significantly different<br />
from each other (P>0.05). When the effect of the production<br />
system on the calving intervals was analyzed, the water<br />
buffalo raised under ranch-type management, had an overall<br />
calving interval mean of 900.4 days (n=155), which was<br />
significantly longer (P
INSEMINATION OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (SWAMP<br />
<strong>BUFFALO</strong>) RAISED BY SMALLHOLDER FARMERS*<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-<br />
PCARRD, UPLB<br />
O. A. Palad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
M. Singh, FAO-UNDP Consultant for PCRDC<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
R. D. Chiong, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
Z. M. Nava, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
A. R. Obsioma, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
A. N. del Barrio, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
There is an urgent need to improve size, and meat and milk<br />
productivity of the Philippine carabao, a swamp type of water<br />
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), through crossbreeding with the riverine<br />
type. Studies were conducted to asses the reproductive status<br />
of carabaos raised by smallholder farmers, determine<br />
conception rates of buffaloes to artificial insemination (A.I)<br />
through oestrous synchronization, and examine the patterns of<br />
plasma progesterone in cyclic and acyclic carabao heifers.<br />
Approximately 20% of carabaos raised by smallholder farmers<br />
were diagnosed pregnant by rectal palpation. This low<br />
pregnancy rate may be due to a combination of factors such<br />
as the failure to submit for examination carabaos exhibiting<br />
external signs of pregnancy, the deliberate postponement of<br />
breeding for working females, the inability of bulls to gain<br />
access to carabaos in oestrus which are tethered at night, or<br />
the high incidence of anestrus or sub-estrus. The reproductive<br />
problems in non-pregnant animals were cystic (19.5%), infantile<br />
(25.7%) and dormant ovaries (51.3%), and pathology of the<br />
uterus and cervix (3.5%). Both feeding and management<br />
practices in different locations influenced the nutritional status of<br />
female carabaos examined. Animals in good body condition<br />
were either cycling or pregnant. A 30-40% conception rate<br />
was achieved by synchronization of oestrus and insemination<br />
with frozen semen at 71 and 96 h later. Based on progesterone<br />
radioimmunoassay and rectal palpation of the ovaries, anoestrus<br />
in carabao heifers was due to either to a failure of cycling<br />
animals to exhibit oestrus or those with inactive ovaries.<br />
Keywords: conception rate, estrus synchronization,<br />
plasma progesterone, predetermined AI, reproductive<br />
status, swamp buffalo<br />
* Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1995. PCC-<br />
UPLB, College, Laguna (1983). Also in Abstracts Water<br />
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981–1995. (1983)<br />
PCC-DA. p. 58-59. Also in Annotated Bibliography on<br />
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 253.<br />
R-28<br />
REPRODUCTIVE STATUS OF CARABAOS RAISED<br />
BY SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN SELECTED AREAS<br />
IN <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong>S *<br />
REPRODUCTION<br />
V.G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRCD-<br />
PCARRD, UPLB<br />
O. A. Palad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
Z. M. Nava, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
R. D. Chiong, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-IAS, UPLB<br />
A. N del Barrio, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
A. R. Obsioma, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
M. Singh, FAO-UNDP Consultant for PCRDC<br />
To determine the reproductive status of animals raised by<br />
smallholder farmers in Pampanga, Nueva Ecija and Quezon,<br />
368 female carabaos were used in the study. Each was<br />
rectally palpated to determine the physiological status of the<br />
ovaries and uterus. Historical data of each were collected;<br />
and nutritional status was determined by a body scoring system<br />
ranging from 1 to 6 with “1” as very poor, “5” as excellent and<br />
“6” as over fat. Of the 368 carabaos palpated, 42% were<br />
heifers with a mean age of 5.1 year, the 50% cara-cows had<br />
a mean age of 9.4 years with an average calf crop of 2.1<br />
heads. Only 20% were found pregnant and 85% of these<br />
were in the stage of 1-6 months stage of gestation. The<br />
reasons for the low pregnancy rate were stated. Forty-two<br />
percent of the pregnant carabaos were caraheifers with a<br />
mean age of 4.7 years and the calculated age of first calving<br />
was 5.2 years. For the pregnant cows, the estimated calving<br />
interval was 24.2 months with a range of 11.5-56 months. Of<br />
the 80% non-pregnant carabaos, 42.5% were caraheifers,<br />
52.5% were caracows, and 3.4% were in heat at the time of<br />
palpation. Of the females that were not in heat, 60% had<br />
active ovaries and 40% appeared to have reproductive<br />
problems. Of these with reproductive problems, 19.5% had<br />
cystic ovaries, 25.7% had immature ovaries (all in caraheifers),<br />
51.3% had inactive ovaries, and 3.5% had other reproductive<br />
disorders. The nutritional status of carabaos as reflected by<br />
the body condition showed that it is influenced by location,<br />
pregnancy and reproductive cyclicity.<br />
Keywords: carabaos, reproductive and nutritional status,<br />
reproductive disorders, smallholder farmer<br />
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science.<br />
10(3&4):44-45 (Abstr.). Also in Animal Production<br />
Technology 1985. 1(1):36 (abstr.). Abstract of Completed<br />
Researches 1981-1995. (1985) PCC-UPLB, College,<br />
Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in<br />
the Philippines 1981-1995. (1996) PCC-DA. p. 56. Also<br />
in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:<br />
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,<br />
Carabaos (2002) p. 327.<br />
R-29<br />
<strong>THE</strong> ONSET OF PUBERTY IN FEMALE <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAO AND PHIL-MURRAH CROSSBRED*<br />
73
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,<br />
UPLB<br />
A. S. Sarabia, University Researcher, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
A. R. Obsioma, University Researcher, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
S. S. Capitan, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
N. P. Roxas, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
There is a need to improve the productivity of the Philippine<br />
carabao, a swamp-type buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), to meet<br />
the increasing demand for draught animal power, meat and<br />
milk through crossbreeding with the Murrah buffaloes.<br />
Primarily, there is a need to evaluate the reproductive<br />
performance of the crossbreds vis-à-vis with the carabao<br />
before a large-scale crossbreeding program will have to be<br />
adopted as a national policy. The results of this study<br />
showed that the Phil-Murrah corssbred reached puberty,<br />
conceived for the first time and gave birth to the calf one<br />
year earlier than the Philippine carabao. As soon as<br />
sexual maturity is attained, as evidenced by ovulation and<br />
corpus luteum (CL) formation there was an observed<br />
coincidental rise on plasma progesterone.<br />
Keywords: carabao, ovulation, Phil-murrah crossbred,<br />
plasma progesterone, puberty, reproductive performance<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1995. (1986).<br />
PCC-DA, UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of<br />
Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines, 1981-1995.<br />
1996. PCC-DA. p. 59. Also in Annotated Bibliography<br />
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 384.<br />
R-30<br />
IMPROVING <strong>THE</strong> PRODUCTIVITY OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAOS UNDER VILLAGE<br />
CONDITIONS*<br />
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-UPLB & Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,<br />
UPLB<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Science Research Specialist, PCC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
N. P. Roxas, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
O. A. Palad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
A. R. Obsioma, Science Research Specialist, PCC at UPLB<br />
Z. M. Nava, Science Research Specialist, PCC at UPLB<br />
A. N. del Barrio, Science Research Specialist, PCC at UPLB<br />
There is a need to improve the carabao’s reproductive<br />
efficiency to meet the increasing demand for draught power,<br />
meat and milk. Under village conditions, carabaos appear<br />
to have pregnancy rate of 17.7%, which could be attributed<br />
greatly to tethering management that prevent their natural<br />
breeding activities. Moreover, about 32% of breedable<br />
female carabaos are cycling or pregnant have better body<br />
conditions than those which are acyclic or non-pregnant.<br />
Plasma progesterone was very low at the time of<br />
insemination (
It was noted that regardless of the stage of estrous cycle,<br />
all the experimental animals responded to PRID treatment<br />
as evidence by the progesterone profile. Upon the duration<br />
of PRID insertion, all animals maintained a level of<br />
progesterone, which is at the luteal stage (1.08 to 3.51 ng/<br />
ml). One day after PRID withdrawal, progesterone value<br />
declined to basal level (average of 0.55 ng/ml). These low<br />
levels were maintained until 7 days after PRID withdrawal<br />
for carabaos that did not become pregnant, and until 4<br />
days for those that<br />
became pregnant. In non-pregnant group, progesterone<br />
level became elevated 5 days after AI and the level declined<br />
17 days after AI. On the other hand, the pregnant group<br />
exhibited an elevated progesterone level, commencing the<br />
day after predetermined AI, and maintained it beyond 23<br />
days after AI. The conception rate at first service with the<br />
used of PRID to synchronize heat was 41% and could be<br />
increased up to 65% if the PRID treated animals that did<br />
not conceive will be closely monitored and inseminated<br />
three to four cycles after the PRID heat include service.<br />
These results indicate that PRID is also an effective heat<br />
synchronizing agents for caracows.<br />
Keywords: carabao cows, conception rate, estrus<br />
synchronization, plasma progesterone, progesterone<br />
releasing intravaginal device<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1995. (1986).<br />
PCC-UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water<br />
Buffalo researches in the Philippines 1981-1995. 1996.<br />
PCC-DA. p. 57-58. Also in Annotated Bibliography on<br />
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 300.<br />
R-32<br />
SPERM PRODUCTION OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAOS<br />
AND CROSSBREED <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES WITH OR<br />
WITHOUT ULTRASTRUCTURAL ALTERATION IN<br />
<strong>THE</strong> TESTES*<br />
O. M. Nuñeza, Ph.D. Student, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,<br />
UPLB<br />
S. S. Capitan, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
This research was conducted to evaluate and compare the<br />
semen characteristics of Philippine carabao bulls, crossbred<br />
buffaloes with normal testicular morphology and crossbreds<br />
with ultrastructural alterations in the testes. Weekly<br />
ejaculates obtained for a duration of one month were<br />
assessed based on semen volume, initial motility, sperm<br />
concentration, percentage of live and dead spermatozoa<br />
and percent sperm abnormalities. Data were analyzed<br />
using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for split plot in<br />
REPRODUCTION<br />
completely randomized design (CRD). Crossbred buffaloes<br />
with testicular alterations were found to have inferior semen<br />
quality compared to Philippine carabaos and crossbred<br />
buffaloes without testicular alterations.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao, crossbred bulls, semen<br />
characteristics, testicular alterations<br />
* Phil. J. Vet. Anim Sci. 1992. 18(4):331-338. Also in<br />
Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1995. (1991).<br />
PCC-UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water<br />
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995. 1996.<br />
PCC-DA. p. 61-62. Also in Annotated Bibliography on<br />
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 354.<br />
R-33<br />
MINERAL STATUS AND ONSET OF POST-PARTUM<br />
HEAT IN LACTATING <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAOS<br />
UNDER LUCBAN CONDITION*<br />
A. R. Obsioma, University Researcher, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
R. M. Lapitan, Science Research Associate, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
A study was conducted to relate blood mineral status and<br />
onset of postpartum heat in 24 lactating Philippine carabaos.<br />
Blood samples were collected at 10-14 days interval for 5<br />
consecutive days. Samples were analyzed for mineral<br />
levels (P, Ca, Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn) and for progesterone<br />
levels to monitor ovarian activity. Results showed that<br />
values of mineral levels were above the critical values set<br />
for cattle. Values obtained were also either comparable or<br />
higher compared to a previous study using those obtained<br />
in concentrate fed carabaos. Levels obtained were 7.4<br />
mg/100 mg, 10.64 mg/100 ml, 4.53 ppm, 0.162 ppm,<br />
0.352 ppm and 1.79 ppm for P, Ca, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn,<br />
respectively. Onset of postpartum heat started as early as<br />
39 days and as late as more than 150 days. The results<br />
suggested that under Lucban condition, mineral deficiency<br />
is nor a problem during months of August to December. In<br />
spite of the absence of the mineral deficiency among<br />
experimental animals, variations in the onset of postpartum<br />
heat were observed.<br />
Keywords: lactating carabao, Lucban, Quezon, plasma<br />
minerals, postpartum heat, progesteorne level<br />
*Abstract of Completed Researches 1981-1995. (1992).<br />
PCC-UPLB, College, Lagua. Also in Abstracts of Water<br />
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995. 1996.<br />
PCC-DA. p. 64. Also in PCC R & D Highlights 1994-<br />
1996. p. 13-14. Also in Annotated Bibliography on<br />
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 383.<br />
75
R-34<br />
ASSESSMENT OF <strong>THE</strong> REPRODUCTIVE STATUS<br />
OF MATURE FEMALE CARABAOS SLAUGHTERED<br />
AT FOOD TERMINAL, INC. ABATTOIRS*<br />
A. R. Obsioma, University Researcher, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,<br />
UPLB<br />
A study was conducted to assess the biometry, gross<br />
anatomical structures and ovarian activities, and pregnancy<br />
status of mature female carabaos slaughtered at Food<br />
Terminal, Inc. (FTI). Out of 165 reproductive organ samples<br />
collected, 39 were found to be inflicted with different forms<br />
of abnormalities. Out of 39 cases observed, 28.20% had<br />
defects in the ovaries. These include presence of ovarian<br />
cysts, adhesion, underdeveloped ovaries, embedded<br />
follicle and leutenized follicle. About the same percentage<br />
of samples had defects in the cervix. Presence of fibrotic<br />
canal, curved cervix, presence of cysts along the canal<br />
and narrow cervical canal were observed. Only 7.69%<br />
had defective oviducts which have been inflicted with<br />
salphingitis and blocked oviduct. Gross abnormalities<br />
were also noted in four (4) cases which include pyometra<br />
and bloody lesions. Three samples were found to have<br />
circular cysts either in the horn of the uterus (1) or in the<br />
body of the uterus (2). The rest of the samples (17.94%)<br />
had defects in two or more parts. Accuracy of rectal<br />
palpation in performing biometry of reproductive organs<br />
and in the identification of ovarian structures was lower<br />
compared to the actual measurements of parts and post<br />
mortem identification and classification of ovarian structures.<br />
Keywords: carabaos, corpus luteum, Food Terminal,<br />
Inc. abattoir, plasma progesterone, rectal palpation accuracy,<br />
reproductive abnormalities<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1995. (1994).<br />
PCC-DA, UPLB, College, Laguna. Also on Abstracts of<br />
Water Buffaloes in the Philippines 1981-1995. PCC-DA.<br />
1996. p. 62-63. Also in Annotated Bibliography on<br />
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 355.<br />
R-35<br />
BLASTOCYST FORMATION OF SWAMP <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
EMBRYOS IN CO-CULTURE SYSTEM*<br />
L. C. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-OED, DA<br />
F. P. Aquino, Training Specialist III, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
R. V. de Vera, Laboratory Aid, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS-CA, CLSU and Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA<br />
Buffalo follicular oocytes (n=712) collected at slaughter<br />
76<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
were matured and fertilized in vitro. Of these, 353 oocytes<br />
were fixed at 15 h post insemination, registering maturation<br />
and fertilization rates at 82.3% and 57.8%, respectively.<br />
The remaining 361 oocytes that were allowed to continue<br />
development for 30 h had a cleavage rate of 29.9%. Coculture<br />
system A (chick embryo amniotic cavity) B<br />
(cumulus cell monolayer) provided the proper stimulus for<br />
embryo development during the initial 72 h culture beyond<br />
the critical embryonic stage (cell block = 8–16 cell stage)<br />
in the species. Blastocyst formation (9.8%) was achieved<br />
after 168 h of culture in the cumulus cell monolayer.<br />
Keywords: swamp buffalo, follicular oocytes, blastocyst<br />
formation, co-culture system<br />
*Annual Report Embryo Technology Project, PCC. 1995.<br />
Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Research in the Philippines<br />
1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 65-66. Also in Annotated<br />
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and<br />
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002.<br />
p. 283.<br />
R-36<br />
CYSTEAMINE IMPROVES <strong>THE</strong> GLUTATHIONE<br />
(GSH) LEVEL, MALE PRONUCLEUS FORMATION<br />
(MPN) AND DEVELOPMENTAL CAPACITY OF<br />
SWAMP <strong>BUFFALO</strong> OOCYTES MATURED IN VITRO*<br />
L. C. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
M. B. Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
A. A. Mendoza, PCC at CLSU,<br />
A. V. Venturina, PCC at CLSU,<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Center Director, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
T. Mori, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University<br />
A. Shimizu, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University<br />
The study was carried out to determine if the addition of<br />
cysteamine to the culture medium of buffalo oocytes would<br />
improve its intracytoplasmic glutathione (GSH) levels and<br />
if such changes would translate an improvement in the<br />
male pronucleus (MPN) and developmental capacity. In<br />
Experiment 1, buffalo oocytes were cultured in basic<br />
maturation medium composed of TCM 199 + FCS (10%<br />
v/v) + gonadotropins with or without cysteamine. The<br />
addition of 50mM and 100 mM cysteamine resulted in<br />
75% and 81% MPN formation, respectively, of the in<br />
vitro fertilized oocytes. In Experiment 2, the proportion of<br />
cleavage stage embryos was greater for oocytes that<br />
were matured in the presence of cysteamine (46/96)<br />
compared to the control (27/90). The percentage of cleaved<br />
embryos developing up to the blastocyst stage wa 19.3%<br />
with cysteamine and 11.1% without cysteamine<br />
supplementation. In Experiment 3, intracytoplasmic<br />
glutathione levels were measured for oocytes matured in
the presence or absence of cysteamine. Intracytoplasmic<br />
GSH values improved when oocytes were matured in<br />
maturation conditions supplemented with cysteamine.<br />
However, the values were lower compared to the GSH<br />
levels of large follicles representing the in vivo matured<br />
oocytes. The results of the present study suggest that an<br />
increase in the intracellular GSH of bubaline oocytes<br />
induced by cysteamine during maturation provide oocytes<br />
with a favorable intracellular condition to support fertilization<br />
and embryonic development in vitro.<br />
Keywords: cysteamine, glutathione, MPN, cleaved<br />
embryos<br />
* Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2002. 28(2):7-15. Also in<br />
Proceedings of the 38 th Annual Convention, Philippine<br />
Society of Animal Science, October 18-19, 2001, Manila,<br />
Philippines. p. 1-2.<br />
R-37<br />
INTRACYTOPLASMIC GLUTATHIONE CONCEN-<br />
TRATION OF SWAMP <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus bubalis<br />
limneticus) OOCYTES CULTURED IN VITRO*<br />
L. C. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
M. B. Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Center Director, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
E. V. Venturina, Laboratory Aide, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
T. Mori, Professor, Hokkaido University<br />
H. Shimizu, Hokkaido University<br />
Immature and maturing swamp buffalo (SB) COC’s were<br />
cultured in vitro at different time points. At the end of each<br />
time points, representative oocytes were denuded free of<br />
cumulus cells and analyzed for their GSH content. The<br />
GSH concentration of oocytes cultured at 0 h, 12 h, 18 h<br />
and 24 h were 0.002 mm, 0.003 mm, 0.004 mm and<br />
0.006 mm/oocyte, respectively. Similarly, the GSH<br />
concentration of oocytes taken from preovulatory follicles<br />
was 0.1853 mm/oocyte. The results suggest an increasing<br />
pattern on the concentration of GSH as the maturation of<br />
oocytes progresses. However, the concentration of<br />
oocytes matured in vitro was lower compared to<br />
preovulatory oocytes indicating possible defficiencies in<br />
the culture medium used.<br />
Keywords: swamp buffalo, glutathione, oocytes, in vitro<br />
culture<br />
*Buffalo Bulletin. 2000. 19(2):27-29.<br />
R-38<br />
MATURATION AND FERTILIZATION OF SWAMP<br />
<strong>BUFFALO</strong> OOCYTES IN VITRO: EFFECT OF<br />
LENGTH OF OVARIAN TRANSPORT*<br />
REPRODUCTION<br />
L. C. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
T. Mori, Professor, Hokkaido University<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Center Director, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
M. B Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
H. Shimizu, Hokkaido University<br />
The time during which the oocytes are left at postmortem<br />
condition significantly affect the developmental competence<br />
of oocytes. On this study, the timing of sequential changes<br />
during 1 st meiotic division and the subsequent fertilization,<br />
MPN formation and cleavage capability of swamp buffalo<br />
oocytes aspirated at 2 hr and 6 hr post slaughter were<br />
evaluated. In Expt. 1, oocytes recovered 2h and 6h after<br />
slaughter, respectively, were cultured and fixed at 0, 6, 9,<br />
12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 hr to evaluate meiotic progression.<br />
Initial observation on the occurrence of the different meiotic<br />
stages at each culture time point for oocytes recovered 6h<br />
after slaughter indicated quite an advanced state of nuclear<br />
progression compared to oocytes recovered 2h after<br />
slaughter. In Expt. 2, oocytes were cultured for 24 hr<br />
before in vitro fertilization. The resulting sperm penetration,<br />
MPN formation and cleavage rate were higher even if not<br />
significantly different when oocytes were aspirated 6h vs<br />
2h after slaughter. This indicates that the time difference<br />
utilized has not caused enough follicular changes to<br />
affect the developmental competence of the oocytes.<br />
Nevertheless, the results of the study show that swamp<br />
buffalo oocytes acquire meiotic competence before in vitro<br />
maturation. Therefore oocytes aspirated from ovaries at 2<br />
hr to 6 hr postmortem condition can be used for the production<br />
of early stage swamp buffalo embryos in vitro.<br />
Keywords: swamp buffalo, maturation, fertilization,<br />
ovarian transport<br />
*Journal of Buffalo Science & Technique. 2001. 2: 68-77.<br />
R-39<br />
IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF PRE-IMPLANTATION<br />
STAGE <strong>BUFFALO</strong> EMBRYOS*<br />
M. B. Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
L.C. Cruz, Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Center Director, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
L.Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
This study describes a technique for the in vitro production<br />
of buffalo embryos from swamp buffalo (SB) oocytes<br />
matured in vitro in condition with or without gonadotropin<br />
addition. Higher proportion of SB oocytes was observed<br />
to have undergone nuclear maturation in culture condition<br />
with gonadotropin but provided no advantage in the overall<br />
penetration, MPN formation and cleavage rate. Similarly,<br />
the initial development early-stage embryos derived from<br />
both treatment following co culture with cumulus cell showed<br />
77
differences at 16 to 32 cell stage only, but subsequently<br />
development to the compacted morula-to blastocyst stage<br />
provided no difference at all. The results presented here<br />
indicate the possibility of using both maturation condition<br />
and co culture system in the production of buffalo embryos<br />
for basic research.<br />
Keywords: buffalo embryos, gonadotropins, chick embryo<br />
amniotic cavity<br />
*Buffalo J. 2001. 17(1):145-159. Also in Proceedings of<br />
the 34 th Annual Convention, Philippine Society of Animal<br />
Science, October 23-24, 1997. PICC, Manila, Philippines.<br />
p. 279-283. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine<br />
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)<br />
1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 397.<br />
R-40<br />
CLEAVAGE RATE OF BUBALINE OOCYTE MA-<br />
TURED AND FERTILIZED IN VITRO*<br />
M. B. Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-OED, DA<br />
L. C. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-OED, DA<br />
F. P. Aquino, Training Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
R. de Vera, Laboratory Aide, PCC-OED, DA<br />
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS-CA, CLSU and Executive Director, OED-PCC-DA<br />
The efficiency of modified systems for the in vitro maturation/<br />
in vitro fertilization/ in vitro culture (IVM/IVF/IVC) of bubaline<br />
follicular oocytes for the production of embryos was<br />
determined. A total of 712 cumulus-oocyte complexes<br />
(COCs) were selected for maturation and fertilization from<br />
a pool of follicular fluid and oocytes that were collected by<br />
aspiration from ovarian follicles. Of these, 351 oocytes<br />
that were fixed 15 hour post insemination registering<br />
maturation and fertilization rates of 82.3% and 57.8%,<br />
respectively. The monospermic fertilization rate was<br />
59.6%. The remaining 361 oocytes were allowed to<br />
continue development for 30 hour obtaining a cleavage rate<br />
of 29.9%. Of these, 78 and 30 embryos were cultured in<br />
TCM–199 + 10% BCS + cumulus cell monolayer and<br />
chick embryo amniotic (CEAm) fluid with a morula/<br />
blastocysts formation rate of 23.1% and 36.7%,<br />
respectively. These findings suggest that the IVM/IVF/<br />
IVC systems adopted in this laboratory could be used for<br />
the production of buffalo embryos in vitro.<br />
Keywords: bubaline follicular oocytes, cleavage rate,<br />
cumulus cell monolayer, in vitro matured/ in vitro fertilization/<br />
in vitro culture<br />
*Annual Report Embryo Technology Project, PCC. 1995.<br />
Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the<br />
Philippines 1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 65. Also in<br />
PCC R & D Highlights 1994-1996. 1997. p. 22-23. Also<br />
78<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:<br />
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,<br />
Carabaos. 2002. p. 280.<br />
R-41<br />
IN VITRO MATURATION AND FERTILIZATION OF<br />
<strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong> OOCYTES*<br />
M. B. Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
L.C. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
F. P. Aquino, Training Specialist II, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
N. D. Lorenzo, Science Research Aide, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
R. V. de Vera, Laboratory Aide, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
J. V. del Rosario, Staff, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
L. C. Cruz, Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA<br />
Some factors such as oocytes selection, hormone<br />
supplementation of the maturation medium, bull variability,<br />
caffeine concentration, sperm concentration, and effect of<br />
cumulus cells which influence the maturation, fertilization<br />
and development of oocytes in vitro were investigated.<br />
Higher concentration of oocytes with cumulus cells<br />
completed the first meiotic division than when oocytes<br />
were denuded. Supplementation of the maturation medium<br />
with 10ug/ml of luteinizing hormone (LH) yielded higher<br />
maturation rates than with lower (5ug.ml) LH<br />
supplementation. Variability of the semen source affected<br />
the penetration rates with MB #226 (among the 4 bulls<br />
semen source) registering the highest fertilization rate. While<br />
sperm exposure to different caffeine concentrations (2.5 to<br />
10 mmol) had no effect on its penetrating capability,<br />
increasing sperm concentration by 5 to 10 folds improved<br />
the penetration rate but similarly lessened the rate of<br />
monospermic fertilization. The co-culture of embryos<br />
produced by IVF of in vitro mature buffalo oocytes with<br />
cumulus cells resulted in blastocyst formation rate of 5%.<br />
The co-culture of embryos may be a valuable tool in<br />
identifying interactions between embryo and cells of the<br />
reproductive tract, which plays a major role in providing<br />
the necessary condition for normal embryonic development.<br />
Keywords: water buffaloes, in vitro fertilization, in vitro<br />
maturation, luteinizing hormone<br />
*PCC R & D Highlights 1994-1996. 1997. PCC-OED,<br />
DA. p. 22-23.<br />
R-42<br />
SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING <strong>THE</strong> MATURATION,<br />
FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
OOCYTES IN VITRO*<br />
M. Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-OED, DA<br />
L. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-OED, DA<br />
F. Aquino, Training Specialist III, PCC-CLSU, DA
R. de Vera, Laboratory Aid, PCC-OED, DA<br />
L. C. Cruz, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU and Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA<br />
Experiments were conducted to establish a workable in<br />
vitro maturation, fertilization and culture (IVM/IVF/IVC)<br />
techniques for buffalo oocytes. These include 1) selection<br />
of oocytes, 2) hormone supplementation of maturation<br />
medium, 3) bull variability, 4) caffeine concentration, 5)<br />
sperm concentration and 6) co-culture of embryos cumulus<br />
cells. Higher proportions of oocytes with cumulus cells<br />
vs. denuded oocytes completed the 1 st meiotic division.<br />
Similarly, LH, supplementation of the maturation medium<br />
at 10ug/ml yielded a higher maturation rate than when LH<br />
concentration was 5 ug/ml. When oocytes were fertilized<br />
in vitro using semen samples from different bulls, variable<br />
penetration rates were obtained. Bull No. 226 registered<br />
the highest fertilization rate vs. Bull No. 39, 45 and 228.<br />
Exposure of spermatozoa 9 from Bull No. 226 to different<br />
levels of caffeine (e.g. 2.5 mM; 5 mM, 10mM) had no<br />
significant effect on their penetrating capability. However,<br />
increasing the sperm concentration at fertilization by 5-10<br />
folds improved the penetration rate but similarly lessened<br />
the rate of monospermic fertilization. Co-culturing of<br />
embryos produced by IVF of IVM buffalo oocytes with<br />
cumulus cells resulted to blastocyst formation rate of 5.0%.<br />
Keywords: buffalo oocytes, in vitro maturation fertilization<br />
and cultural techniques<br />
*Annual Report Embryo Technology Project, PCC. 1995.<br />
Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the<br />
Philippines 1981-1995. 1996. PCC-D. p. 65. Also in<br />
PCC R & D Highlights 1994-1996. 1997. p. 24. Also in<br />
Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:<br />
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,<br />
Carabaos. 2002. p. 282.<br />
R-43<br />
PREGNANCIES RESULTING FROM SWAMP<br />
<strong>BUFFALO</strong> OOCYTES MATURED AND FERTILIZED<br />
IN VITRO*<br />
M. B. Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-OED, DA<br />
L. C. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-OED, DA<br />
N. D. Lorenzo, Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
F. P. Aquino, Training Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
R. V. de Vera, Laboratory Aid, PCC-OED, DA<br />
L. C. Cruz, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU and Executive Director, PCC-<br />
OED, DA<br />
Follicular oocytes (n=343) collected from buffalo cows at a<br />
local abattoir were matured and fertilized in vitro. Of the 97<br />
ova fixed for analysis, 67% were found presented with<br />
58.5% monospermic fertilization rate. Of the 246 ova that<br />
were allowed to continue embryonic development following<br />
REPRODUCTION<br />
insemination, 23.6% cleaved. These embryos were further<br />
cultured in TCM 199 + cumulus cell monolayer or in the<br />
amniotic fluid of a developing chick embryo (CEAm fluid)<br />
for up to 6 and 5 days, respectively. Those embryos<br />
selected at morula or blastocysts stage were transferred to<br />
recipients. Two pregnancies resulted from the non-surgical<br />
transfer of morula stage embryos. The results demonstrated<br />
that immature buffalo oocytes can be matured and fertilized<br />
in vitro, subsequently developed to morula or blastocysts<br />
stage and develop into a normal pregnancy after transfer.<br />
Keywords: buffalo oocytes, in vitro fertilization and<br />
maturation<br />
* Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1997. 23(3 & 4):14-18. Also in<br />
Annual Report. Embryo Technology Project, PCC. 1995.<br />
Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the<br />
Philippines 1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 66. Also in<br />
Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:<br />
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,<br />
Carabaos. 2002. p. 281.<br />
R-44<br />
PRESENT STATUS OF EMBRYO TRANSFER IN<br />
<strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES (A REVIEW)*<br />
M. B. Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
L. C. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
A. A. Rayos, University Researcher, DTRI-CA, UPLB<br />
H. Kanagawa, Professor and Chairman, DT-FVM, Hokkaido University<br />
The great importance of the water buffalo as a major source<br />
of draft power for farm tillage, transport and as a source of<br />
supplementary income through milk and meat production<br />
has triggered a keen interest in its reproduction. Techniques<br />
to generate an economically feasible number of fertilized<br />
eggs from one animal (donor), which eventually can be<br />
transferred, to a number of surrogate mothers (recipients)<br />
are being developed. Such techniques are referred to as<br />
embryo transfer (ET) technology, which consists of several<br />
steps, each of which is critical. These include: (a) selection<br />
of donor and recipients, (b) superovulation, (c) estrus<br />
synchronization between donor and recipients, (d) recovery<br />
of embryos, (e) examination and classification of embryos,<br />
and (f) transfer of embryos. Failure in any one of the<br />
above steps would result in either a low conception rate or<br />
complete failure. This technology has opened exciting<br />
possibilities in enabling the introduction of breeding schemes<br />
where nucleus breeding herd can provide an economical<br />
method of interpolating the desired production traits. While<br />
the application of this technology in the water buffalo requires<br />
much additional research work, it has already been clearly<br />
demonstrated that highly acceptable product can result.<br />
The birth of a 35 kg male buffalo calf 300 days after non-<br />
79
surgical transfer of an expanded blastocysts confirmed<br />
this claim.<br />
Keywords: embryo transfer, water buffalo<br />
*Jpn. J. Vet. Res. 1989. 37:167-180. Also in Annotated<br />
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and<br />
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p.<br />
261.<br />
R-45<br />
SURVIVABILITY AND FERTILIZABILITY OF SWAMP<br />
<strong>BUFFALO</strong> OOCYTES AFTER CRYOPRESER-<br />
VATION*<br />
M. B. Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
R. P. Soriano,<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Center Director, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
Y. C. Lapid,<br />
C. S. Lorenzo,<br />
L. C. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
In this study, the ability of oocytes at germinal vesicle<br />
(GV)-stage and M 2 stage to survive, mature and fertilize<br />
after a freeze-warm using ethylene glycol (EG) was<br />
investigated. Problems associated with the<br />
cryopreservation of oocytes were also determined. Ovaries<br />
were collected from local abattoir within two hour after<br />
slaughter of the animals. Ocytes were aspirated from<br />
antral follicles. Only oocytes surrounded by multilayered<br />
compact cumulus cells (COCs) were selected before<br />
allocating for treatments. In Expt. 1, immature oocytes<br />
were exposed to VS A at either 1,3,5 and 10 min before<br />
transferring to VS B for 45 sec, then plunged directly into<br />
LN 2 . In Expt. 2, immature oocytes were cultured in vitro<br />
to mature before exposing to VS A , VS B and LN 2 as in<br />
experiment 1. No significant differences were observed<br />
on the survivability of vitrified warmed GV stage oocytes<br />
and on the capactiy of cumulus cells for expansion. Among<br />
treatment groups, the meiotic resumption and the subsequent<br />
completion of the 1 st meiosis was highest in oocytes<br />
exposed to VSA for 5 min. Subsequent fertilization and<br />
MPN formation rate was lower vs the control. Among<br />
treatment groups, the fertilization rate was for oocytes<br />
exposed for 5 min and 10 min but likewise showed higher<br />
polyspermic fertilization. Oocytes exposed for 10 min had<br />
the highest MPN formation rate in all experimental series.<br />
The high percentage of morphologically normal oocytes<br />
post-warming could be associated to the presence of the<br />
cumulus cells. The hyaluronic acid matrix of the cumulus<br />
cells may have provided a cryoprotective effect as it<br />
appeared unperturbed by freezing (Schroeder et al, 1940).<br />
This was further supported by the expansion capabilities of<br />
the cumulus cells post-warming as observed in this study.<br />
80<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
Overall, the fertilization and MPN formation rate of vitrifiedwarmed<br />
immature oocytes was lowered compared to<br />
mature oocytes. Abnormal spindle formation and dispersion<br />
of the chromosomes were the common abnormalities<br />
observed associated with the cryopreservation of swamp<br />
buffalo (SB) oocytes.<br />
Keywords: swamp buffalo, oocytes, germinal vesicle<br />
stage, cryopreservation<br />
*Proceedings of the PSAS 40 th Scientific Seminar and<br />
Annual Convention. October 23-24, 2003. Manila,<br />
Philippines. p. 4.<br />
R-46<br />
NON-SURGICAL EMBRYO RECOVERY IN <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>*<br />
M. B. Ocampo, PhD Student, Hokkaido University<br />
R. S. Uenishi, M. S. Student, Hokkaido, University<br />
C. A. Valdez, PhD Student, Hokkaido, University<br />
J. F. Pastor, Student, CVSM, CLSU<br />
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS-CA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-<br />
PCARRD, CLSU<br />
H. Kanagawa, Professor, Hokkaido University<br />
This study was undertaken to evaluate the applicability of<br />
the cattle non-surgical embryo recovery technique, i.e.,<br />
the ebb and flow system of the uterus in the water buffalo.<br />
Other factors relevant to embryo recovery were also<br />
studied. Three river buffaloes and one swamp buffalo at<br />
the PCRDC were used in this study. Selected animals<br />
were based on their reproductive cycle. Each buffalo was<br />
first injected with 25 mg prostaglandin F 2 alpha (PGF 2<br />
alpha) followed by 2000 IU of pregnant mare serum<br />
gonadotropin (PMSG) ten days later. A second injection of<br />
25 mg PGF 2 alpha was given 48 hour after PMSG injection.<br />
Seventy-two hours later, the animals came in heat and<br />
gonadotropic hormone (GnRH) was injected at 250 ug/<br />
animal. Confirmation of estrus was done through physical<br />
examination. Insemination was carried out using three<br />
straws of thwed frozen semen Murrah buffalo (MB) semen<br />
per animal. One straw was deposited in each of the two<br />
uterine horns upon detection of estrus and another straw<br />
deposited in the body of uterus 12 hours later. Non-surgical<br />
embryo recovery was undertaken using the protocol used<br />
for cattle. The number of ovulation was estimated by<br />
counting the corpus luteum (CL) via rectal palpation. The<br />
CL of the water buffalo was found to be smaller, more<br />
deeply imbedded and generally has a less-pronounced<br />
ovulation papilla than that of domestic cattle. Details of<br />
embryo recovery performed in this study are presented<br />
and discussed. Explanations for the results obtained are<br />
presented. The authors recommended more detailed studies
on the factors affecting embryo recovery and transfer, physiology<br />
and anatomy of the reproductive tract of the water buffalo.<br />
Keywords: non-surgical embryo recovery, river buffaloes,<br />
swamp buffalo<br />
*Jpn. J. Vet. Res. 1988. 36:257-263. Also in Abstracts of<br />
Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995.<br />
1996. PCC-DA. p. 64-65. Also in Annotated Bibliography<br />
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 340.<br />
R-47<br />
STUDY ON SOME ASPECTS OF REPRODUCTIVE<br />
PERFORMANCE OF ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZED<br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis Linn.) IN<br />
SELECTED TOWNS OF NUEVA ECIJA*<br />
W. A. Pascua, Undergraduate Student, DAS-CA, CLSU<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Center Director, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
Records on estrus synchronization and artificial insemination<br />
in water buffalo in selected towns of Nueva Ecija, filed at the<br />
Philippine Carabao Cener (PCC) at Central Luzon State<br />
University Ranch Joson (Digdig, Caranglan, Nueva Ecija)<br />
were analyzed and evaluated. Some aspects of reproductive<br />
performace of estrus synchronized Philippine carabao were<br />
determined. These following observations were divided into<br />
site of deposition, appearance of the vulva, tone of the uterus,<br />
body condition, and time of insemination and number of<br />
services per calving. Results showed that Philippine Carabao<br />
has a higher calving at first srvice (35.38 percent), while at<br />
the second service it has a 18.46 percent calving rate, a total<br />
of 70 carabao calved out of 130 artificially inseminated (AI)<br />
animals. Likewise, swollen vulva, a slightly hard uterus,<br />
time of injecting PGF 2 alpha, time of AI after injection of PGF 2<br />
alpha, body condition score of 3, and body of the uterus<br />
were noted for having highest percentage of calving. Analysis<br />
of the Philippine carabao in selected towns of Nueva, Ecija<br />
showed that site of semen deposition was correlated to the<br />
calving rate of the animals. Body condition score, appearance<br />
of the vulva, tone of uterus, number. of services, and time of<br />
insemination did not influence the calving rate of the animals.<br />
Keywords: estrus synchronization, artificial insemination,<br />
Philippine carabao, estrus signs, calving rate, body score,<br />
reproductive performance<br />
* Undergraduate Thesis. 2003. DAS-CA, CLSU. 38 p.<br />
R-48<br />
STUDY ON NON-SURGICAL RECOVERY TECH-<br />
NIQUES IN <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus bubalis)<br />
UNDER <strong>THE</strong> TO AND FRO SYSTEM*<br />
REPRODUCTION<br />
J. F. Pastor, Student, DAS-CA, CLSU<br />
J. Eyadan, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU<br />
E. Atabay, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
H. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
P. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
C. Valdez, Student, Hokkaido University<br />
R. Uenishi, M.S. Student, Hokkaido University<br />
M. B. Ocampo, Ph.D. Student, Hokkaido University<br />
H. Kanagawa, Professor, JFVM, Hokkaido University<br />
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS-CA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,<br />
CLSU<br />
Three river buffaloes and one swamp buffalo were used in<br />
this study. Selection of these animals were based on the<br />
record of their reproductive performance. Superovulation<br />
was carried out by giving each buffalo a first injection of 25<br />
mg prostaglandin F 2 alpha (PGF 2 alpha) followed by 2000<br />
IU of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) 10 days<br />
after. A second dose of PGF 2 alpha was given 48 hours<br />
after PMSG injection. After 72 hours, the buffaloes came<br />
into heat and GnRH was injected at 250 mg per head.<br />
Confirmation of estrus was performed by the use of a<br />
teaser bull, and artificial insemination was carried out. The<br />
number of ovulation was estimated by counting the corpora<br />
lutea via rectal palpation. Flushing of each uterine horn for<br />
the collection of embryos was carried out at approximately<br />
4.5 days after insemination. Morula and an unfertilized<br />
oocyte were recovered from the right and left uterine horns,<br />
respectively.<br />
Keywords: reproductive performance, river buffaloes,<br />
swamp buffalo, superovulation<br />
*Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines.<br />
1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 68. Also in Annotated<br />
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and<br />
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p.<br />
343.<br />
R-49<br />
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON SUPEROVULATION AND<br />
NON-SURGICAL EMBRYO RECOVERY TECHNIQUE<br />
IN <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>*<br />
J. F. Pastor, Student, DAS-CA, CLSU<br />
J. Eyadan, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU<br />
M. B. Ocampo, Ph.D. Student, Hokkaido University<br />
C. Valdez, Student, Hokkaido University<br />
R. Uenishi, M.S. Student, Hokkaido Uniersity<br />
E. C. Atabay, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC, PCARRD<br />
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD<br />
P. G. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD<br />
H. Kanagawa, Professor, JFVM, Hokkaido University<br />
L. C. Cruz, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD<br />
Three river buffaloes and one swamp buffalo in luteal phase<br />
were used to test their ovulatory response to PMSG,<br />
PGF 2 alpha and GnRH treatments. Collection of embryos<br />
81
using the non-surgical technique was also tried.<br />
Superovulation was carried out by the administration of 25<br />
mg PGF 2 alpha followed by 2000 IU of PMSG 10 injection<br />
days later. A second dose of PGF 2 alpha was given 48<br />
hours after PMSG injection. Seventy two hours after the<br />
PGF 2 alpha, all animals received 250 ug GnRH each and<br />
were simultaneously inseminated. Follow-up insemination<br />
was done 12 hour thereafter. Three out of 4 animals ovulated<br />
with an average number of 3 corpus luteum each. Two<br />
thirds of the ovulation occurred in the right ovaries. One<br />
unfertilized egg and one embryo were collected on 4.5<br />
days after AI from the animals and represented only 22.22%<br />
(2/9) of the expected number. The embryos were on the<br />
morula stage. In summary, the ovulatory response to the<br />
treatments yielded an average of only 2.25 corpus luteum<br />
per animals and 22.2% egg/embryo recovery efficiency.<br />
Keywords: river and swamp buffaloes, superovulation,<br />
non-surgical embryo collection<br />
*Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1990. 16 (1&2):76 (Abstr.).<br />
R-50<br />
EFFECT OF HYPODERMIC NEEDLE ACUPUNCTURE<br />
ON <strong>THE</strong> REPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY OF POST-<br />
PARTUM ANESTRUS <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES (Bubalus<br />
bubalis)*<br />
R. S. Pe, Undergraduate DVM student, CVM, UPLB<br />
J. Acorda, Associate Professor, CVM, UPLB<br />
C. A. Valdez, Associate Professor, CVM, UPLB<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-UPLB, DA<br />
The effect of hypodermic needle acupuncture on the<br />
reproductive activity of eight (8) postpartum anestrus water<br />
buffaloes was investigated. The eight animals were divided<br />
into control and treatment groups with four animals each.<br />
The treatment group received simultaneous acupuncture<br />
stimulation at acupoints 31 and 52 for five minutes a day for<br />
five consecutive days while the control group received no<br />
treatment. Rectal palpations were performed on both groups<br />
one day after acupuncture stimulation or start of observation<br />
and repeated every five to seven days thereafter until 90<br />
days. The presence of ovarian follicles and corpus luteum<br />
and behavioral manifestations of heat were noted. All<br />
animals, which showed signs of heat were artificially<br />
inseminated and conception rate was recorded. For the<br />
treatment groups, all water buffaloes subjected to<br />
acupuncture therapy came into estrus twice; with two<br />
animals each coming to two complete cycles (estrus to<br />
corpus luteum formation) and two other animals reaching a<br />
cycle once. For the control group, one animal came into<br />
full cycle twice, one animal cycled completely once, one<br />
animal came into heat once and one animal did not exhibit<br />
82<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
signs of heat. Compared to the control group, the treatment<br />
group had shorter intervals for calving to first heat, calving<br />
to first corpus luteum development, first follicular<br />
development to first heat and first follicular development to<br />
first corpus luteum development. The interval between<br />
acupuncture or start of observation and first heat, first corpus<br />
luteum development, second heat and second corpus<br />
luteum development was shorter in the treatment group<br />
than in the control group. Two animals and one animal<br />
were artificially inseminated for the treatment and control<br />
groups, respectively. No animal conceived successfully,<br />
due to some factors beyond the conrol of the study. The<br />
results showed that acupuncture has the potentials to be<br />
used as an alternative method for therapy of postpartum<br />
anestrus water buffaloes.<br />
Keywords: hypodermic needle acupuncture, postpartum<br />
anestrus water buffaloes<br />
*PCC at UP Los Baños Annual Report. 1997. p. 23-32.<br />
R-51<br />
CRYOPERSERVATION OF IN-VITRO PRODUCED<br />
SWAMP <strong>BUFFALO</strong> BLASTOCYSTS BY VITRIFI-<br />
CATION METHOD USING ETHYLENE GLYCOL-<br />
BASED SOLUTION*<br />
P. B. Pedro, Senior Agriculturist, PCC-OED, DA<br />
D. H. Duran, Science Research Specialisit II, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
F. P. Aquino, Training Officer III, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
R. de Vera, Laboratory Aide, PCC-CLSU, DA<br />
M. Masahiko, JOVC Volunteer<br />
L. C. Cruz, Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA<br />
This study was conducted to examine the in vitro survival<br />
of vitrified-thawed embryos of swamp buffalo produced in<br />
vitro. In total, 15 embryos at the early blastocysts,<br />
blastocyct, and expanded blastocysts were examined.<br />
The vitrification solution used was, EFS40 and 10% EG;<br />
these was 40% ethylene glycol, diluted in modified<br />
phosphate-buffered saline (mPBS) containing 30% Ficoll<br />
+ 0.5 M sucrose and 10% EG was prepared with 10%<br />
ethylene glycol diluted in PB1 medium. The embryos<br />
were exposed to the solutions in two-step at room<br />
temperature; kept in the solutions for 0.5 or 1.0 min, vitrified<br />
in liquid nitrogen, and warmed slowly. When early<br />
blastocycsts were vitrified in EFS40 solution after 0.5 or 1<br />
min of exposure, 66.7 – 75% of them were found to have<br />
re-expanded blastocoels and 50% have the ability to hatch<br />
from their zona pellucida within 72 hr of in vitro culture.<br />
However, when the exposure time was extended to 1.0<br />
minute, only 25% hatched from the zona. When the<br />
embryos were vitrified at the blastocyst stage, the survival<br />
was very low (0 – 33.3%) after 1.0 or 0.5 min of exposure.
Expanded blastocysts did nor survived regardless of the<br />
exposure period. The result indicates that in vitro produced<br />
swamp buffalo embryos can be effectively vitrified by this<br />
simple method. However, refinement of the procedure is<br />
needed to improve the survival and in vivo development<br />
shall be investigated in the future.<br />
Keywords: blastocysts, swamp buffalo, cryopreservation,<br />
ethylene glycol, vitrification<br />
*Proceedings of the PSAS 35 th Annual Convention. October<br />
21-22, 1999. Metro Manila, Philippines. p. 257.<br />
R-52<br />
CRYOPRESERVATION OF <strong>BUFFALO</strong> OOCYTES<br />
USING DIMETHYSULFOXIDE (DMSO) AND<br />
GLYCEROL*<br />
R. C. Ramos, Student, CVSM, CLSU<br />
F. A. Venturina, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-DA, CLSU<br />
H. V. Venturina, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-DAS,<br />
CLSU<br />
E. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCC-DA, CLSU<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, CLSU and Director, PCC-<br />
DA, CLSU<br />
This study examined the viability of germinal vesicle stage<br />
buffalo oocytes following cryopreservation. Cumulusenclosed<br />
oocytes (n=109) were aspirated from buffalo<br />
ovaries collected from slaughterhouses. Morphological<br />
assessment of oocytes after thawing was done for evaluation<br />
of survivability. Survival rate of oocytes was highest in<br />
T3 (1.5 M concentration of glycerol) and T5 (1.25 M<br />
concentration of DMSO) at 81.25% and 86.36%,<br />
respectively. Treatment 1 (1.0 M concentration of glycerol)<br />
had the lowest (15.78%) survival rate which was found to<br />
be statistically different from the other treatment groups. All<br />
thawed frozen oocytes were classified either as Category<br />
A (morphologically normal), Category B (uncertain<br />
oocytes), or Category C (dead oocytes). Within this<br />
assessment, three stages of oocyte maturation were further<br />
demonstrated, namely: germinal vesicle stage (GVS),<br />
germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), and Metaphase 1<br />
(M-1). Results showed that T3 (1.5M concentration of<br />
glycerol) and T5 (1.25M of DMSO) yielded 53.85% and<br />
50%, respectively, showing the highest maturation<br />
capability as evidenced by reaching Metaphase 1.<br />
Keywords: buffalo oocytes, cryopreservation,<br />
dimethysulfoxide, glycerol, and morphological assessment<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1993-1995. 1996.<br />
PCC at CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also in Abstracts<br />
of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995.<br />
1996. PCC-DA. p. 68. Also in Annotated Bibliography on<br />
REPRODUCTION<br />
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997., Carabaos. 2002. p. 363.<br />
R-53<br />
REPRODUCTIVE BIOTECHNOLOGY IN <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong>S, <strong>THE</strong> PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE*<br />
E. M. Rigor, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
Reproductive biotechnology in the Philippines started about<br />
the middle 30s with work on sperm transport in swine. In<br />
the mid 50s the first calf born from AI was announced.<br />
From the early 70’s to the early 90s quite a bit of work on<br />
estrus synchronization in swine, cattle and buffaloes was<br />
done. Conception rates of estrus synchronized and naturally<br />
cycling animals were essentially the same. In the buffalo<br />
it has been consistently low at 30 percent. The future of<br />
reproductive biotechnology in the Philippines to reproduce<br />
highly productive and adopted animals rests on cloning<br />
and sexing of embryos. Endangered species can also be<br />
cloned but a formidable problem is finding an adequate<br />
number of recipients for embryo transfer.<br />
Keywords: artificial insemination, cattle, cloning and sexing<br />
of embryos, swine, water buffaloes<br />
*Anim. Husb. Agric. J. 1994. 29(11):12-14. Also in<br />
Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:<br />
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,<br />
Carabaos. 2002. p. 278.<br />
R-54<br />
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF MATURE<br />
NON-PREGNANT <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus<br />
bubalis)*<br />
D. T. Rodulfo, Undergraduate Student<br />
Fourteen pathological cases of the internal reproductive<br />
organs of slaughtered Philippine cara-cows (Bubalus<br />
bubalis) were studied histologically. No literatures on<br />
histopathological disorders of the internal reproductive<br />
organs of cara-cows are yet available so that similar<br />
histopathological cases occuring in the bovine species as<br />
found by Veterinary pathologists were used as bases for<br />
comparison. Normal slides of the different organs were<br />
used as basis for determining cellular changes plus reference<br />
in veterinary histology. Of the pathological disorders studied,<br />
follicular cyst is the most common as surveyed followed<br />
by the parovarian cyst, cervicitis, hydrosalpinx, cystic<br />
glandular hyperplasia cystic corpora lutea, hypoplasia and<br />
adhesions. The least common ones are mucometra, tumor,<br />
83
cervical cyst, pyometra and ovarian hematoma. No<br />
correlation between these histopathological disorders and<br />
that of infertility was done since no breeding history can be<br />
obtained. It is presumed in this study however that the<br />
animals where the specimens used came from were<br />
slaughtered due to unproductiveness. Nevertheless, it was<br />
found in this study and in previous studies that parovarian<br />
cyst does not affect the fertility of the animals and that cystic<br />
corpora lutea are known to occur in normally fertile animals.<br />
Others may cause infertility while cervicitis, cystic glandular<br />
hyperplasia, uterine tumors and generalized adhesion may<br />
cause infertility if such conditions are extensive.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao, non-pregnant, internal<br />
reproductive organ, histopathological disorders<br />
Undergraduate Thesis. 1979. CVM-UP, Diliman, Quezon<br />
City. 44 p.<br />
R-55<br />
EARLY PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS IN <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAOS*<br />
N. P. Roxas, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,<br />
UPLB<br />
Milk sample from twelve suckled carabao cows, 6 to 10<br />
years of age, were used in the study to assess the<br />
effectiveness of measuring progesterone concentration at<br />
20 to 24 days post–breeding in the diagnosis of early<br />
pregnancy and non-pregnancy of inseminated post-partum<br />
Philippine carabaos. Direct radioimmunoassay (RIA) was<br />
carried out and progesterone values obtained were used to<br />
classify the pregnant from non-pregnant animals. The<br />
early pregnancy determination using milk progesterone<br />
level indicated the highest accuracy (83%) of positive<br />
diagnosis (non-pregnant) on days 22 to 24 while in the<br />
negative diagnosis (non-pregnant), 100% accuracy was<br />
attained on days 24 post-breeding. In order to obtain the<br />
best result, it is recommended that the test should be<br />
performed in carabao cows with known breeding rates.<br />
Keywords: pregnancy diagnosis, Philippine carabao,<br />
milk progesterone, radioimmunoassay<br />
*Phil. Agric. 1989. 72(2):155-160. Also in Abstract of<br />
Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines. 1981-1995.<br />
1996. PCC-DA. p. 69-70. Also in Annotated Bibliography<br />
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 263.<br />
R-56<br />
MILK PROGESTERONE PROFILE AND OVARIAN<br />
ACTIVITY DURING POSTPARTUM PERIOD IN<br />
84<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
LACTATING <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAOS*<br />
N. P. Roxas, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRCD-PCARRD,<br />
UPLB<br />
M. Singh, FAO-UNDP Consultant for PCRDC<br />
O. A. Palad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
Postpartum ovarian activity was studied by evaluating milk<br />
progesterone levels using rectal palpation in determining<br />
cyclicity and acyclicity (anestrus) in 12 suckled caracows<br />
during post-partum period. The onset of follicular development<br />
based on rectal palpation occurred 48.42 + 6.33 days (ranging<br />
from 25 to 96 days) after calving but the first postpartum<br />
estrous cycle did not start until after 95.58 + 22.9 days<br />
(ranging from 33 to 324 days) post-partum based on milk<br />
progesterone concentration. On the other hand, detection of<br />
first post-partum estrus by a vasectomized bull was observed<br />
at 134.92 + 19.95 days (ranging from 68 to 324 days) postpartum.<br />
Eighty-three percent of the animals exhibited ovarian<br />
activity as indicated by an increase in milk progesterone<br />
47.20 + 11.45 days earlier than estrus detection using a bull.<br />
This indicates that onset of ovarian activity precedes the first<br />
behavioral estrus in post-partum buffaloes by at least one<br />
cycle length. Based on progesterone elevation (>3 ng/ml),<br />
50% of the animals resumed ovarian activity before 60<br />
days post-partum. By day 100 post-partum, about 75%<br />
had cycling ovaries. Post-partum anestrus in three other<br />
animals (25%) was due to failure in the resumption of ovarian<br />
activity as indicated by the basal levels of milk progesterone<br />
(
Early pregnancy diagnosis was conducted in 12 lactating<br />
Philippine caracows to determine the effectiveness of<br />
measuring progesterone concentration in milk at 20 to 24<br />
days post-breeding. Milk samples were collected on the<br />
day of artificial insemination (AI) and every other day<br />
thereafter until day 20 to 24 post-breeding, wherein daily<br />
sampling was done. Based on the values attained, pregnant<br />
animals were set for early pregnancy test. Rectal palpation<br />
was done three months months after AI to confirm<br />
pregnancy. Pregnant animals showed consistently high<br />
levels of progesterone concnetration than non-pregnant<br />
animals. Animals that were not pregnant were observed to<br />
return to estrus within three or four weeks after AI. Results<br />
indicated that the rate of success in pregnancy diagnosis<br />
(positive diagnosis) using milk progesterone concentration<br />
was higher (83%) on days 22 to 24 while in the nonpregnant<br />
(negative diagnosis), 100 % accuracy was<br />
attained on day 24 post-breeding. The lower limit in milk<br />
progesterone concentration indicating non-pregnant status<br />
was set at 11.82 ng/ml).<br />
Despite the limited number of pregnant animals used in this<br />
study (6), clearcut limiting concentrations were evident in<br />
classifying pregnant from non-pregnant animals.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao, milk progesterone,<br />
pregnancy diagnosis<br />
*Anim. Prod. Tech. 1986. 2(1):45 (Abstr.). Also in Abstracts<br />
of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995.<br />
1996. PCC-DA. p. 70-71.<br />
R-58<br />
MILK PROGESTERONE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY: ITS<br />
USE IN <strong>THE</strong> REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT OF<br />
LACTATING <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO*<br />
N. P. Roxas, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRCD-PCARRD,<br />
UPLB<br />
M. Singh, FAO-UNDP Consultant for PCRDC<br />
O. A. Palad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
A study on the utilization of milk progesterone by<br />
radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique as a tool in the<br />
characterization of estrous cycle and early detection of<br />
pregnancy was conducted in the six post-partum caracows.<br />
Direct RIA, which is done without steroid extraction, was<br />
carried out with successful classification of different<br />
progesterone levels to the corresponding reproductive status<br />
of the carrabaos. Acceptable precision was attained even<br />
when incubation time was reduced from 16 to 4 hours<br />
REPRODUCTION<br />
through a correctly optimized assay system. Milk fat<br />
content did not influence progesterone values during estrus.<br />
However, at peak progesterone levels, there was positive<br />
correlation (r=0.47) between milk fat and milk progesterone<br />
values. Peak progesterone levels occurred from day 6 to<br />
24 of the estrous cycle. The onset of the follicular<br />
development based on rectal palpation incurred 48.42 +<br />
6.33 days after calving but the first post-partum estrous<br />
cycle did not start until after 95.58 + 22.90 days based on<br />
milk progesterone concentration. Rectal palption related<br />
well with milk progesterone concentration in detecting<br />
animals in estrus or those which had luteal tissue. Postpartum<br />
anestrus can be attributed to failure in the resumption<br />
of ovarian activity as indicated by the basal levels of milk<br />
progesterone. Early pregnancy determination using milk<br />
progesterone level was possible. Accuracy of positive<br />
diagnosis (diagnosed pregnant) was highest (83%) on<br />
day 22 to 24 while in the non-pregnant (negative diagnosis),<br />
100% accuracy can be attained on day 24 post-breeding.<br />
A prositive correlation was observed between plasma and<br />
milk progesterone concentration during the estrous cycle<br />
(r=0.60) and pregnancy (r=0.50). However, progesterone<br />
in milk was observed to be higher than and ran parallel<br />
with that in blood.<br />
Keywords: lactating Philippine carabao, plasma and milk<br />
progesterone, radioimmunoassay, early pregnancy dianosis<br />
*Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1986. 12(3&4):71-72. (Abstr.).<br />
Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the<br />
Philippines 1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 71.<br />
R-59<br />
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO AND CARABAO CROSS-<br />
BREEDS UNDER CONFINEMENT*<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-UPLB, DA<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
O. A. Palad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
N. P. Roxas, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
S. S. Capitan, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
A. R. Obsioma, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-UPLB, DA<br />
A study was conducted to evaluate the reproductive<br />
performance of the Philippine carabaos (PC) and<br />
crossbreeds [(PC x Murrah buffalo or Phil-Murrah (PM)<br />
and PC x Nili-Ravi (PR)]. Data gathered in 1985 to 1994<br />
from 49 pre-pubertal and pubertal buffaloes, 49 post-pubertal<br />
and parturient buffaloes and 50 postpartum buffaloes were<br />
analyzed using unbalanced one-way ANOVA. The PM<br />
and PR crossbreeds reached the age of puberty, conceived<br />
and gave birth to a calf, a year earlier than the PC. In<br />
terms of the anatomical measurements of the reproductive<br />
85
tract and ovaries, there was no significant difference<br />
(P>0.05) among breedtypes indicating that size and weight<br />
of the animal at puberty had no bearing on the development<br />
of the reproductive system. At pre-pubertal and follicular<br />
stages, the plasma progesterone concentration was below<br />
0.5 ng/ml. As sexual maturity was attained, the plasma<br />
progesterone level subsequently increased, as the corpus<br />
luteum {C} was formed after ovulation. The mean plasma<br />
progesterone concentrations at first luteal stage were 2.68<br />
+ 1.16 ng/ml for the PC, and 2.5 + 1.03 ng/ml and 2.32 +<br />
0.93 ng/ml for PM and PR crossbreeds, respectively.<br />
Breedtypes did not differ in their post-partum reproductive<br />
performance with respect to uterine and cervix involutions,<br />
ovarian activity, behavior estrus, service period and calving<br />
interval.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao, crossbreed, confinement,<br />
puberty, progesterone concentration,<br />
*Proceedings of the PSAS at the 32 nd Annual Convention,<br />
PICC, October 26-27, 1995. p. 245-260. Also in PCC R<br />
& D Highlights 1994-1996. 1997. p. 14-16. Also in Abstracts<br />
of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995.<br />
1996. PCC-DA. p. 74. Also in Annotated Bibliography on<br />
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 285.<br />
R-60<br />
POST-PARTUM UTERINE INVOLUTION AND<br />
OVARIAN ACTIVITY IN <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO<br />
COWS*<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
O. A. Palad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,<br />
UPLB<br />
Sixty-four post partum suckled carabao-cows, five to ten<br />
years old, which calved between January, 1983 and<br />
December 1986 were used in the study to establish the<br />
post-partum uterine involution and resumption of ovarian<br />
activity so that recommendations can be made with regards<br />
to subsequent breeding of carabaos after calving to reduce<br />
service period. Results of the study indicated that uterine<br />
and cervical involution in female carabao-cow was<br />
completed on day 50.33 + 11.77 post-partum. Based on<br />
this observation, carabao-cow could be bred as early as<br />
55 days post-partum provided it shows cyclicity and nothing<br />
abnormal is detected in its reproductive organs by rectal<br />
palpation. However, the first post-partum estrus did not<br />
come until after 133.32 + 78.92 days. Findings of rectal<br />
palpation showed that of the 64 pregnancies, 59% was<br />
maintained in the left horn while 41% was in the right horn.<br />
The gestation period in carabao-cows averaged 316.94 +<br />
86<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
8.99 days. The service period or the duration from the time<br />
of parturation until conception was classified into (a) early<br />
(between 60-150 days); (b) medium (151-240 days); and<br />
(c) late (241 days above). It was observed that more than<br />
50% of the experimental carabaos fall under the late service<br />
period category. The overall calving interval or the duration<br />
between two consecutive calvings averaged 627.84 +<br />
190.77 days or 1.72 + 0.52 years. The results indicated<br />
that the return of the reproductive tract of carabao-cows to<br />
normal non-pregnant condition was longer than in the other<br />
buffalo breeds reported. Furthermore, the results of other<br />
reproductive parameters showed the reproductive efficiency<br />
of the female Philippine carabao. This implies that there<br />
are a lot more to be done to improve the reproductive<br />
performance of the animal, particularly the shortening of the<br />
service period or the early induction of the post-partum<br />
ovarian activity.<br />
Keywords: calving interval, gestation period, post-partum<br />
ovarian activity, service period, uterine and cervical<br />
involution<br />
*Abstract of Completed Researches 1981-1995. (1985).<br />
PCC-DA, UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Phil. J. Vet.<br />
Anim. Sci. 1985. 11 (3 & 4): 37 (Abstr.). Also in Abstracts<br />
of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines. 1981-1995.<br />
1996. PCC-DA. p. 72-73. Also in Annotated Bibliography<br />
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949 - 1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 326.<br />
R-61<br />
BLOOD PLASMA PROGESTERONE PROFILES<br />
DURING PREGNANCY, PARTURITION AND POST-<br />
PARTUM IN <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO COWS (Bubalus<br />
bubalis Linn.)*<br />
A. S. Sarabia, University Researcher, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
N. P. Roxas, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
O. A. Palad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
M. Singh, FAO-UNDP Consultant for PCRDC<br />
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,<br />
UPLB<br />
Studies were conducted to establish the plasma<br />
progesterone levels in relation to pregnancy, parturation<br />
and post-partum in thirteen pregnant and twenty post-partum<br />
carabao cows in confinement. Both plasma progesterone<br />
and rectal palpation were utilized to determine post-partum<br />
ovarian changes. The result indicated that plasma<br />
progesterone was very low at the time of insemination<br />
(1.45 + 0.145 ng/ml). The value gradually increased<br />
above 2.07 + 0.25 ng/ml on the third trimester of pregnancy<br />
(days 183-320). However, at about 15 days pre-partum,<br />
plasma progesterone increased to a peak of 2.590 + 0.906
ng/ml and dropped sharply at parturition time to 0.543 +<br />
0.157 ng/ml. Rectal palpation indicated that uterine horns<br />
returned to normal size and shape on day 33.15 + 2.64<br />
post-partum although the cervix became stabilized at a<br />
diameter of 2.68 + 0.09 cm on days 51.8 + 2.29 postpartum<br />
based on ovarian palpation. Post-partum estrus<br />
occurred on 101.0 + 17.5 and 116.1 + 19.9 days, as<br />
determined by a vasectomized bull and plasma progesterone<br />
level, respectively. Suckling tends to increase post-partum<br />
anestrus.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao cow, plasma progesterone,<br />
pregnancy, parturition, involution, postpartum ovarian<br />
activity.<br />
*Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1985. 11(3&4):36 (Abstr.). Also<br />
in Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1981-1995. (1985).<br />
PCC-UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water<br />
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995. 1996.<br />
PCC-DA. p. 73. Also in Annotated Bibliography on<br />
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 328.<br />
R-62<br />
BLOOD PLASMA PROGESTERONE PROFILE<br />
DURING PREGNANCY AND PARTURITION IN<br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAOS (Bubalus bubalis Linn.)*<br />
A. S. Sarabia, University Researcher, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
N. P. Roxas, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
M. Singh, FAO-UNDP Consultant for PCRDC<br />
O. A. Palad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,<br />
UPLB<br />
Caracows examined had a mean plasma progesterone<br />
concentration of 0.17 + 0.05 ng/ml on the day of insemination<br />
(estrus), the level increasing to 2.90 + 0.56 ng/ml between<br />
days 36 and 42 of pregnancy. The concentration declined<br />
and remained fairly constant (2.20 + 0.31 ng/ml on days<br />
43-49 to 1.89 + 0.28 ng/ml on days 169-182) through out<br />
the duration of pregnancy, and decreased in value (1.47 +<br />
0.24 ng/ml on days 281-294) with the advance of pregnancy.<br />
However, the level increased from 0.97 + 0.17 ng/ml<br />
between day 1 and 7 pre-partum, and drastically dropped<br />
to 0.54 + 0.16 ng/ml on the day of parturition. The mean<br />
gestation period was 311.64 + 2.39 days (n=11). The<br />
progesterone level remains at basal values during early<br />
post-partum, which ranged from 0.001 to 0.08 ng/ml until<br />
day 29 to 35 post-partum.<br />
Keywords: gestation period, parturition, plasma<br />
progesterone, post-partum ovarian activity<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1995. (1986).<br />
REPRODUCTION<br />
PCC-DA, UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of<br />
Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995.<br />
1996. PCC-DA. p. 73. Also in Annotated Bibliography on<br />
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 329.<br />
R-63<br />
FOLLICULAR DYNAMICS IN <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong><br />
<strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
O. F. Smith, Ph.D. Student, IGS, CLSU<br />
P. G. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
F. A. Adriano, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS-CA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,<br />
CLSU<br />
The results showed that the mean number of small-sized<br />
follicles (103 mm) was greater (P
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
F. A. Adriano, Science Research Analyst, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
P. Serra, Science Aide, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS-DA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,<br />
CLSU<br />
Six mature and healthy Philippine carabaos (PC) were<br />
selected after having shown normal estrus cycles for three<br />
consecutive times. All animals were fed in confinement<br />
and were fasted for at least 6 hours prior to actual ovarian<br />
observations. A simple fiberscope (FS-100, Scott Fiber<br />
Optics, Inc., MA USA) was inserted through a puncture<br />
on the vaginal floor following administration of anesthetics<br />
at the sacro-lumbar region. Observations of ovarian<br />
structures were done every 3 days throughout the estrous<br />
cycle using the same route. Using the simple fiberscope,<br />
surface follicles 3.0 mm and corpus luteum (CL) were<br />
observed. There was no alteration in the duration of the<br />
length of the estrous cycle associated with repeated<br />
observations. The procedure allowed observation of<br />
follicular changes throughout the cycle and permitted direct<br />
observation of changes in the ovary related to ovulation.<br />
Keywords: fiberscope, ovarian structures, Philippine<br />
caracows<br />
*Proc. 3 rd World Buffalo Congress, Bulgaria. 1991. 1:108.<br />
Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the<br />
Philippines 1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 74-75. Also<br />
in Phil. J. Vet. 1990. 16(3&4):58-59 (Abstr.). Also in<br />
Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:<br />
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,<br />
Carabaos. 2002. p. 345.<br />
R-65<br />
VERIFICATION OF FARMERS’ PERCEPTION OF<br />
OCCURRENCE OF ESTRUS (HEAT) CARABAOS<br />
DURING <strong>THE</strong> FULL PHASE OF <strong>THE</strong> MOON*<br />
A. A. Taveros, Instructor, DASVM, ViSCA<br />
A. M. Taveros, Assistant Professor,, DASVM, ViSCA<br />
O. B. Posas, Professor, DASVM, ViSCA<br />
Bimonthly visits were made to different barangays of<br />
Baybay, Albuera and Inopacan, Leyte. Caracows, which<br />
were naturally in heat were inseminated while the others<br />
were artificially induced using prostaglandin F 2 alpha and<br />
subsequently inseminated. It was observed that during<br />
the full phase of the moon, 85.90% of the caracows were<br />
naturally in heat while all (100%) of the artificially induced<br />
animals came into heat after injection with the hormone.<br />
Keywords: caracows, farmers’ perception of occurrence<br />
of estrus<br />
*Ann. Trop. Res. 1996. 15:42-47 (ViSCA). Also in<br />
88<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
Abstracts of Water Buffaloe Researches in the Philippines<br />
1981-1995. PCC-DA. 1996. p. 76. Also in Annotated<br />
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and<br />
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002.<br />
p. 358.<br />
R-66<br />
SUCCESSFUL PREGNANCY OF PUREBRED<br />
MURRAH <strong>BUFFALO</strong> EMBRYO ON <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAO RECIPIENT*<br />
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
S. S. Jha, M.S. Student, IGS, CLSU<br />
F. Adriano, Science Research Analyst, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
P. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
N. Lorenzo, Science Research Aide, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
O. F. Smith, Ph.D. Student, IGS, CLSU<br />
P. Serra, Research Aide, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS-CA, CLSU. And Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,<br />
CLSU<br />
Seven purebred Murrah buffalo (MB) cows with average<br />
age of 10 years and live weight were used to determine<br />
the possibility of utilizing Philippine carabao (PC) as<br />
recipients of MB embryos. All MB cows (donors) were<br />
treated with a total of 44 mg follicle stimulating hormone,<br />
porcine (pFSH) initiated on day 9 in declining dose of 7.7<br />
mg, 6.6 mg, 8.5 mg and 4.4 mg on days 9, 10, 11 and<br />
12, respectively. Serial administration of pFSH were<br />
done at 12 hours interval prostaglandin F 2 alpha (PGF 2<br />
alpha) were given to all animals 60 and 72 hours after the<br />
initial pFSH treatment. Inseminations were made 12 and<br />
24 hours after onset of estrus. All PC (recipients) were<br />
treated with PGF 2 alpha 12 hours ahead of the donor<br />
animals. Animals with good corpus luteum (CL) on day<br />
5 were selected and were used as recipient. Embryos<br />
were collected nonsurgically from donor animals on day<br />
5 ½ and were all transferred on the same day. Average<br />
number of ovulation in donor animals was 2.86 + 1.87<br />
and the average number of unovulated follicles was 2.2<br />
+ 1.79. Average recovery rate of embryo was 70%<br />
with 71.36 recovery of the flushing medium. Four of 14<br />
embryos collected from MB were of good quality and<br />
one of three embryos transferred to PC recipients resulted<br />
to successful pregnancy.<br />
Keywords: Murrah buffalo embryo, Philippine carabao,<br />
successful pregnancy<br />
*Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1991. 17(3&4):55 (Abstr.). Also<br />
in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines<br />
1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 78. Also in Annotated<br />
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and<br />
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002.<br />
p. 269.
R-67<br />
MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATIC FACTORS<br />
AFFECTING LIBIDO, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND<br />
SEMEN QUALITY OF <strong>BUFFALO</strong> BULLS*<br />
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Assistant Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU<br />
P. G. Duran, Science Research specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
F. P. Aquino, Science Research Assistant, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
M. F. Pineda, Science Research Aide, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
N. P. Garcia, Science Research Assistant, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
R. L. Osio, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
D. T. Esteban, Laboratory Aide, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
Twelve bulls, six Murrah buffaloes (MB), four Philippine<br />
carabaos (PC), and two crossbreds (CB) with ages ranging<br />
from 3 to 5 years were used in this study. A total of 1911<br />
collection attempts were conducted. From this, 1586<br />
successful attempts were observed (82.99%) and 829<br />
ejaculates (52.27%) were evaluated for volume, 749<br />
(47.23%) for motility, and 729 (45.96%) for sperm<br />
concentration.<br />
Keywords: buffalo bulls, semen quality<br />
*Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1986. 12 (3&4):72-73 (Abstr.).<br />
Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the<br />
Philippines 1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 78. Also in<br />
Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:<br />
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,<br />
Carabaos. 2002. p. 198.<br />
R-68<br />
OVARIAN RESPONSES OF <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES<br />
AFTER PGF 2 ALPHA INJECTION*<br />
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Assistant Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU<br />
P. G. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
V. G. Mauro, Instructor, CVSM, CLSU<br />
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS-CA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-<br />
PCARRD, CLSU<br />
Eighteen cyclic caracows and eight cyclic caraheifers<br />
were divided into two batches for observation to monitor<br />
the occurrence of estrus, follicular development and<br />
ovulation following prostaglandin F 2 alpha (PGF 2 alpha)<br />
treatments. AI animals received two injections of PGF 2<br />
alpha analogue (fenprostalene), 1.0 mg, and 11 days apart.<br />
Twenty-four hours after the second PGF 2 alpha injection,<br />
ovarian structures were checked per rectum at four hours<br />
interval until the occurrence of ovulation while observation<br />
of signs of estrus was made with the use of vasectomized<br />
bull. Five or 25 (19%) animals manifested signs of estrus<br />
72 hours after the second PGF 2 alpha treatment while the<br />
remaining 80% (21 of 25) had the signs of estrus noted 12-<br />
REPRODUCTION<br />
24 hours later. Ovulation occurred in 17 to 18 heifers and<br />
7 out of 8 treated cows after 91.08 hours and 87.55 hours,<br />
respectively, after PGF 2 alpha treatment. Follicular<br />
development occurred in both the left and right ovaries in<br />
14 to 17 animals. More ovulations (58.33%) occurred at<br />
the right ovary.<br />
Keywords: caracows, caraheifers, estrus, follicular<br />
development, ovulation, PGF 2 alpha treatment<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1981-1986. 1996.<br />
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also<br />
in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines<br />
1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 77-78. Also in Annotated<br />
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and<br />
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002.<br />
p. 364.<br />
R-69<br />
SUPEROVULATORY RESPONSES TO PMSG AND<br />
FSH TREATMENTS IN <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES*<br />
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
O. F. Smith, PhD Student, IGS, CLSU<br />
F. A. Adraino, Science Research Analyst, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
P. G. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
S. S. Jha, M. S. Student, IGS, CLSU<br />
T. Niwat, PhD Student, IGS, CLSU<br />
A. S. Argañosa, Deputy Director, LRD, PCARRD<br />
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS-CA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,<br />
CLSU<br />
Eight cyclic buffaloes were used to determine suitable time<br />
for superovulation. Group A received pregnant mare serum<br />
gonadotropin (PMSG) (3000 i,u,) on day 9 while group B<br />
treatment, on day 15 of the cycle, prostaglandin F 2 alpha<br />
(PGF 2 alpha) were given 60 hours and 72 hours after<br />
PMSG and ovaries were obtained two days after estrus to<br />
monitor ovarian responses. The last study compared the<br />
superovulatory responses of 14 buffaloes to either PMSG<br />
(3000 i.u.) or follicle stimulating hormone, porcine (pFSH)<br />
(44 mg, decreasing dose of 7.7, 6.5, 5.5, 4.4 mg at 12<br />
hours interval). Treatments were initiated on day 9-10,<br />
PGF 2 alpha on 60 and 72 hours after gonadotropin. AI on<br />
12 and 24 hours after estrus and embryos were collected<br />
on day 5.5 after breeding. Superovulatory treatments<br />
initiated either on day 9 or day 15 were similar with regards<br />
to number of ovulations and number of growing follicles.<br />
The pFSH treatments resulted to more ovulations (2.86 +<br />
1.57) and collected embryos (2.0 + 2.0) than PMSG (1.5<br />
+ 2.0).<br />
Keywords: cyclic buffaloes, porcine follicle stimulating<br />
hormone, pregnant mare serum gonadotropin, PGF 2 alpha,<br />
superovulatory responses<br />
89
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1987-1992. 1993.<br />
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also in<br />
Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the Phiippines.<br />
1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 76-77. Also in Annotated<br />
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 391.<br />
R-70<br />
SUPEROVULATORY TREATMENTS AND EMBRYO<br />
TRANSFER IN <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES*<br />
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
F. A. Venturina, Science Research Analyst, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
N. Lorenzo, Science Research Aide, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
E. C. Atabay, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
Studies were conducted to determine the response of buffaloes<br />
to different superovulation treatments using Porcine Follicle<br />
Stimulating Hormone (FSH-p). Experiment 1 involved<br />
treatement with 44 mg FSH-p on a declining dose initiated either<br />
on mid or late luteal phase. The second experiment tested the<br />
effect of pFSH priming (12 mg) given in two consecutive days<br />
initiated 3 days prior to the main gonadotropin treatments. The<br />
last experiment involved non-surgical transfer of MB embryos<br />
to PC recipients. Embryo was collected and transferred on day<br />
5 of the cycle. The results of experiment 1 showed that the<br />
average number of ovulations per cow were 2.12 (n=19) and<br />
1.0 (n=3) for mid and late luteal phase treatments, respectively.<br />
Number of unovulated follicles greater than 5 mm were almost<br />
similar with a mean of 2.8 + 1.07 and 2.0 + 0.0 for mid and late<br />
luteal phase groups, respectively. Primed animals had a mean<br />
ovulation of 2.6 + 0.74 compare to 2.0 + 1.54 in the unprimed<br />
group. Mean of 2.8 unovulated follicles greater than 5 mm were<br />
observed in both treatments. Results of the non-surgical embryo<br />
transfer showed that the average embryo recovery rate was<br />
2.0 (n=7) per head and percent embryo recovery was about 70<br />
percent. Transfer of four embryos to three recipients resulted to<br />
25% pregnancy rate. Purebred Murrah buffalo calf with<br />
birthweight of 310 kg was delivered normally by the surrogate<br />
mother (PC) after 310 days of gestation period.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao, Murrah buffalo,<br />
superovulation, pFSH, embryo transfer<br />
*Technical Report, PCRDC-CLSU. 1991. p. 25. . Also in<br />
Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the Phiippines.<br />
1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 77.<br />
R-71<br />
A STUDY ON <strong>THE</strong> ESTROUS CYCLE LENGTH,<br />
ESTRUS DURATION AND OVULATION TIME IN<br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES IN CONFINEMENT<br />
WITH AND WITHOUT COOLING FACILITIES*<br />
90<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
P. Q. Vinh, Graduate Student, DAS-CA, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Associate Professor, DAS-CA, UPLB<br />
T. A. Abilay, Assistant Professor, DAS-CA, UPLB<br />
A six month experiment using 24 (2 ½ to 3 years old)<br />
caraheifers was conducted at U. P. Los Baños to determine<br />
the effects of different cooling facilities on the estrous cycle<br />
length, duration of estrus and ovulation of Philippine carabaos.<br />
Four treatment groups consisting of I no cooling system; II<br />
with concrete water wallow; III with overhead water sprinkler;<br />
and IV with muddy wallow were evaluated with six animals<br />
per lot. The results obtained from July 1974 to January 1975<br />
indicated no significant effects of cooling provisions on the<br />
parameters studied. Average estrous cycle length of 97<br />
observations was 20.9 + 2.7 days (range: 13 to 28 days)<br />
and estrus duration was 18.5 + 12. 7 hours from the onset of<br />
estrus or 15.3 + 1.7 hours after the end of estrus in 81<br />
observations. Ovulation took place more frequently at night<br />
time than at day time. Carabaos appeared to be left-ovulators<br />
(63.0%) as detected by rectal palpation.<br />
Keywords: caraheifers, cooling facilities, duration of estrus,<br />
estrous cycle length, ovulation time<br />
*Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1976. 2(4):214 (Abstr). Also in<br />
Momongan, V.G., ed., 1984. A Compendium of Research<br />
Reults and State of Knowledge Report on Smallholder<br />
Buffalo Production System. p. 56. Also in Annotated<br />
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and<br />
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002.<br />
p. 143.<br />
R-72<br />
SOME REPRODUCTIVE DATA OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAO IN CONFINEMENT*<br />
P. Q. Vinh, Ph.D. Student, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
T. A. Abilay, Consultant, MADECOR<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
Twenty four estrous cycling carabao heifers, about 2 to 6<br />
½ years old were used to gather benchmark information as<br />
to their reproductive status. Data collected were estrus<br />
cycle, estrus duration, ovulation time and gestation period.<br />
Estrous cycles of carabao heifers had a grand mean of<br />
20.9 + 2.7 days while 21.0 + 1.56 days for carabao cows.<br />
Estrus duration range from 5 to 36 hours in carabao heifers<br />
and 16-35 hours in carabao cows. On the average,<br />
ovulation occurred 34.9 + 12.9 hours after the onset of<br />
estrus or 15.3 + 1.7 hours after the end of estrus.<br />
Caraheifers seemed to ovulate more often at night than at<br />
day time. Carabaos were confirmed to be left ovulators in<br />
51 or 635 of 81 observations recorded. Gestation period in<br />
carabao cows was 345 days, a range of 330 to 359 days.
Keywords: carabao heifers, estrous cycle, estrus<br />
ovulation, gestation<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1995.<br />
(1981). PCC-UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts<br />
of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-<br />
1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 78. Also in Annotated Bibliography<br />
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 299.<br />
R-73<br />
<strong>THE</strong> EFFECTS OF PROSTAGLANDIN F 2 ALPHA<br />
(LUTALYSE) ON ESTRUS, OVULATION AND<br />
PREGNANCY IN <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO*<br />
W. Wongsrikeao, Former PhD Student, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
Thirteen normally cycling carabao cows, between 5 to 6<br />
years of age, were allocated into four treatments: group 1<br />
(n=3) received PGF 2 alpha on day 6 of the estrous cylce;<br />
group 2 (n=4) received PGF 2 alpha on day 12 of the estrous<br />
cycle; group 3 (n=3) received treatment of PGF 2 alpha on day<br />
16 th ; and group 4 (n=3) the control group did not receive any<br />
treatment of PGF 2 alpha, respectively. Every animal in<br />
treatment groups 1 to 3 was given 20.25 and 30 mg PGF 2<br />
alpha, respectively. Carabao cows receiving PGF 2 alpha<br />
treatment on day 6 of the estrous cycle failed to respond to<br />
PGF 2 alpha injection. However, carabao cows given PGF 2<br />
alpha on day 12 or 16 of the estrous cycle showed<br />
synchronized estrus. The length of the subsequent estrous<br />
cycle, estrus duration and ovulation time of PGF 2 alpha treated<br />
and control carabao cows were not significantly different.<br />
Keywords: carabao cows, estrous cycle, estrus<br />
ovulation, estrus synchronization, prostaglandin F 2 alpha<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1995.<br />
(1981).PCC-DA, UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts<br />
of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines<br />
1981-1995.1996.PCC-DA. p.79. Also in Annotated Bibliography<br />
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 387.<br />
R-74<br />
BLOOD GONADOTROPIC ACTIVITY DURING <strong>THE</strong><br />
ESTROUS CYCLE OF CARABAO HEIFERS*<br />
W. Wongsrikeao, Graduate Student, DAS-CA, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Associate Professor, DAS-CA, UPLB<br />
T. A. Abilay, Assistant Professor, DAS-CA, UPLB<br />
The estrous cycle of the female is a product of a highly<br />
integrated relationship between the ovaries and<br />
adenohypophysis. Studies on gonadotropins in this animal<br />
under Philippine condition, however, has not been done. A<br />
study was conducted to assess the blood gonadotropic<br />
REPRODUCTION<br />
activity of three-year old normally cycling carabao heifers<br />
relative to the stages of estrous cycle. A bioassay technique<br />
was used in the determination of blood gonadotropic activity.<br />
The test parameters involved the monitoring of the increase<br />
in testicular size and seminiferous tubule development of a<br />
day old male chicks. The results indicated that blood<br />
gonadotropic activity of carabao heifers was lowest at<br />
estrus, increased to a maximum on day 12 and declined<br />
after day 15, reaching a low value on day 20.<br />
Keywords: blood gonadotropin activity, bioassay<br />
technique, cycling carabao heifers, estrous cycle.<br />
*Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1979. 5(1):65-70. Also in Annotated<br />
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 320<br />
R-75<br />
SYNCHRONIZATION OF ESTRUS WITH PGF2 ALPHA (LUTALYSE) AND FERTILITY IN <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAOS*<br />
W. Wongsrikeao, Former PhD Student, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
T. A. Abilay, Consultant, MADECOR<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
T. Blanchard, Former Visiting Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
A. R. Obsioma, Research Assistant, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
Two experiments were conducted to assess the effect of<br />
PGF 2 alpha on the estrus induction and fertility in the Philippine<br />
carabaos. In experiment 1, twelve normally cycling carabao<br />
cows, 6 to 6.5 years of age are randomly distributed into two<br />
groups: no prostaglandin (PGF 2 ) alpha treatment (control)<br />
and 30 ng PGF 2 alpha intramuscular injection on day 12 of<br />
the estrous cycle. In experiment 2, nine animals were<br />
randomly assigned to two groups: no PGF 2 alpha treatment<br />
(control, n=5) and 30 ng PGF 2 alpha intramuscular injection<br />
12 days apart (n=4) to those carabaos which failed to manifest<br />
estrus after the first injection. All experimental animals were<br />
artificially inseminated twice at 12 and 20 hours after onset of<br />
estrus. The result of this study indicated that estrus and<br />
ovulation could be synchronized in carabaos. The pregnancy<br />
rates of animals treated intramuscularly with a single injection<br />
of 30 ng PGF 2 alpha on day 12 of the estrous cycle or two<br />
injections of 30 ng PGF 2 alpha, 12 days apart are comparable<br />
to those obtained in the control animals.<br />
Keywords: carabaos, estrus synchronization, ovulation,<br />
prostaglandin F 2 alpha<br />
*Abstract of Completed Researches 1981-1995. (1981).<br />
PCC-UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water<br />
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995. 1996.<br />
PCC-DA. p. 79. Also in Annotated Bibliography on<br />
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 322.<br />
91
DRAFT POWER<br />
D-1<br />
COMPARATIVE TRAINING AND WORK PERSIS-<br />
TENCY OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO AND ITS F 1<br />
CROSS WITH MURRAH <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (50:50)*<br />
F. A. Adriano, Science Research Assistant, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
R.C. Muros, Student, CVSM, CLSU<br />
C. Jueco, Instructor, CVSM, CLSU<br />
N. Lorenzo, Science Research Aide, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
P. Tubiano, Utility Worker, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
P. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
L. C. Cruz, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,<br />
CLSU<br />
Three female Philippine carabaos (PC) and 3 PC x Murrah<br />
buffalo crossbreds (CB) with average ages of 5.1 years<br />
and 5.0 years and live weights of 322 + 37.85 kg and 383<br />
+ 83.9 kg, respectively were used to compare ease of<br />
training and work persistency under varying load and land<br />
conditions. Animals were trained and set to work in pairs<br />
consisting of one PC and one CB at a time. Training<br />
consisted of taming to point at which animals were able to<br />
pull heavy load and can be led. Comparisons for work<br />
persistency were conducted after changes in physiological<br />
responses such as pulse rate and temperature (PRT) and<br />
hematological values at point of fatigue were determined.<br />
Load equivalent to 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of the body<br />
weight were performed four times each until the point of<br />
fatigued was reached. Likewise, animals were allowed to<br />
pull load equivalent to 25% of the body weight under dry<br />
and wet land conditions. The total time required for taming<br />
to full capacity to pull load for PC and CB were 234.9 min<br />
and 252.4 min, respectively, and were not statistically<br />
different. At 25% min to reach the point of fatigue at which<br />
time, the percent change in respiration rate was 248.00%<br />
and 310.74 + 24.9% for PC and CB, respectively. No<br />
significant differences were noted for percent change in<br />
PRT between breeds although CB covered longer distances<br />
than PC. There was no significant breed difference in<br />
terms of time to reach fatigue and percent change in PRT<br />
and hematological values at various loads and land<br />
conditions. Both breeds reached the point of fatigue at<br />
longer time and traveled significantly longer distance under<br />
wet land than dry land conditions.<br />
Keywords: comparative training, Philippine carabao, Phil-<br />
Murrah, work persistency<br />
*Undergraduate Thesis, DAS-CA, CLSU, 1990. Also in<br />
Abstracts of Completed Studies, 1987-1992. 1993.<br />
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also<br />
92<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines,<br />
1981-1995 (1996), PCC-DA, p. 107. Also in Phil. J. Vet.<br />
Anim. Sci. 1991. 16(3&4):54-55 (Abstr.). Also in Annotated<br />
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and<br />
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p.<br />
239.<br />
D-2<br />
HEMATOLOGICAL OBSERVATION OF SWAMP<br />
<strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus Bubalis) HARNESSED TO<br />
INCREASING PULLING LOADS*<br />
E. M. Cabana, Associate Professor, CVSM, CLSU<br />
F. A. Adriano, Science Research Analyst, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU<br />
R. O. Encarcion, Jr., Student, CVSM, CLSU<br />
The hematologic parameters (total red blood cell count,<br />
hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte<br />
sedimentation rate, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean<br />
corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin<br />
concentration, total white blood cell count, and relative and<br />
absolute differential white blood cell count) were examined<br />
in three (3) male castrated swamp buffaloes aged 3-5<br />
years following harnessing with pulling loads of 100 kg,<br />
200 kg and 300 kg and allowed to travel 1000 meter<br />
asphalt road for 30-day period of each pulling load. Blood<br />
samples were collected and examined every 7 th day of<br />
test period. Results showed that except for blood hemoglobin<br />
concentration, no significant alterations in the values of<br />
most blood parameters examined were observed. The<br />
hemoglobin concentration of the test animals were<br />
significantly decreased after harnessing to 100 kg and 200<br />
kg, but did not significantly different to the pretest values<br />
obtained after harnessing to 300-kg pulling load.<br />
Keywords: increasing pulling load, hematologic<br />
parameters, swamp buffalo<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1987-1992, (1993).<br />
PCRDC at CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also in Abstracts<br />
of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines, 1981-1995<br />
(1996) PCC-DA. p. 37-38. Also in Annotated Bibliography<br />
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p.390.<br />
D-3<br />
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF AN<br />
ANIMAL DRAFT DYNAMOMETER*<br />
E. F. Castro, Jr., Assistant Engineer, IRRI<br />
R. M. Lantin, Professor, DAMET-CEAT, UPLB<br />
C. R. del Rosario, Professor, DAMET-CEAT, UPLB<br />
A dynamometer which can be adopted for measuring the
animal draft power was designed and fabricated for testing.<br />
For draft testing of work animal, two Philippine female<br />
carabaos, regardless of age, weight, conformations and<br />
work experience were used. Each animal was made to<br />
pull horizontal load ranging from 20-110 kg over a concrete<br />
test tract. A more or less constant pull was provided by<br />
means of the draft dynamometer. Operating speed of the<br />
animal and draft dynamometer corresponded to the normal<br />
animal speed when pulling a cart or tillage implement.<br />
Speed of travel range from 0.90–1.10 m/second. The<br />
ability of the animal to pull an implement was affected by<br />
efficiency of steering and straightness of forward motion.<br />
The test effectivity of harness used depends on the<br />
curvature of the yoke fit, and contour of the respective<br />
neck and shoulder muscles of the carabao. Draft animals<br />
development power ranged from 0.30-1.50 hp in pulling a<br />
load of 24 and 110 kg, respectively, on a concrete tract.<br />
Keywords: carabao, draft animal power, dynamometer<br />
*Abstract of Completed Researches, 1981-1995. 1996.<br />
PCC-DA, UPLB. Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo<br />
Researches in the Philippines. 1981-1995 (1996) PCC-<br />
DA. p. 107. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine<br />
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)<br />
1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 236.<br />
D-4<br />
<strong>THE</strong> EFFECT OF WORKLOAD ON <strong>THE</strong> LEUKOGRAM<br />
OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> SWAMP <strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus<br />
Bubalis)*<br />
R. O. Encarnacion, Jr., Student<br />
Three apparently healthy carabaos (PCs) with ages ranging<br />
from 3 to 6 years of age, without pulling experience, were<br />
used to study the hematological changes particularly the<br />
leukocyte values after work. Castrated animals were<br />
used to limit the possible hormonal influence on the<br />
performance of the animals under test. The animals were<br />
subjected to pulling different load gradients of 00 kg, 200 kg<br />
and 300 kg everyday for a succeeding 30 day period for<br />
each load gradient, respectively, covering a 1,000 m asphalt<br />
road everyday for each animal under test. Blood samples<br />
were collected every after seven days starting on the first<br />
day of the trial. The total white blood cell (WBC) relative<br />
and absolute different WBC counts were determined and<br />
recorded. Results of the study showed that workload do<br />
not alter the leukogram of the experimental animals used in<br />
this study under the described test conditions.<br />
Keywords: leukocyte value, hematological changes,<br />
Philippine carabaos<br />
DRAFT POWER<br />
*Undergraduate Thesis, CVM-CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva<br />
Ecija (1998). Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches<br />
in the Philippines 1981-1995. (1996) PCC-DA. p. 84.<br />
Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:<br />
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,<br />
Carabaos (2002) p. 341.<br />
D-5<br />
DRAFTABILITY OF CARABAO AND CROSSBRED<br />
STEERS (MB X PC) UNDER WET AND DRY LAND<br />
TILLAGE OPERATION*<br />
E. P. Garillo, M. S. Student, DAS-IGS, CLSU<br />
S. K. Ranjhan, PCRDC Project Manager and FAO-UNDP Consultant<br />
S. P. Neric, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU<br />
C. G. Salas, Sr., Professor, CAE, CLSU<br />
O. D. Quines, Assistant Professor, CVSM, CLSU<br />
Two treatment groups consisting of four Philippine carabao<br />
(PC’s) and four crossbred Murrah buffalo (MB x PC steers)<br />
were subjected to two types of plowing work in order to<br />
evaluate their draftability on wet and dry field conditions.<br />
Results indicate no significant variations between breeds in<br />
so far as their draft-force, drawbar horsepower, body weight<br />
changes and physiological responses in terms of pulse rate<br />
and temperature (PRT) values and eosinophil level of the<br />
blood were concerned. The average drawbar horsepower<br />
of the PC and crossbred during wet plowing were 0.365 PS<br />
and 0.354 PS, respectively, and 0.300 PS and 0.338 PS,<br />
respectively, with dry plowing. There was no significant<br />
correlation between drawbar horsepower on draft-force and<br />
live body weight. PRT values were influenced by<br />
atmospheric conditions prevailing during the study. These<br />
results suggest that the PC and its crossbred have familiar<br />
performance under wet paddy conditions.<br />
Keywords: draftability, Philippine carabao, Phil-Murrah,<br />
physiological responses<br />
*Indian Journal of Animal Science, 57:575-580. Also in<br />
Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines.<br />
1981-1995, (1996) PCC-DA. p. 108. Also in Annotated<br />
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 201.<br />
D-6<br />
PERFORMANCE OF DRAFT CARABAOS UNDER<br />
TWO DOMINANT CROPPINGS SYSTEMS IN<br />
CAGAYAN VALLEY*<br />
G. D. Lasam, Regional Director, MA II<br />
C. A. Cabaccan, Researcher, MA II<br />
Twenty-four Farmer-cooperators in Solana, Cagayan (rice-<br />
93
ased) and Cabagan, Isabela (corn-based) were selected<br />
for the study. The year-round feeding practices, monthly<br />
changes in body weight of work animals, and training<br />
practices for work animals were recorded and documented.<br />
The average monthly weights of the animals increased<br />
from the start of the study (August) until December, then<br />
leveled-off thereafter up to April when available feed<br />
resource was minimal which is typical during dry months.<br />
The average monthly weights tended to increase from<br />
May up to July as feed become abundant. Tethering was<br />
the most common feeding system being practiced by<br />
farmer-cooperators. In Solana, Cagayan, the animals<br />
were tethered for an average of 5.59 + 0.73 hours daily<br />
while in Cabagan, Isabela, the average daily tethering<br />
time ranged from 5.2 + 0.89 to 6.68 + 0.9 hours.<br />
Supplemented of extra roughage after tethering was<br />
practiced by some farmer-cooperators. In Solana,<br />
Cagayan, carabaos were trained for work when they are<br />
3-4 years old while n Cabagan, Isabela, training started<br />
before they reached 3 years old. It took an average 17.28<br />
training hours on staggered basis before carabaos were<br />
considered fully trained.<br />
Keywords: draft carabaos, feeding systems, tethering,<br />
training practices<br />
*Philippine Journal Veterinary Animal Science, 10(3&4):48.<br />
Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:<br />
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,<br />
Carabaos (2002) p. 157<br />
D-7<br />
WORK PERSISTENCY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL<br />
RESPONSES OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO AND<br />
CROSSBRED <strong>BUFFALO</strong> IN CRUSHING<br />
SUGARCANE*<br />
N. T. Rigor, Student, DAS-CA, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija<br />
F. A. Ching, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija<br />
D. D. Lorenzo, Associate Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva<br />
Ecija<br />
Two treatment groups consisting of three Philippine carabaos<br />
and three buffalo crossbreds (Philippine carabao x Murrah<br />
buffalo) were used to crush sugarcane stems to evaluate<br />
their work performance and determine their physiological<br />
responses during morning and afternoon working periods<br />
and before, during and after work sessions. Results<br />
indicated no significant variations in the pulse rate, respiration<br />
rate and body temperature (PRTs) between the two breeds.<br />
However, the mean body temperature of crossbreds was<br />
found to be significantly higher than that of the Philippine<br />
carabaos when subjected to work in the afternoon. The<br />
94<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
PRTs of both breeds increased significantly during and<br />
after the work. The time efficiency of the Philippine<br />
carabaos and crossbreds to crush the cartload (350 kg) of<br />
sugarcane were not significantly different to each other.<br />
However, the crossbred buffaloes took around 7 more<br />
minutes to finish the work. Furthermore, both breeds spent<br />
more time crushing the same quantity of sugarcane in the<br />
afternoon. The results suggested that Philippine carabao<br />
and crossbred buffalo have comparable performance in<br />
crushing sugarcane using the traditional village-type crusher.<br />
Keywords: work persistency, PRT responses, Philippine<br />
carabao, crossbred buffalo<br />
*Proceedings of the 34 th Annual Convention, Philippine<br />
Society of Animal Science, October 23-24, 1997, Manila,<br />
Philippines. p. 274-278. Also in Annotated Bibliography<br />
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livetsock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 398.<br />
D-8<br />
INFLUENCE OF DRAFT WORK, DAYLIGHT HEAT<br />
AND PARASITIC LOAD ON <strong>THE</strong> MEAN EOSINOPHIL<br />
COUNT OF ADULT MALE <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> SWAMP<br />
<strong>BUFFALO</strong> (Bubalus Bubalis)*<br />
E. F. San Pedro, Undergraduate Student, CVSM, CLSU<br />
A total of thirty mature male Philippine carabao (PC) were<br />
used in the study. Fresh fecal samples for fecalysis and<br />
blood smears to determine the eosinophil percentage was<br />
collected for two consecutive days during the predeworming<br />
period and postdeworming period. Eosinophil count of<br />
20.7% in the morning and 24.04% in the afternoon of the<br />
first day of the predeworming collection were recorded.<br />
An eosinophil count of 18.4% and 24.3% in the morning<br />
and afternoon, respectively, were recorded for the second<br />
day of collection. The animals during these period of blood<br />
smear collection were rested and fed on a cut-and-carry<br />
basis or pastured as compared to postdeworming collection<br />
wherein these animals were used for draftwork. During<br />
the postdeworming period, the eosinophil count of 24.04%<br />
and 26.43% in the morning and afternoon, respectively,<br />
were recorded. On the second day of collection, 26.67%<br />
in the morning and 26.74% in the afternoon were recorded.<br />
During predeworming and postdeworming periods, 250.7<br />
eggs per gram (EPG) and 132 EPG were recorded,<br />
respectively.<br />
Keywords: adult male Philippine swamp buffalo, eosinophil<br />
count<br />
*Undergraduate Thesis. College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
CLSU Muñoz, Nueva Ecija (1987). Also in Abstracts of
Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines. 1981-1995.<br />
(1987) PCC-DA. p. 140-141. Also in Annotated<br />
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and<br />
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p.<br />
331-332.<br />
D-9<br />
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF <strong>THE</strong> WORK<br />
ABILITY OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO AND ITS<br />
CROSSES, PHIL-RAVI AND PHIL-MURRAH, IN<br />
TERMS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES*<br />
E. B. de los Santos, M. S. Student, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-<br />
PCARRD, UPLB<br />
A total of 12 animals, four each of Philippine Carabao, Phil-<br />
Ravi crossbred and Phil-Murrah crossbred consisting of<br />
two males and two females in each genotype, were used<br />
in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial experiment in complete randomized<br />
design (CRD) to compare the draftability of the three<br />
genotypes in terms of physiological responses. Results<br />
indicated that F1 crossbreeds are comparable to the<br />
Philippine Carabao as draft animals in terms of resistance<br />
to work stress and docility. There were no significant<br />
differences in the PRT of the three genotypes, in response<br />
to work stress. Wallowing significantly lowered initial<br />
respiration and body temperature of the buffalo. It also<br />
caused a minimal but significant increase in body<br />
temperature, which consequently resulted in higher<br />
coefficient of heat tolerance (CHT) for wallowed animals.<br />
Wallowed animals had the tendency to walk faster and to<br />
have higher increase in white blood cells (WBC) and<br />
eosinophil count. Differences in diurnal pulse, respiration<br />
and body temperature (PRT) were highly associated with<br />
the differences in weather conditions during the morning<br />
and afternoon periods of the day, with body temperature<br />
and respiration rate being closely related with air<br />
temperature; while negatively correlated with relative<br />
humidity. All buffaloes, generally, exhibited distress<br />
symptoms such as excitement, excessive salivation,<br />
panting, mucus excretion from the nostrils, lack of leg<br />
coordination and tongue protrusion especially during the<br />
second hour of working .<br />
Keywords: carabao, crossbred carabaos, coefficient of<br />
heat tolerance, distress symptoms, physiological<br />
responses, wallowing<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1996. 1996.<br />
PCC-UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water<br />
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995. (1996)<br />
PCC-DA. p. 108. Also in Annotated Bibliography on<br />
DRAFT POWER<br />
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry<br />
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos 2002) p. 370<br />
D-10<br />
WORK PERFORMANCE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL<br />
RESPONSES TO WORK STRESS OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO, CAMBODIAN <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
AND <strong>THE</strong>IR CROSSES WITH MURRAH <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
UNDER UPLAND CONDITION*<br />
A. S. Sarabia, University Researcher, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-<br />
PCARRD, UPLB<br />
The study compares and evaluates the work performance<br />
and physiological responses of the four buffalo breedtypes;<br />
Philippine Carabao, Cambodian buffalo, Philippine Carabao<br />
x Murrah buffalo, and Cambodian buffalo x Murrah buffalo,<br />
under upland condition. A total of 16 male buffaloes which<br />
ranges from five to eight years and weighing 350 to 580 kg<br />
were used in the plowing operations by four plowers during<br />
the 16- day experimental period. Work performance in<br />
terms of field capacity, pull, draft force, speed and draft<br />
power showed no significant differences between the four<br />
buffalo breedtypes. The draft developed by the buffaloes<br />
ranged between 11.5 and 14.5% of their body weights.<br />
The minimum and maximum recorded increase in pulse<br />
rate, respiration rate and body/rectal temperature, above<br />
normal resting levels when the buffaloes were subjected to<br />
one-hour continuous plowing, were 28 to 41%, 94 to 243%<br />
and 1.55 to 2.24 0 C, respectively. The pulse rate, respiration<br />
rate, rectal temperature (PRT) was unable to reach “steadystate”<br />
or return to normal resting levels after an hour or rest.<br />
Further more, the results revealed that the crossbreds,<br />
particularly the Philippine carabao x Murrah buffalo showed<br />
comparable or better work efficiency or draft ability and<br />
physiological responses to overcome work stress with<br />
that of their draft breed counterparts, the Philippine carabao<br />
and Cambodian buffalo.<br />
The data, therefore, strongly uphold the continuity of the<br />
carabao crossbreeding program being implemented by the<br />
Philippine Government through the Philippine Carabao<br />
Research and Development Center (PCRDC), Philippine<br />
Council for Agriculture Resources and Development<br />
(PCARRD) and Department of Agriculture (DA).<br />
Keywords: Cambodian buffaloes, carabao, crossbred<br />
carabaos, physiological responses, work performance<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1981-1996, PCC-<br />
UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo<br />
Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995, (1996), PCC-<br />
95
DA p. 108-109. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine<br />
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)<br />
1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 369.<br />
D-11<br />
FARMERS’ PREFERENCE FOR A DRAFT <strong>WATER</strong><br />
<strong>BUFFALO</strong>*<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
The carabao is mainly used as draft animal in the<br />
Philippines, thus, the smallholder farmers’ acceptance of<br />
the crossbreed as a draft animal is a critical factor in deciding<br />
whether or not to push the policy of crossbreeding the<br />
carabao with Murrah buffalo. The study was to determine<br />
the preference of the farmers for a draft water buffalo in<br />
different areas of the country. A total of 137 respondents<br />
that are cooperators of the former Philippine Carabao<br />
Research and Development Center (PCRDC) now<br />
Philippine Carabao Center (PCC) from five distinct areas<br />
of the country, namely, (1) Musuan, Bukidnon, (2) Ubay,<br />
Bohol, (3) La Carlota, Negros Occidental, (4) Muñoz,<br />
Nueva Ecija, and (5) Lucban, Quezon. The questionnaire<br />
used was pre-tested prior to the actual conduct of the survey.<br />
Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of the data.<br />
Majority of the respondents were married men (93.45%)<br />
with an average age of 45.4 years. The average schooling<br />
was 6.6 years, with average farming experience of 25.8<br />
years. The average farm size being worked on by the<br />
respondents varied with location related to the farming<br />
system of the area. The use of carabao/buffalo as a<br />
means of cultivating the land was still predominant in Bohol,<br />
Quezon and Bukidnon and none of the farmer respondents<br />
claimed to use tractor solely for farm cultivation. Farmers<br />
from different locations have varied responses, based on<br />
their experience, as the farmer-respondents (ave. = 92%)<br />
in all locations prefer Murrah-crossbred as draft animal.<br />
Very few farmers (ave.=7.3%), mainly from the province<br />
of Bohol (22.6%), to which breed type (carabao or<br />
crossbreed) was easier to train for draft. Majority of preferred<br />
the Philippine carabao as draft animal. Except from Negros<br />
Occidental (80%), majority (ave.=71.5%) would prefer a<br />
female draft animal. Majority of the respondents in all<br />
locations, cited size and strength as the primary reason for<br />
selecting crossbreeds as draft water buffalo. The survey<br />
also showed that the crossbreeds were preferred due to its<br />
endurance to heat, work, can be used at an early age for<br />
draft, has high market value and could be used for breeding<br />
purposes. Relatively, it is also a fast worker and easy to<br />
handle. Only farmer-respondents from Nueva Ecija<br />
recognized the usefulness of the crossbreed as source of milk.<br />
96<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao, Murrah crossbred, draft<br />
preference<br />
*Animal Production Technology Journal, 12(1):11-15.<br />
D-12<br />
DRAFT ABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RES-<br />
PONSES OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO, PHIL-<br />
MURRAH CORSSBRED AND MURRAH-CAMBODIAN<br />
CROSSBREED TO WORK STRESS*<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-DA, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
E. C. Castro, Agricultural Engineer, IRRI<br />
The study was conducted to compare the draft ability and<br />
physiological responses of the Philippine carabao (PC)<br />
and Phil-Murrah or PM (Murrah buffalo x PC) and Murrah-<br />
Cambodian or CM (Murrah buffalo x Cambodian buffalo)<br />
crossbreeds to work stress. Twelve (12) intact bulls (4-8<br />
years old) consisting of four each of PC, PM and CM<br />
were used in the plowing operation by thee plow-operators<br />
for a 12- day experiment. Data on draft animal power<br />
(DAP) were analyzed using ANOVA in a replicated Latin<br />
Square Design (LSD) while physiological responses were<br />
analyzed using ANOVA following a Split-Plot in LSD with<br />
breed types as the whole plot and the time of taking PRT<br />
(pulse respiration and rectal temperature) as the subplot.<br />
Results of the study showed that the PC could plow a<br />
significantly bigger area, work faster and produced higher<br />
draft power than the PM and CM crossbreeds. The most<br />
sensitive thermoregulatory index to assess the responses<br />
of the different buffalo breed types to stressful stimuli was<br />
rectal temperature. The PC registered significantly higher<br />
increases in rectal temperatures immediately after plowing<br />
compared to crossbreeds. It took a buffalo more than one<br />
hour of rest to return its PRT to its pre-work values. The<br />
data indicated that the PM and CM crossbreeds responded<br />
to and overcame work stress equally, if not better than the PC.<br />
Keywords: draft power performance, field capacity,<br />
Murrah-Cambodian crossbreed, Philippine carabao, Phil-<br />
Murrah crossbreed, physiological responses<br />
*Proceedings of the 2 nd Asian Buffalo Association Congress,<br />
October 9-12, 1996, Shangri-La Hotel Manila, Makati City,<br />
Philippines. pp 129-137. Also in Abstracts of Completed<br />
Studies 1981-1996. PCC-UPLB, College, Laguna. p.<br />
38-39. Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in<br />
the Philippines 1981-1995. (1996) PCC-DA. p. 109. Also<br />
in Philippine Carabao R & D Highlights 1994-1996. (1997)<br />
PCC-DA. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine<br />
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)<br />
1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 362.
D-13<br />
SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL<br />
CHANGES CORRELATED WITH WORK IN <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO AND PHIL-MURRAH<br />
CROSSBRED*<br />
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-DA, UPLB<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
R. M. Lapitan, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-DA, UPLB<br />
A total of eight untrained and intact buffalo bulls, consisting<br />
of four animals each from the Philippine carabao (PC) and<br />
the Phil-Murrah (Murrah Buffalo x PC or PM) crossbreed<br />
were used in the study. Biochemical data were analyzed<br />
using analysis of variance (ANOVA) in a 2 x 2 x 4<br />
factorial; and Student’s t-test to analyze the differences in<br />
endurance time between breed types during the training<br />
period. Study revealed that when subjected to the same<br />
training period, the PM crossbreed exhibited similar<br />
behavioral and physiological responses to the training<br />
scheme as the PC. The two breed types did not differ in<br />
terms of speed and distance covered when allowed to pull<br />
a sledge with a load of 50% of their body weights, and in<br />
terms of field capacity (m 2 /hr), speed and draft power during<br />
plowing. Plower-operator, time of day, soil hardness and<br />
atmospheric temperature were some of the factors that<br />
directly and indirectly influenced animal draft performance.<br />
The pulse rate, respiration rate and rectal temperature (PRT)<br />
were significantly affected by the time of the day that these<br />
parameters were monitored. Rectal temperature was the<br />
most sensitive thermoregulatory index to assess the<br />
responses of the different buffalo breed types to stressful<br />
stimuli. The PC registered significantly higher increase in<br />
rectal temperature immediately after sledge pulling<br />
compared to the crossbreed. It took a buffalo more than<br />
two hours of rest to return its PRT to its pre-work value.<br />
The changes in the concentrations of plasma lactic acid<br />
and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) varied between<br />
breed types as well as between the experimental stage.<br />
Lactic acid appeared to be the most sensitive and practical<br />
index to assess if the animal has been subjected to stressful<br />
stimuli. The mean plasma lactic acid concentration<br />
increased in buffaloes after they were exposed to work<br />
activities (4.63 mmol/li after work vs. 2.74 mmol/li before<br />
the start of the work), regardless of breed type.<br />
Furthermore, lactic acid concentrations were higher during<br />
training, sledge pulling and plowing period compared to<br />
those during pre-training and rest period. On the other<br />
hand, LDH was higher in the blood serum of the buffaloes<br />
before work (824.82 IU/ml) than after work 790.11 IU/ml).<br />
Keywords: behavioral responses, field capacity,<br />
DRAFT POWER<br />
physiological and biochemical changes, work bulls<br />
*Proceedings of the 2 nd Asian Buffalo Association Congress,<br />
Shangri-la Manila Hotel, Makati City, Philippines, October<br />
9-12, 1996. p. 103-115. Also in Philippine Journal of<br />
Veterinary Animal Science, 23 (3& 4):1-13. Also in Abstracts<br />
of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995,<br />
PCC-DA (1996), p. 110. Also in Philippine Carabao R &<br />
D Highlights 1994-1996, (1997) PCC-DA. p. 40-41. Also<br />
in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:<br />
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,<br />
Carabaos (2002) p. 361.<br />
D-14<br />
DRAUGHT PERFORMANCE OF <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
AND CATTLE IN <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong>S*<br />
C. C. Sevilla, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
C. C. de Luna, Research Associate, IAS-CA, UPLB<br />
E. C. Castro, Jr., Assistant Professor, AMDP-CEAT, UPLB<br />
While buffalo and cattle provide the bulk of power input for<br />
all farming systems in the Philippines, little attention, in<br />
terms of research and development, has been given to<br />
animals. In this paper, results of a number of research<br />
trials on the draught capacity and physiological response<br />
of the Philippine Water buffalo or the carabao and their<br />
grades of Murrah and Nili-Ravi are summarized, and those<br />
of the first studies to be conducted on Philippine draught<br />
and cattle in a lowland rice-based system are reported. In<br />
general, the carabao and their crossbreeds are comparable<br />
in terms of resistance to work stress and docility. Cattle<br />
and carabao can generate the same draught power<br />
equivalent to 15% of body weight, but were found to be<br />
physiologically more comfortable with draught output<br />
equivalent to 11% of bodyweight.<br />
Keywords: cattle, draught performance, physiological<br />
responses, water buffalo<br />
*Draught Animal Power in Asian-Australian Region, ACIAR<br />
Proceedings, 1993. No. 46. p. 33-39. Also in Annotated<br />
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and<br />
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 230.<br />
D-15<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> WORK CARABAO*<br />
V. E. Villegas, Professor, DAH-CA, UP<br />
The Philippine carabao is the draft animal par excellence in<br />
the Philippines. A well-proportioned animal has an average<br />
weight of 520 kilograms and an average height of 130<br />
centimeters. It is light to deep black in color; during certain<br />
97
seasons of the year, it is red. The head is short, wide and<br />
dished; the pole, wide and flat. The ears are mediumsized<br />
and lie horizontally below the horns. The neck is in<br />
proportion to the length of the body. White spots are scattered<br />
below the neck. A pad of muscle develops over the neck<br />
in a masculine male. A white band lies across over the<br />
brisket. The withers are well-formed. The front legs are a<br />
little splay-footed but strong. The body is long and broad.<br />
The chest is deep and fairly white. The ribs are wellsprung,<br />
the underline is low. The rear flank is full. The<br />
hindquarters are long, wide, deep, well-muscled, but<br />
drooping. The rump is wide and sloping. The hip and thigh<br />
are muscular and wide. The hind legs are cow-hocked.<br />
The tailhead is big; the tail, medium long; and the switch,<br />
bushy. The Philippine carabao thrives under adverse<br />
conditions and subsists on local varieties of forage without<br />
supplementary grain feeding. A liberal supply of a mixture<br />
of grass, rice straw, and leguminous forage would improve<br />
its condition. Molasses and copra meal are low priced<br />
concentrates that can be used during the crop season. The<br />
Philippine carabao is gentle and obedient on the plow or<br />
cart. It is strong, steady, and has stamina. A big one can<br />
even haul logs in the forest.<br />
Keywords: Philippine carabao description, work capacity<br />
of carabao<br />
*Livestock Production in the Philippines 1958. Published<br />
and distributed by Agricultural Credit and Cooperative<br />
Financing Administration, Manila. p. 51-52.<br />
98<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>
FEEDING AND NUTRITION<br />
F-1<br />
OBSERVATION ON <strong>THE</strong> GRAZING BEHAVIOR OF<br />
CARABAO (BUBALUS BUBALIS LINN.) UNDER<br />
<strong>THE</strong>MEDA PASTURE DURING WET SEASON*<br />
L. B. Aglibo, Student, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
D. D. Lorenzo, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
J. S. Viray, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
Central Luzon State University<br />
Twelve (12) yearling native carabaos grazing on Themeda<br />
grassland were observed from May to October, 1980 to<br />
determine their grazing behaviour under different stocking<br />
rate of 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 animal unit per hectare. Average<br />
daytime grazing was 410.64 min. (approximately 6.8 h) or<br />
around forty-eight (48) percent longer compared to night<br />
time grazing period of 211.48 min. (3.5 h). Daytime grazing<br />
has insignificantly affected P=0.14) by daytime temperature<br />
(26°C). Carabaos spent around 244.89 min (4.08 h)<br />
wallowing equivalent to 34% of the daytime (12 h) activity<br />
of the animals. Animals ruminated for 170.41 min. percent<br />
while wallowing. The animals spent around 70% of their<br />
total wallowing time for ruminating. Shade-seeking activity<br />
of the animals was recorded at 33.57 min. (0.56 h) for the<br />
month of June and at 86.75 min. (1.4 h) during the month of<br />
October.<br />
Keywords: carabao grazing behavior, themeda pasture,<br />
wet season<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986. (1982)<br />
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also<br />
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches<br />
in the Philippines. 1981–1995. p. 129.<br />
F-2<br />
DIGESTIBILITY AND VOLUNTARY FEED INTAKE<br />
STUDIES OF GRAZING CARABAO UNDER<br />
<strong>THE</strong>MEDA (<strong>THE</strong>MEDA TRIANDRA FORKS) RANGE<br />
PASTURE. III. DETERMINATION OF VOLUNTARY<br />
INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY BY CHROMIC OXIDE-<br />
FECAL NITROGEN RATIO TECHNIQUE WITH<br />
CARAHEIFERS DURING DRY SEASON*<br />
E. E. America, Student, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
B. H. Romulo, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
D. L. Aquino, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Research<br />
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources<br />
Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
FEEDING AND NUTRITION<br />
G. T. Concepcion, Science Research Assistant, Philippine Carabao<br />
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and<br />
Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
A total of six caraheifers with ages and weight varying<br />
from two to three years and from 280 kg to 297 kg,<br />
respectively, were used in the study during summer to<br />
determine the voluntary dry matter (DM) intake and<br />
digestibility of grazed Themeda using chromic-oxide<br />
nitrogen ratio technique. The mean digestibility coefficients<br />
obtained from DM, digestible fiber (DF), ether extract (EE),<br />
and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) were 25.13 ± 3.34, 47.18<br />
± 2.83, 50.35 ± 6.55, and 42.46 ± 2.00 percent,<br />
respectively. The mean voluntary DM intake of grazing<br />
caraheifers was found to be 3.01 ± 0.11 kg or around 1.04<br />
percent of the body weight of the animals. The digestible<br />
energy of Themeda was 356.08 ± 74.84 cal/gram.<br />
Regression equation for digestibility of DM (Y) on fecal<br />
nitrogen concentration (X) was calculated as Y = 24.17 =<br />
0.83 X.<br />
Keywords: caraheifers, chromic oxide-fecal ratio,<br />
digestibility and voluntary feed intake, Themeda pasture<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986.<br />
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also<br />
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in<br />
the Philippines. 1981-1995. p. 8-9.<br />
F-3<br />
UREA-MOLASSES-MINERAL BLOCK (UMMB) AND<br />
UREA-TREATED <strong>THE</strong>MEDA (<strong>THE</strong>MEDA TRIANDRA<br />
FORSK) HAY AS SUPPLEMENT TO GROWING<br />
CARABAOS GRAZING DURING <strong>THE</strong> DRY SEASON*<br />
D. L. Aquino, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Research<br />
and Development Center, Central Luzon State University<br />
S. P. Neric, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
Central Luzon State University<br />
S. K. Ranjhan, FAO Consultant<br />
Thirty-two grazing buffaloes of two age groups (6-12 months<br />
and 12-24 months old) grazing on themeda pasture were<br />
subjected to the following dietary treatments: T 1 – untreated<br />
themeda hay; T 2 – untreated themeda hay + urea-molassesmineral<br />
block (UMMB); T 3 – urea-treated themeda hay;<br />
and T 4 – urea-treated themeda hay + UMMB to determine<br />
their growth performance during dry season. Urea-treated<br />
themeda hay was prepared by sprinkling 4% urea solution<br />
to an equal weight of themeda hay treated for three weeks.<br />
UMMB and mineral mix were fed at the rate of 300 g and<br />
70 g, respectively per head daily. Supplementary themeda<br />
hay (treated or untreated) fed to 6-12 months old carabaos<br />
without UMMB was comparable in terms of average daily<br />
gain (ADG) dry matter intake (DMI), total protein efficiency,<br />
99
lood urea nitrogen (BUN) and feed cost per kilogram<br />
weight gain. However, in the 12-24 months old group<br />
there were significant increase from 0.27 kg to 0.33 kg,<br />
4.85 kg to 6.25 kg; and 49.93% to 56.60% in terms of<br />
ADG, DMI and DM digestibility equivalent to 18.2%,<br />
25.6% and 11.8%, respectively. Supplementation of<br />
UMMB to treated and untreated themeda hay fed to 6-12<br />
months old carabaos significantly increased (P
W. L. Johnson, Former Graduate Assistant, UP Cornell Graduate<br />
Education Program, Facuhad de Zootecnia, Universidad Agraria, La Molina<br />
Lima Peru<br />
W. A. Hardison, UNDP/FAO Consultant, Dairy Training Research Institute,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
A.L. Ordoveza, Dairy Specialist, Dairy Training Research Institute,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
L. S. Castillo, Associate Professor, Dairy Training Research Institute,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
Nine metabolism trials were conducted during the wet and<br />
early dry seasons of 1965 and 1966 in the Philippines.<br />
Panicum maximum (guinea grass) at growth stages of 5 to<br />
10 weeks was fed as the sole ration to growing Holstein<br />
(Bos taurus) and water buffalo (Bualus bubalis) bulls. In<br />
both seasons the amount of nitrogen consumed, absorbed<br />
and retained decreased with advancing maturity of the<br />
grass. Nitrogen intake, absorption and retention were all<br />
higher for the water buffaloes in both years, however, only<br />
the differences between animal species noted during the<br />
1995 trials were statistically significant. Retained nitrogen<br />
was significantly correlated with consumed nitrogen,<br />
absorbed nitrogen, crude protein digestibility, digestible<br />
protein intake, feed water intake, total water intake and<br />
insensible water loss. It is indicated that herbage containing<br />
more than six percent protein (with a crude digestibility<br />
coefficient greater than 47.5 percent) must be consumed to<br />
insure positive nitrogen balance in the growing ruminant,<br />
whenever that herbage is unsupplemented in the ration.<br />
Keywords: cattle, nitrogen balance, nutritive value,<br />
Panicum maximum, water buffaloes<br />
* Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science.<br />
1967-1968 (1968) v. 4 and 5 p. 73-78.<br />
F-7<br />
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON <strong>THE</strong> COMPOSITION OF<br />
<strong>THE</strong> RUMEN LIQUOR BETWEEN CARABAO<br />
(BUBALUS BUBALIS) AND CATTLE (BOS TAURUS)*<br />
T. J. Aranas, Senior Researcher, Dairy Training and Research Institute,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
P. L. Lopez, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
Two separate feeding trials were conducted using two<br />
carabaos and two Holstein cattle to determine the effect of<br />
stage of maturity (60 and 90-day) of napier grass and<br />
frequency of feeding (once and twice) on the chemical<br />
composition of the rumen liquor. Another two trials were<br />
conducted using only two carabaos to determine the effect<br />
of concentrate supplementation in a rice straw diet and the<br />
time of concentrate supplementation during rice straw/silage<br />
feeding. Samples of rumen liquor were obtained from each<br />
animals specified time interval after 10 days feed.<br />
FEEDING AND NUTRITION<br />
Composition between carabao and cattle in term of their<br />
efficiency in utilizing napier grass at different ages showed<br />
that based on the averages, the pH was the same for both<br />
species, regardless of the type of feeding system observed<br />
(trials I and II). Total nitrogen (N) was consistently higher for<br />
carabao than cattle and this is true too for nonprotein nitrogen<br />
(NPN) and ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 -N) when fed 90-day<br />
napier grass. However, with 60-day napier grass, there is<br />
practically no difference in NPN and NH 3 -N for both species.<br />
In terms of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), cattle was slightly<br />
higher in concentration than carabao, particularly, with 90day<br />
napier grass. The pH increased with concentrate feeding<br />
particularly during the first 3-hours, returning to normal with<br />
time (trial III). Concentration of total nitrogen (TN) was about<br />
the same during the rice straw and concentrate feeding.<br />
Although, the average NPN increased when concentrate<br />
was given after one hour in a rice straw diet. The average<br />
urea-N concentration decreased under similar feeding while<br />
NH 3 -N increased markedly by almost 100%. Total volatile<br />
fatty acid was slightly higher with rice straw feeding. A peak<br />
in TN concentration was observed within 30 min. from<br />
feeding of silage, decreasing thereafter with time. Similar<br />
trend was observed in NPN while the peak of urea-N,<br />
NH 3 -N and TVFA was observed at 3 hours from feeding.<br />
The pH increased within one hour with concentrate<br />
supplementation (trial IV) but decreased markedly with time,<br />
returning to normal within 6 hours from feeding. The average<br />
TN concentration was higher when the animals was fed rice<br />
straw than concentrate. The average NPN concentration<br />
was higher with concentrate feeding. Urea-N in concentration<br />
form 0 to 2 hours from feeding rice straw and up to 4 hours<br />
from feeding of concentrate. The average NH 3 -N was more<br />
than 3x higher in concentrate feeding than in rice straw<br />
feeding. Total VFA was slightly higher in rice strawconcentrate<br />
diet.<br />
Keywords: carabaos, Holstein cattle, napier grass, rumen<br />
liquor<br />
* Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science.<br />
1978 v. 4 (1). p. 32-41.<br />
F-8<br />
<strong>THE</strong> FEEDING VALUE OF HIGH-MOISTURE CORN<br />
AS A SUPPLEMENT TO RICE STRAW-MOLASSES<br />
SILAGE IN FEEDLOT FATTENING OF CARABAO*<br />
G. B. Asunto, Former Undergraduate Student, Department Animal<br />
Husbandry, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
L. S. Castillo, Associate Professor, Department Animal Husbandry, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
Ten male carabaos of approximately 24 to 36 months of<br />
age are fattened for a period of 137 days. Trials were also<br />
101
conducted on the digestibility of the high-moisture corn, rice<br />
straw-molasses silage and rice straw to another group of<br />
carabaos. Rice straw-molasses silage was fed ad libitum<br />
and high moisture or low moisture corn plus a concentrate<br />
mix was given at 1% of their body weight. Forty grams of<br />
a mineral mix was also included in the ration. Statistical<br />
analysis failed to show any significant difference in average<br />
daily gain, feed conversion efficiency and in the dressing<br />
percentage, specific gravity and marbling score of carcasses<br />
between the low moisture and high moisture corn treatments<br />
as affected by the initial weight and average daily feed<br />
consumption. The results showed that the high-moisture<br />
corn is equal in feeding value to low moisture corn as a<br />
supplement to rice straw-molasses silage.<br />
Keywords: carabao, feedlot fattening, high moisture corn,<br />
rice straw-molasses silage<br />
*B.S.A. Thesis. 1970. Department Animal Husbandry-<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines. 9 p.<br />
F-9<br />
GRAZING SYSTEM FOR CARABAO PRODUCTION*<br />
F. D. Buenafe, Project Staff, Ubay Stock Farm, Ubay, Bohol<br />
D. B. Peña, Farm Superintendent, Ubay Stock Farm, Ubay, Bohol<br />
P. S. Faylon, Director, Livestock Research Division, Philippine Council<br />
for Agriculture and Resources Research Development, Department of<br />
Science and Technology<br />
This study was conducted from February 1989 to February<br />
1990 at La Carlota Stock Farm, La Carlota City, Negros<br />
Occidental. The aims are to establish the adaptability of<br />
two forage legumes in marginal areas with existing native<br />
grasses, evaluate the forage crop-carabao responses to<br />
the two grazing systems and measure the performance of<br />
carabao raised on the two grazing systems. There were<br />
two experimental treatments, RS or Rotational Grazing<br />
System and SGS or Smallhold Grazing System. In the<br />
first method, the field was divided into two paddocks and<br />
the animals were allowed to feed in the area and transferred<br />
only when necessary. Results showed that the<br />
performance of carabaos confined in RGS was much<br />
better compared to SGS in terms of average weight gain,<br />
herbage yield per hectare and net income.<br />
Keywords: carabao production, grazing system<br />
* Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science.<br />
1991. v. 17 (1 and 2). p. 60.<br />
F-10<br />
<strong>THE</strong> CARCASS QUALITY OF CARABAOS AND<br />
CATTLE FATTENED IN FEEDLOT*<br />
102<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
A.D. Calub, Instructor, Department of Animal Husbandry, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Department of Animal Husbandry, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
J. C. Madamba, Associate Professor, Department of Animal Husbandry,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
L. P. Palo, Research Associate, Department of Animal Husbandry, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
In majority of the criteria used for comparison, there were<br />
no significant differences between species (cattle and<br />
carabao), between animals in the two rations (high and low<br />
moisture, corn and between diethylstilbestrol treated and<br />
untreated animals. The rib eye area (50.87 sq. cm) of<br />
cattle was significantly (P
in a majority of the carcass components parameters. With<br />
live weight held constant, only lean trimmings and bone<br />
trimmings did not differ significantly in the two animal<br />
species. There was a ration x hormone interaction in<br />
terms of marbling score (P
J. M. Matias, Director, Dairy Training and Research Institute, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
L. P. Palo, Associate Professor, Dairy Training and Research Institute,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
Four concrete upright silos with capacity of about 1.5-2.0<br />
m of silage were fed each with chopped rice straw enriched<br />
by the following treatments: A – whey with 2% urea used<br />
to wet chopped rice straw of about 1.2:1 straw; B – one<br />
part of fermented mother liquor (FML) diluted to 2 parts<br />
water; C – urea solution, 4%, and D – one part molasses<br />
diluted to 2 parts water to which 2% urea was added.<br />
Digestion and nitrogen balance studies were conducted in<br />
carabaos to determine the feeding value of each kind of<br />
enriched straw silage. Carabao fed ensiled rice straw with<br />
4% urea had the lowest dry matter intake. The most<br />
palatable silage contained whey and 2% urea (Treatment<br />
A), followed by the silage with molasses and urea, and<br />
rice straw silage with FML. The silage with FML had<br />
highest TDN of 69.8% and digestible protein of 16.16%,<br />
and promoted the best positive nitrogen balance of 79.5 g/day.<br />
Keywords: carabao feed intake, digestion and nitrogen<br />
balances, enriched rice straw silage, feed value<br />
*Abstracts of Researches, 1981-1995. PCC-DA, UPLB.<br />
Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo<br />
Researches in the Philippines, 1981-1995. p. 14.<br />
F-14<br />
FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE OF CATTLE AND<br />
CARABAOS FED CORN STOVER-MOLASSES<br />
SILAGES*<br />
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
C. C. Custodio, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Science,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
D. B. Roxas, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
F. B. Aglibut, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
N. P. Roxas, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
N. M. Uichanco, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Science,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
V. G. Argañosa, Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
The nutritive value of normal corn stover-molasses silage<br />
(NCSMS) and opaque-2 corn stover-molasses silage<br />
(OCSMS) were determined for Philippine cattle (Bos<br />
taurus) carabaos (Bubalus carabanensis Linn.) Castillo.<br />
Cattle were 16-18 months old while carabaos were 24.30<br />
months. The silages were fed ad libitum. A concentrate<br />
mix containing 6% urea 20% molasses was also fed at<br />
1% of the body weight. All animals were fed individually.<br />
104<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
Data obtained in 41 days feeding. It appears that the<br />
feeding value of OCSMS is slightly better than NCSMS<br />
thus confirming the results of a digestion trial reported by<br />
Roxas et al. Rates of daily gain of carabaos were about<br />
three times those of cattle.<br />
Keywords: cattle and carabao feeding, corn stovermolasses<br />
silages, feeding performance, opaque-2 corn<br />
stover molasses silage<br />
*Rice Middlings, Opaque-2 Corn, Normal Corn, and<br />
other Carbohydrates in Livestock and Poultry Rations:<br />
Terminal Report of Research in Animal Nutrition Supported<br />
by IRRI Chandler Grant, Jan. 1971 to December 1973.<br />
p. 68-69.<br />
F-15<br />
EFFECT OF HIGH UREA-MOLASSES-MINERAL-<br />
BLOCK AS SUPPLEMENT FOR GROWING<br />
CARABAO IN CONFINEMENT*<br />
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
A.N. del Barrio, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine<br />
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines<br />
Los Baños<br />
R. M. Lapitan, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine<br />
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines<br />
Los Baños<br />
D. B. Roxas, Associate Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
F. Sd. Pascual, Former University Research Associate, Institute of Animal<br />
Science, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
A. R. Obsioma, Project Development Officer, Office of the Executive<br />
Director, Philippine Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
S. K. Ranjhan, Former FAO Consultant<br />
Ten yearling calves were divided into two experimental<br />
groups of five animals each. Treatment 1, animals<br />
were fed rice straw and concentrate mixture at 1%body<br />
weight while treatment 2 were given rice straw and<br />
concentrate mixture at 1.5% of body weight. Both<br />
were given free choice urea-molasses-mineral block.<br />
It was observed that yearling calves were able to<br />
maintain their live weights without any body weight<br />
gains. Animals in confinement seemed not benefited<br />
with the additional intake of urea-molasses-mineral block<br />
unlike the trials made on grazing animals where they<br />
gained 10-15% more in weight.<br />
Keywords: confinement, grazing, growth performance,<br />
urea-molasses-mineral block, yearling carabaos<br />
*Abstracts of Researches, 1981-1995. PCC-DA, UPLB.<br />
Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo<br />
Researches in the Philippines, 1981-1995. p. 13.
F-16<br />
FEEDING VALUE OF CORN STOVER-MOLASSES<br />
AND RICE STRAW-MOLASSES SILAGES FOR<br />
SHEEP, CATTLE AND CARABAOS*<br />
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Department of Animal Husbandry, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
A. L. Gerpacio, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Husbandry,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
N. M. Uichanco, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Husbandry,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
D. B. Roxas, Instructor, Department of Animal Husbandry, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
E. P. Jajalla, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Husbandry, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
N. Panizales, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Husbandry,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
N. B. Velasco, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Husbandry,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
E. Familiar, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Husbandry, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
L. P. Palo, Research Associate, Dairy Training and Research Institute,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
A. Y. Robles, Research Associate, Dairy Training and Research Institute,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
Digestion and nitrogen balance studies were conducted<br />
for corn stover-molasses silage and rice straw-molasses<br />
silage with sheep, cattle, and carabaos. On the dry<br />
matter basis, the digestible protein of corn stover-molasses<br />
was 2.93 ± 0.16 percent for sheep, 3.36 ± 0.05 for cattle,<br />
and 3.31 ± 0.11 for carabaos. The corresponding total<br />
digestible nutrients (TDN) were 41.04 ± 1.84, 55.31 ±<br />
0.49, and 59.33 ± 1.48 percent. The average digestible<br />
energy equivalent was 4.4 megacalories per kg TDN for<br />
the three species of animals. The digestible protein for<br />
rice straw-molasses silage was 2.33 ± 0.11 percent for<br />
sheep, 1.21 ± 0.18 for cattle, and 1.11 ± 0.14 for carabaos.<br />
The corresponding TDN were 32.76 ± 1.31 percent,<br />
32.94 ± 1.14, and 36.19 ± 1.39. The average digestible<br />
energy equivalent was 4.45 megacalories per kg TDN<br />
for these animals. For both silages, the calculated<br />
metabolizable energy was 3.7 megacalories for one<br />
kilogram TDN. It seems that corn stover-molasses silage<br />
was slightly better compared to rice straw-molasses<br />
silage in promoting positive nitrogen balance in these<br />
animals.<br />
Keywords: carabao, cattle, corn stover-molasses, feeding<br />
value, rice straw-molasses silages, sheep<br />
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science. 1970.<br />
v. 7 (4). p. 103-108.<br />
F-17<br />
<strong>THE</strong> EFFECT OF UREA-MOLASSES BLOCK LICK<br />
ON <strong>THE</strong> GROWING <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARACALVES*<br />
FEEDING AND NUTRITION<br />
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
R. A. Leng, Former FAO Consultant<br />
A.N. del Barrio, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine<br />
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines<br />
Los Baños<br />
R. M. Lapitan, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine<br />
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines<br />
Los Baños<br />
F. Sd. Pascual, Former University Research Associate, Institute of Animal<br />
Science, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
D. B. Roxas, Associate Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
S. K. Ranjhan, Former FAO Consultant<br />
Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of ureamolasses<br />
block on the performance of caracalves and mature<br />
heifers. In experiment 1, nine (9) growing caracalves ranging<br />
from 6-9 months of age and weighing 90 to 160 kg were<br />
divided into 3 groups. Each group was randomly allotted to<br />
the following treatments: I – chopped rice straw; II - chopped<br />
rice straw + urea-molasses-block-lick; III – chopped rice<br />
straw + urea-molasses-block-lick + 1 kg concentrate mix.<br />
The feeding trial lasted for 70 days. In the second experiment,<br />
eighteen mature carabao heifers of 4 to 4 ½ years of age,<br />
weighing 305 to 400 kg were divided into four treatments: I<br />
– chopped grass only; II – chopped grass + urea-molassesblock;<br />
III – chopped grass + urea-molasses-block + 1.5 kg<br />
ipil-ipil leaf meal; IV – chopped grass + 1.5 kg ipil-ipil leaf<br />
meal. Treatments I and II consisted of 4 carabaos each<br />
while treatments III and IV consisted of 5 carabaos each.<br />
The feeding trial lasted for five weeks. Carabaos fed rice<br />
straw alone performed very poorly. The average daily<br />
gains of carabaos in experiment I were 22.9 g/day, 67.1 g/<br />
day, and 100 g/day for treatments I, II and III, respectively.<br />
Urea-molasses block and concentrate mix improved nutrient<br />
intakes and growth, however, yearling calves developed<br />
pot bellied conditions. In experiment 2, animals in treatment<br />
I and II lost weight. The best performance was observed<br />
from animals in treatment III showing a total gain of 2.8 kg<br />
while those in treatment IV just maintained their body weights.<br />
Keywords: concentrate, growth performance, caracalves,<br />
Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal, rice straw, urea<br />
molasses block<br />
*Abstracts of Researches, 1981-1995. PCC-DA, UPLB.<br />
Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo<br />
Researches in the Philippines, 1981-1995. p. 13.<br />
F-18<br />
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DIGESTIBLE<br />
ENERGY AND PROTEIN OF MATURE FEMALE<br />
CARABAO IN CONFINEMENT*<br />
105
L.S. Castillo, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
S. K. Ranjhan, Former FAO Consultant<br />
D. B. Roxas, Associate Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
A. N. del Barrio, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine<br />
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
R. M. Lapitan, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine<br />
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
F. Sd. Pascual, Former University Research Associate, Institute of<br />
Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines<br />
Los Baños<br />
A. R. Obsioma, Project Development Officer, Office of the Executive<br />
Director, Philippine Carabao Center, University of the Philippines<br />
Los Baños<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
E. E. Abenir, Former University Research Associate, Dairy Training<br />
and Research Institute, College of Agriculture, University of the<br />
Philippines Los Baños<br />
J. M. Matias, Director, Dairy Training and Research Institute, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
L. P. Palo, Associate Professor, Dairy Training and Research Institute,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
Nineteen mature female carabaos were used in four<br />
treatments holding digestible protein (DP) “constant”<br />
at 100% based on Ranjhan’s feeding standards for<br />
Riverine buffaloes and cattle. The four levels of total<br />
digestible nutrients (TDN) were 80, 90, 100 and 100%.<br />
Digestion trials were conducted on the corn stover<br />
silage and concentrate mixtures. The animals were<br />
individually confined in elevated stalls. The ration<br />
with 90% TDN and with small amount of concentrate<br />
mixture no. 2 had higher digestion coefficients for cell<br />
walls, acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose and lignin<br />
compared to the other rations. The average digestible<br />
energy values obtained were 2330, 2090, 2225 and<br />
2215 Kcal/kg for treatments I-IV, respectively. Animals<br />
in treatments I-III lost weight in 63 days of feeding<br />
while they maintained their weights in treatment IV<br />
(100% TDN). The DP requirements of carabaos were<br />
about 20% higher than the Indian Riverine buffaloes.<br />
However, for dry matter (DM) and TDN requirements,<br />
both animals had almost similar needs, the carabaos<br />
requiring only about 5% more. The blood parameters<br />
examined did not show any significant variation due<br />
to various treatments.<br />
Keywords: concentrate digestibility, confinement, corn<br />
stover silage, maintenance requirements, mature<br />
carabaos, protein and energy<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1981-1985.<br />
PCC-DA, UPLB. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts:<br />
Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines. 1981-<br />
106<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
1995. p. 13-14 and in Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1985. v.<br />
11 (3 and 4). p. 40.<br />
F-19<br />
EFFECTS OF CONCENTRATE SUPPLEMENTATION<br />
ON MATURE TE<strong>THE</strong>RED CARABAOS*<br />
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
D. B. Roxas, Associate Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
I.C. Romero, Jr., Supervising Researcher, Philippine Carabao Center,<br />
Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
To study the advantage of supplementation of concentrate<br />
mixture to tethered mature carabaos, six carabaos were<br />
allotted to a feeding systems, namely: tethering without<br />
concentrate supplement and tethering with two kilograms<br />
of supplement. Tethering was conducted at four areas<br />
within the compound of the Institute of Animal Science. A<br />
system of rotation was followed to allow the grasses/<br />
legumes to regrow. An 8-meter rope constrained each<br />
animal while grazing. Results showed that the age-old<br />
practice of farmers in tethering their carabaos apparently is<br />
a sound feeding system.<br />
Keywords: concentrate supplementation, grazing, tethering<br />
carabaos<br />
*Abstracts of Researches, 1981-1995. PCC-DA, UPLB.<br />
Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo<br />
Researches in the Philippines, 1981-1995. p. 12-13.<br />
F-20<br />
<strong>THE</strong> EFFECT OF CONCENTRATE SUPPLEMENT<br />
AND CHOPPING AND SOAKING RICE STRAW AND<br />
ITS VOLUNTARY INTAKE BY CARABAOS*<br />
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
D. B. Roxas, Associate Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
M. A. Chavez, Former Research Assistant, Institute of Animal Science,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
S. K. Ranjhan, Former FAO Consultant<br />
Nine carabaos were confined individually; three were<br />
tethered with a nose rope, three housed in box stalls (2x3<br />
m) and three in elevated metabolism stalls. In experiment<br />
1, long rice straw was given to each animal for two months<br />
with water given three times a day in concrete water<br />
troughs. A salt lick and a bone-meal-limestone mixture<br />
were accessible at all times. The daily dry matter intake
(DDMI) of rice straw per 100 kg body weight (W) was<br />
2.86, 2.31 and 2.45 kg for animals confined in these different<br />
ways. Expressed on the basis of metabolic body weight,<br />
the DMI was 0.116, 0.03 and 0.096 kg/kg W 0.75 . In<br />
experiment 2, the carabaos were given long rice straw ad<br />
libitum and concentrate supplement fed at 1% body weight.<br />
The dry matter intake (DMI) of rice straw was 1.77, 1.45<br />
and 1.76 kg/100 kg W. for each method of confinement,<br />
while the total DMI (including concentrate) was 2.57, 2.27<br />
and 2.53 kg/100 kg W. The DMI of rice straw expressed<br />
on the basis of kg/100 kg W or kg/kg W 0.75 was lower than<br />
in experiment 1 because of substitution by the concentrate<br />
mixture. All animals gained weight during experiment 2.<br />
In experiment 3, the DMI of long rice straw was compared<br />
to that of chopped rice straw and chopped rice straw soaked<br />
in water. Soaking was for two hours after which the straw<br />
was allowed to drain for three hours. All animals were<br />
supplemented with concentrate mix at 0.5% of body weight.<br />
The DMI of long rice straw in the three methods of<br />
confinement averaged 1.51 kg/100 kg W or 0.063 kg/kg<br />
W 0.75 . The corresponding values for chopped rice straw<br />
were 1.62 and 0.67 kg, while those for chopped and soaked<br />
rice straw increased intake, but soaking the chopped straw<br />
had no additional effect on the intake of straw. This was<br />
despite the fact that soluble oxalates decreased from 1.1%<br />
before soaking to 0.2% after soaking, a reduction of about<br />
70% in oxalate content of the straw.<br />
Keywords: carabao intake, chopped, concentrate<br />
supplementation, long soaked rice straw<br />
*Abstracts of Researches, 1981-1995. PCC-DA, UPLB.<br />
Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo<br />
Researches in the Philippines, 1981-1995. p. 11-12.<br />
F-21<br />
VOLUNTARY INTAKE OF CARABAOS FED RICE<br />
STRAW IN THREE METHODS OF CONFINEMENT*<br />
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
D. B. Roxas, Associate Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
M. A. Chavez, Former Research Assistant, Institute of Animal Science,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
S. K. Ranjhan, Former FAO Consultant<br />
Nine carabaos were confined individually; three were<br />
tethered with nose rope, three in box stalls (2x3 m), and<br />
three in elevated metabolism stalls. Each was fed long<br />
rice straw for two months with water given three times a<br />
day in concrete water troughs. Salt lick and salt-bonemeal-limestone<br />
mixtures were provided at all times. The<br />
average rice straw daily dry matter intake (DDMI) per 100<br />
FEEDING AND NUTRITION<br />
kg body weight (BW) was 2.86, 2.31 and 2.5 kg,<br />
respectively, Expressing the DDMI as BW 0.75 gave the<br />
corresponding value of 0.116, 0.103 and 0.096 kg per<br />
BW 0.75 . All animals were losing weight, implying the poor<br />
nutritional value even for maintenance of rice straw only<br />
as feed. In the second experiment, the carabaos were fed<br />
long rice straw supplemented with a concentrate supplement<br />
at 1.0 percent of body weight. The corresponding rice<br />
straw DDMI (with concentrate) was 2.57, 2.27 and 2.53<br />
kg per 100 kg BW for each method of confinement. The<br />
DDMI for long rice straw expressed, as kg per BW 0.75 was<br />
lower compared to the previous experiment because of the<br />
substitution by the concentrate mixture. All animals in this<br />
trial gained weight. With regard to the methods of<br />
confinement, tethering (the common practice used by<br />
backyard farmers) seems to have an advantage over box<br />
stalls or metabolism stalls.<br />
Keywords: carabao, confinement, concentrate<br />
supplementation, rice straw intake, tethering<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1981-1995 (1982).<br />
PCC-DA, UPLB. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water<br />
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines. 1981-1995. p. 10-<br />
11 and in the Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1982 v. 8 (1 and 2).<br />
p. 41-42.<br />
F-22<br />
<strong>THE</strong> ENERGY AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENT OF<br />
MATURE CARABAO*<br />
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
D. B. Roxas, Associate Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
R. M. Lapitan, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine<br />
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines<br />
Los Baños<br />
M. A. Chavez, Former Research Assistant, Institute of Animal Science,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
E. E. Abenir, University Research Associate, Dairy Training and Research<br />
Institute, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
L. P. Palo, Associate Professor, Dairy Training and Research Institute,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
I. C. Romero, Jr., Former Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao<br />
Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
S. K. Ranjhan, Former FAO Consultant<br />
A group of carabao heifers was fed individually with grain<br />
silage for an adjustment period of three months. During an<br />
experimental period of 164 days corn/silage was fed,<br />
supplemented with concentrate to provide 80,100, 120%<br />
of the suggested requirements for energy and protein. The<br />
experimental design was 3x3 factorial for the three levels<br />
of protein and energy. Rice straw was given in small<br />
107
amount to meet the dry matter requirements of the low<br />
level fed animals. There was no significant interaction<br />
between energy and protein nor were there significant<br />
differences in daily weight gain for the different treatments.<br />
The nutrient requirements for energy and protein were found<br />
to be 20% lower than those suggested for the growing<br />
water buffaloes of India.<br />
Keywords: carabao heifers, concentrate supplementation,<br />
corn silage, energy and protein requirement<br />
*Abstract of Completed Researches, 1981-1983. PCC-<br />
DA, UPLB. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water<br />
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines. 1981-1995. p. 12.<br />
F-23<br />
IN VITRO EVALUATION OF QUALITY SILAGE FROM<br />
COMMONLY GROWING GRASSES FOR DRY<br />
SEASON CARABAO FEEDING SYSTEM*<br />
F. E. Corpus, M. S. Student, IGS, Central Luzon State University<br />
In vitro evaluation of five common grass species was<br />
conducted to determine their potential feeding value as<br />
silage for supplemental feeding during the dry season. The<br />
grasses were ensiled using three levels of molasses (-,<br />
15, 30) and three ensiling durations (35, 75 and 110 days).<br />
The study was arranged in a 5 x 3 x 3 factorial in completely<br />
randomized design with 3 replications per treatments.<br />
Paragrass and napier grass were best among the grasses<br />
with regard to desired pH level (4.0). Good quality silage<br />
were produced from all the grasses when these were<br />
ensiled for 110 days either on zero or 15% molasses. This<br />
was attributed to increased population of lactic acid forming<br />
bacteria and attainment of optimum pH level. Smaller<br />
losses in crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF) were<br />
noted in themeda and paragrass silages. Marked increase<br />
in ether extract (EE) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) were<br />
observed in silages produced from cogon, themeda and<br />
paragrass. Likewise, in vitro digestibility significantly<br />
increased in silages produced from cogon, themeda and<br />
napier grass during prolonged ensiling.<br />
Keywords: in vitro evaluation, napier grass, para grass,<br />
quality silage<br />
*M. S. Thesis. 1987. IGS, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija.<br />
Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstract: Water Buffalo Researches<br />
in the Philippines 1981-1995. p. 14-15.<br />
F-24<br />
GRAZING TRIALS ON <strong>THE</strong>MEDA AND <strong>THE</strong>MEDA X<br />
STYLO MIXED PASTURE I. GRAZING TRIALS ON<br />
UNIMPROVED <strong>THE</strong>MEDA PASTURE*<br />
108<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
L. C. Cruz, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
Central Luzon State University and Project Leader, Philippine Carabao<br />
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and<br />
Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
D. D. Lorenzo, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science,<br />
College of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
H. H. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao<br />
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and<br />
Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
A. Venturina, Animal Caretaker, Philippine Carabao Research and<br />
Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources<br />
Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
T. Palada, Laborer, Philippine Carabao Research and Development Center,<br />
Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research Development,<br />
Central Luzon State University<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
Fifty-four (54) yearling carabaos were assigned on a 3 x 2<br />
factorial experiment in a fifty-four hectares of Themeda<br />
grassland involving three stocking rates (0.7, 0.5 and 0.33<br />
a.u./ha) and two levels of concentrate supplementation<br />
(low and medium) during summer. The objective of the<br />
study was to define the optimum stocking rate for water<br />
buffaloes under Themeda pasture and assess the seasonal<br />
effects on the productivity of the grazing animals. A<br />
decreasing trend in liveweight was noted among the<br />
experimental trials during summer, irrespective of stocking<br />
rate. Improvement on performance was noted during rainy<br />
seasons, the magnitude of change was relatively higher<br />
among animals in wide area. Optimum stocking rate for<br />
Themeda was established at 0.4 a.u./ha. Move to reduce<br />
pasture/animal unit resulted in increased production/ha but<br />
significant changes in the vegetation resulted in increased<br />
stocking rate of 0.7 a.u./ha.<br />
Keywords: grazing trials, yearling carabaos, unimproved<br />
Themeda pasture<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986.<br />
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also<br />
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in<br />
the Philippines. 1981-1995. (1996). p. 131-132.<br />
F-25<br />
GRAZING TRIAL ON <strong>THE</strong>MEDA AND <strong>THE</strong>MEDA X<br />
STYLE MIXED PASTURE II. GRAZING BEHAVIOR<br />
OF CARABAOS*<br />
L. C. Cruz, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
Central Luzon State University and Project Leader, Philippine Carabao<br />
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and<br />
Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
J. S. Viray, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
Central Luzon State University<br />
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao<br />
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and<br />
Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University
D. D. Lorenzo, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
The study was conducted to establish grazing behavior of<br />
carabaos under native pasture. Six yearling female<br />
Philippine carabaos (PC) were allowed to graze on<br />
Themeda pasture at stocking rates of 0.7 a.u./ha (n=3) and<br />
0.3 a.u./ha (n=3) for one year covering both wet and dry<br />
seasons. Observations on grazing, rumination, wallowing/<br />
shade seeking, idling and other activities were made for 24<br />
hours at weekly interval. Ambient temperature, relative<br />
humidity and other atmospheric parameters were also<br />
gathered during observation. Animals spent 38.5% of the<br />
time grazing. This activity starts as early as 3:00 a.m.<br />
duration being longer during dry season than during wet<br />
season, with much of the activity concentrated during<br />
daytime. There were indications that temperature affects<br />
grazing behavior. Carabaos were observed to cover 3.64<br />
m/min while in search for forage and greater distance was<br />
traveled during the rainy season. Time spent for rumination<br />
accounts for 35.11% of the time with grazing time: rumination<br />
ratio of 1:0.91. On the other hand, only 10.10% of the time<br />
spent for wallowing. Not only was wallowing more frequent<br />
during rainy months but also the total time spent for<br />
wallowing was greater.<br />
Keywords: carabao grazing behavior, Themeda x stylo<br />
mixed pasture<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986.<br />
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also<br />
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in<br />
the Philippines. 1981-1995. (1996). p. 132.<br />
F-26<br />
EFFECTS OF FEEDING THREE ENERGY LEVELS<br />
ON <strong>THE</strong> GROWTH AND REPRODUCTIVE<br />
PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY CATTLE AND CARABAO<br />
(BUBALUS BUBALIS LINN.) UNDER <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CONDITION*<br />
R. C. Cruz, Former Ph. D. Student, Department of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
A. L. Ordoveza, Associate Professor, Dairy Training and Research<br />
Institute, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
L. P. Palo, Assistant Professor, Dairy Training and Research Institute,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
The experiment consisted of a digestion feeding trial. The<br />
digestion trial was conducted prior to the feeding trial to<br />
ascertain the digestible nutrients of the test rations. In the<br />
feeding trial, a 2 x 3 factorial in a completely randomized<br />
design was used involving nine dairy heifers (Holstein x<br />
FEEDING AND NUTRITION<br />
Red Sindhi), 5 months old, and nine carabeifers (Bubalus<br />
bubalis Linn.) 1 ½ years old. Three dietary energy levels<br />
were used, namely: 90, 100 and 110% of the USNRC<br />
energy requirements for growth and reproduction. Protein<br />
level in each treatment was maintained at 100% of the<br />
USNRC protein requirements. The three test energy<br />
levels were supplied by rations consisting of para grass<br />
[Brachiaria mutica (Forsk) Staft], 42 days regrowth plus<br />
concentrate-bagasse mixture I, II and III. Test dairy heifers<br />
fed 90, 100 and 110% of USNRC energy requirements<br />
had the total weight gain of 100.18, 171.82 and 179.81 kg,<br />
respectively, while the average daily gains were 0.15,<br />
0.26 and 0.28 kg, respectively. The total liveweight gain<br />
and average daily gain of test daily heifers fed 100 and<br />
110% of NRC energy requirements were significantly<br />
(P
growth performance, physiological responses, reproductive<br />
performance<br />
*Ph.D. Thesis. 1977. DAS-CA, UPLB/ Also in Phil. J.<br />
Vet. Anim. Sci. 1977 v. 3 (3 and 4) p. 109.110.<br />
F-27<br />
EFFECT OF RICE BRAN SUPPLEMENTATION ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> DRAFT POWER OF CARABAOS IN STA.<br />
BARBARA, PANGASINAN*<br />
A. C. de Luna, Research Assistant, Institute of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
C. C. Sevilla, Assistant Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
E. C. Castro, Assistant Professor, AMDP, College of Engineering and<br />
Agricultural Technology, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
L. M. Manlongat, Research Assistant, Institute of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
R. M. Sanchez, Research Assistant, Institute of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
Six farmer-owned carabaos [440-550 kg liveweight (LW)]<br />
were randomly divided into treatment and control groups.<br />
Animals in the treatment group were fed with rice bran at<br />
0.5% of liveweight in addition to conventional feeds of rice<br />
straw; wees, and other farm by-products. Control groups<br />
of animal were subjected to farmer’s system of feeding of<br />
conventional feeds. Draft was measured by allowing the<br />
animals to pull a sledge of varying loads for about 15<br />
minutes. Supplementation of rice bran helped reduce the<br />
seasonal loss of the animals’ weight. There were no<br />
significant differences in the draft and power generated by<br />
the animals in the control and treatment groups. However,<br />
a trend of slower pulse rate and respiration rate among<br />
animals in the treatment groups than those in the control<br />
group indicated positive response to supplementation. A<br />
fatigue test is needed to determine the sustainable work<br />
performance of Philippine carabaos. Preliminary data are<br />
presented to relate nutritional status and draftability of<br />
Philippine carabao on–farm. Rice bran supplementation<br />
was done to minimize if not prevent liveweight loss of<br />
animals.<br />
Keywords: carabao, draft power, rice bran<br />
* Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science.<br />
1991. v. 17(1-2). pp. 53-54.<br />
F-28<br />
<strong>THE</strong> YIELD AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF<br />
NAPIER GRASS (PENISETUM PURPUREUM<br />
SCHUM.) AND ITS INTAKE, DIGESTIBILITY AND<br />
NITROGEN RETENTION BY CATTLE VERSUS<br />
CARABAO AS AFFECTED BY STAGE OF GROWTH<br />
AND SEASON*<br />
110<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
J. R. Escaño, Former Instructor, Department of Animal Husbandry, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
C. B. Perez, Jr., Assistant Professor and Chairman, Department of Animal<br />
Husbandry, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
A. L. Ordoveza, Assistant Professor, Dairy Training and Research Institute,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
Nine digestibility trials on napier grass were conducted<br />
during the wet and dry seasons from October, 1967 to<br />
March 1968 with cattle and carabao. These trials were<br />
supplemented with systematic field sampling for yield and<br />
chemical composition data. An increase in crude fiber and<br />
a decrease in crude protein content were the remarkable<br />
features observed as the grass advanced in age at 3<br />
stages of regrowth studies, 30, 45 and 60 days. No<br />
definite trend was observed in other proximate chemical<br />
constituents. A general decrease in the digestion coefficients<br />
of all nutrients were observed with age. However,<br />
significant effect was observed only with crude fiber<br />
(P
Tethering, soiling, communal pasture and grazing was<br />
practiced by all farmers. Salt was the only source of<br />
mineral supplement provided by 60% of the farmers. Only<br />
37% provided housing to their carabaos. Pre- and postweaning<br />
mortalities totaled 19%. Calving interval of 69%<br />
of the caracows was at least 2 years, with many<br />
“machoras”. Hoof and mouth disease and liverfluke infection<br />
were the most prevalent, however, 38% of the farmers<br />
reported they never had a sick carabao. Carabulls were<br />
castrated at an average of 3.3 years. Slit method was the<br />
most preferred, however, in Isabela and Cagayan pounding<br />
and “binurbor” method of castration was still very common.<br />
Ninety-nine percent of the farmers used natural breeding.<br />
The mean age of caraheifers at first breeding was 3.8<br />
years. Eighty-two percent of the carabaos trained for<br />
work were females. Training carabaos for work, then<br />
selling it, was much more profitable than what some farmers<br />
were earning. The mean age at which carabaos were<br />
bought by farmers was 6.5 years and the mean age<br />
carabaos were sold was 12.2 years. Only 27% of the<br />
farmers slaughtered their carabaos while the rest sold it<br />
alive. Seventy percent of the farmers did not believe in<br />
the influence of color, cowlicks, horn shape, forms and<br />
marking and tail length of carabaos on their performance<br />
and in luck of the owner. Sixty three percent of the draft<br />
carabaos raised by farmers were males and 37% females;<br />
94% of which were native and only 6% were crossbred.<br />
The mean age, weight, heartgirth, body length 1, body length<br />
2 and height of male draft carabaos are 9.3 years; 470.5 kg;<br />
192.0; 123.5; 183.0 and 131.3 cm, respectively, while female<br />
draft carabaos are 9.0 years; 402.6 kg; 183.4; 115.2; 173.9<br />
and 125.4 cm, respectively. Carabaos were raised primarily<br />
for draft purposes. All the farmers insisted that “life will be<br />
very difficult without a carabao”, while 66% said “it will be<br />
very expensive to farm without a carabao”. Seventyseven<br />
percent of the farmers used carabao power in all their<br />
farming activities while none used all-machine in their farm.<br />
There were very few carabulls and the few ones available<br />
were the poorest type which is now used for breeding. A<br />
program to castrate all undesirable carabulls and select<br />
caracows calving program to castrate all undesirable<br />
carabulls and select caracows calving yearly to be mated<br />
by selected indigenous or imported carabulls is imperative.<br />
Researches should be designed to improve the level of<br />
living of majority of the farmers and eventually orient carabao<br />
production and technology for export.<br />
Keywords: carabao raising, management practices,<br />
physical characteristics, reproductive performance<br />
*Abstracts of Papers Presented at the 18 th Annual<br />
Convention of the Philippine Society of Animal Science.<br />
Nov. 13-14, 1981. Philippine International Convention<br />
FEEDING AND NUTRITION<br />
Center, Manila. Also in Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1982. v.<br />
8 (1 and 2). p. 48-49.<br />
F-30<br />
INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF RICE STRAW WITH<br />
AND WITHOUT CORN-UREA SUPPLEMENTATION*<br />
M. D. T. Hidalgo, Former Undergraduate Student, Department of Animal<br />
Science, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
L. P. Palo, Assistant Professor, Dairy Training and Research Institute,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
A series of digestion trials was conducted to evaluate the<br />
feeding value of rice straw with and without corn-urea<br />
supplementation using cattle and carabao. There was an<br />
increase in the dry matter and total digestible nutrients<br />
(TDN) intakes of the animals upon supplementation with<br />
corn-urea. Carabaos had consistently higher digestion<br />
coefficients than cattle in all the trials. Addition of corn-urea<br />
resulted in a significant (P
forage yield and animal intake. An average weight gain of<br />
0.28 kg per day was obtained with Holstein and carabao<br />
bulls, the carabaos gaining faster in the dry season than<br />
cattle consuming the same forage. The data on intake and<br />
nutritive value led to an estimate of 4.0 kg of milk per cow<br />
per day as the maximum production which could be<br />
supported by a ration of guinea grass soilage (prebloom<br />
stage, 28-42 days old) without supplementation.<br />
Keywords: carabao, cattle, nutritive value, Panicum<br />
maximum<br />
* Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science.<br />
1969 v. 6 (1) p. 61-68.<br />
F-32<br />
EVALUATION OF GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF<br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO AND PHIL-MURRAH<br />
CROSSES UNDER DIFFERENT FEEDING REGIMES:<br />
UREA-TREATED STRAW AND ENERGY<br />
SUPPLEMENTATION*<br />
R. M. Lapitan, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine<br />
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines<br />
Los Baños<br />
B. A. Oliveros, Assistant Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
A. N. del Barrio, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine<br />
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines<br />
Los Baños<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
The comparative growth performance of 6 Philippine carabao<br />
(PC) and 6 Phil-Murrah (PM) crossbred carabaos fed urea<br />
treated straw supplemented with concentrate was<br />
investigated following a 2 x 2 factorial in a randomized<br />
completed block design (RCBD). The two factors were<br />
breed and levels of energy intake. Low energy intake was<br />
set to provide maintenance requirement while high energy<br />
intake allowed the animals to gain 0.5 kg/day. Daily rice<br />
straw dry matter intake of both the PC (6.44 kg) and the<br />
PM (5.97 kg) at low energy intake were significantly (P
C. R. Legaspino, Former Student, Department of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
E. A. Orden, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
D. D. Lorenzo, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
A total of six (6) caraheifers aged 2 to 3 years old with<br />
body weight ranging from 280 to 287 kg were used as<br />
experimental animals to determine their voluntary intake<br />
and the digestibility of Themeda range pasture during<br />
summer. The calculated mean voluntary dry matter intake<br />
was 3.78 ± 0.18 kg which is equivalent to 1.31 ± 0.06<br />
percent of the body weight. This intake is on the average<br />
53.98 ± 2.41 dry matter of Themeda per kg metabolic body<br />
size. The unimproved themeda range pasture at summer<br />
time gave a mean value for dry matter digestibility and<br />
digestion coefficients for crude fiber (CF), crude protein<br />
(CP), nitrogen free extract (NFE) and ether extract (EE) of<br />
40.61 ± 1.32, 56.58 ± 2.21, 17.00 ± 3.63, 52.41 ± 1.77<br />
and 59.61 ± 5.10 percent, respectively. The total digestible<br />
nutrient was found to be 45.20 ± 1.56 percent. Digestible<br />
energy was 356.08 ± 74.84 cal/g.<br />
Keywords: caraheifers, chromic oxide-lignin ratio<br />
technique, dry season, digestibility, themeda range pasture,<br />
voluntary intake<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Studies. 1981-1986. (1982).<br />
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also<br />
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in<br />
the Philippines. 1981-1995. p. 135.<br />
F-35<br />
VARIATIONS IN <strong>THE</strong> NITROGEN FRACTIONS OF<br />
RUMEN LIQUORS OF SLAUGHTERED CARABAOS*<br />
P. L. Lopez, Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
M. S. Banes, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
E. C. Ricohermoso, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Science,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
The total N values for fasted female carabaos ranged from<br />
30.84 to 226.29 mg % with a mean value of 77.40 mg %<br />
while that of the non-fasted ranged from 64.76 to 218.20 mg<br />
% with a mean value of 106.82 mg %. The fasted and<br />
non-fasted steers, however, have very close mean for<br />
total N (106.90 to 106.57 mg %) although, the range was<br />
just as wide from 39.32 to 179.84 mg % with fasted steers<br />
and from 60.76 to 160.84 mg % with non-fasted steers.<br />
The fasted bulls have values ranging from 31.02 to 150.94<br />
mg % with a mean value of 70.67 mg % while the nonfasted<br />
bulls have values ranging from 83.10 to 132.85 mg<br />
FEEDING AND NUTRITION<br />
% with a mean value of 108.31 mg %. The male carabaos<br />
showed slightly higher mean (101.67 mg %) for total N<br />
than the female (91.47 mg %). Similarly, the non-fasted<br />
carabaos showed higher mean (106.78 mg %) than the<br />
fasted (88.13 mg %) animals. The range in protein N was<br />
just as wide as the total N. The mean values for female<br />
and male carabaos were 64.88 and 75.67 mg %,<br />
respectively. However, the female and bulls were<br />
comparable in the mean protein N, 64.88 and 64.44%,<br />
respectively, which were lower than that of the steers<br />
(82.02%). There was only a slight difference in the mean<br />
protein N for the fasted (70.26%) and non-fasted (71.52%)<br />
carabaos. Non-protein N for fasted female carabaos ranged<br />
from 6.80 to 34.95 mg % with a mean value of 17.29 mg<br />
% while that of the non-fasted ranged from 11.73 to 54.88<br />
mg % with a mean value of 36.73 mg %. The fasted<br />
steers had NPN values from 8.37 to 54.66 mg % with a<br />
mean of 20.09 to 53.29 mg % with a mean value of 32.83<br />
mg %. The fasted bulls ranged from 15.16 to 33.03 mg %<br />
and non-fasted of 23.77 mg % and from 20.30 to 67.52 mg<br />
% with a mean value of 33.77 mg %. The mean NPN<br />
values for steers and bulls were about equal (24.55 and<br />
24.46 mg %) but these values were slightly lower than<br />
that of the female (26.61 mg %). There was a marked<br />
decrease in NPN from non-fasted (35.37 mg %) to fasted<br />
(19.46 mg %) carabaos. Ammonia N values fell within<br />
the same range as the NPN, although the mean values<br />
were generally lower. Similar to protein N, the mean NH 3 -<br />
N of females and bulls were about equal (17.48 and 17.30<br />
mg %), respectively, a one and half percentage unit higher<br />
than the mean value for steers (15.94%). The mean value<br />
for non-fasted carabaos was much higher (22.48 mg %).<br />
The difference was just as marked as the difference in the<br />
NPN. The total N and all nitrogen fraction (PN
M. S. Banes, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
Microbial counts on the rumen contents of slaughtered<br />
carabaos showed that carabaos from Cebu had the highest<br />
mean total bacterial counts per ml of rumen fluid (51.79 x<br />
10 10 /ml). Followed by carabaos from Iloilo (37.93 x 10 10 ),<br />
Zamboanga (25.93 x 10 10 ). On the other hand, the mean<br />
total protozoa counts of carabaos from Cotabato was the<br />
highest (22.91 x 10 5 /ml) compared with those Iloilo (13.50<br />
x 10 5 /ml) and Zamboanga (8.93 x 10 5 /ml). On the bacterial<br />
population 89 to 98% are Gram negative cocci. Grampositive<br />
cocci ranged from less than 1% to 8%. The rods<br />
are of minor class. Total bacterial count (TBC) for the<br />
fasted female carabaos ranged from 15.96 to 57.97 x 10 10 /<br />
ml while that of the non-fasted ranged from 37.55 x 10 10 /ml.<br />
On the other hand, TBC for male (steer and bull) showed<br />
higher mean values for non-fasted and lower mean values<br />
for fasted. The mean TBC for steers was 26.74 x 10 10 /ml<br />
and 30.63 x 10 10 / ml for the fasted and non-fasted<br />
respectively. Similarly, the mean TBC for bull was 30.63<br />
x 10 10 /ml and 41.50 x 10 10 /ml for fasted and non-fasted,<br />
respectively, these values were higher than those of the<br />
steers. The mean total protozoal control (TPC) for the<br />
fasted and non-fasted animals were 10.58 x 10 5 /ml and<br />
11.78 x 10 5 /ml, respectively. Similarly, the mean TPC for<br />
the fasted steers (16.07 x 105/ml) and bulls (9.22 x 10 5 /ml)<br />
were slightly lower than that of the non-fasted (15.41 x 10 5 /<br />
ml and 12.06 x 10 5 /ml, respectively), although their<br />
differences were not as marked as compared to TBC. A<br />
high percentage of bacterial population were mostly Gram<br />
(-) cocci. The mean value for female (88.72%) was<br />
slightly lower than that of the male (90.08%) and also for<br />
fasted carabao (92.72%). On the other hand, the other<br />
minor constituents, (Gram (+) cocci and rods and Gram (-<br />
) rods were higher for the females than for the males and for<br />
the non-fasted than for the fasted carabaos.<br />
Keywords: microbial counts in the rumen, slaughtered<br />
carabaos<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1973-1995. (1976).<br />
IAS-CA, UPLB. Compiled by A. T. Banzon, N. L. de<br />
Castro, S. M. Ramos, F. F. Peñalba and D. B. Roxas. p.<br />
32-33.<br />
F-37<br />
BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF HERBAGE GRAZED<br />
BY CARABAOS FROM NATIVE PASTURE DURING<br />
DRY SEASON*<br />
P. A. Mallari, Student, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
Central Luzon State University<br />
114<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
D. D. Lorenzo, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
S. S. Bumagat, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
J. S. Viray, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
Central Luzon State University<br />
Nine (9) yearling native carabaos were utilized for grazing<br />
observation to determine the species and the relative<br />
herbage composition of grazed forages and the effect<br />
stocking rate on grazed herbage composition and their<br />
relative proportion. Experimental animals were randomly<br />
assigned into three (3) different stocking rate of 0.3, 1.5 and<br />
0.7 a.u. per hectare and were grazed on native pasture<br />
over a three-month dry period. Themeda was consistently<br />
the dominant botanical/forage component consumed by<br />
carabaos grazing on native pasture during the dry months<br />
of January to March; Heteropogon and Imperata were 2.7<br />
and 3.8 times lesser than Themeda. Interspecific viability<br />
in the botanical composition displayed a constant pattern<br />
all throughout the duration of observation. Stocking rate did<br />
not affect the botanical composition and relative apparent<br />
intake by grazing carabaos. Stocking rate of 0.5 a.u.<br />
however, encouraged a little higher intake of heteropogon<br />
and imperata, as compared to the other stocking rates.<br />
Keywords: dry season, herbage species, stocking rate,<br />
yearling native carabaos<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Studies. 1981-1996. (1981).<br />
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also<br />
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Research in<br />
the Philippines. 1981-1995. p. 136.<br />
F-38<br />
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF <strong>THE</strong> SERUM CALCIUM,<br />
INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS AND CHOLESTEROL<br />
LEVELS OF CATTLE AND CARABAOS<br />
SLAUGHTERED AT <strong>THE</strong> NATIONAL ABATTOIR*<br />
A.C. Maza, Analytical Chemist, Bureau of Animal Industry<br />
C. M. Dizon, Animal Feed Technologist, Animal Disease and Parasite<br />
Research Division, Bureau of Animal Industry<br />
Blood samples collected from 337 cattle and 121 carabaos<br />
slaughtered at the national abattoir, Valenzuela, Bulacan<br />
were analyzed for serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus<br />
and cholesterol. Cattle had mean serum calcium of 10.92<br />
± 1.2 mg percent. Age and sex did not affect the serum<br />
calcium level. The inorganic phosphorus in the serum of<br />
cattle was 3.97 ± 0.16 mg percent and in that of carabaos,<br />
4.03 ± 0.13 mg percent. Age and sex did not influence the<br />
level of inorganic phosphorus in both species. Serum<br />
cholesterol was a variable blood constituent even between<br />
sample in a group. Cattle showed a level of 138.29 ±
70.97 mg percent. Age and sex seemed to influence the<br />
serum cholesterol level. Carabaos showed a level of<br />
98.97 ± 58.70 mg percent which was lower than in cattle.<br />
Unlike in cattle, sex did not appear to influence the serum<br />
cholesterol level in carabaos.<br />
Keywords: age and sex, cattle and carabaos, cholesterol<br />
level, inorganic phosphorus, serum calcium.<br />
* Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science.<br />
1969 v. 6 (1) pp. 93-96<br />
F-39<br />
CARABEEF PRODUCTION ON NATIVE AND<br />
NATIVE/IPIL-IPIL PASTURES ON DIFFERENT<br />
STOCKING RATES*<br />
F. A. Moog, Researcher, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of<br />
Agriculture (Ubay, Bohol)<br />
A. C. Castillo, Researcher, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of<br />
Agriculture (Ubay, Bohol)<br />
R. G. Tibayan, Researcher, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of<br />
Agriculture (Ubay, Bohol)<br />
N. P. Tombocon, Researcher, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of<br />
Agriculture (Ubay, Bohol)<br />
A 315-day grazing experiment using twenty-four 18 to 24<br />
month old carabao was conducted at the Bureau of Animal<br />
Industry Stock Farm at Ubay, Bohol to compare the<br />
liveweight gain production on three pasture treatments, 1)<br />
native pasture at 0.75 au per ha; 2) native/ipil-ipil pasture at<br />
1.5 au per ha; 3) native/ipil-ipil pasture at 2.0 au per ha.<br />
Carabaos on native/ipil-ipil pasture stocked at 1.5 au/ha<br />
had significantly higher average liveweight gain per head<br />
per day (ADG) and per year than those grazing on native<br />
pastures at 0.75 au/ha. Liveweight gain per ha of 167.9 kg<br />
and 174.8 kg on native/ipil-ipil pastues at 1.5 and 2.0 au/ha<br />
were significantly higher than native pastures (51 kg/ha).<br />
Native/ipil-ipil pastures had 2.8 times more herbage<br />
production and 2.5 times more return on investment than<br />
the native pastures.<br />
Keywords: carabeef production, native/ipil-ipil pastures<br />
*Philippine Journal of Animal Industry. 1981. v. 36 (1-4).<br />
24-33. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo<br />
Researches in the Philippines. 1981-1195. p. 138.<br />
F-40<br />
HERBAGE PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF<br />
<strong>THE</strong>MEDA TRIANDRA FORSK PASTURE GRAZED<br />
BY CARAHEIFERS DURING <strong>THE</strong> DRYSEASON AT<br />
CARRANGLAN, NUEVA ECIJA*<br />
R. G. Nagpala, Former M. S. Student, Institute of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
FEEDING AND NUTRITION<br />
At 30 days intervals, the dry matter (DM) yield of the<br />
themeda pasture were 155.25, 157.88, 134.20 and 707.90<br />
kg/ha for the months of December, January, April and<br />
May, respectively. Quality evaluation of the herbage<br />
showed that the initial crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF),<br />
ether extract (EE) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) were<br />
5.45%, 29.96%, 1.39% and 47.33%, respectively. In<br />
January, there was a significant drop in the values of CP,<br />
(2.32% and NFE (40.22%), while an increasing trend in<br />
the values of CP, EE and NFE was observed in March<br />
and April. The highest CP and EE and the lowest NFE<br />
were recorded in May. The CF values, however, increased<br />
in January and March, but declined in April and May. The<br />
average voluntary DM intake of six 2 to 3 year old<br />
caraheifers with an average weight of 288.17 ± 2.51 kg<br />
grazed themeda was 4.09 ± 0.17 kg DM/day or 1.42 ±<br />
0.06% of body weight.<br />
Keywords: caraheifers grazing, dry season, herbage<br />
productivity and quality, Themeda pasture<br />
*M. S. Thesis. 1983. Institute of Animal Science-College<br />
of Agriculture, UPLB. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts:<br />
Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines. 1981-1995.<br />
p. 138.<br />
F-41<br />
PERFORMANCE OF CARAHEIFERS ON <strong>THE</strong>MEDA<br />
PASTURE SUPPLEMENTED WITH IPIL-IPIL (L.<br />
LEUCOCEPHALA LINN.) CONCENTRATE AND<br />
UREA-MOLASSES-MINERAL BLOCK (UMMB)<br />
DURING WET SEASON*<br />
S. P. Neric, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
Central Luzon State University<br />
D. L. Aquino, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Research<br />
and Development Center, Philippine Agriculture and Resources Research<br />
Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
P. C. dela Cruz, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Research<br />
and Development Center, Philippine Agriculture and Resources Research<br />
Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
M. B. Garillo, Science Research Aide, Philippine Carabao Research and<br />
Development Center, Philippine Agriculture and Resources Research<br />
Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Assistant Professor Philippine Carabao Research and<br />
Development Center, Philippine Agriculture and Resources Research<br />
Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
S. K. Ranjhan, FAO Consultant<br />
Two studies were undertaken to determine the feeding<br />
value of dried ipil-ipil leaves compared to a concentrate<br />
mixture as supplement to grazing carabao during the dry<br />
and wet seasons. Treatments were: T 1 – grazing (control);<br />
T 2 – grazing + ipil-ipil; T 3 – grazing + concentrates; and T 4<br />
– grazing + ipil-ipil + concentrates. In Phase I, only the<br />
supplements were topped with urea molasses mineral<br />
115
lock (UMMB). Results showed that intake from pasture<br />
did not differ significantly among treatments.<br />
Supplementation with dried ipil-ipil leaves, concentrates<br />
and ipil-ipil + concentrates mix increased the total dry<br />
matter intake, with T 3 having the highest dry matter intake<br />
(DMI) of 2.7% body weight (BW), followed by T 4 (2.6%<br />
BW), T 2 (2.5% BW) and T 1 (1.9% BW). Caraheifers<br />
grazed on themeda pastures supplemented with either ipilipil<br />
leaves, concentrates, or ipil-ipil + concentrates mix<br />
showed significantly higher growth rates than animals<br />
without supplementation. Introduction of UMMB lick during<br />
Phase II increased liveweight gains from 0.04 to 0.50,<br />
0.28 to 0.58, 0.18 to 0.58 to 0.59 kg/day for T 1 , T 2 , T 3 and<br />
T 4 , respectively.<br />
Keywords: caraheifers performance, concentrate, dried<br />
ipil-ipil leaves, feeding value, UMMB, themeda pasture,<br />
wet season<br />
*Indian J. Anim. Nutr. 1987. v. 4(3). p. 193-196. Also in<br />
OED-PCC-DA Abstract: Water Buffalo Researches in the<br />
Philippines 1981-1995. p. 25-26.<br />
F-42<br />
FEEDING VALUES OF INDIGENOUS FODDER TREE<br />
LEAVES AND CROP RESIDUES FOR CARABAOS*<br />
S. P. Neric, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
Central Luzon State University<br />
D. L. Aquino, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Research<br />
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources<br />
Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
P. C. dela Cruz, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Research<br />
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources<br />
Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
M. B. Garillo, Science Research Aide, Philippine Carabao Research and<br />
Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources<br />
Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
The nutrient of alibangbang leaves (Piliostigma malvaricum)<br />
and okra fruit (Hibiscus esculentus) for carabao feeding<br />
were assessed with the aim of developing a range feeding<br />
system utilizing indigenous fodder tree leaves and crop<br />
residues. On the average, alibangbang leaves had 10.9%<br />
crude protein (CP) and 5.68% ash. Carabaos used in the<br />
digestion trials consumed 6.27 kg dry matter (DM) of leaves<br />
per day or equivalent to 1.3% to 1.8% liveweight of the<br />
animals. Digestible nutrients were 55.15%, 47.48% and<br />
61.65% for CP, crude fiber (CF), and nitrogen-free extract<br />
(NFE), respectively. The dry matter digestibility (DMD)<br />
was 56.4% while total digestible nutrient (TDN) was<br />
59.73%. Okra fruit had 88.00% DM, 21.54% CP, 4.7%<br />
crude fat, 10.70% crude ash, 28.35% CF, and 34.80%<br />
NFE. Dry matter intake of animals was recorded at 5.36<br />
kg/head per day. It was observed that okra fruit was high in<br />
116<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
digestible crude protein (75.43%) and crude fat (83.45%).<br />
Dry matter digestibility was 63.48% and TDN recorded<br />
was 56.59%. Okra had a higher nutritive value as compared<br />
to other feed ingredients. However, animals could consume<br />
only 0.75%-1.76% of their body weight.<br />
Keywords: alibangbang leaves, carabao, okra fruit,<br />
nutrient composition<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986.<br />
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also<br />
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in<br />
the Philippines. 1981-1995. (1996). p. 24.<br />
F-43<br />
PERFORMANCE OF GROWING CARABAOS<br />
SUPPLEMENTED WITH RICE STRAW, <strong>THE</strong>MEDA<br />
HAY AND UREA-MOLASSES-MINERAL BLOCK<br />
(UMMB) DURING <strong>THE</strong> DRY SEASON AND <strong>THE</strong><br />
FOLLOWING WET SEASON. I. PERFORMANCE OF<br />
GROWING CARABAOS DURING <strong>THE</strong> DRY SEASON*<br />
S. P. Neric, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
Central Luzon State University<br />
D. L. Aquino, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao<br />
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture<br />
and Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
P. C. dela Cruz, Science Research Assistant, Philippine Carabao<br />
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture<br />
and Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
F. B. Pagador, Science Research Assistant, Philippine Carabao<br />
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture<br />
and Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
M. B. Garillo, Science Research Aide, Philippine Carabao Research<br />
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and<br />
Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
P. Makchun, Student, IGS, Central Luzon State University<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
A 2 x 2 factorial experiment involving 36 caracalves from<br />
6 to 24 months old were conducted to determine the growth<br />
performance during the dry season. The variables were<br />
age (6 to 12 months and 12 to 24 months), management<br />
(grazing versus confined); and urea molasses mineral<br />
block (UMMB) lick supplementation (with, without). Results<br />
indicated no significant treatment effect on dry matter intake<br />
(DMI). The animals had an average total DMI of 3.6% of<br />
body weight, of which 2.8% was from roughage. Grazing<br />
animals had significantly (P
levels (8.3 mg/100 ml vs. 11.0 mg/100 ml) than the younger<br />
group. Management system had no effect on feed cost/kg<br />
gain, while UMMB supplementation increased the cost<br />
per kilogram weight gain. Cost/kg gain was higher in 12 to<br />
24 months age group than the 6-14 months age group.<br />
Keywords: blood urea nitrogen, caracalves, dry season,<br />
growth performance, rice straw, Themeda hay, urea<br />
molasses mineral block<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986.<br />
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also<br />
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in<br />
the Philippines. 1981-1995. (1996). p. 26.<br />
F-44<br />
PERFORMANCE OF GRAZING CARACOWS FED<br />
CONCENTRATES BASED ON RICE BRAN OR<br />
DAMAGED PALAY WITH OR WITHOUT UREA-<br />
MOLASSES BLOCK SUPPLEMENTATION DURING<br />
WET AND DRY SEASON I. ANIMALS PERFOR-<br />
MANCE DURING WET SEASON*<br />
S. P. Neric, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
Central Luzon State University<br />
D. L. Aquino, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Research<br />
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources<br />
Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
P. C. dela Cruz, Science Research Assistant, Philippine Carabao Research<br />
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources<br />
Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
F. B. Pagador, Science Research Assistant, Philippine Carabao Research<br />
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources<br />
Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao<br />
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and<br />
Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
S. K. Ranjhan, FAO Consultant<br />
A grazing trial was conducted during the wet season to<br />
determine the performance of caracows subjected to the<br />
following treatments; grazing on Themeda pasture (T 1 ),<br />
grazing + rice bran supplementation (T 2 ), grazing + rice<br />
bran + urea molasses mineral block (UMMB)<br />
supplementation (T 3 ), grazing damaged + palay<br />
supplementation (T 4 ), and grazing + damaged palay +<br />
UMMB supplementation (T 5 ). The caracows on T 1 had a<br />
negative weight gain during the feeding trial. However,<br />
gain of animals on T 2 , T 4 , T 3 and T 5 were significantly higher<br />
by 14, 15, 21 and 23 percent, respectively, than those in<br />
T 1 . The better liveweight gains of grazing caracows fed<br />
with supplements could be attributed to higher dry matter,<br />
N, and fermentable carbohydrate intake.<br />
Keywords: caracows grazing, damaged palay, growth<br />
performance, urea-molasses block, wet season<br />
FEEDING AND NUTRITION<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986.<br />
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also<br />
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in<br />
the Philippines. 1981-1995. (1996). p. 24-25.<br />
F-45<br />
PERFORMANCE OF GRAZING CARACOWS FED<br />
CONCENTRATES BASED ON RICE BRAN OR<br />
DAMAGED PALAY WITH OR WITHOUT UREA-<br />
MOLASSES BLOCK SUPPLEMENTATION DURING<br />
WET AND DRY SEASON II. PERFORMANCE OF<br />
ANIMALS DURING DRY SEASON*<br />
S. P. Neric, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
Central Luzon State University<br />
D. L. Aquino, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Research<br />
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources<br />
Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
P. C. dela Cruz, Science Research Assistant, Philippine Carabao Research<br />
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources<br />
Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
F. B. Pagador, Science Research Assistant, Philippine Carabao Research<br />
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources<br />
Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao<br />
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and<br />
Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
F. V. Mamuad, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
S. K. Ranjhan, FAO Consultant<br />
Sixteen mature caracows were drawn from Phase I<br />
experiments and used in the dry season feeding experiment<br />
to determine their performance when fed with the following<br />
dietary treatments: T 1 - grazing; T 2 – grazing + urea molasses<br />
mineral block (UMMB); T 3 – grazing + UMMB + rice bran<br />
and T 4 – grazing + urea molasses sprayed rice straw.<br />
Results showed that animals in T 2 , T 3 and T 4 had a<br />
significantly higher growth rates than animals in T 1 during<br />
the peak of the dry season (April). Higher dry matter<br />
intake (DMI) and blood urea-nitrogen were also observed<br />
from animals fed with supplements confirming the previous<br />
observation that supplementary urea either as lick or spray<br />
along with molasses can increase the amount of recycled<br />
nitrogen and improve the efficiency of feed utilization.<br />
Keywords: damaged palay, dry season, grazing<br />
caracows, growth performance, rice bran, UMMB<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986.<br />
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also<br />
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in<br />
the Philippines. 1981-199<br />
F-46<br />
STUDY ON <strong>THE</strong> RUMINATION BEHAVIOR OF<br />
CARABAO GRAZING ON NATIVE PASTURE*<br />
117
A.G. Ocampo, Student, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
D. D. Lorenzo, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
M. B. Suba, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
Twelve yearling carabao grazing on Themeda pasture at<br />
different stocking rates were observed for a period of five<br />
months to determine the rumination behavior. The average<br />
duration of rumination of 0.7, 0.5 and 0.3 stocking rate<br />
were 9.52, 9.26 and 9.02 hours, respectively. While the<br />
average frequency of rumination were 9.20, 8.20 and 9.20<br />
of the same order of stocking rate. For all animals, the<br />
average duration of rumination was 9.27 hours and the<br />
average frequency of rumination was 8.93 hours. The<br />
animals carried on their rumination activities mostly while<br />
lying down (59.64%), quietly standing (25.07%), wallowing<br />
(15.20%), and while walking short distances (0.07%).<br />
The percentage duration of rumination during night and<br />
daytime were 74.36% and 35.64%, respectively. On the<br />
other hand, the carabaos grazed for 30.37% and 69.63%<br />
during night and daytime, respectively. Statistical analysis<br />
revealed that there is an inverse correlation between<br />
nighttime grazing and nighttime rumination and daytime<br />
grazing, while frequency of rumination was found to be<br />
positively correlated with frequency of grazing. No other<br />
significant correlation was observed between average<br />
duration of rumination and other variables like average<br />
temperature and average grazing.<br />
Keywords: native pasture grazing, rumination behavior,<br />
yearling carabao<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986. (1981)<br />
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also<br />
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in<br />
the Philippines. 1981–1995. p. 138-139.<br />
F-47<br />
EFFECT OF LIMITED CONCENTRATE SUPPLE-<br />
MENTATION ON <strong>THE</strong> PERFORMANCE OF<br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAOS AND PHIL-MURRAH<br />
CROSSBRED FED UREA-TREATED RICE STRAW*<br />
B. A. Oliveros, Assistant Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
R. M. Lapitan, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine<br />
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines<br />
Los Baños<br />
A. N. del Barrio, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine<br />
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines<br />
Los Baños<br />
A study was conducted to determine the effect of genotype<br />
of animal and level of concentrate supplementation of urea-<br />
118<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
treated rice straw (UTRS) on intake and digestibility of<br />
nutrients and growth rate of water buffaloes. Six Philippine<br />
carabaos (PC) and 6 Phil-Murrah (PM) crossbreds, with<br />
an average weight of 380 and 406 kg, respectively, were<br />
randomly allotted to different treatments following a 2 x 2<br />
factorial in randomized complete block design (RCBD).<br />
The two factors were genotype of animal, PC and PM<br />
and level of concentrate supplement, 1.5 or 2.5 kg per day<br />
(equivalent to 0.4 and 0.6% of body weight, respectively.<br />
The basal diet was UTRS which was fed ad libitum.<br />
Philippine carabao had higher (P=0.30) daily dry matter<br />
intake (DMI) of UTRS than PM. Likewise, DMI of UTRS<br />
increased with increasing level of supplementation indicating<br />
the complementary effect of concentrate on the basal diet.<br />
Total DMI was higher (P0.05). The digestibility of dry matter, organic<br />
matter, crude protein, neutral detergent and acid detergent<br />
fibers was not significantly affected by genotype of animal<br />
and level of concentrate supplement. The result of the<br />
study suggests that PM is more efficient than PC in nutrient<br />
utilization. Likewise, supplementation of UTRS with<br />
concentrate at 0.6% of body weight can provide nutrients<br />
for maintenance and growth of water buffaloes.<br />
Keywords: carabao and crossbred, digestibility, growth<br />
performance, limited concentrate supplementation, urea<br />
treated straw<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1995. PCC-<br />
DA, UPLB. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water<br />
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines. 1981-1995. p. 26-<br />
27.<br />
F-48<br />
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF NATIVE AND<br />
CROSSBRED <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES UNDER BACKYARD<br />
PRODUCTION*<br />
C. O. Olivo, Professor, Southern Mindanao Agricultural Research Complex,<br />
University of Southern Mindanao<br />
Three different feeding management system (tethering alone,<br />
tethering + concentrate at 0.5% of body weight (BW), and<br />
tethering + napier given ad libitum) using 18 caraheifers (9<br />
native, 9 crossbred Murrah buffaloes ( ½ to 2 years of age,<br />
were evaluated for 18 months. Crossbreed buffaloes<br />
significantly gained more weight than the native carabaos
for the first 7 months. Tethering plus concentrate at night<br />
gave the heaviest average daily gain (ADG), which was<br />
significantly higher than that of the other two feeding systems<br />
in both breeds, the vales being 0.28 kg ADG for tethering<br />
plus concentrate and 0.13 kg ADG for the control among<br />
the carabaos. For the crossbreed, tethering plus concentrate<br />
gave 0.37 kg ADG compared to 0.23 kg ADG for those<br />
animals tethered only. The native carabaos tethered and<br />
given concentrate gave the highest average daily net income<br />
of P2.50 while those tethered plus napier grass gave the<br />
lowest income of P1.50. For the crossbreed buffaloes,<br />
tethering plus concentrate gave the highest average daily<br />
net income of P4.05 while tethering plus napier grass gave<br />
the lowest net income of P2.88. The water intake of animals<br />
was not influenced by any of the three feeding systems<br />
under specific weather conditions. The systems did not<br />
exert any influence on the estrus phenomenon in both breeds.<br />
Keywords: backyard production, feeding management<br />
systems, native and crossbreed buffaloes<br />
* Philippine Journal of Animal Science. 1985. v. 11 (3 and<br />
4). p. 42-43.<br />
F-49<br />
<strong>THE</strong> EFFECTS OF FEED SUPPLEMENTATION ON<br />
INTAKE AND UTILIZATION OF RICE STRAW BY<br />
CATTLE AND CARABAO*<br />
A. L. Ordoveza, Dairy Specialist, Dairy Training Research Institute,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
A. Y. Robles, Senior Dairy Researchers, Dairy Training Research Institute,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
L. P. Palo, Senior Dairy Researchers, Dairy Training Research Institute,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
W. A. Hardison, UNDP/FAO Consultant, Dairy Training Research Institute,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
A series of four designation and metabolism trials were<br />
conducted using four Holstein bulls and four carabao bulls<br />
of similar age and weight. Four diets were compared in a<br />
4x4 Latin Square Design. The diets were: A, all rice<br />
straw; B, rice straw plus 1 kg ipil-ipil leaf meal (Leucaena<br />
glauca Benth); C, rice straw plus 1 kg corn and ureamolasses<br />
mix; and D, rice straw plus 1 kg corn meal. No<br />
significant difference was found in dry matter (DM) intake<br />
of rice straw among the four treatment groups. Digestibility<br />
of DM and gross energy (49.5 and 52.5%) was significantly<br />
lower for ration A than for the supplemented rations.<br />
Digestibility of crude protein was highest for ration D<br />
(52.5%), followed by ration B (47%), ration C (34%), and<br />
ration A (23.5%). All differences were highly significant.<br />
All animals lost weight during the study.<br />
Keywords: carabao bulls, digestibility, feed<br />
FEEDING AND NUTRITION<br />
supplementation, Holstein bulls, intake, rice straw.<br />
* Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science.<br />
(1967-1968). v. 4 and 5. p. 118-124.<br />
F-50<br />
OBSERVATION ON <strong>THE</strong> GRAZING BEHAVIOR OF<br />
CARABAO UNDER <strong>THE</strong> MEDA PASTURE*<br />
N. R. Oreña, Student, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
Central Luzon State University<br />
D. D. Lorenzo, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
S. S. Bumagat, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
Twelve native yearling carabaos were allowed to graze<br />
over a period of three (3) dry months to observe their<br />
grazing behavior on Themeda pasture and to determine the<br />
effect of stocking rate on the grazing-feeding time during the<br />
dry season. The daytime grazing was significantly affected<br />
by temperature. Grazing time during the day decreased<br />
as temperature increased. Nighttime temperature did not<br />
influence the nighttime grazing period of the animals.<br />
Grazing by animals was accomplished longer during<br />
nighttime. Shade seeking and wallowing turned to be the<br />
most effective means for the carabao to overcome heat<br />
stress during daytime. The animal spent more time to<br />
shade seeking than wallowing, a phenomenon attributed to<br />
the inadequacy of wallowing points. Shade seeking was<br />
found to be significantly correlated with temperature.<br />
Rumination was accomplished mostly during nighttime,<br />
while the animals were resting. Temperature did not affect<br />
the rumination time of the animals. Stocking rate had<br />
neither significantly affected pasture grazing time and<br />
supplemented feeding.<br />
Keywords: grazing behavior, native yearling carabao,<br />
themeda pasture<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986. (1981)<br />
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also<br />
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in<br />
the Philippines. 1981–1995. p. 139.<br />
F-51<br />
COMPARISON OF <strong>THE</strong> FEEDING VALUE OF RICE<br />
STRAW AND RICE STRAW MOLASSES SILAGE IN<br />
CATTLE AND CARABAOS*<br />
L. P. Palo, Research Associate, Dairy Training and Research Institute,<br />
College, of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Department of Animal Husbandry, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
N. Panisales, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Husbandry,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
N. Uichanco, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Husbandry,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
119
The digestibility of rice straw (RS) and rice straw molasses<br />
silage (RSMS) were determined using cattle and carabaos.<br />
Results show that cattle were as efficient as carabaos in<br />
utilizing nutrients from RS. The digestible protein (DP) of<br />
rice straw was 1.15 ± 0.51 percent for cattle and 1.11 ±<br />
0.10 percent for carabaos. The total digestible nutrients<br />
(TDN) were similar: 48.62 ± 1.51 and 49.04 ± 1.27 percent<br />
for cattle and carabaos, respectively. The corresponding<br />
digestible energy (DE) for RS in both species were likewise<br />
similar at 1972 ± 65 and 1963 ± 44 kilocalories per kg of<br />
dry matter. Although the DP of RSMS for both species<br />
was comparable to RS, the TDN for cattle declined to<br />
about 33 percent and for carabaos to 36 percent. The DE<br />
of RSMS also dropped to 151 and 1669 kcal dry matter for<br />
cattle and carabaos respectively. The result suggests that<br />
RSMS has lower feeding value compared to RS.<br />
Keywords: cattle and carabao, chemical composition<br />
digestibility, rice straw, rice straw molasses<br />
* Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science.<br />
1971 v. 8 (1) p. 23-28.<br />
F-52<br />
HIGH MOISTURE CORN AS A SUPPLEMENT TO<br />
RICE STRAW MOLASSES SILAGE FEED TO<br />
CATTLE AND CARABAOS WITH OR WITHOUT<br />
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL IMPLANTATION*<br />
L. P. Palo, Research Associate, Dairy Training and Research Institute,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Department of Animal Husbandry, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
D. B. Roxas, Professor, Department of Animal Husbandry, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
G. B. Asunto, Former Undergraduate Thesis Student, Department of Animal<br />
Husbandry, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
L. P. Flores, Former Undergraduate Thesis Student, Department of Animal<br />
Husbandry, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
A. L. Gerpacio, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Husbandry,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
N. Panizales, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Husbandry,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
V. G. Argañosa, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Husbandry,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
M. Adriano, Instructor, Department of Animal Husbandry, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
The digestible nutrients of high moisture corn (HMC) fed<br />
as whole grain, ground before feeding and ground before<br />
ensiling were determined using carabaos and Holstein x<br />
Red Sindhi steers. There were no significant differences in<br />
the digestible nutrients of the three forms of HMC for cattle.<br />
In general, carabaos were better than cattle in digesting the<br />
3 forms of HMC. Except for significantly higher nitrogen<br />
retention in carabaos fed on HMC ground before feeding,<br />
both species responded with almost the same amount of<br />
120<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
nitrogen retained. In a 2x2x3 CRD factorial experiment, 12<br />
male carabaos and 12 male cattle were fattened for 5 months<br />
to compare the feedlot responses to corn with different moisture<br />
levels and hormone implantation. Rice straw molasses<br />
silage (RSMS) was given ad libitum. The total dry matter<br />
(DM) intakes of cattle fed HMC and low moisture corn<br />
(LMC) were not significantly different. Diethylstilbestrol (DES)<br />
implanted animals consumed significantly higher DM than<br />
the controls. Among carabaos<br />
DES implanted animals and the controls did not differ<br />
significantly in their DM intake. Animals given LMC consume<br />
significantly more DM than those given HMC. Cattle<br />
significantly consumed more DM than carabaos. The average<br />
daily gain (ADG) of cattle fed LMC was significantly higher<br />
than those given HMC. However, when RSMS<br />
consumption was corrected to a constant level, the difference<br />
in gains between HMC and LMC groups was not significant.<br />
There were no significant differences in the ADG of the two<br />
species, 0.75 kg for cattle and 0.70 kg for carabaos. Feed<br />
efficiency was not significantly affected by either moisture<br />
level of corn or DES implantation in both cattle and carabaos.<br />
No significant difference was observed in feed efficiency<br />
between the two species. The dressing percentages of<br />
cattle and carabaos were not affected by either moisture<br />
level of corn or DES implantation. Cattle gave significantly<br />
higher (P
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
A series of digestion trials was conducted on cattle, carabaos<br />
and goats to evaluate values of cassava forage, winged<br />
bean forage, sugarcane plants and mulberry leaves. Two<br />
stages of regrowth of cassava forage were tested using<br />
cattle and carabaos. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter<br />
(DM) and crude fiber (CF), total digestible nutrients (TDN),<br />
DM intake, digestible protein (DP) and TDN were<br />
significantly (P
ased on eleven stages and on the entire lactation period.<br />
Milk production of the ipil-ipil supplemented caracows (1.64<br />
li/day) were significantly higher than the control (1.29 li/<br />
day). Milk yield generally increased from the first month<br />
and had its peak in the fourth (2.15 li/day) and seventh<br />
(1.44 li/day) stages of lactation in the test caracows and<br />
control group, respectively. High milk production of the<br />
tests caracows continued until the fifth month of lactation<br />
and rapidly declined until at par with the control. The<br />
overall milk production for the 11 months lactation period<br />
produced a 29% increase in the ipil-ipil supplemented<br />
caracows compared to the control. Computed returns<br />
above feed supplement cost showed a net income of<br />
P6.209.52/head/ cropping in the ipil-ipil fed caracows. The<br />
control treatment gave a net income of P3,128.50.<br />
Keywords: fresh ipil-ipil leaves, milk performance, native<br />
caracows<br />
*VISCA Baybay, Leyte. 1986. 22 p. Also in MIS-LRD,<br />
PCARRD, DOST. p. 84-85.<br />
F-56<br />
<strong>THE</strong> FEEDING VALUE OF NAPIER GRASS<br />
(PENNISETUM PURPUREUM SCHUMACH) FOR<br />
CATTLE AND CARABAOS*<br />
A. Y. Robles, Research Associate, Dairy Training and Research Institute,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
A. L. Ordoveza, Assistant Professor, Dairy Training and Research<br />
Institute, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
T. J. Aranas, Researcher, Dairy Training and Research Institute, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
The dry matter (DM) yield of napier grass increased from<br />
6.0 mt/ha at 45 days regrowth to 7.2 mt/ha at 60 days<br />
regrowth. The percent crude protein (CP) and ash declined<br />
while the DM and crude fiber (CF) contents increased as<br />
the grass matured. The voluntary DM and energy intakes<br />
of the animals were not statistically different when fed with<br />
napier grass at either 45 or 60 days regrowth. However,<br />
chopping the grass before feeding resulted in significantly<br />
higher intakes of DM and energy. The digestible CP intake<br />
decline (P
Keywords: caraheifers, chromic oxide-lignin ratio,<br />
digestibility, voluntary intake<br />
* Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986.<br />
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also<br />
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches<br />
in the Philippines. 1981-1995. p. 27<br />
F-58<br />
DIGESTIBILITY AND VOLUNTARY FEED INTAKE<br />
STUDIES OF GRAZING CARABAO UNDER<br />
<strong>THE</strong>MEDA (<strong>THE</strong>MEDA TRIANDRA FORKS) RANGE<br />
PASTURE. IV. DETERMINATION OF VOLUNTARY<br />
INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY BY CHROMIC OXIDE<br />
CHROMOGEN RATIO TECHNIQUE WITH<br />
CARAHEIFERS DURING SUMMER*<br />
B. H. Romulo, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
L. Constantino, Student, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
D. L. Aquino, Science Research Assistant, Philippine Carabao Research<br />
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources<br />
Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
G. T. Concepcion, Science Research Aide, Philippine Carabao Research<br />
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources<br />
Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
A total of six caraheifers, two to three years old, with<br />
body weights ranging from 280 to 297 kg were used to<br />
determine the voluntary intake and digestibility of Themeda<br />
during summer. The calculated mean of voluntary dry<br />
matter intake was 3.78 ± 0.18% kg, equivalent to 1.31 ±<br />
0.06% of the body weight. Digestion coefficient for crude<br />
fiber (CF), crude protein (CP), nitrogen-free extract (NFE)<br />
and ether extract (EE) were 40.61 ± 1.32, 56.58 ± 2.21,<br />
17.00 ± 3.63, 52.41 ± 1.77 and 59. 61 ± 5.10%,<br />
respectively. Total digestible nutrient was found to be<br />
45.26 ± 1.56% and digestible energy was 356.08 ±<br />
74.84 cal/gram.<br />
Keywords: caraheifers, chromic oxide chromogen ratio,<br />
digestibility. Voluntary feed intake<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986.<br />
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also<br />
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in<br />
the Philippines. 1981-1995. p. 27-28.<br />
F-59<br />
DETERMINATION OF VOLUNTARY DRY MATTER<br />
INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF <strong>THE</strong>MEDA<br />
(<strong>THE</strong>MEDA TRIANDRA FORSK) PASTURE BY<br />
CHROMIC OXIDE-ACID INSOLUBLE ASH RATIO<br />
TECHNIQUE ON CARACOWS (BUBALUS BUBALIS<br />
LINN.)*<br />
FEEDING AND NUTRITION<br />
N. P. Rosete, Student, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
Central Luzon State University<br />
S. P. Neric, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
Central Luzon State University<br />
S. S. Bumagat, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
Ten heads of native caracows weighing 351 to 375 kg with<br />
ages ranging from 3 to 4 years, were used in a grazingdigestibility<br />
trial to determine the voluntary herbage dry<br />
matter intake and digestibility of Themeda pasture by chromic<br />
oxide-acid insoluble ash method. Animals were grazed in<br />
the native pasture during the dry season from February to<br />
May at the Philippine Carabao Research and Development<br />
Center in Carranglan, Nueva Ecija. Laboratory analyses<br />
were conducted at the analytical laboratory of the Central<br />
Luzon State University. All animals before the start of the<br />
actual experiment were subjected to a preliminary trial<br />
lasting for seven (7) days and a collection period of seven<br />
(7) days. Forages were obtained by the plucking method<br />
and feces were sampled daily using the grab technique.<br />
These were pooled and analyzed according to standard<br />
procedure of AOAC (1970). Percent acid insoluble (AIA)<br />
was determined according to Van Keulen and Young (1977).<br />
Voluntary herbage dry matter intake and digestion coefficient<br />
of crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract and nitrogen free<br />
extract (NFE) were calculated according to Reid et al.<br />
(1952). Proximate analysis indicated lower values of<br />
crude protein and ash on forage samples compared to<br />
feces (4.32% vs. 6.21% and 17.74% vs. 28.36%). Acid<br />
insoluble ash contents in forage was 1.089 vs. 0.752<br />
percent in fecal samples. Fecal output per head daily was<br />
calculated as 3.23 kg. Voluntary dry matter intake as<br />
percent of the body weight was 2.22 kg or 97.07 gram per<br />
kilogram metabolic body size of the experimental animals.<br />
Digestion coefficient of crude protein, crude fiber, ether<br />
extract, nitrogen free extract based on percent AIA obtained<br />
were 40.88, 69.61, 61.82 and 62.20 percent, respectively.<br />
Total digestible nutrients calculated was 54.50% and<br />
digestible dry matter was 59.98%. Values obtained in all<br />
the parameters had small variations and patterns tend to<br />
agree closely with results of earlier studies.<br />
Keywords: caracows, chromic oxide-acid insoluble ash<br />
method, themeda range pasture, voluntary intake<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986.<br />
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also<br />
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in<br />
the Philippines. 1981-1995. p. 139-140.<br />
F-60<br />
EFFECTS OF SOAKING RICE STRAW ON GROWTH<br />
PERFORMANCE OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAOS*<br />
123
D. B. Roxas, Associate Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
R. M. Lapitan, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine<br />
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines<br />
Los Baños<br />
E. Roxas, Undergraduate Student, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
A. N. del Barrio, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine<br />
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines<br />
Los Baños<br />
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
S. K. Ranjhan, Former FAO Consultant<br />
Eight growing Philippine carabao heifers were randomly<br />
allotted to two treatments (1) soaked and (2) unsoaked rice<br />
straw. Straw was fed ad libitum with all animals receiving<br />
concentrate supplement at the rate of 1% of body weight.<br />
Nutrient composition and digestibility did not differ between<br />
soaked and unsoaked straw. Average daily gain of animals<br />
fed soaked straw was slightly higher, but not significantly<br />
different from that of unsoaked straw. Voluntary intake of<br />
soaked straw was higher (P
similar. Addition of 1% urea in the ration significantly<br />
(P
ON DRY MATTER YIELD, BOTANICAL AND<br />
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF NATIVE/STYLO<br />
MIXED PASTURES ON <strong>THE</strong> PERFORMANCE OF<br />
GRAZING CARABULLS*<br />
C. B. Salces, Former M. S. Student, Institute of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
B. A. Oliveros, Assistant Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
Two trials were conducted at Ubay Stock Farm, Bohol<br />
from June 1989 to June 1990 to evaluate the effect of top<br />
dressed superphosphate application on the productivity of<br />
native/stylo mixed pastures grown in Ubay clay series<br />
soil. In trial 1, the effect of 4 levels of phosphorus (P)<br />
application (0, 30, 60, 90 kg P/ha) on yield, botanical and<br />
chemical composition of mixed pasture was evaluated.<br />
Total dry matter yield (DMY) was significantly (P
espectively. Detergent fiber analysis showed a range of<br />
35.17 to 63.52% for neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Lignin<br />
varied from 0.23% in pseudostems to 10.44 in peanut hay.<br />
Tannin was highest in ipil-ipil leaves (1.74%) which was 4<br />
to 8 times those of the other crop residues.<br />
Keywords: banana and crop residues, cattle and carabao<br />
feeding, nutritive value<br />
* Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science.<br />
1988. v. 14 (3 and 4) p. 118.<br />
F-66<br />
GROWTH PATTERN OF CARABAO UNDER RANGE<br />
CONDITIONS*<br />
A.R. Santiago, Student, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
L. C. Cruz, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
Central Luzon State University and Project Leader, Philippine Carabao<br />
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and<br />
Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University<br />
S. S. Bumagat, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of<br />
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University<br />
Twenty-four (24) yearling carabaos, eighteen (18) females,<br />
six (6) males, were used in this study to determine the<br />
growth pattern of carabaos raised under range condition.<br />
Statistical analysis indicated highly significant relationship<br />
between liveweight and heart girth (r=0.98). Significant<br />
relationships were also noted between liveweight and body<br />
height (r=0.93); between liveweight and body length from<br />
tail base to poll and body length from tail base to shoulder<br />
(r=0.84 and 0.94), respectively. Both sexes showed<br />
similar growth pattern in all the growth parameters from the<br />
rainy season although female calves had faster rate of<br />
growth than the male calves. Nutrition of the animals as<br />
influenced by the season significantly affected the growth<br />
rate. The rate of growth was low during the dry season<br />
and gradually increased towards the rainy season.<br />
Supplemental feeding during pasture stress also helped in<br />
meeting the requirements for growth of the animals.<br />
Keywords: growth pattern, yearling carabaos<br />
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986. (1982)<br />
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also<br />
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in<br />
the Philippines. 1981–1995. p. 141.<br />
F-67<br />
CILIATES IN <strong>THE</strong> RUMEN OF CARABAO AND<br />
CATTLE FED IPIL-IPIL [LEUCAENA LEUCO-<br />
CEPHALA (LAM. DE WIT)] AND SUGARCANE<br />
(SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM L.) TOPS DIET*<br />
FEEDING AND NUTRITION<br />
R. B. So, Science Research Specialist, Institute of Biotechnology and<br />
Applied Microbiology, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
P. L. Lopez, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
Rumen ciliates in fistulated male carabao and cattle were<br />
studied. Freshly cut ipil-ipil forage and chopped fresh<br />
sugarcane tops rations were compared. Rumen fluid<br />
samples were collected before feeding and at 2, 4, 6, 8 and<br />
10 hr after feeding time on days 1, 4, 7 and 10. Ipil-ipil fed<br />
animals gave higher (P
same species of ciliates would respond differently to a change<br />
in ration in different species of animals.<br />
Keywords: abrupt change in ration, cattle and carabao ciliates<br />
*Philippine Agriculture. 1984. v. 67 (2). p. 255-260.<br />
F-69<br />
STUDIES ON <strong>THE</strong> GROWTH AND FEEDING<br />
QUALITY OF THREE VARIETIES OF SUGARCANE<br />
(SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM L.) UNDER THREE<br />
CUTTING REGIMES*<br />
D. Soetrisno, Former M. S. Student, Department of Animal Science,<br />
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
R. R. Lopez, Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
Three sugarcane varieties CAC 5713 (VI), Phil 56226<br />
(V2) and Phil 6554 (V3) were planted in plots in a<br />
randomized complete block design. The plants were<br />
harvested at 5, 7 and 9 months old. Growth characters<br />
were determined, proximate composition, sucrose, calcium<br />
(Ca), phosphorus (P), cell wall components were analyzed<br />
together with biochemical analysis on the harvests. Yield<br />
of dry matter (DM) increased (P
V. S. Subere, Former M. S. Student, Department of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
B. A. Parker, Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
Nine hundred (900) farmers raising carabaos were<br />
interviewed and the same number of Philippine carabao<br />
were measured to: 1) determine some management<br />
practices adopted by farmers; 2) identify some physical<br />
characteristic features of the carabaos; and 3) ascertain the<br />
physiological responses of carabaos under field<br />
conditions. Frequent counts, percentages and means were<br />
used to describe the management practices adopted and<br />
the physiological responses. A 2 x 3 x 3 factorial in a<br />
completely randomized design with unequal number of<br />
observations was used to analyze the data on physical<br />
features. The majority of the farmers in the Visayan region<br />
raised carabaos for draft. They preferred the male carabao<br />
to female for work. Fattening and milking practices were<br />
relatively poor. Working ability of the animal is comparable<br />
to that observed in other parts of the Philippines and other<br />
Asian countries. Mating and reproduction practices were<br />
poor. General management practices adopted by farmers<br />
varied according to regions, households and individuals.<br />
The improved strain of carabao is relatively bigger than the<br />
native strain. Interaction effects among different strains,<br />
sexes, and ages were observed. The 11-20 years old<br />
improved steers had the highest body measurements and<br />
the 3-5 years old native females had the lowest. Pulse,<br />
respiration and body temperature were similar among the<br />
three age groups of carabaos.<br />
Keywords: characteristic features of the carabao,<br />
management practices, Visayan region<br />
*M. S. Thesis. 1978. Department of Animal Science-<br />
College of Agriculture, UPLB. 117 p.<br />
F-72<br />
<strong>THE</strong> GRAZING BEHAVIOR OF CARABAOS<br />
(BUBALUS BUBALIS LINN.) UNDER NATIVE<br />
PASTURE DURING WET AND DRY SEASONS*<br />
J. S. Viray, Former M. S. Student, Department of Animal Science, College<br />
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños<br />
Six yearling female carabaos were used to observe the<br />
grazing and other behavioral patterns under Themeda<br />
pasture. Grazing was observed to be dominant pasture<br />
activity being 38.49% of the 24 hour period. Grazing was<br />
significantly (P
HEALTH<br />
H-1<br />
A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON <strong>THE</strong> INCIDENCE OF<br />
SALMONELLA SPECIES IN <strong>THE</strong> FECES OF<br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAOS*<br />
E. H. Abellanosa, Student<br />
A total of 300 individual fecal samples from Philippine<br />
carabaos, coming from seven provinces and brought for<br />
slaughter at the National Abbatoir, Marulas, Valinzuela,<br />
Bulacan, were bacteriologically examined for the presence<br />
of Salmonella sp. All of them proved negative for Salmonella<br />
organisms. From this limited study, it can be concluded<br />
that Salmonella organisms are not present in Philippine<br />
carabaos. These animals, therefore, do not appear to be a<br />
potential source of Salmonella infection in man. A further<br />
study of this problem is thus needed in order to confirm the<br />
above findings.<br />
Keywords: salmonella, carabao, fecal samples<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1960.<br />
H-2<br />
A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON <strong>THE</strong> CLINICAL<br />
EFFECTS OF AZAPERONE AND CHLORPERIDOL<br />
ON CARABAOS (Bubalus bubalis) RAISED IN <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO CENTER*<br />
G. P. Ables, Student<br />
The effects of azaperone and chlorperidol were studied in<br />
carabaos raised at the Philippine Carabao Center. The<br />
drugs, which belong to the butyrophenone group of<br />
tranquilizers, were given at 2 dose levels (1 mg/kg BW or<br />
2 mg/kg BW). The effect of azaperone at 1 mg/kg BW in<br />
carabaos was slight sedation after 30 - 45 minutes of<br />
administration. There was a marked increase in the pulse<br />
rate and a decrease in temperature, while not having major<br />
changes on respiration. The higher dose (2 mg/kg) of<br />
azaperone in carabaos caused initial excitation and<br />
restlessness followed by slight sedation. There were similar<br />
effects on the pulse, rate and temperature (PRT) as that<br />
with the low dose of azaperone. Chlorperidol at 1 mg/kg<br />
BW in carabaos caused sedation after an average of 80<br />
minutes from drug administration. The drug had similar<br />
effects on the PRT as that of azaperone. Chlorperidol at a<br />
high dose in carabaos also caused excitation and<br />
restlessness. There were similar effects on the pulse rate<br />
and temperature as with azaperone and the low dose of<br />
130<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
chlorperidol. However, the respiratory rate increased due<br />
to the animal’s restlessness. From the results of the study,<br />
the low dose of azaperone (1 mg/kg BW) maybe effective<br />
in causing tranquilization in carabaos. However, its long<br />
induction period (30 – 45 mins.) presents a disadvantage<br />
in emergency cases requiring surgery. Although this is just<br />
a preliminary study on the effects of the readily available<br />
butyrophenones, the information generated could help the<br />
field veterinarian in his decision-making. It is recommended<br />
that azaperone and chlorperidol be assessed during surgical<br />
procedures on carabaos to determine the drug’s usefulness.<br />
Keywords: sedation, azaperone, chlorperidol, tranqulizers,<br />
butyrophenones, carabao<br />
* Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1993.<br />
H-3<br />
A SEROLOGICAL SURVEY FOR Brucella abortus<br />
ANTIBODIES IN <strong>THE</strong> BLOOD OF NATIVE<br />
CARABAOS USING <strong>THE</strong> RAPID PLATE<br />
AGGLUTINATION TEST*<br />
F. L. Abrena, Student<br />
A serological test using the rapid plate method was<br />
conducted on native carabaos for the presence of Brucella<br />
agglutinins. Out of 130 animals, 19 or 14.61 per cent gave<br />
a diagnostic liter while 111 animals or 85.03 per cent were<br />
negative to the test. Only 3 or 2.30 per cent of the blood<br />
tested gave a positive result and sixteen animals or 12.30<br />
per cent were found to be suspicious. Although the test<br />
was done on a limited number of animals which might not<br />
justifiably represent the whole carabao population in this<br />
country, the results strongly indicate the presence of<br />
brucellosis among Philippine carabaos.<br />
Keywords: brucella, antibodies, carabao, rapid plate<br />
agglutination test<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1964.<br />
H-4<br />
A SURVEY OF LEPTOSPIRAL ANTIBODIES IN<br />
CARABAOS FROM TEN SELECTED CARABAO<br />
CENTERS IN <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong>S*<br />
D. M. Abrigo, Student<br />
A total of 129 serum sample from different carabao centers<br />
in the Philippines were tested against leptospirosis using<br />
the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). Twelve leptospiral
serovars were used namely: Leptospira australis, L bataviae,<br />
L. canicola, L. cynopteri, L. grippotyphosa, L. hardjo, L.<br />
hebdomadis, L. icterohemorrhagiae, L. javanica, L. pomona,<br />
L. pyrogenes and L. tarassovi. Only 21 (17.82%) of the total<br />
samples gave positive reactions. Animals from centers in<br />
Malaybalay, Negros, Dumarao, CLSU, La Carlota, Bohol,<br />
Novaliches and CBL gave positive results ranging from<br />
71.42% to 5.88%. On the other hand, animals from Dipolog<br />
and Ozamis gave negative results. The predominant serovars<br />
were L. javanica (3.87%), L. cynopteri (3.10%), L. canicola,<br />
L. grippotyphosa, L. hebdomadis, L. australis and L.<br />
pyrogenes (2.32% each). Three samples reacted to more<br />
than one serotype. The serotypes that cross reacted were L.<br />
cynopteri (2 samples), L. canicola, L. grippotyphosa, L.<br />
hebdomadis, and L. pyrogenes (1 samples each). The results<br />
strongly indicated the presence of carabao leptospiral infection<br />
in the Philippine carabao centers. Routine serological testing<br />
of carabaos is needed at these centers to monitor these<br />
carabao breeders so as to provide bases for treatment and<br />
preventive measures.<br />
Keywords: leptospira, leptospirosis, carabao, microscopic<br />
agglutination test, carabao centers<br />
* Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1995<br />
H-5<br />
A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON <strong>THE</strong> INCIDENCE OF<br />
FOREIGN BODIES IN <strong>THE</strong> STOMACH OF<br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO*<br />
P. J. Alarcon, Jr., Student<br />
A preliminary study on the incidence of foreign bodies in the<br />
stomach of Philippine Carabao is herein presented. Of the<br />
six hundred and fifty stomachs examined for foreign body<br />
only seventeen were found positive. Only one foreign object<br />
was found in one compartment of the positive stomachs.<br />
The incidence of foreign body in the stomach of Philippine<br />
Carabao was 2.6%. The reticulum and the rumen showed<br />
an incidence of 2.3% and 0.3% respectively. No foreign<br />
body was found in the omasum or abomasum.<br />
Keywords: foreign bodies, stomach (rumen), carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1966.<br />
H-6<br />
A SURVEY OF AGGLUTININS AGAINST Pasteurella<br />
haemolytica SEROTYPES AMONG <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong>-<br />
RAISED CATTLE AND CARABAOS*<br />
A. E. Alava, Student<br />
HEALTH<br />
A total of 435 serum samples from both cattle and carabaos<br />
were obtained from selected slaughterhouses and farms in<br />
the Philippines. The serum samples were tested for the<br />
presence of antibodies against 12 Pasteurella haemolytica<br />
serotypes using the rapid plate agglutination procedure<br />
(RPA). Twenty seven or 11.7% out of 230 cattle sera<br />
reacted positively against eight serotypes, namely, 1, 2,<br />
6, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Twenty one or 10.2% out of 205<br />
carabao sera reacted to 6 serotypes, namely, 1, 2, 4, _, 6<br />
and 7. The serotypes to which both cattle and carabao sera<br />
reacted were 1, 2, 6 and 7 whereas, serotypes 9-12<br />
reacted only to cattle sera while serotypes 4 and 5 reacted<br />
only to carabao sera. Based on the results of this study the<br />
most predominant serotype of P. haemolytica among<br />
Philippine-raised cattle and carabao was serotype 1. The<br />
other common serotypes were 2, 4 and 7. It is suggested<br />
that succeeding studies be done on a uniform number of<br />
samples per region or area. For a more controlled study<br />
samples should be obtained from more farms from<br />
commercial, semi-commercial, or backyard operations.<br />
Aside from the 12 serotypes, the remaining 13-15 and 10<br />
untypable serotypes should be used to screen the samples.<br />
Also, titration of positive sera coupled with paired serum<br />
sampling at 2 week interval should be performed.<br />
Keywords: Pasteurella haemolytica, rapid plate<br />
agglutination, serotypes, carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1990.<br />
H-7<br />
OCCURRENCE OF Brucella abortus AGGLUTININS<br />
AMONG CARABAOS AND CATTLE IN <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong>S BASED ON <strong>THE</strong> RAPID PLATE<br />
AGGLUTINATION*<br />
A. C. Babasa, Student<br />
A total of 1,202 serum samples (600 from carabaos and<br />
602 from cattle) were tested for brucellosis using the Rapid<br />
Plate Agglutination Test. In carabaos, there were 96/600 or<br />
16% positive reactors, 128/600 or 21.33% were suspicious<br />
and 376/600 or 62.66% were negative. In cattle, 83/602 or<br />
13.79% were positive reactors, 143/602 or 23.75% were<br />
suspicious and 376/602 or 62.46% were negative. Region<br />
III had the highest percentage of positive reactors for both<br />
cattle and carabaos with 6/14 or 42.86% and 19/48 or<br />
39.58%, respectively. The region with the next higher<br />
percentage of positive reactor in cattle was region IX with<br />
10/40 or 25%, followed by Region I with 15/65 or 23.08%<br />
and Region XII with 8/40 or 20%. In carabaos, the region<br />
with the next higher percentage for positive reactor was<br />
131
Region I with 13/40 or 32.50% followed by Region XII<br />
with 13/42 or 30.95% and Region IX with 3/13 or 23.08%.<br />
Occurrence of positive reactors per region was highly<br />
significant (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference<br />
between species occurrence of positive reactors (P =<br />
0.31). For both species, the occurrence of more positive<br />
reactors in males (16.3%) than in females (10.9%) was<br />
statistically significant (P < 0.05). In carabaos, there was<br />
a higher occurrence of positive reactors in the 9 to 10 age<br />
group with 7/25 or 28% followed by animals older than 10<br />
years with 36/166 or 21.69% and the 8 to 9 age group with<br />
9/44 or 20.45%. In cattle, more positive reactors were<br />
found in the 5 to 6 group with 12/33 or 36.36, followed by<br />
4 to 5 age group with 7/37 or 18.92% and the 9 to 10 age<br />
group with 6/32 or 18.75%. There was a direct correlation<br />
between the occurrences of positive reactors to the age<br />
group to which they belong (P < 0.01). This study was<br />
able to establish the presence of Brucella agglutinins in<br />
carabaos and cattle from the different regions in the<br />
Philippines and hence, is the first study to document the<br />
occurrence alone and thus, a complementary test should<br />
be used to confirm the present findings. A concerted effort<br />
must be made to really determine and establish the actual<br />
presence of brucellosis in livestock. Such a programme<br />
would greatly aid in the control and eventual eradication of<br />
the disease.<br />
Keywords: Brucella abortus, brucellosis, carabao, cattle,<br />
agglutination test<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1990<br />
H-8<br />
BACTERIOLOGIC PROFILE OF <strong>THE</strong> VAGINA AND<br />
UTERUS OF NON-PREGNANT <strong>BUFFALO</strong>-COWS IN<br />
SELECTED REGIONS OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong>S*<br />
M. T. T. Balassu, Student<br />
A bacteriologic survey was made on the uterus and vagina<br />
of 13 fertile and 27 infertile buffalo-cows. A sterile cotton<br />
swab and a locally-made endometrial swab instrument<br />
were used to collect vaginal and uterine samples,<br />
respectively. Majority of the vaginal samples were positive<br />
for microorganisms. A greater proportion of these samples<br />
yielded mixed rather than pure cultures of bacteria. The<br />
most frequently isolates were streptococci, corynebacteria<br />
and staphylococci. Non-specific uterine infections were<br />
found to be present even among fertile buffalo-cows.<br />
Staphylococci, streptococci and corynebacteria were the<br />
predominant bacterial species isolated from these animals.<br />
Among infertile buffalo-cows, the incidence of non-specific<br />
132<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
uterine infections was higher in repeat breeders than in<br />
anestrus animals. Mixed uterine infections were found to<br />
be more frequent among repeat breeders than anestrous<br />
buffalo-cows. The most commonly isolated organisms,<br />
however, were the same for both groups and these include<br />
the streptococci and corynebacteria.<br />
Keywords: bacterial isolation, vagina, uterine infections,<br />
buffalo-cows, infertility<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1992.<br />
H-9<br />
FIELD TRIAL OF HEMOSEP (Pasteurella multocida<br />
TYPE B) VACCINE IN <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES*<br />
E. M. Battad, Student<br />
A vaccine against hemorrhagic septicemia from a crude<br />
capsular extract of P. multocida was tested on 7 buffaloes.<br />
Antibody titers were monitored on day 0, 28, 61, 89, 120<br />
and 150 using IHA test on collected serum samples. There<br />
was significant increase in the serum antibody titer until the<br />
end of the study period (day 150). There was however, no<br />
significant difference in serum antibody titer between those<br />
given a shot at day 0 and those given at day 0 and 28.<br />
Further study can be done on when is the best time to give<br />
the second (booster) shot of the vaccine. The immune<br />
serums of the vaccinated buffaloes were used in the passive<br />
mouse protection test. Results show that the sera of the<br />
three vaccinated buffaloes used were able to protect mice<br />
from P. multocida type B infection. Based on these results,<br />
the vaccine seemed to have good potential in protecting<br />
buffaloes from hemorrhagic septicemia.<br />
Keywords: hemorrhagic septicemia, Pasteurella<br />
multocida, vaccine, buffalo<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1988.<br />
H-10<br />
A SURVEY OF GROSS LESIONS OF <strong>THE</strong> HEART<br />
AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES IN <strong>THE</strong><br />
SLAUGHTERED <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAOS AS A<br />
PRELIMINARY APPROACH IN <strong>THE</strong> STUDY OF<br />
CARDIAC DISEASE IN <strong>THE</strong> BUBALINE SPECIES<br />
(Bubalus bubalis Linneaus)*<br />
R.O. Boado, Student<br />
To establish a preliminary report on the prevalence of gross<br />
cardiac abnormalities in the Philippine carabaos, a survey
was conducted in the abattoirs of Metro Manila and<br />
Pangasinan. Out of the total 898 carabao hearts examined,<br />
507 or 56.46% apparently exhibited gross lesions. The<br />
different types of gross lesions were classified and analyzed<br />
based on the cardiac structure involved, sex distribution,<br />
age group and point of origin of the slaughtered animals as<br />
far as the most common lesions (E. poeli) was concerned.<br />
Nodules of E. poeli affecting the aortic opening were the<br />
most commonly encountered lesions representing a<br />
prevalence rate of 35.86%. This was followed by<br />
sarcocystis infection of the myocardium (13.25%), the<br />
reason of which was not known. Male carabaos showed<br />
higher prevalence of cardiac lesion (65.28%) than females<br />
(38.22%), the reason of which was not known. Generally<br />
older animals (16-20 years) were more frequently than<br />
younger ones (11-15 years and 4-10 years). This showed<br />
that age was a factor in the development of cardiac lesions.<br />
Based on the rate of occurrence, carabaos originating from<br />
Mindanao and Nueva Viscaya were most affected by E.<br />
poeli infection while those coming from La Union seemed<br />
to be least affected. No attempt was made to determine<br />
why this was so because the number of animals from the<br />
different regions were not the same in the group s.<br />
Biventricular dilatation with histopathologic features of<br />
cardiomyopathy similar to the reports on man, dogs, cats,<br />
and cattle was also noted. It is suggested that further studies<br />
should be done to determine whether they represent true or<br />
primary cardiomyopathies in carabaos.<br />
Keywords: cardiac abnormalities, gross lesions, E. epoli,<br />
carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1981.<br />
H-11<br />
DERMATOPHYTOSIS IN A <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO*<br />
J. M. G. Cheng, Student<br />
The case concerns a three year old heifer Philippine carabao<br />
with identification number 1298 housed at the Philippine<br />
Carabao Center, University of the Philippines at Los Baños,<br />
Laguna. The clinical signs apparent during the examination<br />
were generalized skin lesions characterized by scabs,<br />
pityriasis, circular area of alopecia and scaling with central<br />
healing, lesions observed were irregular in appearance<br />
and abrasions in the body and legs were present. Skin test<br />
was made to identify the etiologic agent responsible for the<br />
disease, the laboratory diagnosis used were the direct<br />
microscopic examination of the hair, fungal culture and<br />
identification of dermatophyte species from fungal colony.<br />
Skin test confirmed that the etiologic agent responsible for<br />
HEALTH<br />
the disease was Trichophyton verrucosum, which is the<br />
most common dermatophyte affecting cattle and carabao.<br />
Treatment using Captan® (N-trichloromethyl-4-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarxamide)<br />
fungicide was sprayed all over<br />
the body of the animal for five days.<br />
Keywords: ringworm, dermatophyte, captan, carabao<br />
* Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1998.<br />
H-12<br />
CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS IN <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
M. C. Concepcion, Student<br />
Electroradiograms were taken from two hundred (200) Philippine<br />
carabaos using the Apex-Based lead system and 169 (84.5%)<br />
were found to be dysrhythmic. Only 31 (15.5%) had regular<br />
sinus rhythm. A total of 157 supraventricular dysrhythmias<br />
were recorded of which 117 (58.5%) were sinus dysrhythmias,<br />
21 (10.5%) were sinus tachycardias, 17 (8.5%) were sinus<br />
bradycardias and 2 were atrial premature beats. Only one<br />
ventricular dysrhythmia, a ventricular premature contraction,<br />
was recorded. Of the six cases of the conduction disturbances<br />
recorded, 3 were first-degree AV block while the outer three<br />
were second-degree AV block. Accelerated conduction was<br />
seen in 3 of the animals examined. All three had ventricular<br />
pre-excitation. Because of the high incidence of sinus<br />
dysrhythmia in both male and female and in both age groups,<br />
it may be inferred that this type of dysrhythmia is a normal<br />
variant as in dogs and horses although further studies may<br />
have to be done to establish this inference. Similarly, further<br />
studies would be needed to find out the significance of wandering<br />
pacemaker, which was recorded in 26% of the animals. The<br />
significance of the dysrhythmias considered as pathologic in<br />
other animals can be ascertained only by doing extensive<br />
clinical examinations and examining the animals’ heart grossly<br />
and histopathologically following slaughter and correlating the<br />
findings with the electrocadiograms.<br />
Keywords: electrocardiogram, dysrhythmia, heart block,<br />
carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1981.<br />
H-13<br />
A SEROLOGICAL SURVEY OF Brucella abortus<br />
(STRAIN 19) ANTIBODIES IN NATIVE CARABAOS<br />
USING <strong>THE</strong> MICROSCOPIC TUBE AGGLUTINATION<br />
TESTS*<br />
B. S. Cordero, Student<br />
133
A serological test for the presences of Brucella abortus<br />
antibodies in native carabaos using the microscopic tube<br />
agglutination test was conducted. Only 6 or 3 per cent out<br />
of 200 samples tested positive; 44 or 22 per cent, suspicious;<br />
and the rest (75 per cent) were considered negative.<br />
Although the test was done on a limited number of animals,<br />
the results obtained indicate that brucellosis is present<br />
among our native carabaos.<br />
Keywords: Brucella, antibodies, serum, microscopic tube<br />
agglutination, carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1964.<br />
H-14<br />
SHELF APPROACH (MAGDA’S METHOD) OF<br />
PARALUMBAR NERVE BLOCK IN <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAO (<strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>: Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
E. G. de la Cruz, Student<br />
The neuro-architecture of nerves innervating the paralumbar<br />
fossa with reference to “shelf” approach (Magda’s method)<br />
of paralumbar nerve block in Philippine carabao was<br />
described. The nerve supply to the paralumbar area of the<br />
carabao was compared with that of the cow. The paralumbar<br />
fossa of the Philippine carabao is innervated by the<br />
superficial branch of twelve thoracic, the dorsal and ventral<br />
branches of the thirteenth thoracic and first two lumbar<br />
nerves. Using the last rib and tips of lumbar transverse<br />
processes L 1, L 2 and L 4 as landmarks, desensitization of<br />
paralumbar area was achieved by injecting local anesthetic<br />
solution directly ventral, anterior, posterior and dorsal to<br />
tips of these lumbar transverse processes. The “shelf”<br />
approach of paralumbar nerve block for Philippine Carabao<br />
described in this paper was simple to perform. The technique<br />
was especially developed for surgical cases requiring<br />
paralumbar approach.<br />
Keywords: carabao, local anesthesia, paralumbar nerve<br />
block<br />
* Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1980.<br />
H-15<br />
CAUDAL EPIDURAL ANALGESIA OF <strong>THE</strong><br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARACOW (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
T. D. de la Cruz, Student<br />
Dissections were done to establish an anatomical basis for<br />
caudal or posterior epidural anesthesia of the Philippine<br />
134<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
carabao. The nerve supply of the gluteal and perineal<br />
regions were briefly described and compared with that of<br />
the ox. Landmarks for the injection sites were established<br />
and procedures for induction of caudal epidural anesthesia<br />
were undertaken. The sites of injection established were<br />
the sacrococcygeal space, and the first intercoccygeal<br />
space. Using an 18 gauge needle 1 ½ inches long, 10-20<br />
ml of xylocaine was injected to the experimental animals<br />
with body weights ranging approximately from 200-325<br />
kgs. The depth of needle penetration was from 2-3 cm.<br />
There was an immediate onset of anesthesia after 1-3<br />
minutes and the duration of analgesia was as long as 1 to<br />
3 hours. The technique for caudal or posterior epidural<br />
anesthesia of the Philippine caracow described in this<br />
paper was simple and especially developed to be most<br />
effectively used. The anatomical basis or the approached<br />
developed has given the practitioner another alternative for<br />
the injection site.<br />
Keywords: epidural analgesia, caracow, xylocaine<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1980.<br />
H-16<br />
BACTERIAL ISOLATION FROM <strong>THE</strong> TONSILS,<br />
JEJUNAL AND TRACHEOBRONCHIAL LYMPH<br />
NODES OF SLAUGHTERED <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO<br />
(Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
A. C. de Leon, Student<br />
This study isolated, identified and determined the occurrence<br />
of bacteria in the tonsils, jejunal and tracheobronchial lymph<br />
nodes of 34 slaughtered Phiippine Carabao and 1<br />
slaughtered Philippine Murrah from the slaughterhouses of<br />
Calamba and Nagcarlan, Laguna. Corynebacterium sp.<br />
(85.71%), Escherichia coli (57.14%), Bacillus sp.<br />
(54.29%), Lactobacillus sp. (48.57%), Pseudomonas sp.<br />
(17.14%), Pasteurella aerogenes (17.14%), Edwardsiella<br />
sp. (17.14%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.14%),<br />
Pasteurella multocida (14.29%), Actinomyces pyogenes<br />
(11.43%), Stephylococcus aureus (11.43%), Proteus<br />
vulgaris (11.43%), Morganella morganii (11.43%), K.<br />
oxytoca (11.43%), P. hemolytica (8.57%), Pasteurella<br />
sp. (8.57%), Serratia marcescens (8.57%), Listeria sp.<br />
(5.71%), Streptococcus sp. (5.71%, Enterobacter cloacae<br />
(5.71%), C. freundi (5.71%), Salmonella sp. (5.71%)<br />
Actinomyces sp. (2.86%), Citrobacter diversus (2.86%),<br />
and Arizona sp. (2.86%) were isolated from the tonsils.<br />
Bacteria isolated from the jejunal lymph nodes included<br />
Corynebacterium sp. (31.43%), Bacillus sp. (11.43%),<br />
Lactobacillus sp. (5.71%), Actinomyces sp. (2.86%),
Pseudomonas sp. (2.86%), Pasteurella mutocida<br />
(2.85%), Pasteurella haemolytica (2.86%), Proteus<br />
vulgaris (2.86%), E. coli (2.86%), Citrobacter sp.<br />
(2.86%), and Enterobacter sp. (2.86%). Bacteria isolated<br />
from the tracheobronchial lymph nodes included E. coli<br />
(11.43%), Corynebacterium sp. (11.43%), Pasteurella<br />
multocida (5.71%, Lactobacillus sp. (2.86%) and Bacillus<br />
sp. (2.86%). A large array of bacteria was isolated in this<br />
study for the bacterial flora varies greatly among animals.<br />
Many factors may have influenced the results of this study<br />
such as age, weight, place where the animal was raised<br />
and health status, the records of which were not available<br />
during its conduct. It is strongly suggested, therefore, that<br />
subsequent studies be made in a more controlled<br />
environment. In addition, an attempt to isolated anaerobic<br />
bacteria needs to be performed.<br />
Keywords: bacterial isolation, tonsils, lymph nodes,<br />
carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1999.<br />
H-17<br />
PATHOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF LUNG<br />
LESIONS IN SLAUGHTERED CARABAOS AND<br />
<strong>THE</strong>IR BACTERIAL PROFILE *<br />
J. L. de los Santos, Student<br />
Various forms of pulmonary lesions were encountered<br />
among twenty-six bubaline lungs examined. These were<br />
categorized into pneumonic and non-pneumonic lesions.<br />
The most common of the lung lesions found were<br />
consolidations and abscesses. Hemorrhages were the<br />
least seen lesions. Microbiological isolation of bacteria<br />
from the pathological pulmonary tissues revealed Klebsiella<br />
pneumoniae as the predominant organism found among<br />
the pulmonary lesions. Pyogenic organisms like<br />
Corynebacterium pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeroginosa<br />
were also isolated from abscesses with some other form of<br />
pneumonia. Isolated from the nasopharyngeal area were<br />
Pasteurella multocida, Proteus vulgaris, and Enterobacter<br />
sp. together with some nonpathologic microflora, such as<br />
N. catarrhalis and B. subtilis. Since pneumonic lesions<br />
were relatively nonspecific, identification of causative<br />
agents could be done by microbiologic means. It was<br />
difficult, however, to prove a definite pathogenic role in the<br />
production of pneumonia for many infectious organisms.<br />
Moreover, bacterial isolation of an organism by culture did<br />
not necessarily indicate causal role. The presence of large<br />
numbers of bacterial species in pure culture, or as the<br />
predominant agent only provided a presumptive evidence<br />
HEALTH<br />
of its importance in causing the pneumonic process. It was<br />
highly possible that many of the pathogenic organisms<br />
isolated from the pneumonic lesions found were standing<br />
part of an apparent bacterial infection. It was also quite<br />
likely that these organisms are part of the normal flora. As<br />
there are many causes of various diseases pertinent to the<br />
respiratory tract, along with the predisposing factors<br />
involved, the confinement of the sampling to one abattoir is<br />
obviously a limitation during the conduct of this study.<br />
Also, the attempt to identify the organisms isolated from the<br />
pathologic pulmonary tissues was restricted only to aerobic<br />
bacteria. It is strongly suggested, therefore, that subsequent<br />
studies be made with an attempt to determine other inciting<br />
causes of pulmonary lesions. Such studies may be<br />
centered on parasitic, viral, fungal, or even mycoplasmal<br />
isolation.<br />
Keywords: pulmonary lesions, bacterial isolations,<br />
carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1990.<br />
H-18<br />
MONITORING IMMUNE RESPONSE OF CATTLE<br />
AND CARABAOS TO THREE TYPES OF CCA<br />
VACCINE AGAINST HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA<br />
USING ELISA AND PMPT*<br />
R. A. Gaza, Student<br />
The immunity induced by alum adjuvanted, double<br />
emulsion and single emulsion. P. multocida type B vaccines<br />
in both cattle and carabao were measured and compared<br />
using ELISA. Based on the study, oil adjuvanted vaccines<br />
elicited higher antibody production compared to the alum<br />
adjuvanted vaccine in cattle which indicated that the<br />
preparation of the vaccine can influence the corresponding<br />
immune response. However, in carabaos, there was no<br />
significant difference in the OD values among the different<br />
adjuvants used which might be due to the inherent ability of<br />
the carabao to respond to vaccination. The ELISA test is<br />
useful when screening large numbers of animals for a<br />
certain disease, while PMPT is best used for evaluating<br />
the specific protective antibodies induced by the test<br />
vaccine. The study was able to show the correlation<br />
between these two tests. PMPT determined at what OD<br />
value a certain serum was protective. In cattle, OD values<br />
of 0.701 and above gave 100% protection while in carabao,<br />
values as low as 0.100 can protect the mice when<br />
challenged. PMPT results showed that the antibodies<br />
induced by the two oil adjuvanted vaccines in both species<br />
of animals were highly protective in mice against P.<br />
135
multocida challenge. However, alum adjuvanted vaccine<br />
failed to induce sufficient protective antibody production in<br />
cattle but not in carabao as shown by the mortalities in<br />
mice. The response variations could be due to the genetic<br />
composition of the mice that affects the immune system.<br />
Generally, the protection elicited by vaccines did not depend<br />
on the amount of the antibody produced but on the specificity<br />
of these antibodies. Based on the results obtained, oil<br />
adjuvanted vaccines particularly the double emulsion<br />
vaccine can be of use in preventing hemorrhagic septicemia,<br />
especially in the highly endemic areas because of its<br />
efficacy and ease of administration.<br />
Keywords: hemorrhagic septicemia, CCA vaccine,<br />
ELISA, PMPT, carabao, cattle<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1992.<br />
H-19<br />
HUMORAL RESPONSE OF VITAMIN E<br />
SUPPLEMENTED <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES TO HEMORRHAGIC<br />
SEPTICEMIA VACCINE*<br />
M. J. N. Gordoncillo, Student<br />
Fifteen carabaos were grouped into three treatments.<br />
Animals in Treatment 1 received oil adjuvanted double<br />
emulsion vaccine and vitamin E supplementation at 3000<br />
I.U. orally. This supplementation was given in each vaccine<br />
administration which a month apart. Treatment 2 received<br />
the same vaccine but without supplementation. Treatment<br />
3 for cattle received no vaccination at all, but for carabaos,<br />
control group was given a different kind of vaccine which<br />
PCC (Philippine Carabao Center) used regularly.<br />
Monitoring of antibody titer for a period of five months was<br />
done using indirect hemagglutination test. Three stages<br />
were assayed: prevaccination, postbooster (after three<br />
months) and at fifth month. There was no significant difference<br />
in the geometric mean of baseline antibody titer of animals<br />
in all treatment groups. Antibody titer of all treatment groups<br />
increased after the vaccination regimen. These increases<br />
were found to be not significantly different. These results<br />
however, may have been affected by several limitations<br />
which the study encountered. One of these included the<br />
use of less specific and less sensitive assay procedure for<br />
antibody monitoring. A veterinary vitamin E preparation<br />
and use of intramuscular route of administration might have<br />
elicited a different effect and a more significant result. Oil<br />
based fat soluble vitamin, dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate<br />
seemed potentially useful as adjuvant in vaccine<br />
preparations in replacement for mineral oil which may be<br />
non-immunostimulatory. This has an advantage of going<br />
136<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
beyond just as depot-forming adjuvant, but may serve as<br />
an effective immunostimulant as well, thus enhacing specific<br />
immunity vaccination offers. Further studies are still needed<br />
to tap potential immunostimulatory effect of vitmin E in<br />
conjunction with vaccination. This, if further explored, may<br />
lead to development of a more improved vaccination<br />
program.<br />
Keywords: hemorrhagic septicemia, vaccine, vitamin E,<br />
buffalo<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1995.<br />
H-20<br />
PATHOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF LUNG<br />
LESIONS IN SLAUGHTERED CARABAOS*<br />
L. D. T. Guzman, Student<br />
A total of 500 carabaos were examined during slaughter for<br />
lung lesions. Of these, three or 0.6% had pulmonary<br />
nodules. Microscopic investigation of these nodules showed<br />
that one is a neoplasm, the other a case of caseous<br />
granuloma and the other, lymphoma. Granuloma was found<br />
only in the diaphragmatic love while the other two were<br />
found in all lobes. Multiple foci of greenish necrotic areas<br />
were found in 247 or 49.4% of the lungs and showed<br />
purulent lobular pneumonia on microscopic examination.<br />
The probable etiology of these lesions was thought as an<br />
atypical Mycobacterium species. Emphysematous lungs<br />
were found in 329 cases with 291 or 58.2% localized, 38<br />
or 7.6% diffused and 20 or 4% interstitial. The<br />
diaphragmatic lobe is the most common lobe affected by<br />
the localized type. Two lungs were found with single<br />
abscess on the diaphragmatic lobe and this was usually<br />
caused by pyogenic bacteria. Adhesion was also found<br />
with 8 or 1.6% of the lungs with lobe to lobe adhesion and<br />
42 or 8.4% with lobe to diaphragm adhesion. Congestion<br />
with edema was found in 8 or 1.6% of all lungs examined.<br />
Atelectatic areas were seen alternating with emphysematous<br />
areas and some pneumonic areas. Hemorrhagic areas<br />
were also seen with 0.2% ecchymotic and 55 or 11%<br />
diffused. Diffused hemorrhages were more common in the<br />
apical lobe. Based from the result of the present study, the<br />
most common lung lesions encountered were emphysema<br />
and accompanying atelectasis. The least were<br />
absecesses. The specific causes of these lung lesions<br />
could not be discerned since no attempt was done to<br />
determine etiologic agents.<br />
Keywords: lung lesions, pulmonary nodules, atelectasis,<br />
emphysema, hemorrages, carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1979.<br />
H-21<br />
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HEMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS<br />
OF XYLAZINE SEDATION IN CARABAOS (Bubalus<br />
bubalis)*<br />
E. S. Hain, Student<br />
A study to determine the physiologic and hematologic effects<br />
of xylazine sedation in 12 carabaos of both sexes aged 36<br />
years was conducted. The physiologic responses of<br />
animals given a 0.11 mg/kg dose of xylazine included<br />
hypersalivation, vocalization, relaxation of the preputial<br />
sheath, loss of reaction to painful stimulus and less struggle<br />
to handling. The 0.11 mg/kg dose of xylazine caused a<br />
decrease in pulse rate which was below the normal value<br />
and a slight decrease in respiratory rate was observed at<br />
a certain time. There was no effect on rectal temperature.<br />
The hematologic effects of this dose were marked decrease<br />
in PCV and total erythrocyte count (TEC). The total<br />
leukocyte count (TLC) and differential leucocyte count<br />
remained similar to those of the control group. Recovery<br />
from sedation was observed at 30-45 minutes. Animals<br />
began struggling again with the males struggling more<br />
violently. The physiologic responses of animals given a<br />
0.16 mg/kg dose of xylazine included those found in the<br />
0.11 mg/kg dose as well as lacrimation and recumbency.<br />
The 0.16 mg/kg dose of xylazine caused a marked<br />
decrease in both pulse and respiratory rates. No effect on<br />
rectal temperature was also observed. The hematologic<br />
effects of this dose were a marked decrease in PCV.<br />
There was no change in TEC and TLC. In the differential<br />
leucocyte count, no changes were observed except a<br />
decrease in eosinophils. Complete recovery from sedation<br />
took 60-75 minutes. The animals regained an upright position<br />
quietly and without struggling. The animals remained calm<br />
even after 90 minutes. Taking into consideration all the<br />
above observations, the dose of 0.11 mg/kg may be<br />
recommended for procedures wherein the animal needs to<br />
be standing and for other minor surgical procedures. For<br />
procedure requiring recumbency, a dose of 0.16 mg/kg<br />
may be recommended. When taking blood samples using<br />
xylazine as the chemical restraint agent, the veterinarian<br />
interpreting the hematological values should take into<br />
consideration the effects of xylazine on the blood values.<br />
Keywords: xylazine sedation, hematogical changes,<br />
physiological effects, carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baòos, 1993.<br />
HEALTH<br />
H-22<br />
<strong>THE</strong> OCCURRENCE OF PREGNANCY AMONG<br />
SLAUGHTERED CATTLE, CARABAOS, AND SWINE<br />
IN SOME SLAUGHTERHOUSES IN BULACAN*<br />
N. M. Inocencio, Student<br />
The occurrence of pregnancy in slaughtered cattle, carabaos<br />
and swine in some Bulacan slaughterhouses was<br />
determined. The highest occurrence was observed in cattle,<br />
at 30.09% (155 in 515), of which 77.42% were palpable<br />
pregnancies. The occurrence in carabaos was 9.38% (47<br />
in 501), 91.49% of which were palpable. The lowest<br />
occurrence was observed in swine, at 0.05% (1 in 1,902).<br />
The occurrence of pregnancy in cattle in this study was<br />
higher than those previously reported for this species. In<br />
carabaos, the occurrence rate obtained was very much<br />
lower. In swine, the occurrence was negligible. The<br />
recommendation of the previous workers that pregnancy<br />
diagnosis of animals be undertaken prior to their sale or<br />
slaughter is herein reiterated. Inspite of the earlier<br />
observations of the high rate of occurrence of pregnancy in<br />
slaughtered animals, the practice was not being abated.<br />
The government, particularly the Bureau of Animal Industry,<br />
together with local livestock organizations, should formulate<br />
rules and regulations to prevent further economic losses<br />
from the slaughter of pregnant animals.<br />
Keywords: pregnant animals, slaughtered animals,<br />
carabao, cattle, swine<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1981.<br />
H-23<br />
COMPARISON OF <strong>THE</strong> ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF<br />
PHILMURRAH <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES (Bubalus<br />
bubalis) TO AN AQUEOUS AND OIL BASED FOOT-<br />
AND-MOUTH DISEASE (SEROTYPE 0 1 , A 24 AND C 3 )<br />
VACCINE*<br />
F. M. Lacamento, Student<br />
Commercial oil adjuvanted and aqueous Foot-and-Mouth<br />
Disease (FMD strain O 1 Manisa, A 24 Cruziero, and C 3<br />
Hongkong) vaccines were compared for effectiveness<br />
and safety on Philmurrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). The<br />
oil adjuvanted vaccine was able to stimulate higher antibody<br />
titers of protective levels after the initial vaccination with a<br />
mean of 5.5159 as well as 60, 90, 120 days after with a<br />
logarithmic mean of 6.3201, 6.1659, and 5.7412<br />
respectively. The aqueous vaccine, on the other hand,<br />
only elicited protective antibody titer after the booster<br />
137
vaccination given at Day 28. Antibody titer for all types,<br />
however, were below the protective levels having a<br />
logarithmic mean for all types of 1.9617, 4.2938, 3.1099,<br />
3.2295, 1.5907 at Day 21, 60, 90, 120, and 150<br />
respectively. Statistical analysis indicates a significant<br />
difference between the oil and aqueous vaccines. Swellings<br />
at the site of inoculation were observed for both types of<br />
vaccine however, the swelling subsided after a week of<br />
observation.<br />
Keywords: FMD vaccine, oil-adjuvanted, aqueous, water<br />
buffalo<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1999.<br />
H-24<br />
SKIN LESIONS OF <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAOS*<br />
E. A. Macarandang, Student<br />
Various skin lesions were observed in 250 carabaos at<br />
slaughter. Representative samples of skin lesions in 49<br />
animals were grouped as follows: 1) transverse cracks<br />
and crevices with moth-eaten appearance of the hoof<br />
attributable to Booponus intonsus; 2) tumor-like masses<br />
with slight inflammatory changes on microscopic<br />
examination; 3) hyperkeratinized, depigmented, hairless<br />
areas with acute and chronic inflammatory lesions; 4)<br />
areas of encrustations with folliculitis and parasitism, and<br />
5) hemorrhagic nodules which on histological examination<br />
revealed nematodes and microfilariae.<br />
Keywords: skin lesions, inflammation, tumor, carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1971.<br />
H-25<br />
SEROLOGICAL SURVEY OF BRUCELLOSIS IN<br />
CATTLE AND CARABAO SLAUGHTERED AT A<br />
BACOLOD ABATTOIR USING ROSE BENGAL<br />
AGGLUTINATION TEST *<br />
N. M. Malvas, Student<br />
A serological survey of 110 cattle and 167 carabao<br />
slaughtered in a Bacolod City abattoir in October 1989,<br />
indicated that 2.7% of the cattle population tested had<br />
evidence of brucella infection. The presence of even a<br />
small number of positive reactors in the cattle population<br />
was significant because it was indicative of possible<br />
Brucella abortus infection in the herd of origin. There was<br />
no positive reactor in the carabao serum samples tested.<br />
138<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
Since RBAT was less sensitive in testing buffalo serum,<br />
an assay of higher sensitivity should be utilized. With the<br />
initial finding of positive reactor, in cattle slaughtered in the<br />
Bacolod abattoir, a more exhaustive investigation in the<br />
area of possible reactors is imperative.<br />
Keywords: brucellosis, Rose Bengal agglutination test,<br />
cattle, carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1990.<br />
H-26<br />
A STUDY ON <strong>THE</strong> OCCURRENCE OF<br />
TUBERCULOSIS AMONG DAIRY <strong>BUFFALO</strong>ES IN<br />
STA.MARIA BULACAN AND CENTRAL LUZON<br />
STATE UNIVERSITY USING OLD TUBERCULIN AND<br />
KAOLIN AGGLUTINATION TEST*<br />
B. P. Mateo, Student<br />
A study on the occurrence of tuberculosis among dairy<br />
buffaloes of Sta. Maria, Bulacan and Central Luzon State<br />
University using old tuberculin (OT) and Kaolin Agglutination<br />
(KA) test is herein presented. A total of one hundred buffaloes<br />
were tested. Fourteen animals were diagnosed as<br />
tuberculous and six animals were suspected of the disease.<br />
Kaolin agglutination test shows a good correlation with the<br />
results of tuberculin testing. All positive tuberculin reactors<br />
showed marked increase in serum titer collected two weeks<br />
after tuberculin testing. It may be used in conjunction with<br />
tuberculin testing to improve the accuracy of testing in an<br />
eradication program of tuberculosis.<br />
Keywords: tuberculosis, old tuberculin test, kaolin<br />
agglutination test, dairy buffalo<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1978.<br />
H-27<br />
ISOLATION AND SEROTYPING OF Pasteurella<br />
multocida IN CATTLE (Bos indicus) AND CARABAO<br />
(Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
A. S. Ng, Student<br />
A total of 220 samples collected from cattle and carabao<br />
using different methods of isolation yielded Pasteurella<br />
multocida isolates. These were NS 1 serotype as type B,<br />
PBS 11 as type B, and pBS 17 as type D. Hemagglutination,<br />
indirect hemagglutination, agar gel diffusion, and Acriflavin<br />
tests were used in the identification of capsule serotype.<br />
Pasteurella multocida organism can be isolated from the
upper respiratory tract of normal cattle. They were present<br />
in the lower respiratory tract when the animal succumbed<br />
to a more chronic infection. Lung sampling and nasal swabs<br />
were good methods for isolating the organism from the<br />
animals. The present study showed a carrier rate of 1.36%<br />
in the normal cattle observed, which lower than previously<br />
reported (3.5%) in cattle.<br />
Keywords: Pasteurella multocida, carabao, carrier rate,<br />
cattle, respiratory infection<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1988.<br />
H-28<br />
PREVALENCE SURVEY OF TUBERCULOSIS IN<br />
CARABAOS (Bubalus bubalis) IN FOUR<br />
MUNICIPALITIES OF CAMARINES SUR BY<br />
INTRADERMAL TEST WITH HUMAN PURIFIED<br />
PROTEIN DERIVATIVE*<br />
R. M. Olaso, Student<br />
A study of the prevalence of tuberculosis in native carabaos<br />
(Bubalus bubalis) by intradermal test with human purified<br />
protein derivative (PPD) was conducted. A total of 248<br />
carabaos in the four municipalities of Camarines Sur were<br />
tested using human PPD by intradermal test. This figure<br />
comprises about 4.8% of the total Carabao population in the<br />
said municipalities. The result of the survey yielded negative<br />
results, despite the high incidence of human tuberculosis in<br />
the said area. Likewise, the Stormont tests were negative.<br />
The findings in the survey, therefore, did not seem to support<br />
the hypothesis of transmission of human tuberculosis to<br />
Carabao. As shown in this survey, a zero prevalence of<br />
tuberculosis in carabaos was found using PPD of human<br />
origin. Tuberculosis in carabao was very rare, probably<br />
because the animal is resistant to infection with<br />
mycobacterium tuberculosis as claimed by some workers.<br />
Keywords: tuberculosis, intradermal test, carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1982<br />
H-29<br />
FIELD TRIAL OF Pasteurella multocida TYPE B<br />
VACCINE IN PURE AND GRADED <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAOS*<br />
C. M. Quebec Jr., Student<br />
Crude capsular antigen (CCA) of Pasteurella multocida<br />
type B vaccines was tested in 30 carabaos in Casuntingan<br />
HEALTH<br />
and Causwagan, Macarthur, Leyte, and the antibody titer<br />
was monitored using IHA test. No significant differences<br />
were observed between the immune response of carabaos<br />
in Casuntingan and of those in Causwagan, and also<br />
between IM or SC route of vaccine administration. The<br />
vaccine therefore, can be administered either<br />
subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Mouse protection test<br />
of immune serum from vaccinated carabaos conferred<br />
87% survival in the experimental group challenged with<br />
100LD 50 whereas the control groups had 100% mortality.<br />
The present study showed that CCA vaccine of P. multocida<br />
was able to elicit protective antibodies up to 210 days post<br />
vaccination therefore the vaccine has a very good potential<br />
to offer protection in carabaos against hemorrhagic<br />
septicemia.<br />
Keywords: Pasteurella multocida, vaccine, capsular<br />
antigen, hemorrhagic septicemia, carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1990.<br />
H-30<br />
COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF TOBACCO (Nicotiana<br />
tobaccum), MAKABUHAY (Tinosphora rumphi),<br />
TUBLI (Derris philippinensis) AND NEEM<br />
(Azadirachta indica) AGAINST CARABAO LOUSE<br />
(Haematopinus tuberculatus)*<br />
A. P. Robles, Student<br />
The efficacy of tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum), tubli (Derris<br />
philippinensis), makabuhay (Tinosphora rumphi) and neem<br />
(Azadirachta indica) in oil-immersion and mixture in distilled<br />
water at 10%, 20% and 40% concentrations were<br />
evaluated for effectiveness against carabao louse<br />
(Haematopinus tuberculatus) in vitro. Four hundred five<br />
(405) mature H. tuberculatus were used in the study. In<br />
vitro experimentation showed that mixtures in oil emulsion<br />
had a percentage mortality of 90 or better. Mixtures in<br />
distilled water showed that only tobacco obtained a percent<br />
mortality greater than 80 in all concentrations. Tubli was<br />
most effective at 40% concentration with mean percent<br />
mortality of 24 after 5 hours of exposure. Neem and<br />
makabuhay were least effective with mean percentage<br />
mortality of less than 10 in all concentrations. Positive<br />
control using pure mineral oil obtained a percentage mortality<br />
of 86 while positive control using distilled water showed no<br />
effect. Further test in vivo showed that the lowest<br />
concentration in both preparations which yielded a percent<br />
mortality of 80 or better after 5 hours of exposure in vitro<br />
was used in in vivo. Thirty-two (32) infested carabaos from<br />
the Philippine Carabao Center (PCC), UPLB were used.<br />
139
All animals are apparently healthy except for their lice<br />
infestations. Their previous management practice was<br />
maintained. The percentage reduction was monitored using<br />
the 10-minute count before and after treatment every week<br />
for three (3) consecutive weeks. In vivo experimentation<br />
showed that the tobacco pour on method using oil emulsion<br />
was more effective than the spray method although, both<br />
methods are similar (p>0.05). Percentage reduction<br />
decreased after first week of treatments with an increasing<br />
trend after three (3) weeks post treatment (in vivo). Tobacco<br />
and makabuhay in oil-emulsion were most effective in with<br />
a percentage reduction of 45.91 and 79.67 respectively.<br />
Neem and tubli in vivo oil-emulsion showed a negative<br />
percentage reduction after three (3) weeks post-treatment.<br />
Tobacco mixture in distilled water using the spray method<br />
obtained a percentage reduction of 15.83 after three (3)<br />
weeks post-treatment. Results show that tobacco,<br />
makabuhay, neem and tubli are potential source of<br />
ectoparasiticide against Carabao louse. Like all chemically<br />
based medicines, herbal plants should also undergo a<br />
battery of experimental procedures to determine their total<br />
pharmacological profile. The plant’s many uses still remain<br />
to be explored.<br />
Keywords: lice infection, tobacco, derris, herbal medicine,<br />
carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1998.<br />
H-31<br />
HISTOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF <strong>THE</strong> INTERNAL<br />
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF SLAUGHTERED<br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARA-COW (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
D. T. Rodulfo, Student<br />
Fourteen pathological cases of the internal reproductive<br />
organs of slaughtered Philippine cara-cows (Bubalus<br />
bubalis) were studied histologically. No literatures on<br />
histopathological disorders of the internal reproductive<br />
organs of cara-cows were yet available so that similar<br />
histopathological cases occurring in the bovine species as<br />
found by veterinary pathologists were used as bases for<br />
comparison. Normal slides of the different organs were<br />
used as basis for determining cellular changes as references<br />
in veterinary histology. Of the pathological disorders studied,<br />
follicular cysts is the most common as surveyed followed<br />
by the paraovarian cyst, cervicitis, hydrosalphinx, cystic<br />
glandular hyperplasia cystic corpora lutea, hypoplasia and<br />
adhesions. The least common disorders were mucometra,<br />
tumor, cervical cyst, pyometra and ovarian hematoma.<br />
No correlation between these histopathological disorders<br />
140<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
and that of infertility was done since no breeding history<br />
could be obtained. It is presumed in this study however<br />
that the animals used in this study had been slaughtered on<br />
account of their unproductiveness. Nevertheless, it was<br />
found in this study and in previous studies that paraovarian<br />
cyst did not affect the fertility of the animal and that cystic<br />
corpora lutea are known to occur in normally fertile animals.<br />
Others might have caused infertility while cervicitis, cystic<br />
glandular hyperplasia, uterine tumors and generalized<br />
adhesion might have caused infertility if such conditions<br />
were extensive.<br />
Keywords: reproductive disorders, infertility, histology,<br />
caracow, carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1979<br />
H-32<br />
PATHOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION AND<br />
BACTERIAL PROFILE OF <strong>THE</strong> LIVER AND<br />
ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES OF SLAUGHTERED<br />
<strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis)*<br />
M.C. N. Rundina, Student<br />
This study was done to device a sequential way of<br />
inspecting the liver of the Philippine carabao and to correlate<br />
the gross lesions found in the organ and from its associated<br />
structures with the histopathologic findings, as well as the<br />
bacteria isolated. Cirrhosis was the predominant lesion<br />
observed in the liver. Fibrous tags, red black mottling and<br />
abscesses were also encountered. Corynebacterium sp.,<br />
Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium<br />
pseudotuberculosis, Rhodococcus equi, Psedomonas<br />
aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella<br />
haemolytica, Streptococcus sp., Actinomyces pyogenes,<br />
Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella<br />
ictaluri, Salmonella sp. and Citrobacter freundi were the<br />
bacteria isolated from the liver. Bacteria isolated from the<br />
hepatic lymph node included Corynebacterium sp.,<br />
Staphylococcus aureus, Actinomyces pyogenes,<br />
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Pasteurella<br />
haemolytica, Rhodococcus equi, Psedomonas aeruginosa<br />
and Enterobacter aerogenes. Corynebacterium sp.,<br />
Escherichia coli, Rhodococcus equi, Salmonella sp and<br />
Edwardsiella ictaluri were isolated from the bile. It is the<br />
purpose of this study to device a sequential way of<br />
examining the liver of the Philippine carabao so as not to<br />
miss out any lesion. When conducting bacterial isolation<br />
from the liver, particularly of liver fluke affected animals,<br />
contamination of the organ with bacteria brought by the<br />
migrating larvae should be always be considered. Further
studies are necessary to find possible correlation regarding<br />
the liver pathology and its associated bacteria particularly<br />
in the Philippine carabao. Fasciola sp. must always be<br />
considered. More reliable information may be derived from<br />
doing anaerobic culture of liver fluke affected livers if the<br />
purpose of the study is to find a correlation between<br />
fasciolosis and its associated bacteria.<br />
Keywords: liver pathology, bacterial isolation, sequential<br />
liver inspection, carabao<br />
* Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1999.<br />
H-33<br />
A PRELIMINARY SEROLOGICAL SURVEY OF<br />
LEPTOSPIRAL INCIDENCE IN <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong><br />
CARABAOS BY PLATE SCREEN AND RAPID PLATE<br />
TEST*<br />
D. O. Tumibay, Student<br />
A serological test of Philippine carabaos for the presence of<br />
antibodies against Leptospira pomona and L.<br />
icterohemorrhagiae, was conducted. Only 4 out of 150<br />
(2.66%) carabaos were positive in plate screen test, and<br />
2 (1.33%) were positive in rapid plate test. The results,<br />
although inconclusive, indicated the presence of<br />
leptospirosis among Philippine carabaos.<br />
Keywords: carabao, rapid plate test, leptospira antibodies,<br />
leptospirosis<br />
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine<br />
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1961.<br />
H-34<br />
CLINICO-PATHOLOGIC OBSERVATIONS IN A<br />
CARACALF (Bubalus bubalis) INOCULATED WITH<br />
B:2*<br />
K. C. Villanueva, Student<br />
One healthy male unvaccinated caracalf was<br />
experimentally inoculated subcutaneously with 2-ml of 9.91<br />
x 10 4 cfu of. Three phases of the septicemic disease were<br />
observed. The increase in temperature (phase 1) occurred<br />
at 4.4 h post-infection, respiratory distress (phase 2) also<br />
at 4.5 h post-infection, and the recumbency or terminal<br />
phase (phase 3) was manifested 8 h post-infection. The<br />
duration of the clinical course was 15 h. At necropsy,<br />
subserous petechial hemorrhages throughout the visceral<br />
organs and presence of blood-tinged fluid were observed<br />
in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Histopathology<br />
HEALTH<br />
showed vascular changes characterized by marked<br />
hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhages, edema, and fibrin<br />
formation. These were observed in the lungs, spleen, kidney,<br />
heart, lymph nodes, intestine, tongue, and liver.<br />
Keywords: caracalf, Pasteurella multocida B, inoculation<br />
test, phases of infection, histopathology<br />
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baòos, 2002.<br />
H-35<br />
PREVALENCE OF AGGLUTININS AGAINST<br />
Pasteurella multocida IN CATTLE AND CARABAOS<br />
IN SELECTED REGIONS OF <strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong>S*<br />
Z. C. O. Zabala, Student<br />
Three hundred nineteen Carabao serum samples and 312<br />
cattle serum samples were collected from a number of<br />
slaughterhouses and farms in the different regions in the<br />
country. The sera were tested against different serotypes<br />
of Pasteurella multocida by the rapid plate agglutination<br />
test. The results showed the predominance of type A over<br />
type B both for cattle and carabao. There was a prevalence<br />
rate of 9.2% for serotype A agglutinins and 1.7% for<br />
serotype B agglutinins. None of the serum samples tested<br />
positively against serotypes D and E. Based on the limited<br />
number of serum samples tested in this study, it appeared<br />
that the predominant serotype of P. multocida to which<br />
Philippine cattle and carabao are exposed to is type A.<br />
However, the focus of the present vaccination against<br />
pasteurellosis in our country is against type B only.<br />
Therefore, there is a need to conduct more thorough<br />
epidemiological studies to determine the real extent of P.<br />
multocida type A infection in cattle and carabaos. Results<br />
of such studies will help in formulating better control<br />
measures against pasteurellosis. Perhaps, the inclusion of<br />
serotype A is necessary in the present vaccine.<br />
Keywords: Pasteurella multocida, serotypes,<br />
pasteurelosis, agglutinin, cattle, carabao<br />
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,<br />
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1990<br />
141
INDEX - ANATOMY<br />
abattoir, 11<br />
adrenal gland, 50<br />
age determination, 10<br />
age of puberty, 32<br />
alveoli, 12<br />
anatomico-histologic correlative study, 46<br />
anatomico-pathological observations, 30<br />
anatomy, 25, 26, 27<br />
angio-architecture, 40<br />
ante-natal development, 50apocrine glands, 7<br />
carabao bull, 26<br />
bile, 43<br />
biometry, 15, 35, 37, 38<br />
biometry of spermatozoa, 19<br />
bronchiole, 12<br />
bronchus, 20, 12<br />
bubaline, 2<br />
buccal glands, 27<br />
buy back operation, 11<br />
capsule, 12<br />
carabulls, 32, 33<br />
cattle, 11, 19, 22, 41<br />
cecal mucosa, 12<br />
clinico-pathological analysis, 48<br />
comparative anatomy, 39<br />
corneal innervation, 16<br />
coronary vessels, 20<br />
corpus luteum, 22<br />
crossbred buffaloes, 9, 33<br />
crossbred bulls, 27, 31<br />
cystic duct, 43<br />
cytoarchitectural pattern, 50<br />
cytobiologic characterization, 46<br />
digestive tract, 10, 35<br />
electron microscopy, 12, 20, 21, 31, 32, 39<br />
endocrine cells, 2, 5, 22, 26<br />
endocrine pancreas, 4<br />
epididymis, 14, 24<br />
esophageal glands, 23<br />
esophagus, 35, 47<br />
external ear, 40<br />
female reproductive organs, 43<br />
follicular atresia, 33<br />
follicular dynamics, 38<br />
Food Terminal Inc., 11<br />
gall bladder, 43<br />
ganglion cells, 6<br />
gastrointestinal tract, 5<br />
gross anatomy, 13, 24, 27, 42<br />
hair cuticles, 41<br />
hair follicles, 7<br />
hair medullary pattern, 13<br />
hair, 11<br />
heart, 47<br />
hematological values, 17<br />
142<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
hemolymph node, 46<br />
histoanatomical study, 49<br />
histochemical characteristics of ovaries, 34<br />
histochemical study, 50<br />
histochemical, 20, 28<br />
histochemistry, 2, 23, 34, 35, 37, 42<br />
histologic structures, 15<br />
histological and immunological observations, 4<br />
histological study, 50<br />
histology, 3, 8, 11,20, 24, 28, 34, 35, 37, 38, 42<br />
horn amputation, 16<br />
immunocytochemical demonstration, 26<br />
Immunocytochemistry, 4, 7, 22<br />
immunohistochemistry, 2, 5<br />
incidence of slaughtered pregnant ruminants, 11<br />
intensive backyard management, 17<br />
internal parathyroid, 34<br />
interstitial cells, 15, 33<br />
intrathoracic vessels, 40<br />
islet of langerhans, 4<br />
isthmus, 19<br />
large intestine, 6, 10, 22<br />
laryngeal skeleton, 39<br />
lingual papillae, 1<br />
lung, 12<br />
luteal cells, 22<br />
mandibular gland, 20<br />
mature non-pregnant Philippine buffaloes, 43<br />
measurement of the reproductive organs, 29<br />
medullary patterns, 41<br />
metacarpo-pharyngeal region, 45<br />
metatarso-phalangeal region, 45<br />
method of identification, 14, 41<br />
microscopic anatomy/structure 1, 6, 14, 16, 28<br />
mid-pregnancy, 48<br />
morphological abnormalities, 9<br />
morphological descriptions, 12<br />
morphology of female reproductive organs, 36,<br />
morphology, 51<br />
muscular, 6<br />
muzzle printing, 41<br />
muzzle prints, 44<br />
nasolabial glands, 28<br />
neutrophils, 61<br />
nerve blocking, 16<br />
neuropeptide, 29<br />
non-pregnant, 15, 34, 36<br />
normal and atretic follicle, 16<br />
ossa cordis, 8<br />
ovarian follicular population, 39<br />
ovary/ovarian structures, 16, 38, 49<br />
pacreatic acinus, 21<br />
palatine printing, 14<br />
pancreas, 2, 4, 30<br />
pancreatic islets, 3, 21<br />
parotid gland, 20<br />
penis, 49
permanent cheek teeth, 26<br />
permanent incisors, 25<br />
Philippine carabao at various ages, 39<br />
Phil-Murrah crossbreed, 14, 17,20, 37, 37<br />
Phil-Murrah F1 crossbreed, 34<br />
pituitary gland (hypophysis cerebri), 2, 37<br />
pituitary gland, 45, 46<br />
placentome, 48<br />
polypeptide-immunoreactive cells, 4<br />
post-natal development, 32, 33<br />
postnatal testes, 39<br />
pregnant, 29<br />
pre-pubertal, 40<br />
prostate glands, 6<br />
reticular groove, 18<br />
scanning electron microscopy, 10, 18, 19, 35, 41<br />
sebaceous glands, 7<br />
seminal vesicle, 6<br />
seminiferous tubules, 33<br />
serosal, 6<br />
sertoli cells, 31<br />
sex difference, 50<br />
sexual behavior, 9<br />
skin thickness, 7, 10<br />
skull, 18<br />
small intestinal epithelium, 28<br />
small intestine, 10, 26<br />
sperm production, 31<br />
sperm quality, 9<br />
spermatogenesis, 32<br />
spermatogenic cells, 31, 32, 39<br />
spleen, 11, 46<br />
stellate ganglion, 29<br />
sublingual gland, 20<br />
submucosal and adventitial layer, 6<br />
superficial anatomy, 26<br />
surface morphology, 19<br />
swamp buffalo ovaries, 33<br />
tail, 13<br />
taste buds, 5<br />
temporary cheek teeth, 26<br />
temporary incisors, 25<br />
testes, 14, 15, 24, 32, 33<br />
thoracic limb, 36<br />
thymus, 50<br />
thyroid gland, 23<br />
thyroid, 35<br />
tongue, 5, 35<br />
trachea, 27, 42<br />
ultrastructural alterations, 31<br />
ultrastructural cells, 12<br />
ultrastructural characteristics, 15<br />
ultrastructures, 31<br />
uterus, 15, 49<br />
vascular anatomy, 36<br />
vascular supply, 49<br />
weights/measurements of organs, 22, 47<br />
INDEX<br />
INDEX - PHYSIOLOGY<br />
albumin-globulin ratio, 2<br />
anestrus, 6<br />
biluribun, 5, 14<br />
biochemical integrity of semen, 10<br />
biochemical methods, 1<br />
blood chemical profile, 16<br />
blood glucose, 14<br />
blood indices, 16<br />
blood, 4<br />
body measurement, 10<br />
body weight, 10<br />
buffalo semen, 10<br />
Bulgarian Murrah, 16<br />
carotene, 1<br />
cattle, 1, 13<br />
cervical mucus penetration test, 10<br />
clinical pathology, 13<br />
conception rate, 6<br />
crossbred buffalo, 4<br />
crossbreeds, 16<br />
dinoprost, 5<br />
DNA viscosity test, 4<br />
draftwork, 14<br />
ECG patterns, 8<br />
eosinophil, 14<br />
erythrocyte morphology, 12<br />
ESR, 4<br />
estrus synchronization, 5<br />
estrus-induction, 6<br />
euthyroid, 11<br />
frequency of parturition, 16<br />
gestation, 16<br />
Hb concentration, 2<br />
hematocrit, 2<br />
hemoglobin concentration, 2hemogram, 1, 16<br />
hyperthyroid, 11<br />
hypothyroid, 11<br />
immunoglobulins, 4<br />
inclusion bodies, 12<br />
lactating, 16<br />
leukocyte count, 4<br />
leukogram, 11<br />
mating period, 16<br />
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, 2<br />
meat, 1<br />
midriff girth, 10<br />
non-pregnant, 16<br />
PCV, 4<br />
Philippine-Murrah, 12<br />
physical and chemical properties, 2<br />
pregnant, 16<br />
processing and storage of semen, 10<br />
prostaglandin F2á, 5, 6<br />
rumen juice, 13<br />
sephadex filter test, 10<br />
143
serum bilirubin, 4, 8<br />
serum cholinesterase, 6<br />
serum electrolytes, 15<br />
serum protein, 2<br />
serum thyroxine, 11<br />
serum, 3<br />
sex variation, 14<br />
spectrophotometer, 13<br />
synovial fluid, 3, 7, 11<br />
tibiotarsal joint, 7,11<br />
total serum protein, 13<br />
urine, 2<br />
van der Bergh test, 4, 8<br />
work load, 1<br />
INDEX - BREEDING AND<br />
GENETICS<br />
albumin and post-albumin polymorphism, 14<br />
amylase and carbonic anhydrase genotypes, 18<br />
animal genetic resource, 3<br />
animals breeding strategies, 5<br />
artificial insemination (AI), 6<br />
asynchrony, 16<br />
backyard and ranch-type production, 20<br />
Best Linear Unbiased Prediction mixed models, 4<br />
blood proteins, 15<br />
blood transferrin types, 17<br />
body weight and age, 2, 21<br />
body weight and measurements, 22, 23<br />
buffalo croscbreds, 14<br />
Bulgarian Murrah, 7<br />
carabao breeding program, 19<br />
carabeef, 17<br />
carcass weight, 21<br />
carcass, 1, 13<br />
cattle and carabao breeding programs, 6<br />
cattle, 4, 5, 10, 11<br />
chromosomal analysis, 12<br />
correlations between body weights, 8<br />
crossbreeds, 7, 10, 17, 19<br />
cytology of water buffalo, 23<br />
dehydrogenase enzymes, 15<br />
dendogram, 15<br />
development of Philippine carabao, 12<br />
DNA markers, 20<br />
economic traits, 7<br />
economic value, 1, 11<br />
esterase and alkaline phosphatase, 18<br />
estimated breeding values (EBVs), 7, 8<br />
F1 crosses with Murrah buffalo, 20, 23<br />
farm animals, 3, 10<br />
frequency distribution, 17<br />
genetic and economic impacts, 6<br />
genetic distance, 15<br />
genetic evaluation, 22<br />
144<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
genetic improvement program, 3<br />
genetic trends of bodyweight, 7<br />
goat, 4, 10<br />
growth pattern, 21, 22<br />
growth performance, 19, 20<br />
heart girth, 21<br />
heterosis, 10, 23<br />
hydrid water buffalo, 23<br />
Indian Murrah, 7<br />
indigenous animals genetic resources, 12<br />
institutional herds, 20<br />
karyotype, 7, 9, 14<br />
karyotypic characteristics, 7, 9<br />
least-square analysis, 10<br />
live weight, 21<br />
meiosis, 16<br />
morphometric characteristics, 15<br />
Murrah buffalo, 14<br />
muscle fiber, 17<br />
national recording system, 4<br />
native carabao, 20<br />
Nili-Ravi, Thai swamp buffalo, 23<br />
oocyte, 16<br />
Philippine carabao scientific name, 11<br />
pig, 10<br />
polymorphisms, 18<br />
RAPD assay, 20<br />
relative economic value, 10<br />
river type buffalo, 23<br />
scrotal circumference, 2<br />
seminal vesicle measurement, 2<br />
sensory characteristics, 17<br />
small-scale carabeef production, 19<br />
starch gel electrophoresis, 14, 18<br />
swamp type water buffalo, 23<br />
syngamy, 16<br />
tamaraw, 15<br />
testicular measurement, 2<br />
themeda grassland, 21<br />
ultrasonic scanning, 13<br />
yearling carabaos, 21, 22<br />
INDEX - REPRODUCTION<br />
abattoir, 11, 22<br />
anestrus, 4<br />
artificial insemination, 6, 17, 30, 34<br />
bioassay technique, 45<br />
blastocyst formation, 23<br />
blastocysts, 33<br />
blood gonadotropin activity, 45<br />
blood plasma progesterone, 4<br />
body score, 30<br />
body weights, 20<br />
bubaline follicular oocytes, 26<br />
buffalo spermatozoa, 15<br />
buffalo/bovine calf serum, 12
uy back operation, 11<br />
calving interval, 38<br />
calving rate, 30<br />
calving, 16<br />
carabao cows, 3, 45<br />
carabao estrus phenomena, 24<br />
carabao heifers, 4<br />
carabao serum, 1<br />
caracow, 2, 14, 42<br />
caraheifers, 2, 42, 44<br />
cattle,11, 34<br />
chick embryo amniotic cavity, 25<br />
cleavage rate, 26<br />
cleaved embryos, 23<br />
clitoral stimulation, 2<br />
cloning and sexing of embryos, 34<br />
co-culture system, 23<br />
conception rate, 3, 14, 17, 18, 21<br />
confinement, 16<br />
cooling facilities, 44<br />
corpus luteum function, 1<br />
corpus luteum, 22<br />
cow, 12<br />
crossbred bulls, 21<br />
crossbred carabao, 11, 20<br />
crossbreeding, 17, 37<br />
cryopreservation, 29, 33<br />
cumulus cell monolayer, 26<br />
cumulus-oocytes complexes, 12<br />
cyclic buffaloes, 43<br />
cyclic caracows, 1, 6<br />
cyclic water buffaloes, 10, 43<br />
cycling carabao heifers, 45<br />
cysteamine, 23<br />
dimethylsulfoxide, 33<br />
duration of estrus, 44<br />
dynamics, 11<br />
embryo movement, 14<br />
embryo transfer, 28, 43<br />
embryo, 8, 9, 12, 25, 41<br />
estrous cycle, 44, 45<br />
estrus cycle length, 44<br />
estrus detection, 2<br />
estrus induction and synchronization, 14<br />
estrus ovulation, 44, 45<br />
estrus signs, 30<br />
estrus synchronization, 1,2,3,17,18,20,21,30, 45, 46<br />
estrus, 4, 15, 42<br />
ethylene glycol, 33<br />
factors affecting conception rate, 28<br />
farmers’ perception of occurrence of estrus, 40<br />
fertilization, 25<br />
fiberscope, 40<br />
follicle stimulating hormone, 43<br />
follicular development, 42<br />
follicular dynamics, 7, 40<br />
follicular oocytes, 23<br />
INDEX<br />
Food Terminal Inc., 22<br />
freezing methods, 15<br />
germinal vesicle stage, 29<br />
gestation period, 38, 39, 44<br />
glutathione, 23, 24<br />
glycerol, 33<br />
GnRH administration, 1<br />
GnRH, 6<br />
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone, 3<br />
Gonadotropins, 25<br />
histopathological disorders, 34<br />
hypodermic needle acupuncture, 32<br />
immature oocytes, 9<br />
immature swamp buffalo oocytes, 4<br />
in vitro culture, 24, 26, 27,<br />
in vitro fertilization, 4,7, 13, 26<br />
in vitro maturation, 7, 8, 13, 26, 21, 42, 43, 45<br />
in vitro progression, 9<br />
involution, 39<br />
incidence of slaughtered pregnant ruminants, 11<br />
infertility problems, 5<br />
internal reproductive organs, 5, 34<br />
IVM, 4<br />
lactating carabaos, 22, 36<br />
Lucban, Quezon, 22<br />
luteinizing hormone, 26<br />
maturation media, 4<br />
maturation, 25<br />
milk progesterone, 34, 35, 36<br />
morphological assessment, 33<br />
MPN, 23<br />
mSOF, 12<br />
multiple ovulation and embryo transfer, 14<br />
non- pregnant, 34<br />
non-surgical embryo collection, 31<br />
non-surgical embryo recovery, 29<br />
nuclear maturation, 4<br />
occurrence of estrus, 6<br />
oocytes, 7, 8, 9,13, 24, 27, 29, 33<br />
os uteri, 2<br />
ovarian follicles, 7<br />
ovarian response, 10<br />
ovarian structures, 40ovarian transport, 25<br />
ovulation response, 2<br />
ovulation time, 44<br />
ovulation, 6, 42, 46<br />
parturition, 39<br />
pathological disorders, 5<br />
pFSH, 14, 43<br />
PGF2 alpha treatment, 70<br />
PGF2 alpha, 2, 6, 42, 43<br />
Philippine carabao as recipients, 68<br />
Philippine carabao cows, 5<br />
Philippine carabao, 3, 21, 56, 57, 58, 59, 72<br />
Philippine caracows, 11, 66<br />
Philippine water buffalo, 65<br />
Phil-murrah crossbred, 19<br />
145
plasma and milk progesterone, 36<br />
plasma minerals, 22<br />
plasma progesterone, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 36, 39 63,<br />
PMSG, 14porcine follicle stimulating hormone, 43<br />
porcine pregnant mare serum gonadotropin, 43post<br />
freezing sperm revivability, 15<br />
post partum ovarian activity, 39<br />
postpartum anestrus water buffaloes, 32<br />
postpartum changes, 11<br />
postpartum heat, 22<br />
post-partum ovarian activity, 35, 38, 39<br />
post-partum, 63<br />
predetermined AI, 18<br />
pregnancy diagnosis, 34, 36<br />
pregnancy rate, 2, 20<br />
pregnancy, 12, 39, 41progesterone, 4, 22progesterone<br />
concentration, 37<br />
progesterone releasing intra-vaginal device, 10, 21<br />
prostaglandin F2 alpha, 10, 14, 45, 46<br />
puberty, 19, 37<br />
radioimmunoassay, 34, 36<br />
ranch, 16<br />
range condition, 15<br />
rectal palpation accuracy, 22<br />
reproductive abnormalities, 22<br />
reproductive activity, 63<br />
reproductive and nutritional status, 19<br />
reproductive disorders, 19, 20<br />
reproductive performance, 19, 30, 31<br />
reproductive status, 18<br />
revivability of spermatozoa, 25<br />
river buffaloes, 29, 31<br />
semen characteristics, 21<br />
semen quality, 42<br />
service period, 35, 38<br />
services per conception, 35<br />
smallholder farmer, 19<br />
superovulation, 31, 43<br />
superovulatory response, 7, 40, 43<br />
swine, 34<br />
synchronizing agent, 3<br />
TCM-199, 12<br />
testicular alterations, 21<br />
uterine and cervical involution, 38<br />
vitrification, 9, 33<br />
waves per cycle, 40<br />
INDEX - DRAFT POWER<br />
adult male Philippine swamp buffalo, 5<br />
behavioral responses, 8<br />
Cambodian buffaloes, 6<br />
cattle, 9<br />
coefficient of heat tolerance, 5<br />
comparative training, 1<br />
crossbred buffalo, 4<br />
crossbred carabaos, 5, 6<br />
146<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
distress symptoms, 5<br />
draft animal power, 2<br />
draft carabaos, 4<br />
draft power performance, 8<br />
draft preference, 7<br />
draftability, 3<br />
draught performance, 9<br />
dynamometer, 2<br />
eosinophil count, 5<br />
feeding systems, 4<br />
field capacity, 8<br />
hematologic parameters, 2<br />
hematological changes, 3<br />
increasing pulling load, 2<br />
leukocyte value, 3<br />
Murrah-Cambodian crossbreed, 8<br />
Murrah-crossbred, 7<br />
Philippine carabao description, 9<br />
Phil-Murrah crossbreed, 8<br />
Phil-murrah, 1<br />
physiological and biochemical changes, 8<br />
physiological responses, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9<br />
PRT responses, 4<br />
swamp buffalo, 2<br />
tethering, 4<br />
training practices, 4<br />
wallowing, 5<br />
water buffalo, 9<br />
work bulls, 8<br />
work capacity of carabao, 9<br />
work performance, 6<br />
work persistency, 1, 4<br />
INDEX - FEEDING AND<br />
NUTRITION<br />
abrupt change in ration, 55<br />
age and sex, 30<br />
alibangbang leaves, 33<br />
anabiong soilage, 9<br />
animal husbandry, 56<br />
animal physiology, 56<br />
backyard production, 38<br />
bacterial counts, 51<br />
banana and crop residues, 53<br />
beef, 8<br />
blood urea nitrogen, 34<br />
carabao feed intake, 10, 16<br />
carabao grazing behavior, 1, 3, 20<br />
carabao heifers, 18<br />
carabao production, 7, 31<br />
carabao raising management practices, 24<br />
carabeef, 8<br />
caracows, 47<br />
caraheifers grazing, 31<br />
caraheifers performance, 32
caraheifers, 2, 27, 45<br />
carcass quality, 7, 8<br />
cattle, 5, 7<br />
cattle, carabao rumen contents, 4<br />
cattle/carabao ciliates, 54, 55<br />
cattle/carabao feeding, 11, 43, 53<br />
characteristic features, 57<br />
chemical composition, 23, 40<br />
cholesterol level, 30<br />
chopped, 16<br />
chromic oxide chromogen ratio, 46<br />
chromic oxide, 3, 27<br />
chromic oxide-acid insoluble ash method, 47<br />
chromic oxide-fecal ratio, 2<br />
chromic oxide-lignin ratio, 45<br />
concentrate digestibility, 14<br />
concentrate supplementation, 15, 16, 18, 26, 38<br />
concentrate, 32<br />
confinement, 12, 14, 17<br />
corn stover-molasses silage, 11, 13, 14, 18, 48<br />
corn-urea supplementation, 24<br />
cutting regimes, 55<br />
dairy cattle & carabao, 21<br />
damage palay, 36<br />
diagestion & nitrogen balances, 10<br />
diethylstilbestrol implantation, 41<br />
digestibility, 2, 9, 23, 26, 27, 39, 41, 48<br />
draft power, 22, 26<br />
dressing percentage, 48<br />
dry season, 3, 27, 30, 31, 34<br />
energy & protein requirement, 18<br />
enriched rice straw silage, 10<br />
feed supplementation, 39<br />
feed value, 10, 13, 32, 45, 55<br />
feeding management systems, 38<br />
feeding performance, 11, 26<br />
feedlot fattening, 6, 48<br />
folder crops, 43<br />
fresh ipil-ipil leaves, 44<br />
grazing growth performance, 12, 26<br />
grazing system/behavior, 7, 39<br />
grazing trials, 19<br />
grazing, 15, 35, 36, 37, 52<br />
growing carabaos, 3<br />
growth pattern, 53<br />
growth performance, 21, 34, 35, 36, 38, 48<br />
herbage productivity & quality, 31<br />
herbage speices, 30<br />
high moisture & low moisture corn, 6, 41<br />
Holstein cattle, 6, 39<br />
hormone treatment, 8<br />
in vitro evaluation, 18<br />
in vivo and in vitro digestion, 50<br />
inorganic phosphorus, 30<br />
ipil-ipil forage/pastures, 31, 32, 54<br />
long soaked rice straw, 16<br />
low & high moisture corn, 8<br />
INDEX<br />
maintenance requirements, 14<br />
management practices, 57<br />
mature carabaos, 14<br />
metabolism products, 4<br />
microbial counts in rumen, 29<br />
milk performance, 44<br />
mineral block, 34<br />
napier grass, 4, 6, 18, 23, 45<br />
native stylo mixed pasture, 52<br />
nitrogen balance/fraction, retention, 5, 9, 23, 28<br />
non-conventional feedstuffs, 42<br />
nutrient composition, 33<br />
nutritive value, 5, 25, 43, 53<br />
okra fruit, 33<br />
opaque-2 corn stover molasses silage, 11<br />
Panicum maximum, 5, 25<br />
para grass, 18<br />
phosphate application, 52<br />
phsyiological responses, 21<br />
physical characteristics, 24<br />
protein and energy, 14<br />
quality silage, 18<br />
reproductive performance, 21, 24<br />
rice bran, 22, 36<br />
rice straw intake, 17, 34, 39, 40<br />
rice straw-based ration, 50, 51<br />
rice straw-molasses silage, 6, 13, 40<br />
rumen ingesta, 51<br />
rumen liquor, 6, 28<br />
ruminants, 9, 42<br />
rumination behavior, 37<br />
serum calcium, 30<br />
sheep, 13<br />
slaughtered carabaos, 28, 29<br />
soaked rice straw, 48<br />
stocking rate, 30<br />
sugarcane tops/varieties, 54, 55<br />
tethering carabaos, 15, 17, 26<br />
themeda pasture, 1,2,3,19,20,27,31,32,34,39, 47<br />
training practices, 26<br />
UMMB, 3, 32, 36<br />
urea-molasses-mineral block, 12, 34, 35<br />
urea-treated hay, 3, 26, 38<br />
Visayan region, 57<br />
Visayas, Philippines, 56<br />
voluntary intake, 2, 3, 27, 45, 46, 47<br />
wet season, 1, 32, 35<br />
yearling carabaos, 12, 19, 30, 37, 53<br />
yield, 23<br />
INDEX - HEALTH<br />
agglutination test, 4agglutinin, 19<br />
antibodies, 2, 7<br />
aqueous, 14<br />
atelectasis, 12<br />
azaperone, 1<br />
147
acterial isolation, 5, 9, 10, 18<br />
Brucella abortus, 4<br />
Brucella, 2, 7<br />
brucellosis, 4, 14<br />
buffalo-cows infertility, 5<br />
butyrophenones, 1<br />
capsular antigen, 16<br />
captan, 6<br />
carabao centers, 2<br />
caracalf, 19<br />
caracow, 8, 17<br />
cardiac abnormalities, 6<br />
carrier rate, 16<br />
cattle, 4, 10, 13, 14<br />
CCA vaccine, 10<br />
chlorperidol, 1<br />
dairy buffalo, 15<br />
dermatophyte, 6<br />
derris, 17<br />
dysrhythmia, 7<br />
E. epoli, 6<br />
electrocardiogram, 7<br />
ELISA, 11<br />
emphysema, 12<br />
epidural analgesia, 8<br />
fecal samples, 1<br />
FMD vaccine, 14<br />
foreign bodies, 3<br />
gross lesions, 6<br />
heart block, 7<br />
hematological changes, 12<br />
hemorrhages, 12<br />
hemorrhagic septicemia, 5,10,11, 16<br />
herbal medicine, 17<br />
histology, 17<br />
histopathology, 20<br />
infertility, 5, 17<br />
inflammation, 14<br />
inoculation test, 19<br />
intradermal test, 15<br />
kaolin agglutination test, 15<br />
leptospira antibodies, 19<br />
leptospira, 2<br />
leptospirosis, 2, 19<br />
lice infection, 17<br />
liver pathology, 18<br />
local anesthesia, 8<br />
lung lesions, 12<br />
lymph nodes, 9<br />
microscopic agglutination test, 2<br />
microscopic tube agglutination, 7<br />
oil-adjuvanted, 14<br />
old tuberculin test, 15<br />
paralumbar nerve block, 8<br />
Pasteurella haemolytica, 2<br />
Pasteurella multocida B, 16, 19<br />
Pasteurella multocida, 5, 16, 17, 19<br />
148<br />
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON<br />
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>PHILIPPINE</strong> <strong>WATER</strong> <strong>BUFFALO</strong><br />
pasteurelosis, 19<br />
phases of infection, 19<br />
physiological effects, 12<br />
PMPT, 11pregnant animals, 13<br />
pulmonary lesions,10<br />
pulmonary nodules, 12<br />
rapid plate agglutination, 2, 3<br />
rapid plate test, 19<br />
reproductive disorders, 17<br />
respiratory infection, 16<br />
ringworm, 6<br />
Rose Bengal agglutination test, 14<br />
salmonella, 1<br />
sedation, 1<br />
sequential liver inspection, 18<br />
serotypes, 2<br />
serum, 7<br />
skin lesions, 14<br />
slaughtered animals, 13<br />
stomach (rumen), 2<br />
swine, 13<br />
tobacco, 17<br />
tonsils, 9<br />
tranquilizers, 1<br />
tuberculosis, 15, 16<br />
tumor, 14<br />
uterine infections, 5<br />
vaccine, 5, 11, 16<br />
vagina, 5<br />
vitamin E, 11<br />
xylazine sedation, 12<br />
xylocaine, 8