THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO

ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
E D I T O R S
C.P.MAALA
E.F.LANDICHO
A.S.SARABIA
A.N. DEL BARRIO
E.P.ATABAY

ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
Copyright O 2004 by Philippine Carabao Center
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be
reproduced in any form or by
any means, except brief quotations
for a review, without permission
in writing from the publisher
ISBN 000-00000-0-0
Book Editor:
C.P. Maala
E.F. Landicho
A.S. Sarabia
A.N. del Barrio
E.P. Atabay
Printed in the Philippines

USER’S GUIDE
The book contains published and unpublished researches on
the Philippine water buffalo. These were obtained from various buffalorelated
publications, reports and abstracts of the Philippine Carabao
Center (PCC), Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural
Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) and Department of
Science and Technology (DOST). Many unpublished undergraduate
and graduate theses on the Philippine water buffalo were gathered
from the libraries of the University of the Philippines Los Baños and
other state universities and colleges. Recent publications on the animal
were taken from various local refereed journals such as the Philippine
Journal of Veterinary Medicine (a publication of the College of Veterinary
Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños) and the Philippine
Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science (official journal of the Philippine
Society of Animal Science). Others were taken from Proceedings of
Philippine Society of Animal Sciences (PSAS) Annual Conventions and
Scientific Conferences.
The book is divided into seven parts, namely, Anatomy,
Physiology, Breeding and Genetics, Reproduction, Draft Power, Feeding
and Nutrition, and Health. A Table of Contents is provided for each part.
The entries for each part are arranged alphabetically similar to Literature
Cited in a journal article.
An Index of Keywords of Annotated Bibliography on the
Philippine Water Buffalo is also provided. Keywords are grouped
according to the seven major parts of the publication.

FOREWORD
“Abstract of Researches on the Philippine Water Buffalo”
is an initial output of the current effort of the Philippine Carabao Center
to develop a book on the “Biology of the Philippine Water Buffalo”.
The book project had long been conceptualized and discussed several
times in the past until it was finally initiated with the searching and
gathering of information materials as preliminary activities. Dr. Eufrocina
P. Atabay, PCC senior science research specialist, was assigned as
project coordinator.
A team of research scientists and experts were tapped to work
on key areas of the proposed book as well as on the different parts of the
present book. Dr. Ceferino P. Maala, a well-known veterinary anatomist
from the College of Veterinary Medicine, UPLB, who had done numerous
research works on the anatomy of Philippine water buffaloes, served as
team leader. The other team members were: Dr. Elito F. Landicho, a
distinguished faculty and researcher also from the CVM, UPLB, and a
recognized figure in the field of veterinary physiology and health; Dr.
Arnel N. del Barrio, center director, PCC at University of the Philippines
Los Baños, an expert on animal nutrition; and Dr. Annabelle S. Sarabia,
center director at West Visayas State University, an expert on water
buffalo reproduction.
This compilation of research abstracts presents information
related to the biology of the Philippine Carabao and identifies the extent
of research conducted essentially on the key areas of anatomy,
physiology and its behavioral characteristics. This also helps in
identifying knowledge and information gaps which, in effect, define
research strategies to generate the needed data for the completion of
the book that will aptly describe the distinct features of the Philippine
water buffalo.
LIBERTADO C. CRUZ
Executive Director, PCC

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Grateful recognition is extended to the following individuals whose
valuable help contributed to the successful completion of this project:
The presidents of State Colleges and Universities for allowing access to
the full text of graduate and undergraduate theses from their respective
university library units;
The chief librarians of CVM at UPLB and CLSU and their staff for their
kind assistance in information retrieval and for sharing of library
information resources;
The PCC Center Directors for facilitating the gathering of theses materials
from the libraries of their host institutions;
Ms. Victorina Alba, head of the Knowledge Resource and Management
Center, PCC and Ms. Flocer Aquino for their assistance and support in
the extensive search and gathering of various information materials;
Ms. Emeline M. del Barrio for encoding bibliographic entries on nutrition,
and Ms. Janice Hurtada of PCC at WVSU for encoding for breeding and
reproduction;
Ms. Hipolita D. Cortes of CVM, UPLB for encoding abstract of researches
on anatomy, physiology and health, and for processing the book;
Dr. Ceferino P. Maala for his tremendous work in consolidating and
editing the entire manuscript;
The staff of Information and Training Division, PCC for their valuable
inputs on the book format and cover design;
And finally, to Mr. Rogel dela Cuesta of the PCC Manila Liaison Office for
his great help in facilitating the printing and reproduction of the book.

CONTENTS
PART 1 - ANATOMY ( Dr. Ceferino P. Maala)
Acosta, M. R. 1988. Distribution and microscopic structure of the lingual papillae of the Philippine swamp
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)....................................................................................................
Advincula, L. G. 1998. Histochemistry of the hypophysis cerebri of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus
bubalis)..........................................................................................................................
Baltazar, E. T., C. P. Maala, N. Kitamura, E. Hondo, G. D. de Ocampo, E. F. Landicho and J. Yamada.
1996. Immunohistochemical study of endocrine cells in the pancreas of Philippine carabao, Bubalus
bubalis L.........................................................................................................................
Baltazar, E. T., C. P. Maala and E. F. Landicho. 2001. Histology of the pancreatic islets of the Philippine
carabao (Bubalus bubalis)..................................................................................................
Baltazar, E. T., C. P. Maala and V. G. Momongan. 1996. Histological and immunological studies on the
pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)......................
Baltazar, E. T., C. P. Maala, V. G. Momongan and N. Kitamura. 1992. Immunohistochemical demonstration
of four cell types in the endocrine pancreas of Philippine carabao, (bubalus bubalis)............................
Baltazar, E. T., N. Kitamura, E. Hondo, J. Yamada, C. P. Maala and L. T. Simborio. 1998. Immunohistochemical
study of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the Philippine Carabao (Bubalus
bubalis)..........................................................................................................................
Boydon, D. G. V. 1988. A study on the location of taste buds in the tongue of the Philippine swamp buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis L.)..........................................................................................................
Bustamante, A. and C. P. Maala. 1991. Microscopic characteristics of serosal, muscular and submucosal
layers of the large intestine of Philippine carabaos (Bubalus bubalis)..........................................
Caoli, F. D. B. 1999. Microscopic anatomy of seminal vesicle and prostate gland of male Philippine
carabao (Bubalus bubalis L.)..............................................................................................
Casis, C. L. and A. S. Sarabia. 1999. Microscopic anatomy of the skin of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus
bubalis L.) and Philippine murrah crossbred.........................................................................
Castillo, C. L. 1998. Histology of the skin in some specialized regions of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus
bubalis)..........................................................................................................................
David, T. 1937. Ossa cordis of the carabao (Bubalus bubalis).........................................................
De la Peña, E. C., A. N. del Barrio, J. C. Canaria, B. R. Arenda, B. A. Oliveros, Ma. F. V. Templado
and C. P. Maala. 1996. Evaluation of sexual behavior and semen quality of murrah and crossbred
buffaloes.........................................................................................................................
De Ocampo, G. D. and O. M. C. David. 1993. The modified horn ring method as a tool in determining the
age of carabao (Bubalus bubalis)........................................................................................
De Ocampo, G. D., R. P. G. Nolasco and C. E. Bondac. 1983. SEM studies on the digestive tract of
Philippine swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). II. Small and large intestines..........................................
Dunwan, M. M. 1990. The incidence of pregnant carabaos slaughtered at Food Terminal, Inc. from 1989-
1990..............................................................................................................................
Estacio, M. A. C., Calimlim and G. D. de Ocampo. 1997. Histology of the spleen of Philippine carabao
(Bubalus bubalis L.)..........................................................................................................
Estacio, A. C., R. L. D. Hontomin and G. D. de Ocampo. 1999. Gross and microscopic anatomy of the
lung of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis Linn.).....................................................................
Estacio, M. A. C. and C. P. Maala. 1997. Ultrastructural observations of the cecal mucosa of the
Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)....................................................................................
Santiago-Flores, M. L. A., C. P. Maala and J. S. Masangkay. 2001. Hair medullary patterns in Philippine
water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis)...........................................................................................
Gagni, N. M. D. 1991. Gross anatomy of the tail of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis).........................
Gajutos, A. B. 1999. Microscopic anatomy of the testes and epididymis of the Philippine-murrah
(PMF2) (Bubalus bubalis Linn.) crossbred...........................................................................
Galicia, A. S. 2002. Palatine printing: an alternative method for the identification of carabao (Bubalus
bubalis L.)......................................................................................................................
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Inoc, J. G. and C. P. Maala. 1999. Histology of the interstitial tissue of the testes with some ultrastructural
observations of the interstitial (Leydig) cells of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)...............
Interior, E. R. 1979. Biometry and preliminary study of the uterus and uterine tube of sexually mature nonpregnant
Philippine buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)......................................................................
Jagmis, I. M. 2003. Microscopic anatomy of the ovary of sexually mature non-pregnant Philippine water
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.) with emphasis on normal and atretic follicles....................................
Ludan, G and C. P. Maala. 1984. Cornual innervation in the Philippine swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
with reference to its blocking for horn amputation....................................................................
Maala, C. P., R. M. Buenviaje, E. F. Landicho, and V. G. Momongan. 1992. Some hematological values
of F 1 and F 2 crossbred Phil-murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) raised under intensive backyard
management practice at the Philippine Carabao Research and Development Center, U. P. Los
Baños, College, Laguna....................................................................................................
Maala, C. P. and C. G. Cambay. 1990. The skull of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis).............
Maala, C. P., J. F. Catotal, N. Y. Calingasan, G. D. de Ocampo and K. Y. Ilio. 1987. Scanning electron
microscopic features of the reticular groove of the carabao (Bubalus bubalis)..............................
Maala, C. P. and L. V. Reynoso. Some histological and histochemical features of the thyroid gland and
its isthmus in the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)...........................................................
Maala, C. P., F. M. Vilela, Jr., G. D. de Ocampo and K. Y. Ilio. 1987. Surface morphology of hair of cattle
and Philippine carabao as seen under scanning electron microscope........................................
Maala, C. P. and R. D. L. Refuerzo. 1988. The coronary vessels of the Philippine water buffalo (Bubalus
bubalis)..........................................................................................................................
Maala, C. P. and H. R. Casubha. 1989. Histological and some histochemical features of the parotid,
mandibular and sublingual salivary glands of the Philippine carabao.........................................
Maala, C. P., M. T. S. Oñate and E. C. Bernardo. 2004. Electron microscopic study on the pancreatic
acinus and islets of the Philippine water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).............................................
Maala, C. P. and M. T. S. Oñate. 2004. Gross and microscopic characteristics of the small and large
luteal cells of corpus luteum of pregnancy of the Philippine water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)...
Maala, C. P. and C. R. Claveria. 1990. A comparative study of the weights and measurement of some
organs of the Philippine carabao and cattle............................................................................
Maala, C. P., E. F. Landicho and D. L. Dycheepuat. 1997. Immunocytochemical demonstration of
endocrine cells in the large intestine of Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis L.)...........................
Maala, C. P., E. F. Landicho and J. A. R. Sotto. 2002. Presence of esophageal glands in the Philippine
carabao (Bubalus bubalis L.)..............................................................................................
Maala, C. P., E. F. Landicho and L. C. Joaquin. 2003. Histology of the testis and epididymis of two years
old Philippine water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis L.).................................................................
Maala, C. P. and P. G. Malicdem. 1997. Gross and histological characterization of the epididymis of the
Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)...................................................................................
Maala, C. P., R. D. Domingo and R. J. T. Ducusin. 1988. The anatomy of the permanent and temporary
incisors of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)...............................................................
Maala, C. P., R. D. Domingo and R. J. T. Ducusin. 1989. The anatomy of the permanent and temporary
cheek teeth of the Philippine carabao...................................................................................
Maala, C. P., I. A. Rye, N. Y. Calingasan, G. D. de Ocampo, J. Yamada and N. Kitamura.1989.
Immunocytochemical demonstration of some endocrine cells in the small intestine of the Philippine
carabao (Bubalus bubalis).................................................................................................
Maala, C. P. and P. P. Oncinian. 2003. The superficial and gross anatomy, and histology of the buccal
glands of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis L.)..............................................................
Maala, C. P., J. F. Policarpio, and A. S. Sarabia. 1996. The anatomy of the trachea of the Philippine
carabao and crossbreds.....................................................................................................
Martin, S. R. 1985. Histological and histochemical studies of the small intestinal epithelium of the Philippine
carabao (Bubalus bubalis L.)................................................................................................
Medrano, A. L. B. 1999. Microscopic anatomy of the nasolabial glands of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus
bubalis)..........................................................................................................................
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Muñoz, J. C. 1979. A preliminary study on the measurement of the reproductive organs of pregnant
Philippine buffaloes (carabao) (BubalusBubalis).....................................................................
Nasu, T., G. D. de Ocampo, H. A. Molina, S. Tateyama and M. Morimoto. 2000. Immunohistochemical
study of the neuropeptides in the stellate ganglion of the water buffalo........................................
Novilla, M. N., G. T. Baoy and J. A. Solis. 1970. Some anatomico-pathological observations on the
pancreas of the Philippine carabaos.....................................................................................
Nuñeza, O. M. 1992. Ultrastructure of sertoli and spermatogenic cells of Philippine carabaos and their
crossbreds in relation to sperm production ...........................................................................
Nuñeza, O. M. and V. G. Momongan. 1992. Electron microscopic investigations on the spermatogenetic
cells of the Philippine carabaos and their crossbreds.............................................................
Nuñeza, O. M. and V. G. Momongan. 1993. Histology of the postnatal testis of the Philippine carabao
(Bubalus bubalis Linn).......................................................................................................
Nuñeza, O. M., Z. M. Nava, A. S. Sarabia, O. M. Gatmaitan and V. G. Momongan. 1983. Electron
microscopic studies on spermatogenesis in carabao bull.........................................................
Nuñeza, O. M., Z. M. Nava, A. S. Sarabia, O. M. Gatmaitan and V. G. Momongan. 1983. Post-natal
development of the testes of Philippine carabao bulls.............................................................
Ocampo, M. B., A. T. de Asis, L. C. Ocampo and H. Kanagawa. 1994. Histological observation of
follicular atresia in swamp buffalo........................................................................................
Pallasigue, T. G. 1979. A study on some histochemical characteristics of the ovary of sexually mature
non-pregnant Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis).................................................................
Policarpio, J. F., G. D. de Ocampo and A. S. Sarabia. 1998. Histological and histochemical studies of the
internal parathyroid of the male Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis L.) and its crossbreed..........
Policarpio, J. F., G. D. de Ocampo and A. S. Sarabia. 1997. Biometry and histology of the thyroid gland
of Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis L.) and its crossbreed..................................................
Quibael, G. J. and G. D. de Ocampo. 1983. SEM studies on the digestive tract of Philippine swamp
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). I. tongue and esophagus................................................................
Quinto, M. S. 1980. A preliminary study of the vascular anatomy of the thoracic limbs of the Philippine
buffalo (carabao) (Bubalus bubalis)......................................................................................
Revilla, A. B., F. Adriano, R. S. Gundran and F. Ching. 1989. Morphometry of the female reproductive
organs of sexually mature non-pregnant Philippine swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)................
Rigos, L. M. 1998. Biometry, histology and histochemistry of the pituitary gland of the Philippine carabao
(Bubalus bubalis L.) and Philippine murrah crossbred............................................................
Ruma, A. C. 1998. Biometry and microscopic anatomy of the hypophysis (pituitary gland) of the
Philippine swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)..........................................................................
Smith, O. F., F. A. Adriano, P. G. Duran, E. C. Atabay, S. S. Jha, T. Niwat, P. Serra and L. C. Cruz.
1990. Ovarian structures and follicular population in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).................
Smith, O. F., F. A. Adriano, P. G. Duran, H. V. Venturina, A. S. Argañosa and L. C. Cruz. 1991. Ovarian
follicular population in swamp buffaloes at various ages..........................................................
Solis, J. A. 1976. Comparative features of the laryngeal skeleton of the Philippine water buffalo...........
Solis, J. A. and C. P. Maala. 1973. The intrathoracic vessels of the Philippine carabao (Bos bubalis)...
Solis, J. A. and A. B. Diaz, Jr. 1970. Angio-architecture of the external ear of the Philippine carabao....
Solis, J. A. and C. P. Maala. 1975. Muzzle printing as a method for identification of cattle and carabaos
Tamayo, R. M. 1998. Scanning electron, microscopic characterization of hair cuticles and medullary
pattern of some specialized hairs of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus)................
Telada, H. H. 2004. Comparative gross anatomy, histology and histochemistry of the trachea of the
Philippine water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle (Bos taurus).............................................
Torres, E. B., J. Q. Molina and C. P. Maala. 1980. A study on the measurements of the female
reproductive organs of mature non-pregnant Philippine buffaloes (carabao) (Bubalus bubalis)........
Tubalinal, K. B. 2001. Comparative anatomy, histology and histochemistry of the gallbladder and cystic
duct and physical characteristics of bile of Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis) and Philippine raised
cattle (Bos taurus)............................................................................................................
Velasco, A. D. C. 1999. Classification of muzzle prints in Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis L.) and its
Philippine-murrah crossbred...............................................................................................
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CONTENTS
Viernes, Jr., V. D. 2004. The anatomy of the bones, tendons and ligaments of the metacarpo-phalangeal
and metatarso-phalangeal regions in the Philippine water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.)..................
Yap-Enriquez, E. L. 1975. Cytobiologic characterization of the hemolymph node in the Philippine carabao
(Bubalus bubalis): an anatomico-histologic correlative study on its hemopoietic and immunologic
role...............................................................................................................................
Yap-Enriquez, E. L. and A. H. Almanza. 1973. On the measurements of the spleen of the Philippine
carabao (Bos bubalis)......................................................................................................
Yap-Enriquez, E. L., C. P. Maala and E. Mariano. 1973. Some observations on the esophagus of the
Philippine carabao (Bos bubalis).........................................................................................
Yap-Enriquez, E. L. and L. B. Herbosa. 1964. Weights and measurements of the heart of the Philippine
carabaos........................................................................................................................
Yap-Enriquez, E. L. 1974. The placentome of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis) in mid-pregnancy:
a study to establish the basis of clinico-pathological causes of early reproductive failures............
Yap-Enriquez, E. L. and L. N. Seldera. 1964. A histo-anatomical study of the penis of Philippine
carabaos........................................................................................................................
Yap-Enriquez, E. L. 1975. Some observations on the extramural and intramural vascular supply patterns
of the uteri and ovaries of Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)...............................................
Yap-Enriquez, E. L. 1976. Cytoarchitectural pattern of the thymus gland of the Philippine carabao
(Bubalus bubalis) fetus in early ante natal development...........................................................
Zamora, C. S. and B. U. Alegado. 1967. Histological and histochemical studies on the adrenal medulla
of the carabao..................................................................................................................
Zamora, C. S. and E. M. Niones. 1968. Sex difference in the morphology of neutrophils in the Philippine
carabao..........................................................................................................................
II - PHYSIOLOGY (Dr. Elito F. Landicho)
Acebedo, R. A. and T. Topacio. 1937. Differentiation of cattle and carabao meat by biochemical
methods.........................................................................................................................
Adriano, F. A. 1988. The effect of work-load on the hemogram of swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): RBC
count, PCV, ESR, HC, MCV, MCH, MCHC....................................................................
Bernardo, R. M. 1964. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of native carabaos................
Camba, R. A. 1981. Photometric measurements of serum proteins of carabaos.................................
Cruz, J. P. 1998. Physical, chemical and microscopic properties of the urine of water buffaloes (Bubalus
bubalis L.).......................................................................................................................
Cruz, L. M. 1989. Physical, chemical and microscopic properties of the urine of water buffaloes (Bubalus
bubalis L.)......................................................................................................................
Dantes, E. S. 1978. Estimation of blood leukocyte numbers by means of deoxyribonucleic acid viscosity
in Philippine carabaos.......................................................................................................
Escudero III, S. H. and B. Resoso. 1968. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate and packed cell volume of
blood of Philippine carabaos..............................................................................................
Espiritu, J. M. 1989. Determination of serum bilirubin values of mature crossbred (Swamp X Murrah)
buffaloes.........................................................................................................................
Heruela, C.R. 1980. Estrus synchronization of caracows and caraheifers using prostaglandin under Sta.
Maria, Bulacan field conditions...........................................................................................
Ibañez, K. Y. 1981. Conception rate after induced estrus in caracows and caraheifers using Prostaglandin
F 2á under Sta. Maria field conditions....................................................................................
Jubilan, B. M. 1979. Determination of serum cholinesterase activity in the Philippine carabao (Bubalus
bubalis) Linneaus.............................................................................................................
Lannu, R. T. 1978. A preliminary study of some properties of the synovial fluid from the tibiotarsal sac of
the Philippine buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)...............................................................................
Libo, R. N. 1981. A study on electrocardiographic patterns of Philippine carabaos..............................
Magbalon, D. S. 1989. Determination of serum bilirubin values on mature Philippine swamp buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis)..............................................................................................................
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Mamuad, F. V. and V. G. Momongan. 1992. Physiological and biochemical integrity of buffalo semen..
Maon, J. A. 1971. The correlation of body weight to body measurements in Philippine native carabaos....
Micu Jr., E. D. 1979. A study on the serum thyroxine (T4) levels in Philippine carabaos....................
Mingrajal, W. S. 1987. A preliminary study on the leukogram of tibio-tarsal joint fluid of the Philippine
swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis Linn.).................................................................................
Noble, M. C. 1987. Some physical characteristics of the synovial fluid of the Philippine swamp buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis)..............................................................................................................
Pascua, A. M. 1999. Quantitative morphological evaluation of the erythrocytes of Philippine carabao
(Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus) and Philippine-murrah (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus)...........................
Ramos, M. P. 1996. Serum protein values of Philippine native carabao and cattle.............................
Rosario, J. C. 1993. Rumen juice characteristics of Philippine swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).......
San Pedro, E. F. 1987. Influence of draftwork, daylight heat and parasitic load on the mean eosinophil
count of adult male Philippine swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).............................................
Sol, A. S. 1990. A study on the blood glucose levels of adult carabaos (Bubalus bubalis)...................
Talvo, F. A. 1978. A study on the concentration of some serum electrolytes in Philippine carabaos
(Bubalus bubalis)..............................................................................................................
Tan, M. E. M. 1986. Hematological study of young Philippine swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.): RBC
morphology, RBC count, PCV, Hb, ESR, MCV, MCH and MCHC......................................
Valencia, J. P. 1999. Blood biochemical profile of dry pregnant, dry non-pregnant and lactating nonpregnant.........................................................................................................................
Villegas, V. 1959. Breeding phenomena of carabaos in the Philippines.............................................
III - BREEDING AND GENETICS (Dr. Annabelle S. Sarabia)
Abanto, O. D., et al. Carcass characteristics of Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis Linn) and its
crossbreds.....................................................................................................................
Al-Marasashi, A. M. A. and B. A. Parker. The relationship of testicular and seminal vesicle characteristics
with body weight and age in Philippine carabao bulls.............................................................
Arboleda, C. R. Animal genetic resources conservation and development in the Philippines................
Bondoc, O. L. The carabao genetic improvement program.............................................................
Bondoc, O. L. Analysis of local data on animals performance using blup mixed models......................
Bondoc, O. L. Development of a national recording system for carabaos..........................................
Bondoc, O. L. Animal breeding in crop-livestock farming system.....................................................
Bondoc, O. L. and A. C. M. Bantoc. An assesment of the genetic an economic impacts of artificial
inseminations (A1) on the cattle and carabao breeding programs of the Philippines......................
Bondoc, O. L., et al. Genetic variability of karyotypic characteristics in relation to the genetic improvement
of economically important traits in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)..........................................
Bondoc, O. L., et al. Estimated breeding values and genetic trends of bodyweights at birth up to 36 months
of age of water buffaloes at PCC at UPLB...........................................................................
Bondoc, O. L., et al. Correlations between body weights at different ages of water buffaloes................
Bondoc, O. L., et al. Quantitative analysis of karyotypic characteristics in water buffaloes (Bubalus
bubalis)..........................................................................................................................
Bondoc, O. L., et al. Least square analysis of published heterosis estimates in farm animals...............
Bondoc, O. L., et al. Relative economic values of some heritable traits in selected breeds of cattle, water
buffalo, goat and pig..........................................................................................................
Bacalso, J. M. The cattle and carabaos in Los Baños, Calamba and Cabuyao, Laguna after the liberation
in the Philippines in 1945...................................................................................................
Castillo, L. S. Proposal: New scientific name of the domesticated swamp buffalo, the carabao – Bubalus
bubalis carabanensis sp. nov., Castillo 1998).......................................................................
Contawe, K. M. R. Chromosomal analysis of Philippine carabao (Bubalus carabanensis)..................
Cruz, L. C. Effective utilization and conservation of indigenous animals genetic resources: development
of the carabao in the Philippines.........................................................................................
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Harada, H., et al. Ultrasonic scanning for estimating the carcass traits of live water buffaloes..............
Kwan, M. T. and B. A. Parker. Albumin and post-albumin genotypes in Philippine carabaos................
Majid, M. A., et al. Chromosomal analysis of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and their crosses in the
Philippines......................................................................................................................
Majid, M. A. Morphometric and genetic variations in the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis) and
tamaraw (Anoa mindorensis Huede)...................................................................................
Nabheerong, P. and V. G. Momongan. Effects of storage and breedtype on the quality of buffalo frozen
semen...........................................................................................................................
Ocampo, L. C., et al. Timing of sequential changes on chromosome configurations during the 1 st , meiosis,
2 nd meiosis and cytoplasmic events of swamp buffalo oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro........
Obsioma, V. P., et al. Muscle fiber diameter of selected muscles and sensory characteristics of carabeef
from Philippine carabao (Bubalis carabanensis) and crossbreeds.............................................
Parker, B. A. and V. G. Momongan. Blood transferrin types of Philippine carabaos............................
Parker, B. A., et al. The distribution of amylase and carbonic anhydrase genotypes in Philippine cattle and
carabao..........................................................................................................................
Parker, B. A., et al. The distribution of esterase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase genotypes in
Philippine cattle and carabao..............................................................................................
Parker, B. A., et al. Evaluation of growth performance and development of breeding program for small
scale carabeef production..................................................................................................
Parker, B. A., et al. Data analysis of growth perfromance of carabaos and its crossbreds....................
Roxas, B. P., S. C. Halos and A. S. Sarabia. Rapid analysis of Indian Murrah water buffalo, native
carabao and their F 1 ........................................................................................................
Saladin, R. and B. A. Parker. The determination of live weight and carcass weight based on body
measurement of Philippine carabaos....................................................................................
Santiago, A. R. and L. C. Cruz. Growth pattern of carabao under range condition..............................
Santiago, A. R., L. C. Cruz and S. S. Bumagat. Growth pattern of carabao under range conditions......
Shrestha, N. P. and B. A. Parker. Genetic evaluation of Philippine carabao (PC), murrah buffalo (MB)
and the PC X Murrah and PC X Nili-Ravi hybrids................................................................
Songsri, S. and D. A. Ramirez. The cytology of swamp and river types of water buffaloes and their
hybrids..........................................................................................................................
Suba, M. S., et al. Wither height, body length, and heart girth development of Philippine carabao and its
F 1 crosses under ranch conditions.......................................................................................
IV - REPRODUCTION (Dr. Annabelle S. Sarabia)
Alejandrino, A., et al. Radioimmunoassay of LH in the carabao......................................................
Aquino, E. J., et al. Effect of time of GNRH administration on ovulation response and corpus luteum
function in postpartum buffalo cows treated with PGF 2 alpha for synchronization.........................
Bondoc, O. L. and B. A. Parker. The characteristics of os uteri in relation to the detection of estrus in the
Philippine carabao............................................................................................................
Capitan, S. S., et al. Fertility following clitoral stimulation of heat synchronized carabaos....................
Capitan, S. S., et al. The use of Norgestomet, PMSG, PGF 2 Alpha and GNRH in improving conception
rates among synchronized carabaos...................................................................................
Ching, F. A., M. B. Ocampo and L. C. Ocampo. Comparative study on the ability of maturation media
to support nuclear maturation of swamp buffalo oocyte in vitro.................................................
Chua, L. N., et al. Blood plasma progesterone in normally estrous cycling and anestrous Philippine
carabao heifers................................................................................................................
Corcoro, S. H. Gross pathological disorders of the internal reproductive organs of slaughtered Philippine
buffalo-cows (Bubalus bubaline) in relation to infertility problems...............................................
Cruz, L. C., et al. Ovarian responses and pregnancy rate of carabaos treated with PGF 2 alpha followed
by GNRH at predetermined time........................................................................................
Cruz, L. C., et al. Ovarian follicular dynamics and responses to superovulatory treatments in water
buffaloes.........................................................................................................................
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Duran, D. H., et al. Embryo development rate of in vitro matured swamp buffalo oocytes crossfertilized
in vitro with riverine buffalo semen......................................................................................
Duran, D. H., et al. Effect of some physical parameters on embryo development of buffalo oocytes
matured and fertilized in vitro..............................................................................................
Duran, D. H., et al. Studies on increasing the yield of in vitro embryo production in water buffaloes......
Duran, D. H., et al. In vitro nuclear progression of immature swamp buffalo oocytes after cryopreservation
by vitrification method.......................................................................................................
Duran, P. G., et al. Onset of estrus, occurrence of ovulation, and estrous cycle length of cyclic buffaloes
after pgf2 alpha or prid treatments........................................................................................
Duran, P. G., et al. Post partum reproductive organ activity on Philippine carabao, murrah buffalo and their
crosses..........................................................................................................................
Dunwa, M. M. and C. P. Maala. The incidence of pregnant carabaos slaughtered at Food Terminal, Inc.
from 1989-1990................................................................................................................
Gilo, A. S. A study on the incidence of right and left horn pregnancies in slaughtered pregnant native cows
and carabaos..................................................................................................................
Gunjima, M., et al. Preliminary study on in vitro production of buffalo embryo: effect of culture media and
sera...............................................................................................................................
Hufana, B. B., et al. Effect of time on maturation and embryo development rates of buffalo oocytes in vitro..
Jha, S. S., et al. Studies on embryo movement and multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (moet) in water
buffaloes.........................................................................................................................
Llaguno, G. V., et al. Field trial of prostaglandin f 2 alpha for estrus induction and synchronization and
conception rate in carabaos (Bubalus bubalis).......................................................................
Mamuad, F. V., et al. Estrus phenomena of carabao under range management condition.....................
Matsumoto, T., et al. Optimizing handling processing techniques for the production of quality semen ii.
preliminary study on the revivability of buffalo spermatozoa following different freezing methods....
Momongan, V. G., et al. The monthly calving rates and calving interval of carabaos raised in confinement
and in ranch type of management........................................................................................
Momongan, V. G., et al. Conception rates of the Philippine carabao inseminated with buffalo frozen semen
under smallholder farmer condition.......................................................................................
Momongan, V. G., et al. Reproductive status and synchronization of oestrus for predetermined insemination
of Philippine carabao (swamp buffalo) raised by smallholder farmers........................................
Momongan, V. G., et al. Reproductive status of carabaos raised by smallholder farmers in selected areas
in the Philippines..............................................................................................................
Momongan, V. G., et al. The onset of puberty in female Philippine carabao and Phil-murrah crossbred...
Momongan, V. G., et al. Improving the productivity of the Philippine carabaos under village conditions...
Momongan, V. G., et al. Use of progesterone releasing intravaginal device (prid) in synchronizing estrus
in Philippine carabaos at the institutional herd........................................................................
Nuñeza, O. M., V. G. Momongan and S. S. Capitan. Sperm production of philippine carabaos and
crossbreed buffaloes with or without ultrastructural alteration in the testes...................................
Obsioma, A. R. and R. M. Lapitan. Mineral status and onset of post-partum heat in lactating Philippine
carabaos under lucban condition.........................................................................................
Obsioma, A. R. and V. G. Momongan. Assessment of the reproductive status of mature female carabaos
slaughtered at Food Terminal, Inc. abattoirs..........................................................................
Ocampo, L. C., F. P. Aquino, R. V. de Vera and L. C. Cruz. Blastocyst formation of swamp buffalo
embryos in co-culture system............................................................................................
Ocampo, L. C., et al. Cysteamine improves the glutathione (GSH) level, male pronucleus formation
(MPN) and developmental capacity of swamp buffalo oocytes matured in vitro..........................
Ocampo, L. C., et al. Intracytoplasmic glutathione concentration of swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis
limneticus) oocytes cultured in vitro....................................................................................
Ocampo, L. C., et al. Maturation and fertilization of swamp buffalo oocytes in vitro: effect of length of
ovarian transport..............................................................................................................
Ocampo, M. B., L. C. Cruz, F. V. Mamuad and L. Ocampo. In vitro production of pre-implantation stage
buffalo embryos...............................................................................................................
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Ocampo, M. B., et al. Cleavage rate of bubaline oocyte matured and fertilized in vitro........................
Ocampo, M. B., et al. In vitro maturation and fertilization of water buffalo oocytes..............................
Ocampo, M., L. Ocampo, F. Aquino, R. de Vera and L. C. Cruz. Some factors influencing the maturation,
fertilization and development of buffalo oocytes in vitro............................................................
Ocampo, M. B., et al. Pregnancies resulting from swamp buffalo oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro...
Ocampo, M. B., et al. Present status of embryo transfer in water buffaloes (a review)........................
Ocampo, M. B., et al. Survivability and fertilizability of swamp buffalo oocytes after cryopreservation...
Ocampo, M. B., et al. Non-surgical embryo recovery in the water buffalo........................................
Pascua, W. A. and F. V. Mamuad. Study on some aspects of reproductive performance of estrus
synchronized Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis Linn.) in selected towns of Nueva Ecija..........
Pastor, J. F., Et al. Study on non-surgical recovery techniques in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) under
the to and fro system........................................................................................................
Pastor, J. F., et al. Preliminary study on superovulation and non-surgical embryo recovery technique in
water buffalo....................................................................................................................
Pe, R. S., J. Acorda, C. A. Valdez and A. S. Sarabia. Effect of hypodermic needle acupuncture on the
reproductive activity of postpartum anestrus water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)...........................
Pedro, P. B., et al. Cryoperservation of in-vitro produced swamp buffalo blastocysts by vitrification
method using ethylene glycol-based solution.........................................................................
Ramos, R. C., et al. Cryopreservation of buffalo oocytes using dimethysulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol...
Rigor, E. M. Reproductive biotechnology in the Philippines, the past, present and future......................
Rodulfo, D. T. Histopathological disorders of the internal reproductive organs of mature non-pregnant
Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)....................................................................................
Roxas, N. P. And V. G. Momongan. Early pregnancy diagnosis in the Philippine carabaos................
Roxas, N. P., et al. Milk progesterone profile and ovarian activity during postpartum period in lactating
Philippine carabaos..........................................................................................................
Roxas, N. P., et al. Milk progesterone concentration in early pregnancy diagnosis in lactating Philippine
carabaos........................................................................................................................
Roxas, N. P., et al. Milk progesterone radio-immunoassay: its use in the reproductive management of
lactating Philippine carabao................................................................................................
Sarabia, A. S., et al. Reproductive performance of the Philippine carabao and carabao crossbreeds under
confinement....................................................................................................................
Sarabia, A. S., et al. Post-partum uterine involution and ovarian activity in Philippine carabao cows.....
Sarabia, A. S., et al. Blood plasma progesterone profiles during pregnancy, parturition and post-partum in
Philippine carabao cows (Bubalus bubalis Linn.)...................................................................
Sarabia, A. S., et al. Blood plasma progesterone profile during pregnancy and parturition in Philippine
carabaos (Bubalus bubalis Linn.)........................................................................................
Smith, O. F., et al. Follicular dynamics in Philippine water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)...........................
Smith, O. F., et al. Development of per vaginal route of serial observations of ovarian activities in buffalo
using simple fiberscope.....................................................................................................
Taveros, A. A., A. M. Taveros and O. B. Posas. Verification of farmers’ perception of occurrence of estrus
(heat) carabaos during the full phase of the moon...................................................................
Venturina, H. V., et al. Successful pregnancy of purebred murrah buffalo embryo on Philippine carabao
recipient.........................................................................................................................
Venturina, H. V., et al. Management and climatic factors affecting libido, sexual behavior and semen
quality of buffalo bulls........................................................................................................
Venturina, H. V., et al. Ovarian responses of water buffaloes after PGF 2 alpha injection......................
Venturina, H. V., et al. Superovulatory responses to PMSG and FSH treatments in water buffaloes.....
Venturina, H. V., et al. Superovulatory treatments and embryo transfer in buffaloes............................
Vinh, P. Q., V. G. Momongan and T. A. Abilay. A study on the estrous cycle length, estrus duration and
ovulation time in Philippine water buffaloes in confinement with and without cooling facilities.........
Vinh, P. Q., et al. Some reproductive data of the Philippine carabao in confinement............................
Wongsrikeao, W. and V. G. Momongan. The effects of prostaglandin F 2 alpha (lutalyse) on estrus,
ovulation and pregnancy in the Philippine carabao.................................................................
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Wongsrikeao, W., et al. Blood gonadotropic activity during the estrous cycle of carabao heifers............
Wongsrikeao, W., et al. Synchronization of estrus with PGF 2 alpha (lutalyse) and fertility in Philippine
carabaos........................................................................................................................
V - DRAFT POWER (Dr. Annabelle S. Sarabia)
Adriano, F. A., et al. Comparative training and work persistency of Philippine carabao and its f 1 cross with
murrah buffalo (50:50).......................................................................................................
Cabana, E. M., F. A. Adriano and R. O. Encarnacion, Jr. Hematological observation of swamp buffalo
(Bubalus Bubalis) harnessed to increasing pulling loads..........................................................
Castro, Jr., R. M. Lantin and C. R. Del Rosario. Design, construction and testing of an animal draft
dynamometer..................................................................................................................
Encarnacion, Jr., R. O. The effect of workload on the leukogram of Philippine swamp buffalo (Bubalus
Bubalis).........................................................................................................................
Garillo, E. P., et al. Draftability of carabao and crossbred steers (mb x pc) under wet and dry land tillage
operation........................................................................................................................
Lasam, G. D. and C. A. Cabaccan. Performance of draft carabaos under two dominant croppings
systems in cagayan valley................................................................................................
Rigor, N. T., F. A. Ching and D. d. Lorenzo. Work persistency and physiological responses of philippine
carabao and crossbred buffalo in crushing sugarcane.............................................................
San Pedro, E. F. Influence of draft work, daylight heat and parasitic load on the mean eosinophil count of
adult male philippine swamp buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis)............................................................
Santos de los and V. G. Momongan. Comparative evaluation of the work ability of Philippine carabao and
its crosses, Phil-Ravi and Phil-Murrah, in terms of physiological responses..............................
Sarabia, A. S. and V. G. Momongan. Work performance and physiological responses to work stress of
the philippine carabao, cambodian buffalo and their crosses with murrah buffalo under upland
condition.........................................................................................................................
Sarabia, A. S. and V. G. Momongan. Farmers’ preference for a draft water buffalo.............................
Sarabia, A. S., V. G. Momongan and E. C. Castro. Draft ability and physiological responses of the
Philippine carabao, Phil-murrah corssbred and murrah-Cambodian crossbreed to work stress......
Sarabia, A. S., V. G. Momongan and R. M. Lapitan. Some physiological and biochemical changes
correlated with work in the Philippine carabao and Phil-murrah crossbred.................................
Sevilla, C. C., C. C. de Luna and E. C. Castro, Jr. Draught performance of water buffalo and cattle in the
Philippines......................................................................................................................
Villegas, V. E. The Philippine work carabao.................................................................................
VI - FEEDING AND NUTRITION (Dr. Arnel N. del Barrio)
Aglibo L. B., D. D. Lorenzo, and J. S. Viray. 1982. Observation on the grazing behavior of carabao
(Bubalus bubalis Linn.) under Themeda pasture during wet season...........................................
America, E. E., B. H. Romulo, D. L. Aquino and G. T. Concepcion. Digestibility and voluntary feed intake
studies of grazing carabao under Themeda (Themeda triandra forks) range pasture. iii. determination
of voluntary intake and digestibility by chromic oxide-fecal nitrogen ratio technique with caraheifers
during dry season............................................................................................................
Aquino, D. L., S. P. Neric and S. K. Ranjhan. 1987. Urea-molasses-mineral block (UMMB) and ureatreated
Themeda (Themeda triandra forsk) hay as supplement to growing carabaos grazing during
the dry season.................................................................................................................
Aquino, D. L., J. B. Serra and B. H. Romulo. Digestibility and voluntary feed intake studies of grazing
carabaos under Themeda (Themeda triandra forks) range pasture. i. determination of voluntary
intake and digestibility by chromic oxide-fecal nitrogen ratio technique with caracows..................
Aranas, T. J., L. C. Eala, A. Y. Robles and P. L. Lopez. 1971. Preliminary observation on the composition
of the rumen contents of carabao and cattle fed napier grass....................................................
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Aranas, T. J., et al. 1968. The nutritive value of Panicum maximum (guinea grass): vi. nitrogen balance
studies with cattle and water buffaloes..................................................................................
Aranas, T. J. and P. L. Lopez. 1978. Comparative study on the composition of the rumen liquor between
carabao (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle (Bos taurus)..................................................................
Asunto, G. B. and L. S. Castillo. 1970. The feeding value of high-moisture corn as a supplement to rice
straw-molasses silage in feedlot fattening of carabao..............................................................
Buenafe, F. D., D. B. Peña and P. S. Faylon. 1991. Grazing system for carabao production..............
Calub, A.D., L. S. Castillo, J. C. Madamba, and L. P. Palo. 1971.The carcass quality of carabaos and
cattle fattened in feedlot.......................................................................................................
Calub, A.D. and J. C. Madamba. 1970. Feedlot performance of carabaos and cattle: carcass quality
evaluation.......................................................................................................................
Castillo, L .S., E. E. Abenir, L. P. Palo, A. L. Gerpacio, F. Sd. Pascual and C. I. Mercado. 1982.
Digestibility and nitrogen balance studies on anabiong soilage for ruminants...............................
Castillo, L. S., et al. Enriched rice straw silage as feed for carabaos................................................
Castillo L. S., et al. 1970. Feedlot performance of cattle and carabaos fed corn stover-molasses silages...
Castillo L. S., et al. Effect of high urea-molasses-mineral-block as supplement for growing carabao in
confinement....................................................................................................................
Castillo L. S., et al. 1970. Feeding value of corn stover-molasses and rice straw-molasses silages for
sheep, cattle and carabaos................................................................................................
Castillo, L. S., et al. The effect of urea-molasses block lick on the growing Philippine caracalves..........
Castillo, L. S., et al. 1985. Maintenance requirements for digestible energy and protein of mature female
carabao in confinement......................................................................................................
Castillo, L. S., et al. Effects of concentrate supplementation on mature tethered carabaos.....................
Castillo, L. S., et al. The effect of concentrate supplement and chopping and soaking rice straw and its
voluntary intake by carabaos.............................................................................................
Castillo, L. S., et al. 1982.Voluntary intake of carabaos fed rice straw in three methods of confinement...
Castillo, L. S., et al. The energy and protein requirement of mature carabao......................................
Corpus, F. E. 1987. In vitro evaluation of quality silage from commonly growing grasses for dry season
carabao feeding system....................................................................................................
Cruz, L. C., D. D. Lorenzo, H. H. Venturina, A. Venturina, T. Palada and F. V. Mamuad. 1996. Grazing
trials on Themeda and Themeda x Stylo mixed pasture I. Grazing trials on unimproved Themeda
pasture...........................................................................................................................
Cruz, L. C., et al. 1996. Grazing trial on Themeda and Themeda x Style mixed pasture II. Grazing
behavior of carabaos........................................................................................................
Cruz, R. C., A. L. Ordoveza and L. P. Palo. 1977. Effects of feeding three energy levels on the growth
and reproductive performance of dairy cattle and carabao (Bubalus bubalis Linn.) under Philippine
condition.........................................................................................................................
de Luna, A. C., C. C. Sevilla, E. C. Castro, L. M. Manlongat and R. M. Sanchez. 1991. Effect of rice
bran supplementation on the draft power of carabaos in Sta. Barbara, Pangasinan......................
Escaño, J. R., C. B. Perez, Jr. and A. L. Ordoveza. 1971. The yield and chemical composition of napier
grass (Penisetum purpureum schum.) and its intake, digestibility and nitrogen retention by cattle
versus carabao as affected by stage of growth and season.....................................................
de Guzman, Jr., M. R. and C. B. Perez, Jr. 1982. Feeding management practices, physical characteristics
and uses of carabao in five provinces of Luzon.....................................................................
Hidalgo, M. D. T. and L. P. Palo. 1982. Intake and digestibility of rice straw with and without corn-urea
supplementation...............................................................................................................
Johnson, W. L., W. A. Hardison, A.L. Ordoveza and L. S. Castillo. 1969. Utilization of Panicum
maximum (guinea grass) by cattle and carabaos...................................................................
Lapitan, R. M., B. A. Oliveros, A. N. del Barrio and V. G. Momongan. Evaluation of growth performance
of Philippine carabao and Phil-Murrah crosses under different feeding regimes: urea-treated straw
and energy supplementation...............................................................................................
Lasam, G. D. and C. A. Cabaccan. Performance of draft carabaos under two dominant cropping systems
in Cagayan Valley............................................................................................................
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CONTENTS
Legaspino, C. R., E. A. Orden and D. D. Lorenzo. Digestibility and voluntary feed intake studies of
grazing carabaos under Themeda (Themeda triandra forsk) range pasture. Study I. Determination
of voluntary intake and digestibility by chromic oxide-lignin ratio technique with caraheifers during
dry seasons....................................................................................................................
Lopez, P. L., M. S. Banes and E. C. Ricohermoso. Variations in the nitrogen fractions of rumen liquors
of slaughtered carabaos.....................................................................................................
Lopez, P. L., et al. Variations in the nitrogen fractions of rumen liquors of slaughtered carabaos.............
Lopez, P. L., et al. Variation in microbial counts in the rumen of slaughtered carabaos.........................
Mallari, P. A., D. D. Lorenzo, S. S. Bumagat and J. S. Viray. Botanical composition of herbage grazed
by carabaos from native pasture during dry season...............................................................
Maza, A. C. and C. M. Dizon. A preliminary study of the serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus and
cholesterol levels of cattle and carabaos slaughtered at the national abattoir................................
Moog, F. A., A. C. Castillo, R. G. Tibayan and N. P. Tombocon. Carabeef production on native and
native/ipil-ipil pastures on different stocking rates....................................................................
Nagpala, R. G. Herbage productivity and quality of Themeda triandra forsk pasture grazed by caraheifers
during the dryseason at Carranglan, Nueva Ecija.................................................................
Neric, S. P., D. L. Aquino, P. C. dela Cruz, M. B. Garillo, F. V. Mamuad and S. K. Ranjhan.
Performance of caraheifers on Themeda pasture supplemented with ipil-ipil (L. leucocephala Linn.)
concentrate and urea-molasses-mineral block (UMMB) during wet season................................
Neric, S. P., et al. Feeding values of indigenous fodder tree leaves and crop residues for carabaos.....
Neric, S. P., et al. Performance of growing carabaos supplemented with rice straw, Themeda hay and
urea-molasses-mineral block (UMMB) during the dry season and the following wet season I.
Performance of growing carabaos during the dry season........................................................
Neric, S. P., et al. Performance of grazing caracows fed concentrates based on rice bran or damaged
palay with or without urea-molasses block supplementation during wet and dry season I. animals
performance during wet season..........................................................................................
Neric, S. P., et al. Performance of grazing caracows fed concentrates based on rice bran or damaged
palay with or without urea-molasses block supplementation during wet and dry season II. Performance
of animals during dry season
Ocampo, A. G., D. D. Lorenzo and M. B. Suba. Study on the rumination behaviour of carabao grazing
on native pasture.............................................................................................................
Oliveros, B. A., R. M. Lapitan and A. N. del Barrio. Effect of limited concentrate supplementation on the
performance of Philippine carabaos and Phil-Murrah crossbred fed urea-treated rice straw...........
Olivo, C. O. Comparative performance of native and crossbred buffaloes under backyard production...
Ordoveza, A. L., A. Y. Robles, L. P. Palo and W. A. Hardison. The effects of feed supplementation on
intake and utilization of rice straw by cattle and Carabao.........................................................
Oreña, N. R., D. D. Lorenzo and S. S. Bumagat. Observation on the grazing behaviour of carabao under
the meda pasture.............................................................................................................
Palo, L. P., L. S. Castillo, N. Panisales and N. Uichanco. Comparison of the feeding value of rice straw
and rice straw molasses silage in cattle and carabaos...........................................................
Palo, L. P. et al. High moisture corn as a supplement to rice straw molasses silage feed to cattle and
carabaos with or without diethylstilbestrol implantation............................................................
Palo, L. P. et al. Feeding values of some Philippine non-conventional feedstuffs................................
Pascual, F. Sd. and P. L. Lopez. Establishing the nutritive values of locally available fooder/crop residues
for cattle and carabao........................................................................................................
Posas, O. B., R. C. Ramirez and O. de Guia. Effects of ipil-ipil supplementation on the milk performance
of native caracows...........................................................................................................
Robles, A. Y., A. L. Ordoveza and T. J. Aranas. The feeding value of napier grass (pennisetum purpureum
schumach) for cattle and carabaos..............................................................................
Romulo, B. H., D. L. Aquino, G. T. Concepcion and L. Lantay. Digestibility and voluntary feed intake
studies of grazing carabao under themeda (themeda triandra forks) range pasture. ii. determination
of voluntary intake and digestibility by chromic oxide-lignin ratio technique................................
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CONTENTS
Romulo, B. H., et al. Digestibility and voluntary feed intake studies of grazing carabao under themeda
(themeda triandra forks) range pasture. iv. determination of voluntary intake and digestibility by
chromic oxide chromogen ratio technique with caraheifers during summer.................................
Rosete, N. P., S. P. Neric and S. S. Bumagat. Determination of voluntary dry matter intake and
digestibility of themeda (themeda triandra forsk) pasture by chromic oxide-acid insoluble ash ratio
technique on caracows (Bubalus bubalis Linn.)......................................................................
Roxas, D. B., R. M. Lapitan, E. Roxas, A. N. del Barrio, V. G. Momongan and S. K. Ranjhan. Effects
of soaking rice straw on growth performance of Philippine carabaos.........................................
Roxas, D. B., et al. Feedlot fattening of cattle and carabaos with fresh ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala Lam
de Wit) leaves and corn stover molasses silage....................................................................
Roxas, D. B., et al. In vitro and in vivo digestion by cattle and carabaos of rice straw-based rations.....
Roxas, D. B., et al. Studies on rumen ingesta of cattle and carabaos fed rice straw-based rations........
Salces, C. B. and B. A. Oliveros. Effects of superphosphate application on dry matter yield, botanical and
chemical composition of native/stylo mixed pastures on the performance of grazing carabulls.......
Sanchez, S. L., G. R. Gerona and G. A. P. Anduyan. Chemical and nutritive values of banana and other
crop residues for carabao and cattle.....................................................................................
Santiago, A. R., L. C. Cruz and S. S. Bumagat. Growth pattern of carabao under range conditions......
So, R. B. and P. L. Lopez. Ciliates in the rumen of carabao and cattle fed ipil-ipil [Leucaena leucocephala
(lam. de wit)] and sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l.) tops diet.............................................
So, R. B., P. L. Lopez and R. Santos-So. Ciliates in the rumen of carabao and cattle during an abrupt
change in ration................................................................................................................
Soetrisno, D. and R. R. Lopez. Studies on the growth and feeding quality of three varieties of sugarcane
(Saccharum officinarum l.) under three cutting regimes...........................................................
Subere, V. S. Management practices adopted for and characteristic features of the Philippine carabaos in
the Visayan region..........................................................................................................
Subere, V. S., and B. A. Parker. Management practices adopted for and characteristic features of the
Philippine carabaos in the visayan region............................................................................
Viray, J. S. The grazing behavior of carabaos (bubalus bubalis linn.) under native pasture during wet and
dry seasons....................................................................................................................
VII - HEALTH (Dr. Elito F. Landicho)
Abellanosa, E. H. 1960. A preliminary study on the incidence of salmonella species in the feces of
Philippine carabaos..........................................................................................................
Ables, G. P. 1993. A preliminary study on the clinical effects of azaperone and chlorperidol on carabaos
(Bubalus bubalis) raised in the Philippine Carabao Center.......................................................
Abrena, F. L. 1964. A serological survey for Brucella abortus antibodies in the blood of native carabaos
using the rapid plate agglutination test..................................................................................
Abrigo, D. M. 1995. A survey of leptospiral antibodies in carabaos from ten selected carabao centers in
the Philippines.................................................................................................................
Alarcon, Jr. P. J. 1966. A preliminary study on the incidence of foreign bodies in the stomach of Philippine
carabao..........................................................................................................................
Alava, A. E. 1990. A survey of agglutinins against Pasteurella haemolytica serotypes among Philippineraised
cattle and carabaos.................................................................................................
Babasa, A. C. 1990. Occurrence of Brucella abortus agglutinins among carabaos and cattle in the
Philippines based on the rapid plate agglutination...................................................................
Balassu, M. T. T. 1992. Bacteriologic profile of the vagina and uterus of non-pregnant buffalo-cows in
selected regions of the Philippines.......................................................................................
E. M. Battad. 1988. Field trial of hemosep (Pasteurella multocida type B) vaccine in Philippine buffaloes...
R. O. Boado. 1981.A survey of gross lesions of the heart and associated structures in the slaughtered
Philippine carabaos as a preliminary approach in the study of cardiac disease in the bubaline
species (Bubalus bubalis Linneaus).....................................................................................
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CONTENTS
Cheng, J. M. G. 1988. Dermatophytosis in a Philippine carabao....................................................
Concepcion, M. C. 1981. Cardiac dysrhythmias in Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)....................
Cordero, B. S. 1964. A serological survey of Brucella abortus (strain 19) antibodies in native carabaos
using the microscopic tube agglutination tests........................................................................
De la Cruz., E. G. 1980. Shelf approach (Magda’s method) of paralumbar nerve block in Philippine
carabao (water buffalo: Bubalus bubalis)...............................................................................
De la Cruz, T. D. 1980. Caudal epidural analgesia of the Philippine caracow (Bubalus bubalis).............
De Leon, A. C. 1999. Bacterial isolation from the tonsils, jejunal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes of
slaughtered Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)...................................................................
De los Santos, J. L. 1990. Pathologic characterization of lung lesions in slaughtered carabaos and their
bacterial profile.................................................................................................................
Gaza, R. A. 1992. Monitoring immune response of cattle and carabaos to three types of CCA vaccine
against hemorrhagic septicemia using Elisa and PMPT..........................................................
Gordoncillo, M. J. N. 1995. Humoral response of Vitamin E supplemented buffaloes to hemorrhagic
septicemia vaccine...........................................................................................................
Guzman, L. D. T. 1979. Pathologic characterization of lung lesions in slaughtered carabaos.................
Hain, E. S. 1993. Physiological and hematological effects of xylazine sedation in carabaos (Bubalus
bubalis)..........................................................................................................................
Inocencio, N. M. 1981. The occurrence of pregnancy among slaughtered cattle, carabaos, and swine in
some slaughterhouses in Bulacan.......................................................................................
Lacamento, F. M. 1991. Comparison of the antibody response of Philmurrah water buffaloes (Bubalus
bubalis) to an aqueous and oil based foot-and-mouth disease (serotype 0 1 , A 24 and C 3 ) vaccine....
Macarandang, E. A. 1971. Skin lesions of Philippine carabaos.......................................................
Malvas, N. M. 1990. Serological survey of brucellosis in cattle and carabao slaughtered at a Bacolod
abattoir using rose Bengal Agglutination Test .........................................................................
Mateo, B. P. 1978. A study on the occurrence of tuberculosis among dairy buffaloes in Sta.Maria Bulacan
and Central Luzon State University using old tuberculin and Kaolin agglutination test...................
Ng, A. S. 1988. Isolation and serotyping of Pasteurella multocida in cattle (Bos indicus) and carabao
(Bubalus bubalis)..............................................................................................................
Olaso, R. M. 1982. Prevalence survey of tuberculosis in carabaos (Bubalus bubalis) in four municipalities
of Camarines Sur by intradermal test with human purified protein derivative...............................
Quebec Jr., C. M. 1990. Field trial of Pasteurella multocida Type B vaccine in pure and graded Philippine
carabaos........................................................................................................................
Robles, A. P. 1998. Comparative efficacy of tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum), makabuhay (Tinosphora
rumphi), tubli (Derris philippinensis) and neem (Azadirachta indica) against carabao louse
(Haematopinus tuberculatus)..............................................................................................
Rodulfo, T. 1979. Histological disorders of the internal reproductive organs of slaughtered Philippine caracow
(Bubalus bubalis).......................................................................................................
Rundina, M. C. N. 1999. Pathologic characterization and bacterial profile of the liver and associated
structures of slaughtered Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis)..................................................
Tumibay, D. O. 1961. A preliminary serological survey of leptospiral incidence in Philippine carabaos by
plate screen and rapid plate test...........................................................................................
Villanueva, K. C. 2002. Clinico-pathologic observations in a caracalf (Bubalus bubalis) inoculated with
B:2................................................................................................................................
Zabala, Z. C. O. 1990. Prevalence of agglutinins against Pasteurella multocida in cattle and carabaos in
selected regions of the Philippines.......................................................................................
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ANATOMY
A-1
DISTRIBUTION AND MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE
OF THE LINGUAL PAPILLAE OF THE PHILIPPINE
SWAMP BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)*
M. R. Acosta, Student
A total of thirty tongues from the Philippine swamp buffalo
taken from slaughterhouses were used in this study. Five
types of lingual papillae were observed namely: flavor,
fungiform, conical, lenticular and circumvallate papillae.
There were no foliate papillae seen. The filiform papillae
were the most numerous lingual papillae covering the entire
dorsal surface except at the region of the torus linguae.
Irregularly distributed along these papillae are the fungiform
papillae. The latter are concentrated on the tip, lateral edges
and periphery of the ventral surface of the tongue. On the
dorso-lateral surface of the tongue at the level of its root
were the circumvallate papillae arranged in V-shape pattern
with the apex pointing caudally. At the periphery of the
torus linguae were the conical papillae, the largest papillae
observed. While at the middle of the torus linguae were the
lenticular papillae appearing as round convex structures.
Microscopically, the layers comprising the epithelium of all
the papillae were the same as that of the skin. Differences
were observed on the thickness of each layer in each
papillae; the lenticular and filiform papillae showed a thick
stratum corneum while the other three with thin stratum
corneum. The long connective tissue papillae and epithelial
pegs in the lenticular and filiform papillae suggest a stronger
attachment of these papillae to the underlying tissues than
that of vallate, fungiform and conical papillae with shorter
epithelial pegs and connective tissue papillae.
Keywords: microscopic structure, lingual papillae,
Philippine swamp buffalo, Bubalus bubalis
* Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Science
and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Muñoz,
Nueva Ecija, 1988.
A-2
HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE HYPOPHYSIS CEREBRI
OF THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis)*
L. G. Advincula, Student
This study was conducted to describe the different cell
types of the pituitary gland or hypophysis cerebri based on
their histochemical reaction and to identify their locations.
ANATOMY
Five hypophysis cerebri from mature male and female
Philippine carabao were collected. Tissue samples were
fixed in the 10% neutral buffered formalin and subjected to
routine paraffin technique. Tissue sections were stained
with Period Acid Schiff (PAS), Heidenhain’s Azan Mallory
stain (HAMS) and Performic Acid Alcian Blue-Periodic
Acid Schiff-Orange G (FPAAB-PAS-OG) to demonstrate
the chemical constituents of the cells of the pituitary gland.
Five cell types were demonstrated. The chromophobes
were grayish pink with HAMs. The acidophils were
differentiated into yellow and red with HAMs and the
basophils were blue with PAS and FPAAB-PAS-OG and
purple with PAS or violet with FPAAB-PAS-OG. Through
their color reaction, their location in the pars distalis were
identified. The chromophobes were scattered throughout
the pars distalis. The yellow acidophils were more
concentrated in the dorso-lateral margin of the acidophilic
zone while the carmine acidophils were more in the cranioventral
margin, through both of them occur in the entire
parenchyma of the pars distalis. The blue basophils were
located more in the lateral margin of the caudal basophilic
zone while the purple or violet basophils were
more in the caudo-dorsal margin. Among the different types
of cells identified in the pars distalis, the acidophils
predominated both in the male and female followed by
basophils and chromophobes as the least cells.
Keywords: histochemistry, pituitary gland, (hypophysis
cerebri), Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Science
and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Muñoz,
Nueva Ecija, 1998.
A-3
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF ENDOCRINE
CELLS IN THE PANCREAS OF PHILIPPINE
CARABAO, Bubalus bubalis L.*
E. T. Baltazar, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, Central
Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
N. Kitamura, Associate Professor, Obihiro University of Agriculture and
Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
E. Hondo , , Assistant Professor, Obihiro University of Agriculture and
Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
G. D. de Ocampo, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños
E. F. Landicho, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
J. Yamada, Professor, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary
Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
The occurrence and frequency of endocrine cells in the
pancreas of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis L.)
1

were studied by specific immunohistochemistry. Four types
of endocrine cells were identified: insulin, glucagon,
pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin immunoreactive
cells. Regional difference in the distribution of these cells
was not observed. The predominant cell types are the
insulin cells followed by glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide
and somatostatin cells. The insulin cells were concentrated
at the central region of the pancreatic islet while the
glucagons, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin cells
were distributed at the peripheral region. Isolated endocrine
cells were occasionally detected in the exocrine portion of
the pancreas including the duct epithelium. The present
findings revealed that endocrine cells in the pancreas of
carabao and other related species are similar to the primary
cell types but not precisely as to their relative frequency
and location in the pancreatic islets.
Keywords: bubaline, carabao, endocrine cells,
immunohistochemistry, pancreas
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 33(2): 41-
45, 1996.
A-4
HISTOLOGY OF THE PANCREATIC ISLETS OF THE
PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis)*
E. T. Baltazar, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, Central
Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
E. F. Landicho, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
The pancreatic islets are groups of hormone-secreting
(endocrine) cells forming “islands” in the “sea” of digestive
enzyme-secreting (exocrine) cells in the pancreas. The
islets secrete the hormones insulin and glucagons, which
are essential for the metabolism of sugars, the lack of
which will lead to diabetes. Many studies have been done
on the microscopic structure or morphology (histology) of
the pancreatic islets of other species, but there is none on
the carabao. Specimens from a slaughterhouse were
examined using different stains: (1) hematoxylin and eosin
(H&E), (2) Vorhoeff’s elastic tissue stain, (3) Masson’s
trichrome stain, (4) silver stain, (5) Gomori’s chromium
hematoxylin-phloxine stain. Based on the results of the
study, the pancreatic islets of the carabao resemble those
of other domestic animal species. The islets vary in shape
and number and apparently are more concentrated in the
right lobe than in the left lobe and the pancreatic body. They
are not clearly differentiated from the exocrine cell of the
pancreas because of their poorly developed capsule
composed of two types of fibers: the collagenous and
reticular fibers. Dark and light islets are demonstrated in
2
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
hematoxylin- and eosin-stained sections, the first such
report in mammals. Dark islets contain more cells than the
light ones. Alpha and beta cells are demonstrated in
Gomori’s chromium-hematoxylin phloxine stained sections.
Beta cells are generally concentrated at the center of the
islet while alpha cells are peripheral or at the outer part.
Three cell types in the islets can be identified with the use
of Masson’s trichrome stain. The present findings augment
the scarce information on the microscopic morphology of
the pancreatic islets of the carabao. These findings will
help to provide a better understanding of the role of the
pancreas in carbohydrate metabolism.
Keywords: histology, pancreatic islets, Philippine carabao,
Bubalus bubalis
*The Philippine Agricultural Scientist, 84(3): 278-28, 2001.
A-5
HISTOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES
ON THE PANCREATIC ISLETS (ISLETS OF
LANGERHANS) OF THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO
(Bubalus bubalis)*
E. T. Baltazar, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, Central
Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
Histological and immunocytochemical studies were
conducted on the endocrine pancreas of the Philippine
carabao (Bubalus bubalis). The islets varied in shape, size
and distribution. There were round, oval and irregular islets
with the oval shape predominating. Islets distribution varied
from one part of the pancreas to the other, with the right part
having the most islets. The islets were usually surrounded
by complete connective tissue composed of reticular and
collagen fibers. Reticular and little of collagen fibers
penetrated the inner portion of the islet. Few to abundant
capillaries were observed to be concentrated peripherally
in the islets. The islet cells were distributed either evenly or
unevenly. The islets with unevenly distributed cells had
sparse and dense regions. Some islet cells appeared in
anastomosing cords. Immunocytochemically, insulin-,
glucagon-, pancreatic-, polypeptide-, and somatostatinimmunoreactive
cells were localized. The insulinimmunoreactive
cells were the most numerous of the four
cell types demonstrated. They were usually arranged in
clumps and were concentrated at the central portion of the
islet. The glucagons- immunoreactive cells usually occurred
in cords of various lengths and were concentrated at the
peripheral portion of the islet. They usually outline the shape

of the islet. The pancreatic- polypeptic- immunoreactive
cells were commonly observed at the dense peripheral
region of the islet. Of the four cell types localized, the least
common were somatostatin- immunoreactive cells that
were usually found at the peripheral region of the islet. The
four cell types were of various shapes. Isolated cells of
each cell type were found inside some of the pancreatic
acini. Pancreatic- polypeptide- immunoreactive cells
occurring singly were also found in some duct epithelium.
The findings of this study suggest that the anatomy of the
endocrine pancreas of the Philippine carabao is similar to
that of cattle.
Keywords: carabao. histological and immunological
observations, islet of Langerhans, pancreas, polypeptideimmunoreactive
cells.
*Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1981-1995, (1996),
PCC-DA, UPLB. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines, 1981-1995. p. 35.
Part of the thesis submitted by the senior author for his MS
degree in Veterinary Medicine.
A-6
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF
FOUR CELL TYPES IN THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS
OF PHILIPPINE CARABAO, (Bubalus bubalis)*
E. T. Baltazar, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, Central
Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon
C. P. Maala, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
N. Kitamura, Professor, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary
Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
Tissue samples used in the study were collected from
freshly slaughtered, apparently healthy adult Philippine
carabaos of both sexes. Insulin-, glucagon-, somatostatinand
bovine pancreatic polypeptide- immunoreactive cells
were observed by light microscopic immunocytochemistry
using Avidin Biotin Peroxidase Complex Method. The
insulin cells were concentrated at the central portion of the
islets while the glucagons, somatostatin and the bovine
pancreatic polypeptide cells were observed mainly at the
periphery. Isolated cells of each cell type were observed
among the acini.
Keywords: endocrine pancreas, carabao,
immunocytochemistry, Bubalus bubalis
*Proceedings of the 8 th Congress of the Federation of
Asian Veterinary Associations, Manila, Philippines (1992);
pp. 416-419. Part of the thesis submitted by the senior
author for his MS degree in Veterinary Medicine.
ANATOMY
A-7
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF ENDOCRINE
CELLS IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF
THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis)*
E. T. Baltazar, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, Central
Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon
N. Kitamura, Associate Professor, Obihiro University of Agriculture and
Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
E. Hondo, Assistant Professor, Obihiro University of Agriculture and
Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
J. Yamada, Professor, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary
Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
L. T. Simborio, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon
The distribution and frequency of occurrence of endocrine
cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the Philippine carabao
(Bubalus bubalis) were studied by immunohistochemistry.
Fourteen types of immunoreactive (IR) endocrine cells
were revealed. Among the cell types, only chromogranin,
serotonin, and bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP) were
present in the entire gut, while the others showed restricted
distribution: somatostatin, gastrin, and cholecystokinin in
the abomasum and small intestine; methionine- enkephaline-
Arg 6 -Gly 7 -Leu 8 , motilin, neurotensin, secretin, gastric
inhibitory peptide, and substance P in the small intestine;
peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) in the large intestine; and
glucagons in the whole intestinal tract. Most of the cell
types showed peak density in the pyloric, duodenal, or
rectal region. The highest cell type heterogeneity was
observed in the duodenum. The distribution profile of the
gut endocrine cells in the carabao is closely related to that
in the Holstein cattle. Important findings include the
occurrence of BPP-IR cells in the entire gut and the high
frequency of PYY-IR cells in the large intestine.
Keywords: immunohistochemistry, endocrine cells,
gastrointestinal tract, Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis
*Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, (27): 407-411, 1998.
A-8
A STUDY ON THE LOCATION OF TASTE BUDS IN
THE TONGUE OF THE PHILIPPINE SWAMP
BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis L.)*
D. G. V. Boydon, Student, College of Veterinary Science and Medicine,
Central Luzon State University, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija
Taste buds were examined in hematoxylin eosin stained
tissue sections using a light microscope. Taste buds were
found only on the lateral surface of the circumvallate papillae
3

and on the dorsal surface of the fungiform papillae. Based
on this finding, the dorsal surface of the root, ventro-lateral
surface and the tip of the tongue are associated with taste.
Keywords: taste buds, tongue, Philippine swamp buffalo,
Bubalus bubalis L.
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Science
and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Muñoz,
Nueva Ecija (1988). Copy of the thesis is available at
CLSU Library, and at the Knowledge Resource
Management Center, Philippine Carabao Center, Muñoz,
Nueva Ecija.
A-9
MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SEROSAL,
MUSCULAR AND SUBMUCOSAL LAYERS OF THE
LARGE INTESTINE OF PHILIPPINE CARABAOS
(Bubalus bubalis)*
A. Bustamante, Student, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of
the Philippines Los Baños
C. P. Maala, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños
The histological features of the submucosal, muscular, and
serosal layers of the cecum, colon, and rectum of the
Philippine carabao were studied using Hematoxyline
staining (H&E) stained sections and various differential
staining techniques. The submucosal layer consisted of a
large amount of collagen fibers. A few elastic and reticular
fibers were found in this layer. The submucosa appeared
thickest in the cecum. Ganglion cells belonging to the
submucosal plexus were plentiful. Some occurred in groups
while some occurred singly. There were many blood
vessels and nerves in the submucosa. The muscular
layer of the large intestine consists of an inner muscular
muscle layer and an outer longitudinal muscle layer. Among
the three segments of the large intestine studied, the tunica
muscularis was thickest in the rectum. Ganglion cells
belonging to the myenteric plexus were observed in this
layer and were generally located in between the muscle
layers. Individual ganglion cells may be found between
muscle bundles in the outer part of the inner circular muscle
layer. The serosal layer was well-developed in the cecum
and colon because of the accumulation of a large amount of
adipose tissue between the serosa and the muscular layer.
In the caudal part of the rectum, the serosal layer was
replaced by an adventitial layer.
Keywords: carabao, ganglion cells, large intestine,
muscular, serosal, submucosal and adventitial layer
*Abstract of Completed Researches, 1981-1995, (1996)
PCC-DA, UPLB. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water
4
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1996, p.37.
Prescribed during the 27 th PSAS Annual Convention, PICC,
Metro Manila, October, 1990. Abstract published in the
Philippine Journal of Animal Science, 17:56 (1991).
A-10
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF SEMINAL VESICLE
AND PROSTATE GLAND OF MALE PHILIPPINE
CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis L.)*
F. D. B. Caoli, Student
Seminal vesicle and prostate gland were collected from
seven apparently healthy male Philippine carabao (Bubalus
bubalis L.) between two to five years of age immediately
after slaughter. The samples were processed and stained
with H&E stain. The seminal vesicle of the Philippine
carabao was similar with the bull. It was encapsulated by
a DWFCT. The glandular epithelium was lined by simple
columnar epithelium. Lipid droplets were observed in the
cytoplasm of the cells. The lamina propria-tunica
submucosa consisted of loose connective tissue. The tunica
muscularis was thick and composed of smooth muscle
fibers. The tunica adventitia consisted of loose connective
tissue. The intralobular ducts were lined by simple cuboidal
or stratified columnar epithelium. The body of the prostate
gland was encapsulated by DWFCT with smooth muscle
fibers. The glandular epithelium was lined by simple
cuboidal cells. Large and small alveoli were present in the
parenchyma. Prostatic concretions were observed only in
larger alveoli. Intralobular ducts were lined by simple
cuboidal or columnar cells.
Keywords: microscopic anatomy, seminal vesicle,
prostate glands, Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1999.
A-11
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE SKIN OF THE
PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis L.) AND
PHILIPPINE MURRAH CROSSBRED*
C. L. Casis, Student
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines, Los Baños
A. S. Sarabia, Senior Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Center,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
The skin from the head, neck, dorsum, ventrum and
hindlimb from five adult male Philippine carabao and
Philippine Murrah crossbred were microscopically studied.
The carabao skin (8.30 um) was not significantly thicker

(P>0.05) from that of the Philippine Murrah crossbred (9.13
um). Regardless of breed, the skin was significantly thickest
in the neck (11.80 um) followed by those in the ventrum
(8.90 um), dorsum (8.11 um) and head (7.94 um). The skin
was thinnest in the hindlimb (6.82 um) followed by those in
the dorsum and head (7.94 um). In both breeds, the
epidermis was composed of only four layers: stratum
corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and
stratum basale. The stratum lucidum was absent in all
areas examined. The shape, size and number of the
epidermal ridges or pegs were extremely variable in both
breeds. Tongue-shaped, pointed, wide and branching
epidermal ridges were observed. Although the epidermis
was thicker in the carabao (197.23 um) than in the Philippine
Murrah crossbred (171.40 um), their difference was not
statistically significant (P>0.05). Regardless of breed, the
epidermis was thickest in the neck (211.95 um) and ventrum
(218.00 um) (P0.05). The dermis in both breeds was made up of two
indistinctly separable layers: the superficial papillary layer
and the deep reticular layer. Collagen, elastic and reticular
connective tissue fibers, blood vessels, hair follicles and
their sebaceous glands, nerve fibers and smooth muscle
fibers were found in the dermis. The collagenous fibers
were finer in the papillary layer than in the reticular layer. In
the papillary layer the more slender collagenous fiber were
more compact and were oriented parallel to the skin surface.
In the reticular layer, these were loosely arranged, some
occurred in bundles, and ran in various directions. The
collagenous fibers were more regularly arranged in the
Philippine Murrah crossbred than in the carabao. Hair
follicles were few and occurred singly. They were
particularly numerous in the head of the Philippine Murrah
crossbred and in the hindlimb of the Philippine carabao.
The sebaceous glands were large and were attached near
the base of hair follicles. Some hair follicles lacked
sebaceous glands. Two types of apocrine sweat glands
were seen in both breeds: tubular and saccular, with the
former being more numerous than the latter. There were
more sweat glands in the Philippine Murrah crossbred
than in the Philippine carabao. The dermis of the Philippine
Murrah crossbred (10740.0 um) was significantly thicker
than that of the Philippine carabao (6136.0 um). This study
disproved earlier reports that carabaos lack sweat glands.
Keywords: Bubalus bubalus, hair follicles, skin thickness,
sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, Philippine carabao.
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences.
25(2): 16-37, 1999.
ANATOMY
A-12
HISTOLOGY OF THE SKIN IN SOME SPECIALIZED
REGIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus
bubalis)*
C. L. Castillo, Student
Skin from the upper and lower eyelids, muzzle, external
ear, mammary area, prepuce, scrotum and interdigital space
of two to six years old Philippine carabaos were studied
histologically. The epidermis from these regions was lined
by a stratified squamous epithelium, which consisted of
four layers: the stratum corneum, stratum granulosum,
stratum spinosum and stratum basale. The stratum lucidum
was absent in all the regions examined. Condensation of
melanin was observed more on the basal layer of the
eyelids, muzzle and external ear than on the mammary
area, prepuce, scrotum and interdigital space. The dermis
in all the regions was indistinctly divided into superficial
papillary and deep reticular layers. Collagen, elastic and
reticular fibers were present in both layers of the dermis. In
the papillary layer the collagenous fibers occurred in fine
bundles and ran mostly parallel to the skin surface. In the
reticular layer the collagen fibers formed the bulk of the
layer and were large, coarse and dense. They ran mostly
parallel to the skin surface. In general, the basic architecture
of the integument was similar in all the animals examined.
Differences existed, however, in the thickness of the
epidermis and the dermis in various regions of the body.
The upper and lower eyelids were characterized by the
tarsal glands which were modified sebaceous glands. The
tarsal glands were larger and well-developed in the upper
eyelid and the hair follicles were thicker and numerous. In
the lower eyelid, the tarsal glands were smaller and less
developed and the hair follicles were smaller and less
numerous. The sweat glands were both tubular and saccular
apocrine types and the branched sebaceous glands were
large. Striated muscle fibers of the orbicularis oculi and
levator palpebrae superioris were found in both the upper
and lower eyelids whereas only the orbicularis oculi was
found in the lower eyelid. The muzzle epidermis was
highly cornified and the thickest of all body areas examined.
The stratum lucidum was absent. It is devoid of hair follicles
and had tubular merocrine glands known as muzzle or
nasolabial glands with characteristic of salivary glands.
The external ear was covered by thin skin. However, the
epidermis was thicker in the outer convex surface than in
the inner concave surface. The epidermal pegs on the
other hand, were more complex in the inner surface than in
the outer surface. The hair follicles were more numerous in
the convex surface. The sebaceous glands were highly
developed and lobulated. The external ear contains
5

supportive structures of hyaline cartilage which separates
the convex from the concave surface. The mammary area
had sparse and fine hair follicles with well-developed
apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands which were
not multilobulated. The dermis was characterized by loose
collagenous tissue. Lymphocytes were also present in the
papillary layer of the dermis. The prepuce was characterized
by long bristle-like hair follicles with apocrine sweat glands
and sebaceous glands were not always related to the hair
follicle. Lymphatic nodules were present in the area just
below the epidermis. The stratum corneum of the scrotum
was not very well developed. Hair follicles were not
abundant and they were short and fine. Large apocrine
sweat glands were present and sebaceous glands were
located on the upper portion of the hair follicle. The scrotum
was characterized by the presence of smooth fibers of the
tunica dartos. The interdigital space also had a thickened
and highly cornified epidermis but not as thick as that of the
muzzle skin. It had very few small apocrine sweat glands
and the hair follicles were large but few. Regional skin
variations relating to amount and type of pelage, distribution
and type of glands, and skin thickness were observed and
these are functional adaptations to suit the animal to its
environment.
Keywords: histology, skin, Philippine carabao, Bubalus
bubalis
* Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1998.
A-13
OSSA CORDIS OF THE CARABAO (Bubalus
bubalis)*
T. David, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Diliman
Two bones were found in each heart of Philippine water
buffalo 7-19 years of age. The bones were embedded in
the aortic fibrous ring. The right bone measured from 4-5.5
cm long and weighed about 1.5 - 2g. The left one about 2.3
– 3cm long and its weight was 0.2 – 0.4g. No bones were
found in the heart of 1.5 years old Philippine water buffaloes.
The measurements obtained for the Philippine water
buffaloes were smaller than those of cattle. The microscopic
features of the bones were similar to compact bones. The
ossa cordis in the Philippine water buffalo may provide a
firm and secure attachments for the semilunar cusps of the
aortic valve.
Keywords: ossa cordis, carabao, Bubalus bubalis
*The Philippine Journal of Animal Industry, 4(6): 521-528,
1937.
6
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
A-14
EVALUATION OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND SEMEN
QUALITY OF MURRAH AND CROSSBRED
BUFFALOES*
E. C. de la Peña, Senior Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao
Center, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija
A. N. del Barrio, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine
Carabao Center, University of the Philippines Los Baños
J. C. Canaria, Farm Superintendent, Philippine Carabao Center, University
of the Philippines Los Baños
B. R. Arenda, Science Research Assistant, Philippine Carabao Center,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
B. A. Oliveros, Associate Professor, Institute of Animals Science, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
Ma. F. V. Templado, Student
C. P. Maala, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños
Four each of Murrah (M), PMF 1 or Phil- Murrah F 1
(Philippine carabao (PC) x M] and PMF 2 (PMF 1 x PMF 1 )
bulls were evaluated for their sexual behavior, semen
quality and sperm biometry. The sexual behavior of bulls
differed significantly (P0.05) was observed in the volume of semen ejaculated
by the bulls. However, the MB tended to give more (2.91
ml) semen than either PMF 1 (2.20 ml) or PMF 2 (1.94 ml)
bulls. The MB had the highest (P0.05) was observed for the length of the
head tail, and the entire length of spermatozoa. However,
the width of the sperm cell heads from the MB and PMF 2
were wider (P

A-15
THE MODIFIED HORN RING METHOD AS A TOOL
IN DETERMINING THE AGE OF CARABAO (Bubalus
bubalis)*
G. D. de Ocampo, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
O. M. C. David, Student
The accuracy of the modified horn ring method to determine
the age of carabao (Bubalus bubalis) was tested using 127
carabaos of both sexes, aged one to 23 years old, randomly
selected at an auction market. The length and circumference
of the horns were measured while the number of rings
were counted in both the right and left horns. The results
showed that although variations occurred in the length,
circumference and number of rings between right and left
horns and between male and female animals in relation to
age, such variations were not statistically significant.
Furthermore, the linear regression model showed a direct
correlation between the number of horn rings and the age of
the animal. thus the formula:
y = 1.22322503 + 0.264245856 (x)
where y is the age and x is the number of horn rings, was
arrived at to estimate the age of the carabao. Using this
formula, a table of confidence interval was subsequently
made to facilitate age determination.
Keywords: age determination, Bubalus bubalis, horn ring
method, carabao
* NRCP Research Journal, 3(2): 191-200, 1993.
A-16
SEM STUDIES ON THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF
PHILIPPINE SWAMP BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis).
II. SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES*
G. D. de Ocampo, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman
R. P. G. Nolasco, Student
C. E. Bondac, Student
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the duodenum,
jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon was conducted on
samples from 14 apparently healthy, female, Philippine
swamp buffaloes or carabaos. There were morphological
variation in the villi of the different regions of the small
intestine. Ridge-like villi in the duodenum and jejunum and
leaf-like villi in the duodenum and ileum were observed.
Much taller and slender ridge-shaped villi were also noted
in the duodenum. The mucosal surface architecture differed
between the two regions of the large intestine. The ceca
mucosa has a mosaic of uniformly distributed sunken
ANATOMY
openings of the crypts of Lieberkuhn; that of the colon
showed a repetition of interconnected ridges. The crypt
openings in the cecum appeared funnel-like; in the colon,
their outlines were polygonal. Crypts of the colon were
larger than those of the cecum. Goblet cells and mucous
secretions, the latter as white, irregular structures, were
also observed in the colon and cecum.
Keywords: scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
digestive tract, Philippine swamp buffalo, Bubalus bubalis,
small intestine, large intestine
* The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 22(2): 50-
58, 1983.
A-17
THE INCIDENCE OF PREGNANT CARABAOS
SLAUGHTERED AT FOOD TERMINAL, INC. FROM
1989-1990*
M. M. Dunwan, Student
The percentages of pregnant cattle and carabaos slaughtered
in 1988 at New Slaughterhouse, Food Terminal, Inc. (FTI),
Tagging, Metro Manila were determined. Pregnant animals
slaughtered were higher in cattle (10.56%) than in carabaos
(3.51%). The percentages of slaughtered pregnant cattle
and carabaos were highest during the months July
(17.83%) and June (6.03%), respectively. Based on the
three stages of pregnancy, the highest percentage of
slaughtered carabaos occurred at early pregnancy (1.36%),
followed by mid (1.21%) and later pregnancy (0.94%).
The highest percentage of carabaos slaughtered at early
stage of pregnancy occurred in May (3.03%), April (3.03%)
for mid pregnancy and November (1.75%) for late
pregnancy. In cattle, the highest percentage of slaughtered
pregnant animals was at early pregnancy (4.41%),
followed by mid pregnancy (3.28%) and lowest at late
pregnancy (2.88%). According to place of origin, Cavite
(46.32%) and Masbate (30.24%) had the highest
percentages of slaughtered pregnant cattle and carabaos,
respectively. In spite of the law prohibiting the slaughter of
pregnant cattle and carabaos, the authorities have failed to
totally prevent this practice as revealed in the present
study. Pregnant animals are still being slaughtered in
abattoirs because of insufficient ante-mortem inspection,
laxity on the implementation of the law against the
slaughtering of pregnant animal and lack of expertise in
pregnancy diagnosis at farm level. Hence, to prevent the
shipment and slaughter of pregnant cattle and carabaos,
the “Buy Back Operation” is recommended to be revived.
Keywords: buy back operation, cattle, carabao, Food
7

Terminal Inc., abattoir, incidence of slaughtered pregnant
ruminants
*Abstract of Completed Researches, 1981-1996, (1990)
PCC-DA, UPLB. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995, p.44-45.
Copy of thesis available at the library of the College of
Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los
Baños.
A-18
HISTOLOGY OF THE SPLEEN OF PHILIPPINE
CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis L.)*
M. A. C. Estacio, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
C. L. Calimlim, Student
G. D. de Ocampo, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños
The spleen of adult male Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis
L.) was examined histologically using the H & E stain.
The carabao had a storage type of spleen characterized by
presence of numerous trabeculae and minimal amount of
white pulp in the parenchyma. It was enclosed by a thick
capsule consisting of two distinct layers: a thick outer
dense white fibrous connective tissue layer (DWFCT) and
an inner smooth muscle layer. The white pulp was made
up of the lymphatic module and peripheral sheath that
surrounded the nodular or central arteriole. The red pulp or
splenic cord consisted of lymphocytes, phagocyte cells
and erythrocytes separated by sinuses.
Keywords: Bubalus bubalis, Philippine carabao, histology,
spleen
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 34(1&2):
65-67, 1997.
A-19
GROSS AND MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE
LUNG OF THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus
bubalis Linn.)*
A. C. Estacio, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
R. L. D. Hontomin, Student
G. D. de Ocampo, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños
The lung of the Philippine carabao was grossly and
microscopically examined. Grossly, the left lung was
smaller and had 2 lobes, cranial and caudal lobes. The
cranial lobe was further divided into cranial and caudal
8
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
parts by a U or V shaped notch. The right lung had 4 lobes
namely: cranial, middle, caudal and accessory lobes.
Microscopically, the lung was enclosed by a capsule
composed of 3 layers; mesothelium, elastic, and subserosal
layers. The lung parenchyma presented structures typical
of the lung of most domestic mammalian species. The wall
of the bronchus consisted of 4 layers; 1) tunica mucosa
which is made up of pseudostratified columnar ciliated
lining epithelium with goblet cells, lamina propria containing
loose connective tissue and lymphatic tissue, and a lamina
muscularis mucosae of circulatory arranged smooth muscle
fibers; 2) tunica submucosa made up of loose connective
tissue, solitary lymphatic nodules and mixed but
predominantly mucous glands; 3) tunica muscularis
contained hyaline cartilage; and 4) tunica adventitia
composed of loose connective tissue. The wall of the
bronchiole, except that of the respiratory bronchiole, had 2
layers: 1) tunica mucosa made up of simple columnar or
cuboidal ephithelium, a lamina propria with thin loose
connective tissue and lamina muscularis mucosae with
thin circularly arranged smooth muscles; and 2) tunica
submucosa with thin layer of loose connective tissue.
Respiratory bronchioles were not frequently observed.
The wall of the bronchial part consisted of 1 layer; tunica
mucosa composed of simple cuboidal epithelium, lamina
propria with very thin loose connective and lamina
muscularis mucosae with thin smooth fiber. The alveolar
part was lined by simple squamous epithelium. The alveolar
duct, alveolar sac and alveoli were typical of other
mammalian species.
Keywords: alveoli, bronchiole, bronchus, bubaline,
capsule, lung, Bubalus bubalis
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 36:1-7,
1999.
A-20
ULTRASTRUCTURAL OBSERVATIONS OF THE
CECAL MUCOSA OF THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO
(Bubalus bubalis) *
M. A. C. Estacio, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of
the Philippines Los Baños
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
The cecal mucosa of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus
bubalis) was studied using transmission electron
microscope. The cells lining it generally resemble those
previously described in other species. The surface
epithelium was lined primarily by columnar absorptive
cells and a few goblet cells. The glandular epithelium was
lined by goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells and

undifferentiated cells. Mucigenous granules of varying
degrees of density were observed in the cytoplasm of the
goblet cells. Based on the shape, density and distribution
of the secretory granules, two types of enteroendocrine
cells were observed. Type 1 cells had pleomorphic
secretory granules of varying density in its infranuclear
region, while type 2 cells had generally rounded dense
granules throughout its cytoplasm. No Paneth cells and
non-epithelial cells were observed. The cell types noted in
the lamina propria were plasma cells, mast cells,
eosinophils and neutrophils. The ultrastructural features of
these cells did not significantly differ from what had been
previously reported in other species except that in plasma
cell, the Russell bodies were absent and in the eosinophils,
the nucleus was not lobed.
Keywords: carabao, cecal mucosa, electron microscopy,
morphological descriptions, ultrastructural cells, Bubalus
bubalis
*Abstract of Completed Researches, 1981-1995, (1996)
PCC-DA, UPLB. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995, p.46,
and in the Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 34 (1
and 2): 82-83 (1997).
A-21
HAIR MEDULLARY PATTERNS IN PHILIPPINE
WATER BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)
M. L. A. Santiago-Flores, Resident Veterinarian, Veterinary Teaching
Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines
Los Baños
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
J. S. Masangkay, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of
the Philippines Los Baños
The medullary patterns of hairs taken from the forehead,
lateral surface of forelimb, hindlimb, dorsum, ventral
abdominal wall and tail of Philippine water buffalo (Bubalus
bubalis, Linnaeus) were examined. The hair medullary
patterns in the six body regions varied depending on the
age (young vs old) and sex (male vs female) of the
Philippine water buffalo. Young male buffalo had
predominantly continuous nodose or homogenous type.
Adult male and female buffalo lacked medulla typical of
absent type. Young female Philippine water buffalo showed
a more varied distribution of hair medullary patterns with
the fragmental type restricted to the forehead, and the other
body regions with two to four patterns in varying proportions.
Based on this study, it would therefore be possible to utilize
differences in the hair medullary patterns to distinguish
adult male buffalo from adult female, young male and female
buffalo.
ANATOMY
Keywords: hair medullary pattern, Philippine water buffalo,
Bubalus bubalis
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine 38(1): 1-
8, 2001.
A-22
GROSS ANATOMY OF THE TAIL OF THE
PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis)*
N. M. D. Gagni, Student
The gross anatomy of the tail of the Philippine carabao was
studied by gross dissection and compared it to that of the ox. It
was found out that the first three vertebra of the tail of the Philippine
carabao were similar to typical vertebrae. It consisted of a body
and arch and processes. The caudal part of the series was
reduced into cylindrical rods. The body of the vertebra was
more cylindrical than that of the ox. The arch and processes
were more or less similar in shape and structure. Mamillary and
accessory processes were absent in both species. Lymph
nodes were not present in the area while the lymph vessels
may have been present in the lymphatic anatomy of the tail of
the carabao but these vessels were to minute for identification.
The arthrological anatomy of the tail presents no special ligaments
in both species. The thickenings of the fascia function as ligaments.
Intervertebral discs were thicker in the carabao than in the ox.
The blood vascular anatomy of the tail showed that the tail was
vascularized by four (4) vessels namely: (a) the median caudal
artery and vein, (b) the superficial lateral vein, (c) the dorsolateral
caudal artery and vein. The superficial lateral caudal artery and
vein was present in the carabao but absent in the ox and was
not accompanied by any artery of like name. The first two
vessels were single while the other two are paired. The caudal
nerves of the tail number five to seven (5-7) pairs in both
species. They terminated at the level of the third and fourth
caudal vertebra. The muscular anatomy of the tail of the carabao
showed eight (8) muscles compared to that of the ox which has
seven (7). A rectococcygeus muscle was present in the carabao
but absent in the ox. This muscle was also present in the horse
and dog. There were slight differences in the origin, insertion and
relations of the muscles. The present study also revealed that no
two tails have exactly identical anatomical patterns
Keywords: gross anatomy, tail, Philippine carabao,
Bubalus bubalis
* Undergraduate Thesis, College of Agriculture and Forestry,
DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, 1991.
A-23
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE TESTES AND
EPIDIDYMIS OF THE PHILIPPINE-MURRAH (PMF2)
(Bubalus bubalis Linn.) CROSSBRED*
9

A. Bajado-Gajutos, Assistant Professor College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Eastern Philippines, Catarman, Northern Samar
The microscopic anatomy of the testes and epididymis of
four Philippine-murrah crossbreds, three to four years of
age, was studied. The connective tissue of the testes was
made up mainly of collagen fibers, blood and lymphatic
vessels of various sizes, nerves and fibroblasts. The
parenchyma of the testes was composed of seminiferous
tubules separated from each by loose connective tissue,
the interstitium. The tubules were lined by spermatogenic
and sertoli cells. The interstitium consisted mainly of reticular
fibers, interstitial (leydig) cells, blood and lymphatic
vessels, nerves and fibroblasts. The interstitial cells
occurred singly or in groups near blood vessels. The
efferent ductules were lined by low columnar epithelium
consisting of columnar, basal and intraepithelial
lymphocytes. The epididymal duct in the head, body and
tail was lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
consisting of tall columnar, basal, clear and intra-epithelial
lymphocytes. The ducts contained spermatozoa of
increasing volume from the head to the tail region.
Keywords: microscopic anatomy, testis, epididymis,
Philippine-murrah crossbred, Bubalus bubalis Linn.
*MS Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna (1999).
Copy of the thesis is available at the library of the College
of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los
Baños, College, Laguna. Part of the thesis was presented
in the 70 th Philippine Veterinary Medical Association Annual
Convention and Scientific Conference, February 19-21,
2003 Bohol Tropics Resort, Tagbilaran, Bohol.
A-24
PALATINE PRINTING: AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD
FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF CARABAO (Bubalus
bubalis L.)*
A. S. Galicia , Student
Palatine printing was performed in live carabaos. A palatine
print showed the actual configuration of the rostral third of
the hard palate. All the features of this part such as the
transverse ridges, dental pads, median raphe and the
incisive papilla were outlined in the prints. Upon closer
examination, no two palatine prints were exactly alike.
Prints taken by the same person from the same animal
were identical. Also, two palatine prints taken from the
same animal by different persons showed no difference.
Problems encountered during the palatine printing process
that have affected quality of the palatine prints included
10
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
movement of the animal, failure of the mouth speculum to
adequately open the mouth of the animal, excessive
salivation of the animal, uneven ink application on the
mucosa, excessive salivation of the animal, uneven ink
application on the mucosa, and uneven digital pressure
during print taking. In spite of all these, however, the present
study proved that palatine printing can be used as an
alternative method of identification in the carabao.
Keywords: palatine printing, method for identification,
carabao, Bubalus bubalis
* Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 2002.
A-25
HISTOLOGY OF THE INTERSTITIAL TISSUE OF
THE TESTES WITH SOME ULTRASTRUCTURAL
OBSERVATIONS OF THE INTERSTITIAL (Leydig)
CELLS OF THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus
bubalis)*
J. G. Inoc, Student
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
The interstitial tissue and cells of the Philippine carabao
were histologically and ultrastructurally characterized,
respectively Collagen and reticular connective fibers were
markedly abundant while elastic fibers were few. Extensive
lymphatic vessels were present. Interstitial cells appeared
in cluster of five to seven and were closely associated
with the lymphatic vessels. Adjacent to the interstitial cells
were vacuoles, arterioles and capillaries. Few fibroblast
were also present. Ultrastructurally, the interstitial cells
were irregularly polyhedral in shape with variably shaped
nucleus. The nucleus was a ovoid and peripherally located
while the nucleolus was small and eccentrically located.
The hetero chromatin granules sometimes occurred in
clumps, dispersed and closely associated with the nuclear
membrane. The cytoplasm was filled with smooth
endoplasmic reticulum large number of oval to round shape
mitochondria and were scattered among the smooth
endoplasmic reticulum. Their cristea were poorly defined
but dense bodied within were observed. Rough
endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets, golgi elements and
membrane-bound bodies were visible in the cytoplasm. In
general, the ultrastructural characteristics of the bubaline
interstitial cells observed in the Philippine carabao were
identical with what have been reported for other species of
animals.
Keywords: carabao bull, interstitial cells, testes,
ultrastructural characteristics, Bubalus bubalis

*Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1881-1995 PCC-
DA, UPLB. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995 p. 48.
Also in the Proceedings of the 35 th Annual Convention of
the Philippine Society of Animal Science (PSAS), Pasay
City, Metro Manila, Philippines, 1998. pp. 29-41and in the
Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science, 25
(1): 25-34 (1999).
A-26
BIOMETRY AND PRELIMINARY HISTOLOGICAL
STUDY OF THE UTERUS AND UTERINE TUBE OF
SEXUALLY MATURE NON-PREGNANT PHILIPPINE
BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis)*
E.R. Interior, Student
Biometry and preliminary histological study on the uterus
and uterine tubes of 20 newly slaughtered non-pregnant
Philippine carabao was conducted. The results of the
study support Torres’ findings that the Philippine carabao
reproductive organs are smaller than other buffalo breeds.
Microscopic measurements obtained indicated that the
histologic structures of both native and other buffalo breeds
are the same. The only difference is that the muscularis of
the Philippine carabao was slightly thicker than other breeds
and the pyometrin of Philippine carabao was slightly thinner
that the other breeds. Lack of records on the nutrition,
breeding and nutritional history of the animals is the limiting
factor in attaining significant results of the study.
Keywords: Philippine carabao, non-pregnant, uterus,
biometry, histologic structures
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, 1979.
A-27
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE OVARY OF
SEXUALLY MATURE NON-PREGNANT PHILIPPINE
WATER BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis L.) WITH
EMPHASIS ON NORMAL AND ATRETIC FOLLICLES*
I. M. Jagmis, Student
Ovaries from 12 apparently healthy, non-pregnant Philippine
water buffaloes were collected and processed routinely for
histological examination. They were grouped according to
age (7-10 and 11-14 years old). The study revealed that
the size and weight of the ovary were not affected by age
and ovary (P>0.05). It was smaller but heavier compared
to that of foreign breeds of buffalo and cattle. The microscopic
anatomy of the ovary of the Philippine water buffalo was
ANATOMY
similar to cattle and other breeds of buffalo except for the
absence of elastic connective tissue fibers in the tunica
albuginea. Unilaminar (primordial, intermediate and primary)
and multilaminar (secondary, pre-antral and mature) ovarian
follicles were observed and classified according to their
follicular or granulose cell layer. One intermediate follicle
was seen to have two oocytes. The age of the animals and
the ovary did not affect the population of normal and atretic
follicle (P>0.05). Atretic follicles were seen in different
stages of degeneration. Except for the intermediate follicles
that were bigger (P< 0.05) in the right ovary, no significant
difference was observed in the sizes of primordial and
primary follicles. The follicular cells of the unilaminar follicles
in the right ovary were more numerous than those in the
left (P

line, midway between the lateral canthus of the eye and
the base of the horn. Incomplete desensitization during
cornual nerve blocking can be supplemented by infiltrating
the dorsal and ventral branches of the cornual nerve. As
long as the animal is adequately restrained and the cornual
nerve and its branches are completely desensitized,
amputation can be carried out at once. Hemorrhage is
controlled by cautery and by crushing and ligating small
arteries.
Keywords: corneal innervation, Philippine swamp buffalo,
Bubalus bubalis, nerve blocking, horn amputation
* The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 23(1 & 2):
15-22, 1984.
A-29
SOME HEMATOLOGICAL VALUES OF F AND F 1 2
CROSSBRED PHIL-MURRAH BUFFALOES (Bubalus
bubalis) RAISED UNDER INTENSIVE BACKYARD
MANAGEMENT PRACTICE AT THE PHILIPPINE
CARABAO RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
CENTER, U.P. AT LOS BAÑOS, COLLEGE, LAGUNA*
C. P. Maala, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños
R. M. Buenviaje, Student
E. F. Landicho, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
The total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count
(TLC), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume
(PCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean
corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration (MCHC), and differential leukocyte count
(DLC) of 4 age groups of F 1 and F 2 crossbred Phil-Murrah
buffaloes raised in an intensive backyard management at
PCRDC, IAS, UPLB were studied. TEC decreased with
age. It is highest (10.696 ± 0.042 x 10 6 /cu mm) in Group
I and lowest in (7.818 ± 0.04 x 10 6 /cu mm) in Group III
(P< 0.05). It appears that TLC is not influenced by age. It
is highest (13.977 ± x 10 3 /cu mm) in Group IV and lowest
(12.457 ± 0.85 x10 3 /cu mm) in Group III. Hemoglobin is
highest (P

A-31
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC FEATURES
OF THE RETICULAR GROOVE OF THE CARABAO
(Bubalus bubalis)*
C. P. Maala, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños
J. F. Catotal, Student
N. Y. Calingasan, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
G. D. de Ocampo, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
K. Y. Ilio, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños
The reticular groove of the carabao was morphologically
similar with that of cattle. The mucosa of the reticular groove
was lined by a highly keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium. Papillae normally observed in the mucosa of
adjacent reticulum and rumen were absent in the reticular
groove of the carabao. Instead, the reticular mucosa
showed numerous surface elevations separated by furrows.
Occasionally, crater-like orifices were seen at the center of
these surface elevations. In some cases, smaller openings
were observed inside the larger ones. The importance of
these orifices is not yet known. Throughout the mucosal
surface of the reticular groove, flattened polyhedral cells
and a few desquamated cells were observed. Corneal
cells appeared granular because of the presence of
numerous cytoplasmic projections that lined the entire
surface of the cells. Based on the present findings, it could
be concluded that the reticular groove of the carabao is
morphologically similar to that of cattle although no surface
papillae were observed.
Keywords: scanning electron microscopy, reticular groove,
carabao, Bubalus bubalis
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science,
13(1): 23-32, 1987.
A-32
SOME HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL
FEATURES OF THE THYROID GLAND AND ITS
ISTHMUS IN THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus
bubalis)*
C. P. Maala, DVM, MVSc, PhD, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
L.V. Reynoso, DVM, Former Undergraduate Student
The thyroid gland of the carabao consisted of two lateral
lobes and an isthmus. The thyroid lobes were attached to
the lateral surface of the cricoid cartilage and in some
specimens to the third tracheal cartilage. They were
brownish red in color measuring from 36 to 45 mm long, 26
ANATOMY
to 37 mm wide and 9 to 12 mm thick. The isthmus was
located in the groove between the cricoid cartilage and the
first tracheal cartilage. In some specimens, the isthmus
was attached to the external surface of the second tracheal
cartilage. The isthmus was also brownish red in color
measuring 77-117 mm long, 8-12 mm wide and 2-5 mm
thick. It was widest at its junction with the lateral lobes. The
isthmus of the bubaline thyroid gland was glandular. Its
histological features were almost similar with those of the
lateral lobes. The capsule was well developed in both
lateral lobes and isthmus, but there were more interfollicular
connective tissue in the isthmus. The interfollicular connective
tissue divided the lateral lobes and isthmus into several
lobules containing follicles of varying sizes and shapes. In
both lateral lobes and isthmus, the larger follicles were
centrally located while the smaller ones were peripherally
located. The follicles were line by the follicular and
parafollicular cells, with the latter as the predominant cell
type. Histochemically, the colloid in both lateral lobes and
isthmus was positive for neutral mucin. The follicular cells
in both lateral lobes and isthmus were positive for sulfated,
acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides. The parafollicular
cells in both lateral lobes and isthmus were negative for
neutral, acidic and sulfated mucopolysaccharides.
Keywords: histology, histochemistry, thyroid gland,
isthmus, Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
pp. 45-49
A-33
SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF HAIR OF CATTLE
AND PHILIPPINE CARABAO AS SEEN UNDER
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE*
C. P. Maala, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños
F. M. Vilela, Jr., Student
G. D. de Ocampo, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
K. Y. Ilio, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños
The surface morphology of hairs from the head, thorax,
forelimb, abdomen, inguinal region and tail of adult Philippine
carabao and cattle of both sexes were examined under the
scanning electron microscope. Carabao hairs exhibited
small and more irregularly arranged surface cuticles than
those of cattle. Hair cuticles from the cattle were arranged
in an oblique manner, while those of the carabaos,
transversely oriented. The morphological differences of the
cuticular pattern of hairs from the different regions in both
animals were slight. Based on the present observation, the
cuticular pattern of hairs of carabao and cattle observed
13

under scanning electron microscope could be used for the
identification of reliable and time conserving procedure.
Keywords: surface morphology, hair, cattle, Philippine
carabao scanning electron microscope
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,
13(1): 38-40, 1987.
A-34
THE CORONARY VESSELS OF THE PHILIPPINE
WATER BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)*
C. P. Maala, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños
R. D. L. Refuerzo Student
The coronary arteries and veins of the carabao were examined
in 10 latex injected specimens. The left coronary artery was
larger than the right coronary artery. It bifurcated into the
circumflex branch and the paraconal interventricular branch.
The circumflex branch occupied the left coronary groove while
the paraconal interventricular branch descended into the
paraconal interventricular groove. It gave off several septal
branches to the left side of the interventricular septum. A septal
branch may be given off by the left coronary before dividing
into the circumflex and paraconal interventricular branches.
The right coronary artery lacked a circumflex branch. It was
continued as the subsinuosal interventricular branch in the
subsinuosal interventricular septum. The arterial arteries were
fewer in number and smaller in size than the ventricular arteries.
The coronary sinus was large and divided into the azygos
vein and the great cardiac vein. In addition to the great cardiac
vein, the middle cardiac vein which was found in the
subsinuosal interventricular groove, opened directly into the
right atrium. The great cardiac vein supplied branches to the
left and right ventricular walls. Those of the left ventricle were
larger and more numerous than those of the right ventricle. The
azygos vein was as large as the great cardiac vein.
Keywords: coronary vessels, Philippine water buffalo,
Bubalus bubalis
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,
14(1): 20-31, 1988.
A-35
HISTOLOGICAL AND SOME HISTOCHEMICAL
FEATURES OF THE PAROTID, MANDIBULAR AND
SUBLINGUAL SALIVARY GLANDS OF THE
PHILIPPINE CARABAO*
C. P. Maala, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary
Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños
H. R. Casubha, Student
14
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
The microscopic and some histochemical features of the
parotid, mandibular and sublingual salivary glands of adult
carabaos were described. Microscopically, the parotid gland
was purely serous while the mandibular and sublingual
glands were mixed glands with predominant mucous
component. The capsule of the parotid gland was well
developed and rich in collagen fibers. It was poorly
developed in sublingual gland. The interstitial tissue of parotid
gland contains a large amount of fat cells. The connective
tissue septum was most developed in sublingual gland
and least developed in mandibular gland. The parotid
excretory ducts showed a considerable number of goblet
cells. The latter were absent in the excretory ducts of both
groups and showed basal striations. There was a thick
layer of smooth muscle fibers in between lobules in the
parotid gland. Histochemically, the mucous acini of
mandibular glands contained acidic, weakly sulfated and
non-sulfated and mixed mucins. The goblet cells in the
excretory ducts of the parotid gland were positive to acidic
sulfated mucins.
Keywords: histology, histochemical, parotid gland,
mandibular gland, sublingual gland, Philippine carabao
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,
15(1&2): 41-59, 1989.
A-36
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY ON THE
PANCREATIC ACINUS AND ISLETS OF THE
PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis) *
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
M. T. S. Oñate, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
E. C. Bernardo, Student, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of
the Philippines Los Baños
The pancreatic acini of the Philippine water buffalo were of
variable size and shape. In both sexes, each acinus was
composed of 5-10 pyramidal-shaped secretory cells,
centroacinar cells, and occasionally 1-2 “clear cells”. A
characteristic feature of the secretory acinar cells was the
presence of numerous supranuclearly located zymogen
granules, which appeared larger and more numerous in
the male than in female animals. In male animals there
were about 173-287 granules measuring 0.7µm-11µm while
in female animals there were approximately 50-80 granules
measuring 0.6µm-1µm. One or two centroacinar cells
were identified in the lumen of each acinus. Their pale
staining cytoplasm contained oval to round nucleus.
Because of the low magnification used, cytoplasmic
granules were hardly identified in these cells. “Clear

cells” had fewer zymogen granules and numeroud dilated
smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Pancreatic islets were very
few in number. A, B, C and D cells were identified. B cells
were the most predominant cell type. Their characteristic
feature was the presence of many pleomorphic granules.
Majority of the granules were round containing a
homogenous mass surrounded by a helo of variable size.
In some cells, there were numerous granules appearing
like dilated vacuole-like bodies containing pleomorphic
crystalloids bodies. The secretory granules of B cells
measured from 0.22µm-0.38µm. The secretory granules
of A cells were more uniform in shape than B cells and
consisted of dense homogenous core surrounded by a
tight membrane. They appeared to be uniformly distributed
around the nucleus. The granules measured about 0.13µm-
0.20µm. The secretory granules of D cells appeared
almost identical to those of A cells except that they were
fewer in number and less electron dense. They measured
approximately 0.16µm-0.22µm. C cells has scanty and
pale cytoplasm containing very few secretory granules.
Some C cells completely lacked secretory granules. X, F,
and E cells demonstrated in other species were not
observed in the Philippine water buffalo. The ultrastuctural
features of A, B, C and D cells of the pancreatic islets and
the pancreatic acinus of the Philippine water buffalo generally
conformed with those of other species of domestic animals.
Keywords: electron microscopic study, pancreatic acinus,
pancreatic islets, Philippine water buffalo
* The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 41 (1): 1-
9, 2004.
A-37
GROSS AND MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE SMALL AND LARGE LUTEAL CELLS OF
CORPUS LUTEUM OF PREGNANCY OF THE
PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis) *
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
M. T. S. Oñate, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
The corpus luteum of the Philippine water buffalo (Bubalus
bubalis L) during the early, middle, and late stages of
pregnancy was studied using hematoxylin and eosin
stained sections. Grossly, the corpus luteum appeared
pinkish red in color at the early stage of pregnancy and
was almost entirely embedded in the ovary, except for the
crown, which protruded into the ovarian stroma. During
middle and late stages of pregnancy, the corpus luteum
turned brownish in color and as pregnancy progressed, it
decreased in size. Microscopically, a well-developed
ANATOMY
connective tissue layer composed mainly of collagen fibers
surrounded the corpus luteum and divided it into lobules of
varying sizes. Large and small luteal cells made up the
cell population of the corpus luteum. The large cells were
polygonal in shape, with a large eccentric euchromatic
nucleus and eosinophilic cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic lipid
droplets were observed in large cells during the early
stages of pregnancy, which appeared to decrease in amount
in the middle and late stages of pregnancy. Eosinophilic
granules were visible in the cytoplasm of large cells in the
mid stage and were most numerous in the late stage of
pregnancy. Small cells were darker with a dense
heterochromic nucleus. Small cells and large cells were
largest during mid-pregnancy and early pregnancy,
respectively (P

A-39
IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF
ENDOCRINE CELLS IN THE LARGE INTESTINE OF
PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis L.)*
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
E. F. Landicho, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
D. L. Dycheepuat, Student
This study was conducted to demonstrate by
immunocytochemistry the endocrine cells in the cecum,
colon, and rectum of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis
L.) Five types of cells were identified: serotoninimmunoreactive
cells, substance P-immunoreactive nerve
fibers and cells, chromogranin-immunoreactive cells, bovine
pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive (BPP) cells and
enteroglucagon-immunoreactive cells. A moderate number
of serotonin-immunoreactive cells (5-HT) were observed
in the colon and rectum. There were more substance Pimmunoreactive
nerve fibers and cells noted in the rectum
than in the cecum and colon. Chromograninimmunoreactive
cells were observed more often in the
colon than in the cecum and rectum. Only a few BPP
were demonstrated in the colon and rectum, and were
rarely observed in the cecum. Very few enteroglucagon
cells (glicentin) were identified. They were mostly seen in
the colon and only occasionally observed in the cecum
and rectum. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), somatostatin,
motilin, neurotensin, secretin and gastrin secreting cells
were not demonstrated.
Keywords: endocrine cells, immunocytochemistry, large
intestine, Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 34(1&2):
45-52, 1997).
A-40
PRESENCE OF ESOPHAGEAL GLANDS IN THE
PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis L.)*
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
E. F. Landicho, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
J. A. R. Sotto, Student
In most domestic animals, glands under mucus membrane
are present at the junction of the pharynx and the esophagus;
these have not been reported in the carabao. The esophagus
is part of the digestive canal which conveys food from the
pharynx to the stomach. Examinations of specimens
collected at the tissue junction of pharynx and esophagus
16
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
revealed the presence of mucus-secreting glands in the
submucosal layer. The glands were partitioned into lobules
of varying sizes within a framework of well-developed
connective tissue rich in collagen fibers. The secretory
units of the glands contained glycoproteins and neutral
mucosubstances, mucin, and weakly acidic sulfated
mucosubtances, hyaluronic acids and sialomucins as
shown by their positive reactions to indicator stains. The
mucus secreted by the glands coats the food that enters
the esophagus, thus, protecting the mucosal lining of the
esophagus from mechanical irritation and drying.
Keywords: esophageal glands, Philippine carabao,
Bubalus bubalis
*The Philippine Agricultural Scientist, 85 (4): 376-378, 2002.
A-41
HISTOLOGY OF THE TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS OF
TWO YEARS OLD PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALOES
(Bubalus bubalis L.)*
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
E. F. Landicho, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
L. C. Joaquin, Student
The histology of the testes and epididymis of two years old
Philippine water buffalo was described using various
histological stains. The testis was enclosed by a capsule
consisting of the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis and
the tunica albuginea. The tunica albuginea was thick and
consisted of collagenous fibers and a few elastic fibers.
Deep to the tunica albuginea was a vascular layer showing
blood and lymphatic vessels. Majority of the seminiferous
tubules still lacked lumen. The germinal epithelium was
made up of sustentacular cells, spermatogonia and primary
spermatocytes. Spermatids were observed in tubules with
lumen. The interstitial tissue was poorly developed. It
consisted of a few interstitial cells, collagen fibers, fibroblast,
lymphocytes and blood and lymphatic vessels. The
epididymal duct was lined by a ciliated pseudostratified
columnar epithelium, composed of tall columnar and basal
cells. In addition, there were a few apical cells, clear cells
and intraepithelial lymphocytes. The stereocilia of the
principal columnar cells appeared taller and more numerous
in the head and body regions than in the tail region of the
epididymis. The lumen and the smooth muscle layer
appeared widest in the tail region. The study revealed that
based on morphology, the epididymis appeared more mature
than the testis. In as much as the majority of the seminiferous
still lacked lumen and the spermatogonic cells were made
up mostly of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes, it

is recommended that two years old Philippine buffalo bulls
should not yet be put to service.
Keywords: histology, testis, epididymis, Philippine water
buffalo, Bubalus bubalis
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 40 (1): 1-
9, 2003.
A-42
GROSS AND HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION
OF THE EPIDIDYMIS OF THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO
(Bubalus bubalis)*
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
P. G. Malicdem, Student
The gross anatomy and histology of the epididymis of the
Philippine carabao were studied. The bubaline epididymis
was divided into three regions: head, body and tail. The
head was a crescentic structure closely attached to the
medial surface of the dorsal extremity of the testis. It was
continued distally by the cylindrical body that was
incompletely attached to the testis. A narrow space, the
testicular bursa, separated the epididymis from the testis.
The body was continued at the ventral extremity of the
testis as the enlarged and rounded tail. The tail was attached
to the testicle by the proper ligament of the testis. The length
of head, body and tail regions ranged from 4.5 to 5 cm; 5 to
8 and 1.4 to 2.0 cm, respectively, while the width ranged
from 1.1 to 2.5 cm (head), 1.0 to 1.5 cm (body) and 1.5 to
2.1 cm (tail). Histologically, the bubaline epididymis was
enclosed by a thick tunica albuginea composed of dense
irregular connective tissue that increased in thickness
toward the ductus deferens. The interstitial connective tissue
contained nerve fibers, bloods vessels, collagen and
reticular fibers, fibroblast, lymphocytes and macrophages.
The ducts varied in size and shape. There were more
spermatozoa in the tail than in the head and body regions.
The head of epididymis consisted of epididymal segment
of ductuli efferentes and the initial portion of the ductus
epididymis. The ductuli efferentes were lined by a low
pseudostratified epithelium consisting of columnar cells,
basal cells and lymphocytes. The ductuli efferentes were
surrounded by smooth muscle cells and loose connective
tissue. The epididymis duct was lined by a pseudostratified
columnar epithelium consisting of principal cells, basal
cells, apical cells and lymphocytes. The epididymal duct
was surrounded by smooth muscle layer that increased in
thickness toward the ductus deferens. The height of the
principal columnar cells also decreased toward the tail
region.
ANATOMY
Keywords: epididymis, Philippine carabao, Bubalus
bubalis, gross anatomy, histology
*Proceedings of the Philippine Society of Animal Science
(PSAS), Annual Convention (1997), Metro Manila,
Philippines, pp. 256-273.
A-43
THE ANATOMY OF THE PERMANENT AND
TEMPORARY INCISORS OF THE PHILIPPINE
CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis)*
C. P. Maala, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños
R. D. Domingo, Student
R. J. T. Ducusin, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of
the Philippines Los Baños
The incisors of 45 carabao skulls were examined and
described. Twenty specimens showed temporary dentition
while the remaining 25 had permanent. The temporary and
permanent dental formulae of the carabao are 2(Di 0
4 Dc0
0 Dp3
3 )
= 20 and 2(I 0
4 C0
0 P3
3 M3
3
) = 32 respectively. The incisors of
the carabao were wide and long. The characteristic long crown
and the less evident neck gave the bubaline incisor a
semblance of an equine incisor. The temporary incisor were
smaller in all aspects than their permanent counterparts. Coronal
overlapping and the degree of curvature of the arrangement in
temporary incisors in situ were greater than in permanent teeth
showing slight wearing, until coronal overlapping was lost and
the arrangement changed to a straight line in leveled incisors.
The temporary incisors were typical brachydonts, the crown
being shorter than the root while the permanent teeth resembled
a hypsodont tooth. The neck of temporary incisors was more
distinct than in permanent teeth. Based on the degree of attrition,
the dental star at first appeared elongated transversely and
then assumed a butterfly shape. Later it became rectangular
with rounded corners and finally, circular. The height of the
crown decreased toward the midline and the occlusal surface
of the incisors was concave with the labial border higher than
the lingual. The labial and lingual surfaces of the crown were
marked by longitudinal grooves. A medial and lateral grooves
also marked the roots of the incisors. The roots tapered from
the neck to the apex in temporary incisors and stubby with a
blunt tip in leveled teeth.
Keywords: anatomy, permanent incisors, temporary
incisors, Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 25(2): 7-
14, 1988.
A-44
THE ANATOMY OF THE PERMANENT AND
TEMPORARY CHEEK TEETH OF THE PHILIPPINE
CARABAO*
17

C. P. Maala, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños
R. D. Domingo, Student
R. J. T. Ducusin, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of
the Philippines Los Baños
The permanent and temporary premolars and molars of the
Philippine carabao were examined and described. The
permanent cheek teeth were arranged in 2 rows along the
alveolar borders of the maxilla and mandible. In the upper
jaw the dental rows were curved with their concavities
facing each other while in the lower jaw they were almost
parallel with each other. When viewed laterally, the upper
premolars were directed ventrocaudally while the rest
(upper molars and lower premolars and molars) were
almost straight. The crowns of the cheek teeth narrowed as
they joined the roots except in the last pairs of molars.
Each permanent premolar and molar was made up of one
and two columns, respectively, except the third lower
molar which had a small third column located caudally.
There were 3 roots for each upper cheek tooth and two for
the lower cheek teeth except in the third lower molar which
had a rostral root and 2 caudal roots which were usually
fused. The temporary cheek teeth were smaller than the
permanent teeth. In the upper jaw, the first premolar
resembled the permanent premolars while the other two
temporary premolars and the upper permanent molars were
morphologically similar. In the lower jaw, the first two pairs
of premolars resembled their permanent counterparts while
the last premolar resembled the permanent lower molars.
The crowns of the first upper premolar and first and second
lower premolars were made up of one column each while
there were 2 columns in the second and third premolars.
The third lower premolar had 3 columns. In both upper and
lower jaws, the first premolars had 2 roots while the second
and third premolars had 3 each.
Keywords: anatomy, permanent cheek teeth, temporary
cheek teeth, Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 26(2): 61-
70, 1989.
A-45
IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF
SOME ENDOCRINE CELLS IN THE SMALL
INTESTINE OF THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO*
(Bubalus bubalis)*
C. P. Maala, Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños
I. A. Rye, Student
N. Y. Calingasan, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
G. D. de Ocampo, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
18
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
J. Yamada, Professor, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary
Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
N. Kitamura, Associate Professor, Obihiro University of Agriculture and
Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
Serotonin-, chromogranin-, somatostatin-, gastrin-, secretin-
, substance P-, and motilin- immunoreactive cells were
localized in the small intestine of the Philippine carabao by
immunocytochemistry. Their distribution and relative
frequency in the three regions of the small intestine were
determined. Serotonin secreting cells were most numerous
in the duodenum and least in the jejunum. Chromogranin
immunoreactive cells were abundant in the duodenum and
ileum but only moderate in numbers in the jejunum. Cells
immunoreactive to somatostatin were moderate in the
duodenum, few in the jejunum and rare in the ileum. Gastrin
immunoreactive cells were seen in moderate number only
in the jejunum. Secretin immunoreactive cells were few in
the duodenum. Substance P immunoreactive nerve fibers
and cells were plentiful in the duodenum and moderate in
the jejunum and ileum. Motilin secreting cells were rarely
found in the duodenum. They were not demonstrated in the
jejunum and ileum. Neurotensin and gastric inhibitory
polypeptide producing cells were not localized in the small
intestines of carabao.
Keywords: immunocytochemical demonstration,
endocrine cells, small intestine, Philippine carabao, Bubalus
bubalis
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 26(1): 7-
18, 1989.
A-46
THE SUPERFICIAL AND GROSS ANATOMY, AND
HISTOLOGY OF THE BUCCAL GLANDS OF THE
PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis L.)*
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
P. P. Oncinian, Student
In domestic animals, the buccal glands are regarded as
small versions of salivary glands scattered in the oral
cavity. This study outlines how two kinds of buccal glands
can be detected and shows where they are located in the
head of the Philippine carabao. It also gives measurements
of the sizes of these glands. The middle buccal gland
reportedly present in most species of domestic animals
was absent in the carabao. Using different histochemical
stains, the presence of neutral, sulfated and acidic
mucosubstances in the mucous secretory units was
demonstrated in the upper buccal gland but not in the lower
gland of the Philippine carabao. Although mixed glands,
the buccal glands were shown to be predominantly mucous.

Their secretions, together with those of other major salivary
glands, coat the food for easier passage from the oral
cavity to the esophagus and protect the mucosa of the
pharynx and esophagus from mechanical injury.
Keywords: superficial anatomy, gross anatomy, histology,
buccal glands, Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis L.
*The Philippine Agricultural Scientist, 86(1): 51-55, 2003.
A-47
THE ANATOMY OF THE TRACHEA OF THE
PHILIPPINE CARABAO AND CROSSBREDS*
C. P. Maala, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
J. F. Policarpio, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Gregorio Araneta University Foundation
A. S. Sarabia, Senior Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Center,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
The anatomy of the trachea of the Philippine carabao (PC),
Phil-Murrah F 1 (PM F 1 ) (Murrah Buffalo x PC), Philmurrah
F 1 (PM F 1 ) (Murrah x Buffalo x PC) and Phil-
Murrah F 2 (PM F 2 ) (Phil-Murrah x Phil-Murrah) was
studied. A total of 12 buffalo bulls (4 each of PC, PM F 1 ,
and PM F 2 ) were used. The bubaline trachea was noncollapsible
tube which extends from the cricoid cartilage
cranially to the root of the lung where it is divided into right
and left principal bronchi. A short distance cranial to its
bifurcation, the trachea gave of the tracheal bronchus
(epibronchus). In the PC, the opening of the tracheal
bronchus involved tracheal cartilages 46 to 48, whereas,
in PMF 1 and PMF 2 crossbreds, tracheal cartilages 45 to
49. The length of the trachea, number of tracheal cartilages,
number of fused cartilages, horizontal and vertical
diameters, and the thickness and width of the cartilages of
the three breed types were analyzed using One-way
analysis covariance (ANACOVA), with weight of the
animal as covariate. The length of the trachea of the three
breed types was not significantly different from one another
(P>0.05). The number of the tracheal cartilages of the PM
F 1 (55.03+1.0) were significantly greater (P

carabaos whose ages ranged from 5-7 years old. They
were acquired fresh from slaughtered animals and were
fixed in 10% buffered formalin. The samples were then
processed for histologic examination following the routine
paraffin block technique. Tissue sections were cut,
stained with H & E, PAS, Masson’s
Trichrome and Weigert’s stains and examined
microscopically at different magnifications. Twenty acini,
intralobular and interlobular ducts from male and female
samples were randomly measured using micrometer and
the number of secretory cells in each acinus were counted.
The nasolabial glands of the Philippine Carabao were
compound tubuloacinar glands and closely resembled the
salivary glands structurally. The duct system consisted of
the intercalated, intralobular, interlobular, and excretory
ducts. No striated ducts were observed. The glands were
located in the reticular layer of the dermis. The secretory
units were composed of pyramidal-shaped cells with round
and densely stained nuclei. Few myoepithelial cells
surrounded the acini and ducts of the gland. Significant
histologic differences were observed between the nasolabial
gland of the male and female carabao. The connective
tissue septae were more developed in the male. The acini
were larger but fewer in numbers in the male than in the
female. The lobules contained larger acini (27-50 u) in the
male than in the female (19-40 u). The acinus in the male
consisted of 8-10 secretory cells while in the female it
consisted of 5-7 secretory cells. The secretory ducts had
wider lumen in males than in females. The epithelial lining
of the intralobular and interlobular ducts were taller (19-31
u) in the female than in the male (11-19 u and 12-25 u,
respectively). With PAS stain, the Philippine carabao
nasolabial gland was observed to be a mixed gland but
predominantly mucous. This finding agrees with earlier
reports in water buffalo and cattle.
Keywords: microscopic anatomy, nasolabial glands,
Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1999.
A-50
A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE MEASUREMENTS
OF THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF PREGNANT
PHILIPPINE BUFFALOES (CARABAO) (Bubalus
bubalis)*
J. C. Muñoz, Student
The present study aimed to determine the changes in the
20
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
measurements of the reproductive organs of pregnant
bubaline as an aid in pregnancy examination. However,
the author was constrained to use the bovine fetal
measurements in determining the stages of gestation
although it was recognized that the two species have
different gestation lengths. This was because no studies
yet have been made on the bubaline in this aspect to be
used as a basis. A study was made on 50 pregnant
bubaline reproductive organs at the first and second
trimesters of pregnancy from animals with ages ranging
from 8 to 16 years and weights from 350 to 450 kilograms.
The results are presented in tables. During early pregnancy,
the vagina was shorter but broader. The cervix, body and
horns of the uterus were generally longer and broader than
those of the non-pregnant animal. The uterine tubes were
relatively shorter. The ovaries with the corpora lutea were
greater in length, width, thickness and weight. Those
without the corpora lutea increased in length but decreased
in width, thickness and weight especially as pregnancy
advanced. No ova transmigration was observed. Fiftysix
percent of the total pregnancies occurred in the right
horn while 44% occurred in the left. In the future, it is
hoped that further studies will be made on this, keeping a
closer track of the breeding histories so that the definite
stages of gestation could be determined, and more accurate
measurements could be taken on the changes of the
reproductive organs in each gestation stage. It is also
suggested that greater number of sample animals per
gestation stage should be used to obtain more accurate
results. Limitations of the study include lack of breeding
records and previous calving histories, age and plane of
nutrition of the animals.
Keywords: Philippine carabao, pregnant, measurements
of the reproductive organs
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, 1979.
A-51
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE
NEUROPEPTIDES IN THE STELLATE GANGLION
OF THE WATER BUFFALO*
T. Nasu, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University
G. D. de Ocampo, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños
H. A. Molina, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
S. Tateyama, Center for Laboratory Animals, Saga Medical School
M. Morimoto, Center for Laboratory Animals, Saga Medical School
The localization of some neuropeptides including
neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene

elated peptide (CGRP), vasoative intestinal peptide (VIP),
galanin (Gal), methionine enkephalin (M-ENK), tyrosine
hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity was studied in the
stellate ganglion (SG) of water buffalo. NPY, SP, Gal, SP,
CGRP, VIP and M-ENK immunoreactive nerve fibers
were also seen in the SG. The localization and pattern of
distribution of these peptides in the water buffalo stellate
ganglion were compared with those in stellate ganglia of
other mammalian species.
Keywords: neuropeptide, stellate ganglion, water buffalo
*Fukuoka Acta Medica, 91(5): 116-122, 2000.
A-52
SOME ANATOMICO-PATHOLOGICAL OBSER-
VATIONS ON THE PANCREAS OF THE PHILIPPINE
CARABAOS*
M. N. Novilla, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman
G. T. Baoy, Student
J. A. Solis, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Diliman
Some observations on the anatomy and pathology of the
carabao pancreas at slaughter are herein presented. The
gross anatomy and histology of the carabao pancreas are
quite similar to those of the ox. The carabao pancreas is
heavier than that of the ox, the weight varying from 300-
450 grams with a mean of 386 ± 36.8 grams. Very few
gross lesions were noted at slaughter even if the other
viscera had lesions. Dark coloration, edema and fibrosis
were the only discernible changes found. Histopathologically,
vascular congestion, edema and varying
degrees of leukocytic infiltrations of pancreatic fatty tissues
were noted. In a few cases, fibroplasias of the ductal and
vascular systems were observed. These changes were
associated with incomplete bleeding, fat necrosis and
fascioliasis.
Keywords: anatomico-pathological observations,
pancreas, Philippine carabao
* The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 9(1&2):
51-59, 1970.
A-53
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SERTOLI AND
SPERMATOGENIC CELLS OF PHILIPPINE
CARABAOS AND THEIR CROSSBREDS IN
RELATION TO SPERM PRODUCTION *
O. M. Nuñeza. Instructor, Iligan Institute of Technology,
Mindanao State University, Iligan City
ANATOMY
Study 1 was conducted to compare the sertoli cells and
spermatogenic cell morphology of Philippine carabaos and
crossbreds buffaloes as well as to determine the incidence
of ultrastructural alterations in both groups. Thirteen Philippine
carabao bulls and twenty five crossbreds male buffaloes
were used in this study. Testicular biopsy was used to get
tissue samples which were prepared for histologic
evaluation using the paraffin as well as electron microscopy
methods. Light and electron microscopy showed active
spermatogenesis in Philippine carabao bulls. A significant
high incidence of ultrastructural alterations in sertoli and
spermatogenic cells was observed in crossbred buffaloes
(80%) as compared to the 23% occurrence Philippine
carabaos. The frequently observed alterations were pyonotic
nuclei (20%), and intracytoplasmic vacuolations (32%) in
spermatogonia and spermatocytes. Developing spermatids
exhibited nuclear bleb (8%), disintegrated nuclear
membrane (28%) and some vesiculations. Sertoli cells
exhibited intravavitary structures and exaggerated
infoldings of the nuclear envelop (30%), nuclear bleb (16%),
and intracytoplasmic vacuolations (16%). Philippine
carabaos exhibited few ultrastructural alterations which
were mainly intracytoplasmic vacuolations in sertoli cells
(15%) and spermatogenic cells (7.6%). Study 2 was
conducted to evaluate and compare the semen
characteristics of three Philippine carabao bulls, three
crossbreds with normal testicular morphology and three
crossbreds with ultrastuctural alterations in the testes.
Weekly ejaculate obtained for a duration of one month were
assessed based on semen value, initial motility, sperm
concentration, percentage of live and dead spermatozoa
and percent sperm abnormalities. Data were analyzed
using ANOVA for split plot in completely randomized design
(CRD). Crossbreds with testicular alterations were found
to have inferior semen quality compared to Philippine
carabaos and crossbred buffaloes without testicular
alterations.
Keywords: ultrastuctures, sertoli cells, spermatogenic cells,
Philippine carabao, sperm production
*Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Animal Science, Collage
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños,
1992.
A-54
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS ON
THE SPERMATOGENETIC CELLS OF THE
PHILIPPINE CARABAOS AND THEIR
CROSSBREDS*
O. M. Nuñeza, Ph.D. Student, IAS-CA, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-
PCARRD, UPLB
21

Thirteen Philippine carabao bulls and 35 crossbred male
buffaloes with ages three years and above were used in
the study. Testicular biopsy was used to get tissue samples
from the experimental animals. A JEOL transmission
electron microscope was used to observe the ultrastructure
of spermatogenetic cells. Incidence of ultrastructural
alterations were analyzed by means of Fisher exact
probability test. Twenty-four percent (24%) of crossbred
buffaloes had spermatogenic cell alterations while a
significant 40% (P

methods. The diameter of the seminiferous tubules
increased with age, the increase being abrupt at 10½
months of age, then became more or less stabilized at 25
months of age. Intratubular cells remained primodial cells
in 1½ to 4½ months old animals and then these gradually
differentiated to spermatogonia in 8 months old animals
which could indicate the start of spermatogenesis. Lumen
formation manifested its first clear-cut appearance in 15
months old animals. With advance in age, the lumina also
increased in size. The interstitial cells were most numerous
in 1½ month old carabull testes and decreases in number
as the animal grew older until 8 months of age. Regeneration
of the interstitial cells occurred when the animals approached
pre-pubertal stage at 10½ months of age.
Keywords: carabulls, interstitial cells, post-natal
development, pre-pubertal stage, seminferous tubules,
testes
*Abstracts of Completed Researches (1983), PCRDC-
PCARRD, UPLB. Also in PCC-OED, DA Abstracts:
Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995
(1996) p. 62. Also in Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal
Science 1984, 10 (3 & 4):40 (Abstr.). Also in Annotated
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p.
367.
A-58
HISTOLOGICAL OBSERVATION OF FOLLICULAR
ATRESIA IN SWAMP BUFFALO*
M. B. Ocampo, PhD Student, Hokkaido University
A. T. de Asis, Student, CVM, CLSU
L. C. Ocampo, M. S. Student, Hokkaido University
H. Kanagawa, Professor, JFVM, Hokkaido University
Swamp buffalo ovaries were collected and fixed for
histological examination of follicular atresia. The follicles
were classified according to size into three groups: 1.0-4.0
mm (small, 4.1-9.9 mm (medium) and 10.0 mm and above
(large) in diameter. Also, the size of the corpus luteum on
the surface of each pair of ovary was used to estimate the
stage of estrus cycle. Of 312 follicles examined, 286, 18
and 8 were classified as small, medium and large follicles.
Of these, 238 (83.2%), 10 (55.5%) and 8 (100%),
respectively were observed to manifest signs of atresia.
The number of follicles examined under follicular and luteal
phase of estrus cycle were 168 (53.8%) and 144 46.2%),
respectively. Of these, 120 (71.04%) and 136 (94.4%),
were found to have signs of atresia. The results presented
here provided the basic information for studying follicular
atresia in swamp buffalo. That follicle diameter and stage
of the estrus cycle are both a convenient and appropriate
ANATOMY
basis to use in the classification and description of the
course of atresia.
Keywords: follicular atresia, swamp buffalo ovaries
*Buffalo Bulletin. 1994. 13:51-55. Also in PCC-OED, DA
Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines
1981-1995 (1996), p.66. Also in Annotated Bibliography on
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 356.
A-59
A STUDY ON SOME HISTOCHEMICAL CHARAC-
TERISTICS OF THE OVARY OF SEXUALLY
MATURE NON-PREGNANT PHILIPPINE CARABAO
(Bubalus bubalis)*
T. G. Pallasigue, Student
The results of some histochemical studies on the ovaries
of fifty (50) sexually mature Philippine carabao are
presented in the study. During the follicular phase, the
intensity of PAS reaction was persistent in the zona
pellucida and Call-Exner’s bodies of the growing follicle
compared with the other cellular structures of the ovary.
Variations in the PAS reaction were observed in the
basement membrane and liquor folliculi. These structures
gave an intense PAS reaction during their developmental
phase but weakens as the follicle approaches maturity.
During the luteal phase, developing and regressing corpus
luteum gave an intense PAS reaction than the fully
developed corpus luteum. However, this phase showed
less intense PAS reaction than the follicular phase. PASpositive
materials were observed to be saliva resistant.
Using the silver impregnation and mallory’s
phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin stains, the different
connective tissue elements in the ovary were identified
and differentiated. In both stains used, collagen fibers
were observed in the tunica albuginea, connective tissues
surrounding the corpus luteum and in the stroma of the
ovary. Reticular fibers were abundant in the ovarian stroma
and theca interna and theca externa. Elastic fibers, which
gave similar reaction as collagen were present in the walls
of blood vessels.
Keywords: Philippine carabao, non-pregnant,
histochemical characteristics of ovaries
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, 1979.
A-60
HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES
OF THE INTERNAL PARATHYROID OF THE MALE
23

PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis L.) AND
ITS CROSSBREED*
J. F. Policarpio, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine and
Agricultural Sciences, De La Salle-Araneta University
G. D. De Ocampo, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Center,
Iloilo City -
The study was conducted to describe and compare the
location, microscopic structure and histochemical
characteristics of the internal parathyroid of Philippine
carabao (PC) and Phil-murrah F1 (PM F1) crossbreed.
Eight (8) thyroids, which contained the internal parathyroids,
were collected; four (4) from male PC and four (4) from
PM F1. the glands were processed using the paraffin
technique, stained with various histochemical stains, and
examined under light microscope. Results showed that the
internal parathyroid in PC was embedded in the dorsomedial
part of the thyroid were it blended with the thyroid tissue.
The parathyroid parenchyma consisted of small follicles
that contained light pink homogenous material. The follicle
was lined by principal cells while the interfollicular area
was occupied by parafollicular cells arranged singly or in
groups. The internal parathyroid cells of PC did not respond
positively to all the stains used. In the PM F1, the internal
parathyroid was a single ovoid mass located just beneath
the thyroid capsule. It was surrounded by a thin capsule
and made up mainly of cords or clumps of principal cells,
with a few oxyphils. The principal cells were classified as
light, dark and sanescent cells. The light and dark cells of
PM F1 reacted moderately to periodic acid Schiff (PAS),
indicating the presence of glycoprotein in these cells. The
internal parathyroids of PC and PM F1 differed with regard
to location, histology and histochemistry.
Keywords: internal parathyroid, Philippine carabao, Phil-
Murrah F1 crossbreed, histology, histochemistry
*Proceedings of the 35 th Annual Convention of the Philippine
Society of Animal Science (PSAS), 1998, Metro Manila,
Philippines, pp. 42-49. Part of the thesis submitted by the
senior author for MS degree in Veterinary Medicine.
A-61
BIOMETRY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE THYROID
GLAND OF PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis
L.) AND ITS CROSSBREED*
J. F. Policarpio, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine
Gregorio Araneta University Foundation
G. D. De Ocampo, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños
A. S. Sarabia, Senior Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Center,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
24
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
The location, shape, measurements, microscopic structure
and histochemical characteristics of the thyroid glands of
four entire male Philippine carabaos (Bubalus bubalis L.)
and four entire male Phil- Murrah F 1 (PMF 1 ) were described
and compared. The results revealed that the gross and
microscopic characteristics of thyroid gland were basically
similar in both the Philippine carabao and the Phil- Murrah
F 1 crossbreed. The gland was related to the cricoid cartilage
and the dorso-lateral part of the first three tracheal cartilages.
It consisted of two roughly triangular lateral lobes connected
by a narrow isthmus at their middle or caudal parts. The
measurements did not differ significantly between the two
breeds, except for total volume of thyroid that was
significantly larger in the PMF 1 . Measurements of the two
lateral lobes in each breed did not differ significantly except
for lobar thickness in PMF 1 where the left lobe was
significantly thicker than the right lobe and may account for
the higher total volume of thyroid in PMF 1 . Differences of
the two lateral lobes were not significant between the two
breeds. Histologically the most significant findings in both
breeds were the following: i. a three-layered thyroid
capsule; ii. follicular cells with apical blebs and vesicles in
the supranuclear cytoplasm; iii. parafollicular cells that
reached the follicular lumens and presented apical
cytoplasmic protrusions; and iv. colloid that showed
peripheral serrations or vacuolations and detached from
follicular epithelium. Histochemical staining demonstrated
the presence of glycoprotein which was essentially a
thyroglobulin in follicular cells and colloid.
Keywords: Philippine carabao, biometry, histology,
histochemistry, thyroid, Bubalus bubalis L.
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine 34(1&2):
53-64, 1997.
A-62
SEM STUDIES ON THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF
PHILIPPINE SWAMP BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis).
I. TONGUE AND ESOPHAGUS*
G. J. Quibael, Student
G. D. de Ocampo, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Scanning electron and light microscopic studies revealed
five types of lingual papilla in the Philippine swamp buffalo.
The filiform papillae were predominant and varied in different
parts of the tongue. The fungiform papillae had a smooth,
flat surface and were rounded toward the edges. The vallate
papillae resembled a doughnut: a centrally rounded
protrusion surrounded by a circular ridge separated by a
deep furrow. The conical papillae had a leaf-like structure
with blunt ends. The lenticular papillae were similar in

appearance to the fungiform papillae except for the larger
size and a slightly convex surface. The esophageal mucosal
surface showed longitudinal ridges and furrows and irregular
corrugations. Stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium
in various states of dequamation was observed lining the
esophageal mucosa. Scanning election microscopy
allowed detection of some features on the mucosal surface
of the tongue and esophagus that would have been missed
in light microscopy. The general appearance of the
esophagus and the tongue papillae of the carabao conform
to their counterparts in other species of animal.
Keywords: scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
digestive tract, Philippine swamp buffalo, Bubalus bubalis,
tongue, esophagus
* The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 22(2): 44-
49, 1983.
A-63
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE VASCULAR
ANATOMY OF THE THORACIC LIMBS OF THE
PHILIPPINE BUFFALO (CARABAO) (Bubalus
bubalis)*
M. S. Quinto, Student
A preliminary study of the vascular anatomy of the thoracic
limb of the Philippine buffalo (carabao) (Bubalus bubalis)
was conducted and the results are herein presented. Results
of the dissection of 5 pairs of thoracic limbs showed that the
general pattern of the vascular anatomy of the thoracic limb
of the Philippine buffalo does not differ markedly from that of
the ox. For more conclusive knowledge of the carabao’s
vascular anatomy of the thoracic limbs of the Philippine
carabao, more specimens should be examined.
Keywords: vascular anatomy, thoracic limb, Philippine
buffalo, carabao, Bubalus bubalis
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1980.
A-64
MORPHOMETRY OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS OF SEXUALLY MATURE NON-PREGNANT
PHILIPPINE SWAMP BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis)*
A. B. Revilla, Student, CVSM, CLSU
F. Adriano, Science Research Analyst, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
R. S. Gundran, Associate Professor, CVSM, CLSU
F. Ching, Professor, CVSM, CLSU
Measurement of 160 female reproductive organs from
slaughtered non-pregnant Philippine swamp buffaloes with
ANATOMY
age range of 10-15 years and live weight of 280 to 615 kg
was conducted. The average measurements obtained
were: vagina: length – 22.98 + 4.06 cm, width – 6.14 +
1.61 cm; cervix: length – 5.15 + 0.80 cm, width – 4.27 +
0.7 cm, number of cervical folds – 3.60 + 0.66; body of the
uterus: length – 5.07 + 0.63 cm, width – 4.71 + 0.73 cm;
horns of the uterus: length – 21.68 + 4.47 cm; ovary:
length – 2.44 + 0.54 cm; width – 1.62 + 0.40 cm; thickness
– 1.07 + 0.24 cm; weight – 3.03 + 1.18 gm. There was no
statistical difference between paired structures of the female
Philippine swamp buffalo genitalia. This study is only
limited to Philippine swamp buffalo whose age is ranging
from 10 to 15 years.
Keywords: Philippine swamp buffalo, morphometry of
female reproductive organs, non-pregnant
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Central Luzon State University, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija,
1989.
A-65
BIOMETRY, HISTOLOGY AND HISTOCHEMISTRY
OF THE PITUITARY GLAND OF THE PHILIPPINE
CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis L.) AND PHILIPPINE
MURRAH CROSSBRED*
L. Mendoza-Rigos, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Science
and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija
Pituitary glands from 7 male Philippine carabao (PC), 7
non-pregnant Philippine carabao, 7 pregnant Philippine
carabao and 7 male Philippine Murrah crossbred (PMC)
were used in the study. The weight and size of the pituitary
gland did not vary among the three groups of Philippine
carabao. However, the pituitary glands were heavier and
larger in the Philippine carabao than in the Philippine Murrah
crossbreds. Histologically, the pituitary gland in the
Philippine carabao and the Philippine Murrah crossbred
was surrounded by dense
white fibrous connective tissue capsule which was thicker
at the dorsal surface of the gland; a highly vascular basophilic
zone of pars distalis; partial or complete ensheating of pars
nervosa by the pars intermedia; marked lobulation of pars
intermedia, with each lobule bounded by simple columnar
to pseudostratified columnar epithelium; presence of “wheellike”
bodies in pars intermedia; clear demarcation of pars
intermedia from pars distalis by a thin layer of collagen
fibers and from pars nervosa by a thin layer of loose
connective tissue; absence of cone of Wülzen in the pars
intermedia; and the colloid-filled hypophyseal cleft which
was lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelium. In
25

general the most predominant endocrine cells were the
acidophils. Yellow acidophils were most abundant in Philmurrah
and red acidophils in pregnant carabaos.
Histochemically, five types of cells were identified in the
pars distalis: chromophobes, yellow acidophils, red
acidophils, beta basophils and delta basophils. The delta
basophils (gonadotrophs) were more numerous than the
delta cells in all groups studied. Red acidophils (lactotrophs)
were the most abundant in pregnant Philippine carabaos
and yellow acidophils (somatotrophs) in male Philippine
carabaos and Phil-murrah.
Keywords: biometry, histology, histochemistry, pituitary
gland, Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis L., Phil-murrah
crossbred
*MS Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 1998.
Copy of the thesis is available at the library of the College
of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los
Baños, College, Laguna
A-66
BIOMETRY AND MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE
HYPOPHYSIS (PITUITARY GLAND) OF THE
PHILIPPINE SWAMP BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)*
A. C. Ruma, Student
The study aimed to describe into the histology and biometry
(weight, length, width and thickness) of the pituitary gland
of the Philippine swamp buffalo. A total of twenty-five (25)
pituitary glands from abattoir of Guiguinto, Bulacan were
collected. The glands were measured in terms of weight
(grams), length, width and thickness (cm.). Five pituitary
glands (3 female and 2 males) were subjected to routine
paraffin technique and haematoxylin and eosin stain and
studied under light microscopy. The pituitary gland weighed
2.3 g in male and 2.0 g in the female. In terms of length,
width and thickness, the male was found to have 2.35 cm,
1.78 cm and 1.23 cm respectively while 2.1 cm, 1.66 cm
and 1.28 cm with that of the female hypophysis. No
significant difference between the male and female
hypophysis in terms of weight, length, width and thickness
was noted. Microscopic observation revealed that the pars
distalis of the pituitary gland of Philippine swamp buffalo
was highly vascularized where cords or cluster of
parenchymal cells were closely associated to small and
big colloidal structures. This was observed to be lined by
squamous to cuboidal cells scattered throughout the
parenchyma. Position of the pars intermedia was cranial in
location in the female which almost enclosed the
26
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
neurohypophysis whereas in the male, it extended cranioventrally.
Hypophyseal cleft in the Philippine swamp buffalo
was not very distinct. Its identity was marked by the large
colloidal structure lined by simple squamous to stratified
squamous and cuboidal cells. No cilia could be distinguished
on its lining epithelium. Few but large colloidal structures
were observed along with blood vessels. Neurohypophysis
was located cranial to the pars distalis. Pituicytes (stellate
cells) predominated which were richly supplied with blood
vessels. Small round cells with small rim of cytoplasm
were also present along with oval or elongated cells.
Keywords: biometry, histology, pituitary gland, Philippine
water buffalo
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Science
and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Muñoz
City Nueva Ecija, 1998.
A-67
OVARIAN STRUCTURES AND FOLLICULAR
POPULATION IN WATER BUFFALOES (Bubalus
bubalis)*
O.F. Smith, Ph.D. Student, IGS, CLSU
F.A. Adriano, Science Research Analyst, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
P.G. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
E.C. Atabay, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
S.S. Jha, M.S. Student, IGS, CLSU
T. Niwat, Ph.D. Student, IGS, CLSU
P. Serra, Science Aide, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
L.C. Cruz, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-
PCARRD, CLSU
Ovarian samples were collected from fetal, young (5-6
mo.) pubertal (2 years), adult (7-8 years) and old (12-14
years) water buffaloes to characterize the ovarian structures
and to determine the follicular population relative to age.
Immediately after the ovaries were collected, tissue
samples were fixed in 10% formol-saline solution for 24
hr, dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. All tissue samples
were serially sectioned at 10 u. Every 20 th section was
obtained and stained with periodic Acid Schiffs-
Hematoxylin. Stained sections were examined under
light microscope. Numerous primary follicles were
observed in the outer layer of the stroma. These were
surrounded with single layer of follicular cells. The growing
follicles consist of two or more layers of polygonal or
cuboidal cells while there was an increased follicular cells
in the secondary follicles. Changes such as the increase
in size of the oocytes, appearance of the zona pellucida,
cumulus oophorus and accumulation of follicular fluid in the
antrum characterizes the tertiary follicles. Atresia of the
antral follicles was recognized by the pulling away of the
follicular epithelium from the theca interna and the presence

of pyknotic nuclei in the follicular cells. In the 6-month-old
calf, the average follicular population was 148,400 while
adult cows had an average of 20,000 follicles. Development
of the secondary and tertiary follicles was more pronounced
in calves than in older buffaloes while corpus luteum (1-2)
and large numbers of atretic follicles (5-10) were prominent
in older animals.
Keywords: water buffaloes, ovarian structures, follicular
dynamics
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science,
16(1&2):71-72, 1990.
A-68
OVARIAN FOLLICULAR POPULATION IN SWAMP
BUFFALOES AT VARIOUS AGES*
O. F. Smith, Ph.D. Student, IGS, CLSU
F. A. Adriano, Science Research Analyst, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
P. G. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
A. S. Argañosa, Deputy Director, LRD, PCARRD
L. C. Cruz, Professor, DAS-DA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,
CLSU
Fifteen healthy Philippine carabaos (PC) with body score
4.0 (scale of 1-5) from 4 age groups, namely: young (6-7
mo., n=4), pubertal (2 years, n=5), adult (7-8 years, n=3)
and old (12-14 years, n=3) were ovariectomized.
Immediately after collection, ovaries were fixed, dehydrated
and embedded in paraffin wax and stained with
Hematoxylin-Eosin and Periodic Acid Schiffs Hematoxylin.
Follicles were counted and classified into primordial,
growing secondary and tertiary. Furthermore, follicles
were classified as atretic or not.
Keywords: ovarian follicular population, Philippine
carabao females at various ages
*Proc. 3 rd World Buffalo Congress, Bulgaria. 1991. 1:86
(Abstr.). Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in
the Philippines. 1981-1995 (1996), PCC-DA, p. 74. Also
in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,
Carabaos. (2002) p. 346.
A-69
COMPARATIVE FEATURES OF THE LARYNGEAL
SKELETON OF THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO*
J. A. Solis, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
The larynx of 12 adult apparently healthy native carabaos
were collected from the Caloocan City slaughterhouse.
ANATOMY
The individual cartilages were identified, isolated from the
other parts of the laryngeal organ and studied in detail with
respect to their anatomical features. The skeletal framework
of the larynx of the Philippine water buffalo is composed of
the cricoid, thyroid, epiglottic and arytenoids. The cricoid
as in other domestic animals is the most caudal of all the
laryngeal cartilages. It is more compressed from side to
side and shows a characteristic signet ring-like appearance
similar to that observed in other domestic animals. The
thyroid is the most extensive of all the laryngeal cartilages.
It occupies the greater part of the lateral and ventral aspects
of the larynx. The epiglottic cartilage is broad and
quadrangular in shape. It is located most cranially and lies
over the internal surface of the thyroid cartilage. The arytenoid
is paired. They are related to the cricoid cranially and to the
thyroid laterally. Each cartilage is triangular in outline and
has for its parts three surfaces, three borders, a base and
an apex. As a whole, the cartilaginous framework of the
bubaline larynx appears bulkier, broader and shorter than
the bovines. The individual cartilages are thicker, more
compact and fume in their attachments.
Keywords: comparative anatomy, laryngeal skeleton,
Philippine water buffalo
*Third Professorial chair lecture delivered on June 21,
1976 during the Freshman Orientation Program, College of
Veterinary Medicine, UP Diliman, Quezon City and also
published in the Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine,
15 (1&2): 21-27, 1976.
A-70
THE INTRATHORACIC VESSELS OF THE
PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bos bubalis)*
J. A. Solis, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
C. P. Maala, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
The embalmed cadavers of six apparently healthy adult
native carabaos of both sexes were utilized in this
investigation. They constituted the specimens used in
comparative anatomy by the Veterinary Anatomy 102 class
during the second semester school year 1972-1973. Among
the blood vessels observed are the thoracic aorta, common
brachiocephalic trunk, brachiocephalic artery, pulmonary
artery, brachial arteries and the azygos veins. Comparing
these vessels with those of the ox, there appeared to be
only slight differences observed. However, the azygos
veins in the Philippine carabao are well developed and
exhibited peculiar arrangement and distribution of their
tributaries. Two azygos veins were observed: a vena
hemiazygos on the left side and an azygos vein on the
27

ight side. With the exception of the first intercostals vein,
all intercostal veins drain into the vena hemiazygos. It
collects blood from the radicles of the first to the fifth intercostal
veins. The hemiazygos empties into the coronary sinus
below the opening of the caudal vena cava on the right
atrium while the azygos terminate at the cranial vena cava.
Keywords: intrathoracic vessels, Philippine carabao
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 12(1&2):
1-14, 1973. The scientific name of the water buffalo, and
that includes the carabao, is Bubalus bubalis.
A-71
ANGIO-ARCHITECTURE OF THE EXTERNAL EAR
OF THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO*
J. A. Solis, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Diliman
A. B. Diaz, Jr. Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Diliman
A study on the gross anatomy of the external ear of the
Philippine carabao with particular emphasis on its angioarchitecture,
based on the dissection of the auricular organs
and adjacent structures of (12) adult animals of both sexes,
is herein presented. The gross features of the bubaline ear
generally resemble those of the bovine’s with some
exceptions. There appeared no obvious differences with
regard to the external characteristics of the carabao’s ear
between the sexes or between the left and right ears of the
same animal. The vascular supply and drainage of the
external ear of the carabao essentially followed the same
pattern as that of cattle except for a few minor differences in
the course, relations and ramifications of the auricular
vessels, and the formation of extensive vascular networks
and plexuses along the borders, apex and ridges of the
pinna.
Keywords: angio-architecture, external ear, Philippine
carabao
* The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 9(1 & 2):
17-26, 1970.
A-72
MUZZLE PRINTING AS A METHOD FOR IDEN-
TIFICATION OF CATTLE AND CARABAOS *
J. A. Solis, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Diliman
C. P. Maala, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
A new system for identification of animals, particularly
cattle and carabaos, is reported in this paper. It is called
28
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
muzzle printing. This method has evolved out of a detailed
study in which the anatomical features of the muzzle, or
planum nasolabiale, were found to vary greatly from animal
to animal. Muzzle prints taken from two hundred cattle and
carabaos of both sexes, young and old, were so different
from one another that no two prints appeared exactly alike
or identical. Muzzle printing as a means of identification is
simple, practical and reliable. Its use eliminates the
undesirable aspects of such methods as branding with hot
irons or chemicals, tattooing, ear tagging and ear notching.
Not only in veterinary jurisprudence is the need for an
infallible system like muzzle printing to great value,
especially in cases where the identity of prized animals
and claims to their ownership and involved, but also in
sound livestock management and practice where the
individual animals of a valuable herd have to be properly
identified for obvious reasons.
Keywords: muzzle printing, method for identification,
carabao, cattle
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 14(1): 1-
14, 1975.
A-73
SCANNING ELECTRON, MICROSCOPIC CHARAC-
TERIZATION OF HAIR CUTICLES AND MEDULLARY
PATTERN OF SOME ESPECIALIZED HAIRS OF THE
PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis Linneus)*
R. M. Tamayo, Student
Especialized hairs and long hairs of thirty adult male and
female Philippine carabao were examined for surface
morphology and medullary patterns by means of scanning
electron microscope and light microscope, respectively.
Site of collection includes the eyelids, above the eyelids,
muzzle, concave surface of the external ear and the switch
of the tail. The study showed that hairs from the ears,
eyelids and tail of both sexes exhibited an imbricate crenate
cuticular pattern while hairs from the muzzle and the region
above the upper eyelid did not exhibit any scales. Difference
observed between sexes was the more stacked cuticular
scales in the male. The scales on the hair of the external
ear and eyelid of female and tail of male were transversely
oriented, scales of hair from ears of male and tail of female
were irregularly oriented and the hairs from the upper eyelids
of male were obliquely oriented. The dorsal margin of all
the scales observed was serrated. Hairs from the concave
surface of the external ears showed absent, fragmented
and continuous medullary pattern. Highly pigmented hairs
from the ears of male animals showed fragment to absent
medulla. In unpigmented hairs, continuous medulla was

observed. Continuous medullary pattern was exhibited
both in pigmented and unpigmented ear hair of the female.
Long tail hairs of male animals showed narrow continuous
pattern and a narrow segmented pattern in the eyelid.
Compound elongate pattern was seen on the hairs of the
muzzle of male animal. No medulla was observed in other
regions especially in the female. As shown in this study,
the hairs from different regions examined had imbricate
crenate cuticular pattern, however, more than one medullary
patterns were observed in a given body region. The hairs
of the male and female cannot be differentiated from one
another because of the similarity in their morphology. The
present study showed that scanning electron microscopic
characterization of the hair cuticles, and light microscopic
description of medullary patterns could be used in species
identification. However, their application becomes limited
in cases of absence cuticles due to traumatic injuries, and
also when there is a thick and highly pigmented cortex. In
such cases, cuticular and medullary findings should be
supplemented with gross observations (size of hair, color
of hair and cross section of medulla) and if available, DNA
analysis.
Keywords: scanning electron microscopy, hair cuticles,
medullary patterns, Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1998.
A-74
COMPARATIVE GROSS ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY
AND HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE TRACHEA OF THE
PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis) AND
CATTLE (Bos taurus)*
H. H. Telada, Student
The gross anatomy, histology and some histochemistical
properties of the bubaline and bovine trachea were studied.
The trachea of the Philippine water buffalo (53.41 ± 4.73
cm) was significantly longer than that of the cattle (47.63 ±
4.93 cm) (P

corpora lutea, 0.64 ± 0.77 mature ovarian follicles; left
ovary –0.37 ± 0.50 corpora lutea, 0.41 ± 0.67 mature
ovarian follicles. At 5% level no statistical significance
was found in the differences in values between paired
structures of the female bubaline genitalia. The results
obtained in the present study indicate that the female
reproductive organs of the Philippine buffaloes are smaller
than those of the foreign breeds of buffaloes and cattle.
Comparisons between the measurements taken from the
two large Philippine ruminants reveal that the genital tracts
are longer and ovaries are smaller but heavier in the native
buffaloes than those in the native cows.
Keywords: female reproductive organs, mature nonpregnant
Philippine buffaloes, carabao, Bubalus bubalis
* The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 19(2): 45-
55, 1980.
A-76
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY AND
HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE GALLBLADDER AND
CYSTIC DUCT AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF BILE OF PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus
bubalis) AND PHILIPPINE RAISED CATTLE (Bos
taurus)*
K. B. Tubalinal, Student
The location, relation to the liver, shape, length and width of
the gallbladder and cystic duct were similar in both the
carabao and cattle. The gallbladder was pear-shaped and
located in between the quadrate and right lobes of the
visceral surface of the liver. It was 9 to 18 cm long and 4
to 10 cm wide in carabao and 8 to 18 cm long and 4.5 to 10
cm wide in cattle. Connected to the neck of the gallbladder
was the cystic duct. Microscopically, the wall of gallbladder
and cystic duct in both species did not present any major
difference. Three types of cells were found in the lining
epithelium: mucus-secreting columnar cells that presented
apical blebs and secreted neutral mucins; non-secretory
columnar cells with brush borders and did not contain any
secretion; and goblet cells that secreted strongly sulphated
acid mucins. Mucous and mixed glands with the same
cells as the lining epithelium, were observed in the
gallbladder and cystic duct walls of both the bubaline and
bovine species. The bile volume obtained in both species
ranged from 20 to 340 ml, the pH, from six to 8.1, the
specific gravity, from 1.0030 to >1.0045 and the bile color,
from yellow to green to brown. Results showed that the
gross and microscopic anatomy of the gallbladder and
cystic duct and the physical characteristics of bile did not
differ markedly between the sexes and between the two
30
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
species (carabao and cattle) studied. Similarly, the
measurements when subjected to Two-sample t-test showed
that the size of the gallbladder and the physical
characteristics of bile did not vary significantly between
the sexes and the two species of ruminant studied.
Keywords: anatomy, gall bladder, cystic duct, bile,
Philippine carabao, Philippine cattle
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 2001.
A-77
CLASSIFICATION OF MUZZLE PRINTS IN
PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis L.) AND
ITS PHILIPPINE-MURRAH CROSSBRED*
A. D. C. Velasco, Student
Muzzle prints were taken from two hundred (200) Philippine
carabaos and its crossbred from the Philippine Carabao
Center, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna
and Livestock Auction Center, Padre Garcia, Batangas.
The muzzle prints of the carabao showed clear images of
the various features seen on the surface of the muzzle.
Among the distinct features observed in a muzzle print
were the median groove, representing the philtrum; central
depression, representing a depressed round area on the
muzzle; beads, representing the polygonal raised areas on
the surface of the muzzle; fine dark lines near the upper lip,
representing the hair in the area of muzzle; and white lines
around the beads, representing the grooves surrounding
the surface tubercles. The height of the muzzle ranged from
6.2-10.8 cm while its width ranged from 3.4-5.3 cm. The
muzzle prints were initially classified based on the presence
and absence of the median groove. Those with a median
groove were again classified based on the continuity of the
median groove up to the upper lip. Each major classification
was further subdivided based on the length and width of
the median groove, presence or absence of central
depressions and the direction and manner of origin of the
beds from the median groove. Of the 200 carabao muzzle
prints examined, 190 (95%) showed median groove while
only 10 (5.0%) had no median groove. Ninety eight (49%)
of the muzzle prints had no central depression while 102
(51.0%) showed central depression. Some prints showed
only one central depression, others had two which were
either conjoined or separate, and one print showed three
central depressions. There was no significant difference
between the muzzle prints of Philippine carabao and of the
Philippine Murrah based on the presence and absence of
median groove, bead radiation and bead origin. Muzzle
printing is an easy and simple procedure. On closer

examination of the muzzle prints no two prints are identical.
Therefore, muzzle printing as a means of identification could
be used for the carabao identification. As previously reported
in cattle and buffalo, the muzzle pattern does not change
with age.
Keywords: muzzle prints, Philippine carabao, Bubalus
bubalis, Philippine-Murrah crossbred
* Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1999.
A-78
THE ANATOMY OF THE BONES, TENDONS AND
LIGAMENTS OF THE METACARPO-PHALANGEAL
AND METATARSO-PHALANGEAL REGIONS IN THE
PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis L.)*
V. D. Viernes Jr., Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Science and
Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija
The bones, tendons and ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal
and metatarso-phalangeal regions of the
Philippine water buffalo were described. The shape,
relationship and measurement (length and weight) of the
metacarpus, metatarsus, phalanges and sesamoid bones
were determined. The attachment of the individual tendon
and ligaments were also characterized and compared with
the existing data in cattle. The bones of the metacarpophalangeal
region was composed of one large metacarpal
bone (Mc3 and Mc4), one small metacarpal bone (Mc5),
two chief digits (III and IV) with three phalanges each, two
dewclaws (digit II and V) with one or two phalanges each,
four proximal sesamois and two distal sesamoids or
navicular bones. The bones of the metatarso-phalangeal is
composed of two metatarsal bones (large metatarsus and
small metatarsus), four digits (principal and accessory)
with two to three phalanges each, four proximal sesamoids
and two distal sesamoids or navicular bone. There were
three extensor tendons in the forelimb; lateral and medial
branch of the common digital extensor and the lateral digital
extensor. In the hindlimb, the long extensor of the digits,
extensor proper of digit III and the lateral digital extensor.
The flexor tendons were the superficial digital flexor, deep
digital flexor and the interosseous ligament. The common
collateral ligament was divided into four groups; (1) abaxial
lateral collateral ligaments, (2) abaxial medial collateral
ligaments (3) axial collateral ligament of digit III, (4) axial
collateral ligament of digit IV and (5) common collateral
ligaments. There are two ligaments of the dewclaw; the
transverse and distal suspensory ligament of digit III and
IV. The interdigital ligament was divided into proximal
interdigital and distal intedigital (superficial and deep). There
ANATOMY
are also two annular ligaments, one for the fetlock region
and a digital annular ligament of digit III and IV, which was
divided into proximal and distal. The sesamoidean ligaments
were the following; middle sesamoidean (collateral,
intersesamoidean, lateral and medial palmar ligament),
distal sesamoidean (middle short sesamoidean ligament),
interdigital phalangosesamoidean, cruciate sesamoidean,
oblique sesamoidean, distal interphalangeal sesamoidean
(axial collateral, abaxial collateral, axial digital, abaxial
digital). There were three pairs of palmar ligaments of the
proximal interphalangeal joint; the abaxial, middle and axial.
Keywords: metacarpo-phalangeal region, metatarsophalangeal
region, Philippine water buffalo, Bubalus
bubalis
* Masteral Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna
(2004). Copy of thesis available at the Library of the College
of Veterinary Medicine, UPLB.
A-79
CYTOBIOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE
HEMOLYMPH NODE IN THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO
(Bubalus bubalis): AN ANATOMICO-HISTOLOGIC
CORRELATIVE STUDY ON ITS HEMOPOIETIC AND
IMMUNOLOGIC ROLE*
E. L. Enriquez-Yap, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City
The hemolymph node or gland is a modified lymphoid
structure which is a member of a group of histologicallyrelated
lymphoid tissue forming the so- called “Hemopoietic
System” of the animal. At present, there exist a diversity
of opinion regarding its exact morphological nature that will
place it into a class or category of its own in the system of
the so-called lymphoid structures and/or hemopoietic
organs. The knowledge of its exact character may suggest
its probable role in hemopoiesis and in the immunologic
functions of the animal. The present study is the first report
made on this structure in the Philippine carabao which is
an initial work involving the study of the whole lymphoid
organ system in this animal. These structures are frequently
encountered within the perivascular tissue, particularly
along the abdominal aorta, in close association with the
abdominal viscera, lymph glands and mesentery and in
the subcutaneous tissue and retroperitoneal fat, especially
in the perirenal region. Hemolymph nodes are oval
structures, with color ranging from deep red to light purple
and to dark purple. They vary in size from hardly noticeable
to pea-size nodules with a diameter of approximately 0.1
cm to 1.6 cm. A fibro-elastic capsule envelopes the entire
31

node, wherein some areas show small blood and lymphatic
vessels coursing in between the capsular fibers. A prominent
lymphatic vessel, most probably an afferent vessel, was
observed in the capsule in one of the specimens studied.
Well-defined blood and lymph sinusoids were noted
immediately below the capsule. Some of these sinusoids
were seen to continue into the deeper parenchymal regions.
Several trabeculae were seen arising from the capsule,
which penetrated the parenchyma of various points, some
of which contained blood vessels. Examination of serially
sectioned nodes did not show any hilus like that of a
typical lymph node. In this connection, no efferent lymphatic
vessels was identified. The parenchymal organization show
no cortical or medullary regions typically seen in a lymph
node and instead show an admixture of red and white pulp
similar to that seen in the parenchyma of the spleen. The
white pulp presents two types of cellular lymphoid
aggregation; one type is corpuscular in arrangement
whereas the other type is diffused. The areas in between
the white pulp is occupied by the red pulp, which is made
up of blood sinusoids filled with blood cell elements. There
are lymph sinusoids and sinuses occasionally observed
among the blood sinusoids of the red pulp. The observation
of numerous mitotic figures in the white pulp, particularly in
corpuscular types, indicates that this organ is actively
involved in lymphopoiesis. Other cellular elements
observed in the white pulp are the lymphoblast, large and
medium size lymphocytes and plasma cells. These
observations strongly suggest that the hemolymph nodes
are contributors to immunologically competent cells and
also to those of the blood cell elements, particularly to the
lymphocytic and monocytic varieties. The cytoarchitectural
organization seen in the hemolymph node of the Philippine
carabao presents an arrangement which is unique for this
animal, and which is not noted in other domestic ruminants.
This feature places this organ in a position in the structural
series among lymphoid organs which is intermediate
between a lymph node and the spleen.
Keywords: cytobiologic characterization, hemolymph
node, Philippine carabao, Bubalus bubalis, anatomicohistologic
correlative study
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 14(1): 15-
38, 1975.
A-80
ON THE MEASUREMENTS OF THE SPLEEN OF THE
PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bos bubalis)*
E. L. Enriquez-Yap, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Los Baños
A. H. Almazan, Jr., Student
32
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
Spleens from 60 (30 males and 30 females) freshly
slaughtered Philippine carabaos with ages ranging from 15
to 25 years were studied as to: a) external features; b)
weight; and c) dimensions (length, width and thickness).
The fresh spleens studied showed a bluish-red to purple
color and were soft and yielding in consistency. They
presented a convex parietal surface and a concave visceral
surface bearing the imprints of the rumen. The straight
borders (dorsal and ventral), both thin and flat, were seen
converging towards each other at the two opposite rounded
extremities of the organ. They were lighter, shorter, narrower
but almost equal in thickness when compared with equine
and bovine spleens. The spleens studied had the following
mean measurements: male carabao –weight 970 ±
46.52gm.; length, 45.00 ± 6.32cm.; width, 14.5 1 + 0.28cm.;
and thickness, 2.20 ± 0. 1 4cm.; female carabao – weight,
966.67 ± 44.80gm.; length, 44.60 ± 0.18cm.; width, 1 4.08
± 0.36cm.; and thickness, 2.13 + 0.10cm. Statistical
analysis of the measurements obtained showed no
significant differences in all aspects studied (at 95%
confidence coefficient level) between the male and female
spleens. Based on this finding, it appears that sex does not
influence the weight, length, width and thickness of the
spleen of Philippine carabaos.
Keywords: spleen, Philippine carabao
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 12(1 & 2):
13-19, 1973. The scientific name of the water buffalo, and
that includes the carabao, is Bubalus bubalis.
A-81
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE ESOPHAGUS OF
THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bos bubalis)*
E. L. Enriquez-Yap, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman
C. P. Maala, DVM, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of
the Philippines Los Baños
E. Mariano, DVM, Student
The histological part of the study used specimens collected
from 60 freshly slaughtered apparently healthy carabaos
from Caloocan City Abattoir. Three carabaos of both sexes
were used for the verification of the course and topography
of the esophagus in situ. The esophagus presents two
recognizable parts: the cervical and the thoracic parts. The
esophagus of the carabao measures 24.12-28.31 in long.
The cervical and thoracic pair measures 1.06-2.00 and
1.50-2.31 in wide, respectively. Histologically, the wall of
the esophagus is composed of tunica mucosa, submucosa,
muscularis and adventitia. The tunica muscularis is
subdivided into an inner circular muscle layer and outer
longitudinal muscle layer. Esophageal glands are

conspicuously absent in the tunica submucosa. There are
no marked differential findings on the course, topography,
morphology and histology of the bubaline esophagus as
compared with similar studies on the esophagus of cattle.
Keywords: esophagus, Philippine carabao, Bos bubalis
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 11(2): 6-
15, 1973. The scientific name of the water buffalo, and that
includes the carabao, is Bubalus bubalis.
A-82
WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS OF THE HEART
OF THE PHILIPPINE CARABAOS*
E. L. Enriquez-Yap, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Diliman
L. B. Herbosa, Student
Sixty hearts from 5 to 23 years old Philippine carabaos
collected from Caloocan City slaughterhouse were used
in the study. The weights and measurements were recorded
in kg and cm, respectively. The heart weights in the males
varied from 2 to 3.2 kg with a mean of 2.54 ± 0.05. In the
females, the weights of the hearts ranged from 2 to 3 kg
with a mean of 2.49 ± 0.05. The sagittal diameter of the
base of the hearts of both sexes ranged from 19 to 24 cm
with a mean of 21.60 ± 0.30 for the male and 21.41 ± 0.27
cm for the female. The greatest width of the base ranged
from 15 to 20 cm for both males and females with a mean
of 17.57 ± 0.22 for males and 17 ± 0.21 for females. The
circumference at the coronary groove in the males ranged
from 48 to 55 cm with a mean of 52.20 ± 0.41. In the
females they ranged from 44 to 54 cm with a mean of 51.96
± 0.28. The distance between the origin of pulmonary
artery and apex in males ranged from 19 to 24 cm for both
sexes with a mean of 21.70 ± 0.24 cm. The distances
between the termination of the posterior vena cava and the
apex in males varied from 16 to 21 cm with a mean of
18.10 ± 0.25. In females, the range was from 15 to 19 cm
with a mean of 17.60 ± 0.22. Based on the computed tvalue,
the weights and measurements showed no significant
differences between male and female hearts of the Philippine
carabaos.
Keywords: weight, heart, Philippine carabaos
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 3(1): 51-
56, 1964.
A-83
THE PLACENTOME OF THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO
(Bubalus bubalis) IN MID-PREGNANCY: A STUDY
TO ESTABLISH THE BASIS OF CLINICO-
ANATOMY
PATHOLOGICAL CAUSES OF EARLY REPRO-
DUCTIVE FAILURES*
E. L. Enriquez-Yap, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman
Ten pregnant uteri from Philippine carabaos in midpregnancy
were obtained from the Caloocan City Abattoir.
Representative placentomes were taken from the different
uterine regions (body and middle and extremity of the
horns), and histological sections were prepared and studied.
The placentome is a mushroom-shaped structure with a
convex free surface and a broad, short stalk. The latter
develops from the raised underlying uterine endometrial
stratum compactum together with parts of the stratum
spongiosum beneath it. The placental membrane or barrier,
as seen in the majority of the specimens studied, is made
up of six layers, namely: on the maternal side, 1. endothelial
lining of endometrial blood vessels, 2. endometrial
connective tissue, and 3. endometrial lining epithelium of
the crypt; and on the fetal side, 4. chorionic villus lining
epithelium, 5.chorionic villus connective tissue core and
6. chorionic villus core blood vessel endothelium. The
cytoarchitectural pattern seen in the placenta of the Philippine
carabao is discussed. Based on Grossen’s classification
(Amoros), the placenta of this ruminant belongs more to the
epitheliochorial than to the syndesmochorial type.
Keywords: placentome, Philippine carabao, Bubalus
bubalis, mid-pregnancy, clinico-pathological analysis
* The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 13(1&2):
1-25, 1974.
A-84
A HISTO-ANATOMICAL STUDY OF THE PENIS OF
PHILIPPINE CARABAOS*
E. L. Enriquez-Yap, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Diliman
L. N. Seldera, Student
A study on the gross and microscopic anatomy of thirty
penises from 15- to 23 year old male Philippine carabaos
is herein reported. The penis of carabaos has a minimum
length of 50.8 cm (20 in.) and a maximum of 63.5 cm (25
in.), with an average of 56.72 cm (22.39 in.) in the flaccid
state with the sigmoid flexure unstretched, but has a
minimum length of 76.2 cm (30 in.), and a maximum of
91.44 cm (36 in.), with an average of 84.15 cm (33.13 in.),
when the sigmoid flexure is stretched. The organ, in general,
has a diameter of from 2.44 to 3.45 cm (0.96 to 1.36 in.),
with an average of 2.95 cm (1.16 in.). The glans penis
measures from 6.35 to 11.43 cm (2.5 to 4.5 in.), with an
33

average of 9.32 cm (3.66 in.) in length. Its minimum diameter
is 1.49 cm; the maximum 2.36 cm; and the average, 1.67
cm. The sigmoid flexure has a minimum length of 15.24
cm (6 in.), a maximum of 21.59 cm (8.5 in.), and an
average of 17.73 cm (6.98 in.). The diameter ranges from
2.54 to 3.63 cm, with an average of 2.79 cm. The root of
the organ has a minimum diameter of 3.33 cm and a
maximum of 4.9 cm, with an average of 4.19 cm. The
penis at the region of the body presents on its dorso-lateral
aspect a deep arteria profunda penis. The glans presents
on its dorsal and ventral surfaces finger-like projections
radiating from the thin tunica albuginea, the dorsal projection
being much longer than either of the two ventral ones. The
corpus cavernosum penis at the glans has finer trabeculae
and much more cavernous spaces embedded with more
minute blood vessels than the rest of the organ.
Keywords: histo-anatomical study, penis, Philippine
carabao
* The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 3(2): 219-
232, 1964.
A-85
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE EXTRAMURAL AND
INTRAMURAL VASCULAR SUPPLY PATTERNS OF
THE UTERI AND OVARIES OF PHILIPPINE
CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis)*
E. L. Enriquez-Yap, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Diliman
The extramural and intramural vascular supply patterns of
the uteri and ovaries of the Philippine carabao heifers have
been successfully demonstrated by special injection
techniques employing various injection masses and
procedures. It is observed in the present study that the
vascular supply patterns described for cattle and sheep by
foreign workers are similar to that of the Philippine carabao
heifers. However, the latter ruminant has revealed some
vascular features distinct from those reported for the cow
and ewe. A correlation of the present findings on the vascular
supply patterns of the chief organs of the female reproductive
system with the present concept on the existence of the
so-called “uterine luteolytic system”, believed to be
responsible for the early regression phenomenon of the
cycling corpus luteum of the mammalian ovary, is also
herein discussed. It is highly possible that a similar uterine
luteolytic system, as reported in the cow and ewe, is
likewise present in the carabao heifer. The same type of
pathway and mechanism may also be operated along
similar manner, as clearly demonstrated by the carabao
heifer’s vascular anatomical organization. Further studies
34
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
should be undertaken to definitely isolate and identify this
so-called “uterine luteolytic factor” in the Philippine carabao
heifers.
Keywords: vascular supply, uterus, ovaries, Philippine
carabao, Bubalus bubalis
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 14(2): 1-
22, 1975.
A-86
CYTOARCHITECTURAL PATTERN OF THE
THYMUS GLAND OF THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO
(Bubalus bubalis) FETUS IN EARLY ANTE NATAL
DEVELOPMENT *
E. L. Enriquez-Yap, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Diliman
The cytoarchitectural pattern of the thymus gland of the
Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis) fetus at its very early
developmental stage was studied. The prenatal thymus is
a unilobed whitish structure, irregular in contour, and
measures from 0.25 – 0.5 in long. It is located on the
antero-ventral portion of the mediastinal space closely
related to the base of the heart and the roots of the great
blood vessels. The entire thymus is enclosed by a thin
fibrous capsule, which in turn gives origin to the septa and
series of trabeculae that subdivide the thymic parenchyma
into lobules. Each lobule consists of an outer, dark, critical
substance and an inner, pale, medullary substance.
Frequently, many of the lobules are devoid of the medullary
substance; thus, the lobule consists entirely of the cortical
substance with the small lymphocytes (thymocytes) as
the predominating cellular elements. The medulla consists
mainly of large and medium thymocytes (immature forms):
some plasma and epithelial reticular cells are also present.
Plasma cells and many lymphocytes exhibiting mitotic
figures are more common in the cortex than in the medulla.
The thymic bodies or Hassal’s corpuscles, in different
stages of development, a common feature of the medulla,
are specifically diagnostic for the carabao prenatal thymus.
However, not all the medulla exhibit thymic bodies. The
presence of mitotic figures, as exhibited by the lymphocytes,
strongly suggests that the prenatal thymus is the primary
organ involved in lymphopoiesis. The presence of plasma
cells, small lymphocytes (thymocytes) and epithelial
reticular cells is evidence that the prenatal thymus is already
a major contributor of immunologically competent cells
which are the constituents of the specific immune system
of the carabao body, specifically, humoral (antibody) and
cell-mediated immune systems. Generally, the
cytoarchitectural pattern of the prenatal carabao thymus

esembles closely that of the lymphoid organs, particularly
the lymph node, and does not exhibit any structure typical
of an endocrine gland. Its cellular organization presents no
marked differences from that of the early postnatal thymuses
of the bovine and other breeds of buffaloes.
Keywords: cytoarchitectural pattern, thymus, Philippine
carabao, Bubalus bubalis, ante-natal development
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 15(1&2):
1-20, 1976.
A-87
HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES
ON THE ADRENAL MEDULLA OF THE CARABAO*
C. S. Zamora, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine
University of the Philippines Diliman
B. U. Alegado, Student
Studies on the adrenal medulla of the carabao were
undertaken to look into its general histological structure and
to identify and locate its component epinephrine and
norepinephrine secreting cells. The histological structure of
the adrenal medulla of the carabao closely resembles that
of the ox. Although an outer medullary zone composed
chiefly of cords of columnar shaped cells and an inner
medullary zone made up mainly of aggregates of polyhedral
shaped cells were generally observed, an intermingling of
the two types of parenchymal cells was also noted in
several instances. Based on the results of the iodate reaction
and differential fixation and staining technique, the two
functional types of chromaffin cells were identified, namely:
the epinephrine secreting cells located principally in the
outer medullary zone and the norepinephrine secreting
cells distributed mainly in the inner medullary zone.
Keywords: histological study, histochemical study, adrenal
gland, carabao
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 6(1&2):
145-154, 1967.
A-88
SEX DIFFERENCE IN THE MORPHOLOGY OF
NEUTROPHILS IN THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO*
C. S. Zamora, Assistant Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine
University of the Philippines Diliman
E. M. Niones, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the
Philippines Diliman
Blood films from 106 apparently healthy carabaos of both
sexes were examined for the presence of the sex chromatin
in neutrophils. Two forms of nuclear sex appendage were
ANATOMY
observed in the neutrophils of female carabaos: the
“drumstick” appendage, present in 1-4% of the cells, and
the “sessile” form, present in 8-11% of the cells. Such
structures were rarely seen in the neutrophils of males.
The “drumstick” appendage was occasionally seen in the
nucleus of female eosinophils. Based on this study, sexual
dimorphism in the morphology of the neutrophils can be
used as a basis for sex differentiation and as a valuable aid
in the study of intersexuality and certain sexual
abnormalities in carabaos.
Keywords: sex difference, morphology, neutrophils,
Philippine carabao
*The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 7(1&2):
92-100, 1968.
35

PHYSIOLOGY
P-1
DIFFERENTIATION OF CATTLE AND CARABAO
MEAT BY BIOCHEMICAL METHODS *
R. A. Acebedo, Student
T. Topacio
The results of a number of previous comparative studies
on cattle and carabao meats showed more similarities than
differences. One overt observation was that cattle fat is
constantly yellow while the carabao fat is constantly lacking
this color. Could this difference in coloration be due to the
presence of carotene in cattle meat, and its absence in
carabao meat? Subsequent tests showed that both carabao
and cattle meats contained carotene in more or less equal
quantity but in different forms. The results implied that
carotene in carabaos were in hydrogenated form which
does not impart yellow color, while that in cattle were
highly-colored form such as alpha-carotene and betacarotene.
Keywords: carabao, cattle, meat, carotene, biochemical
methods
*Philippine Journal of Animal Industry 4 (no. 5): 419-434,
1937.
P-2
THE EFFECT OF WORK-LOAD ON THE HEMOGRAM
OF SWAMP BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis): RBC
COUNT, PCV, ESR, HC, MCV, MCH, MCHC*
F. A. Adriano, Student
The effect of workload on the hemogram of swamp buffalo
was determined following harnessing of 3 male castrated
buffalo for increasing workload gradient (100 kg, 200 kg,
300 kg). The animals were allowed to travel the 100 meters
on asphalted road daily for 30 days for each workload
ingredient. Blood collection and hemogram analysis were
done every 7 th day. The values for total RBC count, PCV,
ESG, MCV, MCHC, and MCH for each work load
gradient were determined and compared to the values
obtained prior to harnessing. The values for hemogram
parameters obtained in the study were presented and
discussed with meteorologic data and time elapsed for the
buffaloes to travel the 1000 meter distance as
supplementary data. Results showed that increasing
workload gradient have no significant effects on most
hemogram parameters save hemoglobin concentration,
36
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
where a significant fall was initially recorded. However, at
300 kg load, Hb concentration gradually returned to the
previous values obtained prior to harnessing.
Keywords: swamp buffalo, work load, hemogram
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Central Luzon State University, 1988.
P-3
THE MEAN CORPUSCULAR HEMOGLOBIN
CONCENTRATION OF NATIVE CARABAOS*
R. M. Bernardo, Student
A study of the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
of native carabaos derived from hemoglobin concentration
and hematocrit percentage is herein presented. The
hemoglobin concentration ranged from 8.01 to 10.40 with
mean of 8.99 0.09 grams per 100 ml of blood. The males
ranged from 8.64 to 10.40 with a mean of 9.21 ± 0.12 and
in females, from 8.01 to 9.93 with a mean of 8.87 ± 0.13
grams per 100 ml of blood. The hematocrit percentage
varied from 29.00 to 38.90 with a mean of 31.92 ± 0.54 per
cent; that of the males ranged from 29.09 to 38.90 with a
mean of 31.99 ± 0.89, and in females they ranged from
29.00 to 38.80 with a mean of 31.94 ± 0.75 per cent. The
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration for all the
animals ranged from 22.02 to 31.72 with a mean of 28.16
± 0.45 per cent; that of the males ranged from 27.66 to
30.84 with a mean of 28.93 ± 0.53, and in females they
ranged from 22.02 to 31.72 with a mean of 27.49 ± 0.69
per cent. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration readings of
the males and females differed significantly at 5 per cent
level. Inasmuch as this study was conducted on a
relatively limited basis, further work on the subject is
necessary.
Keywords: carabao, mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration, hematocrit, Hb concentration.
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1964.
P-4
PHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF SERUM
PROTEINS OF CARABAOS*
R. A. Camba, Student
The total serum protein, albumin, globulin and A/G ratio of
100 clinically normal carabaos were determined using the
Biuret method with the aid of sprectrophotometer. The values

obtained for total serum protein, albumin and globulin ranged
from 5.6-8.2 g/100 ml; 2.15-4.32 g/100 ml; and 2.96-5.21
g/100ml, respectively. The means were 6.80 ± 0.70 g/100
ml; 2.98 ± 0.50 g/100 ml and 3.97 ± 0.52 g/100 ml,
respectively. The average serum protein of male carabaos
was 6.85 ± 0.81 and was equal to that of the females
whose value was 6.82 ± 0.67. This confirmed the
assumption that sex is not a significant factor for total serum
protein concentration. As to the age group of the carabaos,
average total serum protein concentration is related to
increase in age. The A/G ratio has an overall average of
0.73 ± 0.12 gm/100 ml which is not affected by sex but
significantly affected by age which show an increasing
order. The factors affecting the total serum protein and
albumin-globulin ratio of carabaos include their nutritional
status, stress factors, hemoconcentration, pregnancy and
lactation, parasitism, liver disease, kidney infection,
nephrosis, bacterial and viral infections which manifest the
over all pathological aspect of the animal system.
Keywords: serum protein, albumin-globulin ratio, carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1981.
P-5
PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND MICROSCOPIC
PROPERTIES OF THE URINE OF WATER
BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis L.)*
J. P. Cruz, Student
The study was conducted to determine the physical,
chemical and microscopic properties of the urine of water
buffaloes. Freshly voided samples were collected from
seven Murrah buffaloes and seven Philippine carabaos.
Each sample was examined physically, chemically and
microscopically. The color was consistently yellow. All
samples were slightly cloudy owing to the presence of
proteins and other constituents of the urine sediment. The
odor produced by each sample was aromatic. Foam was
white and slow to disappear due to significant proteinuria.
Specific gravity ranged from 1.010 to 1.015. Chemical
examination revealed negative results for glucose, bilirubin,
ketone, blood, nitrite and leukocytes. The tests results for
pH, protein and urobilinogen were similar in both breeds.
Common constituents of urine sediment were red blood
cells, white blood cells, squamous epithelial cells, triple
and amorphous phosphate crystals and mucous threads.
There were no significant differences between breeds.
Keywords: carabao, urine, physical and chemical
properties
PHYSIOLOGY
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baòos, 1998.
P-6
A STUDY ON THE SERUM AND SYNOVIAL FLUID
OF THE PHIILIPPINE SWAMP BUFFALO (Bubalus
bubalis) (IMMUNOGLOBULIN, pH, SPECIFIC
GRAVITY, COLOR, AND SOLID CONTENTS)*
L. M. Cruz, Student
Anyhydrous sodium sulfite precipitation test at 14%, 16%,
and 18% concentration was used to detect the
immunoglobulin (Ig) level of serum and synovial fluid of
mature swamp buffaloes. Results on serum test show that
76.66% had an immunoglobulin level of greater than 15
mg/ml (samples tested positive at all concentration), 10%
indicated 5-15 mg/ml Ig level (samples tested positive at
16% and 18% concentration). Results on synovial fluid
test showed that none of the samples precipitated at the Ig
level greater than 15 mg/ml which gave rise to the condition
of the animal being apparently normal. At the Ig level of 5-
15 mg/ml there were 56.66% samples which precipitated
and Ig level less than 5 mg/ml there were 43.33% samples
tested positive. None of the samples, both serum and
synovial fluid was without gamma-globulin. Based on the
results, sex and age had no significant influence on the
characteristic of serum and synovial fluid samples. Nutrition
and state of hydration of the animals might play a role in the
specific gravity, pH, color, and soluble solids.
Keywords: serum, synovial fluid, immunoglobulins,
swamp buffalo
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Central Luzon State University, 1989.
P-7
ESTIMATION OF BLOOD LEUKOCYTE NUMBERS
BY MEANS OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
VISCOSITY IN PHILIPPINE CARABAOS*
E. S. Dantes, Student
A correlation between DNA viscosity test and standard
hemocytometer method of white blood cell count in 100
Philippine carabaos is herein presented. A mean flow time
of 6.55 ± 0.88 seconds with range of 4.78 to 9.56 seconds
was obtained. The mean leukocyte count was 10 896.11 ±
2921.79 with range of 4 850 to 19 650 per cc. the study
showed a strong
correlation with a coefficient of 0.97 and an F-value of
37

1645.37. Considering the high test of significance, strong
correlation, reasonable accuracy, ease and handiness of
this method, it could be great value in field diagnosis if
adopted in the Philippine setting.
Keywords: carabao, leukocyte count, DNA viscosity test
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1978.
P-8
THE ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE AND
PACKED CELL VOLUME OF BLOOD OF PHILIPPINE
CARABAOS*
S. H. Escudero III, Instructor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of the Philippines Diliman
B. Resoso, Student
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and packed cell
volume (PCV) of 10 female and 10 male carabaos were
measured. The average ESR in males was 70.0 ± 0.7 mm
per hour, and in females 75.3 ± 0.79 mm per hour. The mean
PCV of males and of females were 30.9 ± 0.52 percent and
32.1 ± 0.67 percent, respectively. The difference between
the values for male and female were not statistically significant.
Keywords: carabao, blood, ESR, PCV
Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine 7:57-68, 1968.
P-9
DETERMINATION OF SERUM BILIRUBIN VALUES
OF MATURE CROSSBRED (Swamp X Murrah)
BUFFALOES*
J. M. Espiritu, Student
Twenty (20) apparently healthy, crossbred (Swamp X
Murrah) buffaloes, aging 15-20 months were used in the
study. Serum was obtained from the morning and afternoon
collection. Duplicate serum samples were analyzed
individually in two dilutions applying the van den Bergh
test for bilirubin determination. Test revealed that the time of
collection had no significant effect on the serum bilirubin
level. It was determined that the normal range of direct
bilirubin is 0 - 0.34 mg/dl; 0 - 0.30 mg/dl for indirect and 0
– 0.41 mg/dl for total bilirubin with a normal value of 0.063
mg/dl; 0.107 mg/dl; and 0.168 mg/dl for the direct, indirect
and total bilirubin, respectively.
Keywords: serum, bilirubin, van den Bergh test, crossbred
buffalo
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Central Luzon State University, 1989.
38
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
P-10
ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION OF CARACOWS AND
CARAHEIFERS USING PROSTAGLANDIN UNDER
STA. MARIA, BULACAN FIELD CONDITIONS*
C. R. Heruela, Student
A study in the synchronization of estrus of Philippine upgraded
buffaloes using an analogue of PGF 2 alpha was done. Of the
22 experimental animals given double injections at 11 days
interval only 14 (63.6%) had estrus three days after the
second administration; five (22.7%) had estrus on the fourth
day; and two (9.09%) had estrus seven days after the
second administration. One had estrus eleven days yet
after the first injection. The present study had demonstrated
that estrus can occur on the third day after the second
administration of Dinoprost tromethamine. Likewise, this study
revealed that 25 mg (5 ml) Dinoprost tromethamine given
intramuscularly and repeated after eleven days was effective
in synchronizing estrus in Philippine upgraded buffaloes.
Estrus detection in caracows and caraheifers was difficult
due to mild external sign. Aside from their having heat at
night, the vagueness of estrus signs necessitates continuous
and close observation of these animals. This could be
overcome by the traditional practice of allowing teaser or
vasectomized carabulls to go along with the caracows and
caraheifers to determine whether they were in heat or not
should artificial insemination be employed. The advantage of
this treatment was that the farmer would be able to calendar
his farm activities by controlling the oestrus cycle since this
drug works by “re-setting” the timing of the estrus cycle.
Based on the results of the present findings, it appears that
PGF 2 alpha could also have a promising use on upgraded
caracows and caraheifers as an oestrus synchronizer and
inducer. This study dealt with estrus synchronization only.
The author therefore recommends a further or follow-up study
to determine the fertility and conception rate of the
synchronized Philippine upgraded caracows and caraheifers,
and the hormonal pattern involved in it.
Keywords: estrus synchronization, dinoprost,
prostaglandin F 2á , carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1980.
P-11
CONCEPTION RATE AFTER INDUCED ESTRUS IN
CARACOWS AND CARAHEIFERS USING
PROSTAGLANDIN F 2á UNDER STA. MARIA FIELD
CONDITIONS*
K. Y. Ibañez, Student

A study in the conception rate of the Philippine upgraded
buffaloes after induced estrus using prostaglandin F 2á is
herein presented. Of the twenty untreated animals with
normal estrus cycle, 13 (65%) caracows and caraheifers
were pregnant. Among 20 anestrus animals in the
experimental group treated with prostaglandin F 2á , 11 (55%)
caracows and caraheifers were pregnant. In additions, 4
(20%) of the treated caracows and caraheifers showed
signs of estrus after unsuccessful breeding. Two of these
animals became pregnant on the succeeding estrus. The
average concentration rates of caracows and caraheifers
in the control group regardless of the nature of breeding
were 62.5% and 75% respectively; in the experimental
group, the average was 57.1% among caracows and
50% among caraheifers. Statistical analysis showed no
significant difference between caracows and caraheifers.
The overall average conception rates in the experimental
and control group were 55% and 65% respectively. Based
on these results, it could be concluded that in the unestrous
animals prostaglandin F 2á -induced heat had a conception
rate comparable to that normally cycling animals as
indicated by the non-significant difference between the two
groups as regards overall conception rate. Since the
experiment was done under field conditions and was not
rigidly controlled, several factors such as the plane nutrition,
climatic condition (e.g. atmospheric humidity) day length
and viability of the semen used in artificial insemination
were unavoidable.
Keywords: estrus-induction, prostaglandin F 2á, anestrus,
conception rate, carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1981.
P-12
DETERMINATION OF SERUM CHOLINESTERASE
ACTIVITY IN THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO
(BUBALUS BUBALIS) LINNEAUS*
B. M. Jubilan, Student
The serum cholinesterase activity of 100 apparently healthy
Philippine carabaos were determined. Values obtained
ranged from 0.0259 to 0.1464 U/ml with a mean of 0.0629
U/ml ± .01999. the serum enzyme mean activities of the
female group was higher than that of the male; uncastrated
male carabaos revealed lower mean enzyme activity than
the castrated ones with the latter approximating the values
in the female group. Factors affecting the serum
cholinesterase levels included the sex hormones, the state
of nutrition, liver disease conditions, and exposure to serum
cholinesterase inhibitors such as organophosphates and
PHYSIOLOGY
urea compounds, and physiologic interspecies and intraspecies
variations.
Keywords: serum cholinesterase, carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1979.
P-13
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF SOME PROPERTIES
OF THE SYNOVIAL FLUID FROM THE
TIBIOTARSAL SAC OF THE PHILIPPINE BUFFALO
(Bubalus bubalis)*
R. T. Lannu, Student
A preliminary study of some physical and chemical properties
of the bubaline tibiotarsal synovial fluid was undertaken. A
total of sixty two bubaline synovial fluid samples from different
animals were analyzed. The macroscopic properties of the
bubaline tibiotarsal synovia were presented. The synovial
fluid appeared colorless to pale yellow with some having a
very slight degree of turbidity. No clotting of the synovial fluid
was observed. The pH values obtained were almost similar
to those reported on other domestic animals. The mean was
7.56 ± 0.15 with a range from 7.30 to 7.90. The specific
gravity of the tibiotarsal bubaline synovial fluid was within
the range previously reported for the bovine. It recorded a
mean of 1.014 ± 0.002 ranging from 1.011 to 1.025. Total
protein values noted were significantly lower than those
reported in other domestic animals. The mean was 0.82 ±
0.33 g/100 ml with a minimum of 0.30 and a maximum of
1.85 g/100 ml. Probable factors influencing the protein content
of the synovia were presented. Total leukocyte count in the
present investigation gave a mean of 152.82 ± 154.58 cells/
ìl, with range of 25 to 750 cells/ ìl. The data did not significantly
differ with leukocyte values reported for other domestic animals
by previous authors. The present inquiry entailed many
limitations. For the synovial fluid to be useful as a diagnostic
test in differentiation, prognosis, and evaluation of joint diseases,
other properties should also be investigated. These properties
should include: (1) chemical examination of the synovia
(e.g. sugar concentration in the synovia correlated to blood
sugar concentration in the synovia correlated to blood sugar
concentration and character of the mucus after reaction with
acetic acid); (2) viscosity testing; (3) determination of enzyme
concentration (i.e. ALP, GPT, and LDH); (4) determination of
albumin-globulin ratio; (5) differential leukocyte count; and in
special cases (6) bacteriologic examination and isolation.
Keywords: synovial fluid, tibiotarsal joint, carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1978.
39

P-14
A STUDY ON ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC
PATTERNS OF PHILIPPINE CARABAOS*
R. N. Libo, Student
A preliminary study on the ECG patterns of one-hundred
seven (107) apparently normal carabaos of swamp type
breeds with ages ranging from 2 months to 12 years using
standard limb lead system was undertaken in an attempt to
establish ECG values for carabaos (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus).
Heart rate of young carabaos below 3 years of age was found
to be significantly higher (50.87 bpm) than carabaos over 3
years of age (30.57 bpm) with a total average heart rate of
36.36 bpm and ranging from 21.42 to 85.71 bpm for all ages.
Normal sinus rhythm, sinus dysrhythmia and wandering
paremaker were commonly observed which could be
considered normal variation of heart rhythm of carabaos. The
duration and intervals as well as amplitudes (except Q wave
deflection) of bubaline ECG observed in the study were
considerably lower than the normal bovine and equine normal
ECG values of similar ages reported previously. Various
forms and occurrence of bubaline ECG deflections with respect
to the different limb lead were observed. P waves were
mainly monophasic positive consisting of upward notched,
upward pointed upward round and occasionally upward flat
were encountered in all leads except V10. Significant
occurrence of monophasic negative in all cases was observed
in V10 and less frequently in other leads. Various types of
biphasic waves with biphasic isoelectic predominating in all
leads except V10 were observed. QRS configurations showed
large variation of wave patterns characterized by the
predominance of R, Qr, qR, Qs, and rS and Rs. Notching and
nuermous different combinations of QRS complexes were
quite common except in lead V10. The T wave like the P
wave showed great variability in shapes and direction.
Monophasic negative waves consisting of inverted pointed
and inverted round T wave occurred most frequently in all
leads. Biphasic isoelectric waves were observed in all leads
as well as biphasic positive and biphasic negative except
V10. Monophasic positive, isoelectric and triphasic T wave
were also noted. The electrical axis of QRS in the bubaline
showed wider variation ranging from +30 to +171 and from -
30 to -180 with 73 (68.22%) cases were within -30 to -176. A
separated study on the S-T segment and T wave patterns will
be a great help in the fuller understanding of the bubaline
electrocardiogram since these could only be properly evaluated
if accompanied by electrolyte studies.
Keywords: ECG patterns, carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1981.
40
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
P-15
DETERMINATION OF SERUM BILIRUBIN VALUES
ON MATURE PHILIPPINE SWAMP BUFFALO
(Bubalus bubalis)*
D. S. Magbalon, Student
Sera were collected from twenty (20) apparently healthy,
mature swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and duplicated
samples in the morning and in the afternoon were analyzed
individually in two dilutions applying van den Bergh test
for bilirubin examination. It was found out that the normal
range of direct bilirubin is 0 – 0.414 mg%; 0 – 0.324 mg%
for indirect and ) – 0.521 ng% for total bilirubin with mean
value of 0.183 mg%, 0.159 mg% and 0.254 mg% for the
direct, indirect and total bilirubin respectively. T-test at 5%
significance revealed that the time of collection had no
significant effect on the serum bilirubin level. Since the
research was limited only on the Philippine swamp
buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) strictly confined under ranch
condition, it was suggested that further research must be
done to compare the bilirubin level of buffaloes reared
under various management practices. It was also
recommended that further investigation be conducted on
the immature swamp buffalo.
Keywords: serum bilirubin, swamp buffalo, van den Bergh
test
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Central Luzon State University, 1989.
P-16
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL INTEGRITY
OF BUFFALO SEMEN*
F. V. Mamuad, Ph.D. Student, IAS-CA, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-
PCARRD, UPLB
Two studies were conducted to characterize and compare
the different physiological and biochemical integrity of
spermatozoa of Murrah buffalo (MB), Philippine carabao
(PC) and crossbred of MB x PC (CB). The first study
was conducted to describe the changes on the physiological
integrity as affected by processing and storage. Three
evaluation methods were used in addition to the standard
semen evaluation techniques: Sephadex Filter Test (SFT),
cervical mucus penetration test (CMPT), and hypo-osmotic
medium (HOM). Results of the evaluation indicated percent
motility dropped significantly (P

significantly (P

A study on the serum thyroxine levels of 110 apparently
normal Philippine carabaos was undertaken. The values
obtained ranged from 12 nmoles/liter to 194 nmoles/liter.
The lowest was from a female sample while the highest
value obtained was from a male sample. Statistical analysis
of the data gave a mean of 58.091 (±23.24) nmoles/liter, a
95% confidence intervals computed to be 53.728 to 62.454
nmoles/liter. With these confidence intervals, 26 (23.6%)
falls under the euthyroid, 47 (42.7%) within the hypothyroid
while 37 (33.6%) are under the hyperthyroid group. Sex
seems to play a role in the thyroxine levels of the
experimental animals. The males had higher levels than
females. The 95% confidence intervals for males was
computed to be 59.063 ± 5.468 nmoles/liter while that of
females was found to be 55.613 ± 6.77 n moles/liter.
Uncastrated males were also found to have a higher T 4
values than castrated male. The 95% confidence intervals
for uncastrated males was computed to be 62.35 ± 32.28
n moles/liter while that for castrated samples was 57.525
± 0.8378 n moles/liter. As to age, there was a decreasing
level of thyroxine (when grouped) as age increases. More
detailed work is needed to confirm the findings of this
preliminary survey and the seasonal occurrence as well
as the sex and age of thyroxine concentrations should be
taken into consideration.
Keywords: serum thyroxine, carabao, euthyroid,
hyperthyroid, hypothyroid
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1979.
P-19
A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE LEUKOGRAM OF
TIBIO-TARSAL JOINT FLUID OF THE PHILIPPINE
SWAMP BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis Linn.)*
W. S. Mingrajal, Student
A study on the total and differential WBC counts of the
synovial fluid obtained from the tibio-tarsal joint of 30
Philippine buffalo is herein presented. Values obtained for
the total WBC count gave a mean value of 218 ± 96.03
and a range of 55 to 450 cells/ìl of synovial fluid. For the
differential counts, lymphocytes have a mean value of
78.82 ± 11.50% and ranges from 60 to 100% of the total
cell populace. Monocytes had a mean value of 16.93 ±
12.73% and ranged from zero to 36%; neutrophils had a
mean value of 4.25 ± 7.46% and a range of 0.26%.
Eosinophils and basophils were never encountered in the
series of samples being studied. For the synovia to be
more useful as a diagnostic tool in differentiation, prognosis
and evaluation of joint diseases, observation shall be made
42
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
on concentrated as well as unconcentrated synovial fluid
and in all joints in the animal body.
Keywords: tibio-tarsal joint, synovial fluid, leukogram,
swamp buffalo
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Central Luzon State University, 1987.
P-20
SOME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
SYNOVIAL FLUID OF THE PHILIPPINE SWAMP
BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)*
M. C. Noble, Student
A study on some physical characteristics of a bubaline
tibio-tarsal joint synovial fluid was undertaken. Synovial
fluid samples from sixty (60) Philippine swamp buffalo
were analyzed for pH, color and soluble solid content.
Some physical characteristics of bubaline tibio-tarsal
synovial fluid were presented. The synovial fluid appeared
colorless to pale yellow. The pH of the fluid in the present
study was slightly alkaline with a mean value of 7.30 with
a minimum of 7.10 and maximum of 7.60. The average
soluble solid content of the synovial fluid is 2.12 with a
range of 1.60 – 3.40%. To establish normal pH value,
soluble content and color of the Philippine swamp buffalo
synovial fluid similar study should be conducted not only
on the tibio-tarsal joint but on other joints.
Keywords: swamp buffalo, synovial fluid, tibio-tarsal joint
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Central Luzon State University, 1987.
P-21
QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL EVALUATION
OF THE ERYTHROCYTES OF PHILIPPINE
CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus) AND
PHILIPPINE-MURRAH (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus)*
A. M. Pascua, Student
Blood smears from 19 water buffaloes, 13 from Philippine
Carabaos and six from Philippine-Murrah were prepared
for microscopic examination to determine the quantity and
morphology of erythrocytes as well as evaluation for
inclusion bodies, if any. The average cell diameter was
also determined. The animals were assessed and were
found to be in normal condition. The average erythrocyte
diameters were in the range of 5.07µm to 7.23µm. The
variation in size was statistically significant. This indicated
that anisocytosis was present in both Philippine Carabao

and Philippine-Murrah in health. Eight erythrocytic forms,
which basically differed in morphology, were identified and
included discocyte, dacryocyte, echinocyte, macrocyte,
microcyte, ovalocyte, torocyte and kenicyte. Cytoplasmic
inclusions observed from the samples were basophilic
stippling, Heinz bodies and Howell-Jolly bodies. The
presence of erythrocytic variants in the peripheral blood
smears of the animals in this study indicated that these
variants might be normal observations. No abnormalities
in the systems of each individual water buffalo could account
for the presence of these cells of different morphology. This
study on erythrocyte morphology attempted to standardize
the normal quantity of different red cell forms and inclusions
for future investigations.
Keywords: Philippine carabao, Philippine-Murrah,
erythrocyte morphology, inclusion bodies
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1999.
P-22
SERUM PROTEIN VALUES OF PHILIPPINE NATIVE
CARABAO AND CATTLE*
M. P. Ramos, Student
This study aimed to determine the total serum protein of
Philippine native Carabao and cattle using refractometer
and spectrophotometer. A total of 60 apparently healthy and
sexually mature animals were used in the study comprising
30 carabao and 30 cattle with 15 males and 15 females
each. Results showed that with refractometer, total serum
protein at 99% confidence level of significance was 6.9 ±
0.4 gm/dl and 6.1 ± 1.5 gm/dl for male and female
carabaos, respectively. While in cattle, the male value
was 6.9 ± 0.6 gm/dl and 6.3 ± 0.3 gm/dl for female. Using
spectrophotometer, the obtained confidence internal at 99%
level of significance were 7.1 ± 0.5 gm/dl and 7.2 ± 1.0
gm/dl for male and female carabaos respectively. In cattle,
the value for male was 7.7 ± 1.0 gm/dl and 7.4 ± 0.7 gm/
dl for female. Philippine native Carabao total serum proteins
were all statistically the same compared to the total serum
proteins of cattle. The total serum protein between sexes
proved to be significantly different when using
spectrophotometer. No significant difference was observed
in males while highly significant difference was observed
in females in both Philippine Carabao and cattle.
Keywords: total serum protein, Philippine Carabao, cattle,
spectrophotometer
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Central Luzon State University, 1996.
PHYSIOLOGY
P-23
RUMEN JUICE CHARACTERISTICS OF PHILIPPINE
SWAMP BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis)*
J. C. Rosario, Student
Ten (10) native swamp buffaloes were used to examine
the rumen juice based on nine parameters namely: color,
odor, consistency, sedimentation and flotation, pH test,
protozoa quality test, bacterial content, methylene blue test
and glucose test. Results showed three types of rumen
juice color: pure green, green with grayish shade, and
golden brown to brown color. Pure green and green with
grayish shade colors were observed to have aromatic
odors while the brown colored samples gave an ammonia
odor. For rumen juice consistency, all the samples showed
a consistency which was lighter than the human saliva.
The average time for sedimentation and flotation in both
samples with colors pure green and green with grayish
shade was 5 minutes and 7 minutes, respectively.
However, for the brown colored samples, the average
time it took for the particles to settle and fibers to float was
longer (8 minutes for sedimentation and 10 minutes for
flotation). The pH of the pure green and brown colored
samples was basic, while the green with grayish shade
were acidic. The protozoa density revealed that the large,
medium and small protozoa were seen in the pure green
and the green with grayish shade while a thinner
concentration of protozoa was observed in the brown color.
Bacterial content of the rumen juice after staining showed
both Gram (+) and Gram (-) organisms in the pure green
samples while only Gram (+) for the two other colors. The
average time of colors pure green and green with grayish
shade in the methylene blue test was 3 minutes while the
average time of the brown color was 5 minutes.
Keywords: rumen juice, swamp buffalo, clinical pathology
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Central Luzon State University, 1993.
P-24
INFLUENCE OF DRAFTWORK, DAYLIGHT HEAT
AND PARASITIC LOAD ON THE MEAN EOSINOPHIL
COUNT OF ADULT MALE PHILIPPINE SWAMP
BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis)*
E. F. San Pedro, Student
Thirty mature male Philippine swamp buffaloes were used
in the study. Fresh fecal samples for fecalysis and blood
smears to determine the eosinophil percentage were
collected for two consecutive days during the pre-
43

deworming period and the post-deworming period. An
eosinophil count of 20.7% in the morning and 24.04% in
the afternoon of the first day of the pre-deworming collection
were recorded. An eosinophil count of 18.4% and 24.3%
in the morning and afternoon, respectively were recorded
for the second day of collection. The animals during these
periods of collection were rested and fed on a cut and carry
basis or pastured as compared to post deworming collection
wherein these animals were used for draftwork. During the
post deworming period, the eosinophil count of 24.04%
and 26.43% in the morning and afternoon respectively
were recorded. On the second day of collection, 26.67%
in the morning and 26.74% in the afternoon were recorded.
During the pre deworming period, 257.7 EPG was recorded
and 132 EPG was recorded during the post deworming
period.
Keywords: buffalo, eosinophil, draftwork
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Central Luzon State University, 1987.
P-25
A STUDY ON THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS OF
ADULT CARABAOS (Bubalus bubalis)*
A. S. Sol, Student
One hundred (100) healthy swamp buffaloes, 50 male and
50 female, with age ranging from 5-12 years were used in
the study. Serum samples were obtained early in the
morning and analyzed for blood glucose level using 0toluidine,
Dubowski Modified Method. Test revealed that
there was a slight sex variation in the blood glucose level
of the animals with an average of 38.67 mg/dl and 34.73
mg/dl for male and female animals, respectively. Seventy
percent of the animals studied had a glucose level of less
than 44.76 mg/dl for males and less than 40.31 mg/dl for
female carabaos.
Keywords: blood glucose, carabao, sex variation
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Central Luzon State University, 1990.
P-26
A STUDY ON THE CONCENTRATION OF SOME
SERUM ELECTROLYTES IN PHILIPPINE
CARABAOS (Bubalus bubalis)*
F. A. Talvo, Student
A study was undertaken to determine the concentration of
some serum electrolytes in 120 Philippine carabaos. The
44
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
serum sodium concentration ranged from 120.50 to 283.00
mEq/L with mean (± SD) of 200.20 ± 35.20 mEq/L. The
values fell within a wider range than those given for normal
values in other domestic ruminants. Serum potassium
concentration ranged from 3.00 to 7.65 mEq/L with mean
(± SD) of 4.78 to 0.67 mEq/L. These values did not vary
considerably from the results of other studies made in
different ruminants. Serum calcium determination in 120
animals yielded a range of 7.80 to 14.00 mg/dl and a mean
(± SD) of 3.16 ± 1.58 mg/dl. The present data were within
the range of normal values given for other domestic
ruminants. A mean of 3.16 ± 1.58 for magnesium and
164.84 ± 56.24 for zinc was obtained. The range varies
from 0.84 to 11.50 for magnesium, 107.00 to 485.00 ìg/dl
for zinc. Data from the present study for serum magnesium
and zinc were within a wider range of normal values for
other domestic animals. There was no statistical significant
difference found between male and female for all the
electrolytes determined. Serum sodium concentrations
appeared higher in the morning and gradually decreased in
the afternoon and further at night (Z = 1.32; 5.62; 3.34).
Calcium concentration decreased with increasing age (Z +
4.56). The limitation of the present study involved limited
samples and lack of more extensive data that could be
used for greater correlation of the different factors.
Keywords: serum electrolytes, carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1978
P-27
HEMATOLOGICAL STUDY OF YOUNG PHILIPPINE
SWAMP BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis L.): RBC
MORPHOLOGY, RBC COUNT, PCV, Hb, ESR, MCV,
MCH AND MCHC*
M. E. M. Tan, Student
Hematological indices such as RBC morphology, count,
hemoglobin (Hb), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR),
packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume
(MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean
corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were
determined from blood samples of 60 apparently normal
Philippine swamp buffaloes (30 males, 30 females) from
different barangays of Nueva Ecija. Sample animals were
classified into 3 age groups; each group was composed of
20 experimental animals in equal sex ratio of 10 males and
10 females. The age of animals under group I ranged from
1 to 12 months. Group II comprised of carabaos whose
age varied from 13 months to 24 months, and group III
represented the adult buffaloes with ages ranging from 25

months to 3 years. Erythrocyte size varied from 4.5 to
7.5ìm with a mean diameter of 5.7 ìm. Anisocytosis was a
common feature. Results revealed that mean RBC count
of all animals ranged from 3.02 to 9.8 mill/cu mm with a
mean count of 6.05 ± 0.41 ml/cu mm. In male RBC count
ranged from 3.02 to 9.8 mill/cu mm with a mean of 6.13 ±
0.69 mill/cu mm: that of female showed a mean of 6.029 ±
0.8736 mill/cu mm from a variation of 4.07 to 8.35 mill/cu
mm. Total PCV of all animals regardless of sex had a
mean of 31.55 ± 1.33%; that of females was 32.6 ±
2.11%, whereas a mean of 30.5 ± 1.66% was observed
among male buffaloes. Overall mean Hb content was
11.61 ± 0.67 gm/dl; for the males the mean value was
11.58 ± 0.96 gm/dl, while in females it was 11.63 ± 0.96
g/dl of blood. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate in all animals
registered a mean of 5.34 ± 0.42 cm/hr. Male buffaloes
registered a mean of 5.25 ± 0.65 cm/hr; whereas in females
mean ESR was 5.54 ± 0.47 cm/hr. Total MCV, MCH and
MCHC means of both sexes were 53.75 ± 4.69 fl, 19.61
± 1.58 pg and 37.36 ± 2.3 g lb respectively. Mean MCV,
MCH and MCHC in males were computed as follows:
52.93 ± 6.32 fl, 20.12 ± 2.39 pg and 38.39 ± 3.77 g Hb.
Values calculated in females were recorded as 54.92 ±
6.92 fl, 19.79 ± 1.73 pg and 31.38 ± 4.37 g Hb for mean
MCV, MCH and MCHC respectively. Results indicated
that RBC count in males exceeded insignificantly that of
their female counterparts. Erythrocyte count, Hb, MCH
and MCHC varied inversely with advancing age in all
animals. On the other hand, Hb, MCH and MCHC showed
a positive correlation with the RBC count in this study.
Statistical analyses of the data supported no significant
sex or age – related differences in the blood parameters
used in the study, except for MCHC in which case,
significant differences were proven as to the age and sex
of the carabaos. More detailed study should be undertaken
to identify the influence of other variables such as breed,
geographical locations, type of feeds, degree of work,
season, time of day and reproductive activity on the
erythrogram of young Philippine swamp buffaloes. The
study should also be expanded to include blood serum or
plasma chemistry. And to make the blood values more
useful to veterinary clinicians, studies should be done also
to establish the blood picture in different disease conditions.
Keywords: swamp buffalo, hemogram, blood indices
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Central Luzon State University, 1986.
P-28
BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF DRY
PREGNANT, DRY NON-PREGNANT AND
LACTATING NON-PREGNANT*
PHYSIOLOGY
J. P. Valencia, Student
Serum samples from Philippine carabao, Bulgarian
buffaloes and its crosses, were used in determining the
values from serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
(SGOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium (Ca) and
creatinine (CREA) using the blood biochemical analyzer
at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Los Baños. Each
breed was divided into 3 groups: dry pregnant animals,
dry non-pregnant and lactating non-pregnant. SGOT values
were found to be higher in lactating non-pregnant than in
dry non-pregnant. Among breeds, higher SGOT values
were observed in Philippine carabao than in crossbreeds
and Bulgarian Murrah. Among groups, SGOT values were
higher in lactating non-pregnant than in dry pregnant and
dry non-pregnant. ALP values were higher in crosses in
dry non-pregnant group than in dry pregnant. Ca values
were found to be higher in dry pregnant than in dry nonpregnant.
CREA was higher in dry non-pregnant animals
than in dry pregnant animals.
Keywords: Philippine carabao, Bulgarian Murrah,
crossbreeds, blood biochemical profile, non-pregnant,
pregnant, lactating
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna,
1999.
P-29
BREEDING PHENOMENA OF CARABAOS IN THE
PHILIPPINES*
V. Villegas, Student
Mating and parturition among carabaos occur throughout
the year but higher incidence is observed during the rainy
and cooler months. The average gestation period among
Philippine carabaos is 324 days. Average periods of 35 to
54 days spaced the next estrus from parturition in Philippine
carabaos. The frequency of parturition was every 472.7
days, and the average rest period (the interval between
parturition and the next fertilization) being 156.9 days.
Keywords: carabao, mating period, frequency of parturition,
gestation,
*Philippine Journal of Animal Industry 20 (nos. 1-4): 89-
95, 1959.
45

BREEDING AND GENETICS
B-1
CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF PHILIPPINE
CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis Linn) AND ITS
CROSSBREDS
O. D. Abanto, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
P. I. Ibarra, Retired Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
N. P. Roxas, Professor, IAS-CA
E. I. Dizon, Associate Professor, IFS-CA, UPLB
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-UPLB, DA
A. N. del Barrio, Center Director, PCC-UPLB, DA
R. M. Lapitan, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-UPLB, DA
Slaughter and carcass yields of the Philippine carabao (PC),
Philippine carabao x Murrah F1 (PMF1) and F2 (PMF2)
and Philippine carabao x Nili Ravi F1 (PRF1) were
investigated. A total of 37 water buffaloes, 25-132 mos old,
weighing 278-672 kg, slaughtered and fabricated into standard
wholesale and retail cuts. The yield of each by-product and
wholesale cuts were determined and correlated to the live
weight and age of water buffaloes. The economic value of
the slaughter and carcass yield of each breedtype was
determined. Among the breedtypes, PMF1 had the highest
average live weight of 480.50 kg while the PC had the
lowest with 343.18 kg. PMF1 had heavier hot carcass
(249.54 kg) and chilled carcass (242.96 kg) than other
breedtypes. The carcass of PMF1 had the highest percent
lean, lowest percent fat and highest chilled carcass weight.
The percent lean in the carcass increased (r=0.554) while
the percent fat decreased (r=-0.444) as the animals get
heavier. The percent fat in the carcass tended to increase
(r=0.388) as the water buffaloes get older. PMF1 had the
highest estimated sale of Php18,644.89 per head, while PC
had the lowest with Php12,586.45. PMF1 had the highest
estimated sale per kg live weight of Php38.00 while PRF1
had the lowest with Php36.52. The results of the study
suggest that Philippine carabao x Murrah crossbreds can
give higher monetary value to the farmer from slaughter and
carcass yields, with almost the same meat quality as the
Philippine carabao. The crossbreds have genetic potential
to grow faster than Philippine carabaos; thus, they can
reach optimum slaughter weight at a much shorter time or at
a younger age with a relatively tender meat and less amount
of trimmable fats.
Keywords: buffalo, carcass, economic value
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 26(1):81-95.
B-2
THE RELATIONSHIP OF TESTICULAR AND
SEMINAL VESICLE CHARACTERISTICS WITH
46
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
BODY WEIGHT AND AGE IN PHILIPPINE
CARABAO BULLS*
A. M. A. Al-Maraashi, M. S. Student, DAS-CA, UPLB
B. A. Parker, Professor, DAS-CA, UPLB
Data were obtained from two hundred four native Philippine
carabao bulls slaughtered at the Purefoods, Inc.
slaughterhouse. The data were grouped according to ages,
body weights and scrotal circumferences. Age of carabao
bulls ranging from 2015 years was grouped into one and
two years class intervals. The body weight ranging from
231.8 to 547.0 kg and were grouped into 40 kg class
intervals. Likewise, scrotal circumference (20 to 28 cm)
was grouped into one cm class intervals. The classes
were resorted to due to difference in the environmental
factors and sources of animals. Age relationship with
testicular measurements (weight, volume, length and width),
seminal vesicle measurements (weight and volume) and
scrotal circumference were quadratic and the shape of the
graphs curvilinear. The curvilinear correlation coefficients
were high, 0.967, 0.968, 0.939 and 0.932, respectively for
average testicular weight, volume, length, width, for age
and scrotal circumference (R) was 0.979; among age and
seminal vesicle weight and volume (R) more 0.975 and
0.974, respectively. All curvilinear correlations were lightly
significant (P< 0.0001). The difference between right and
left testes and seminal vesicle based on age classes were
however not significant. The curvilinear regression equation
values for estimating scrotal circumference and right, left,
average and total testicular weight volume, length, width,
seminal vesicle weight and volume measurements, all as
dependent variables, based on age classes as independent
variables were tabulated. All the parameters of regression
equation values were highly significant (P

were highly significant level (P

*Proceedings of the Review, Consultation, and Workshop
on Water Buffalo Research, PCC-DA, UPLB. 1994. 15 p.
Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,
Carabaos (2002) p. 279.
B-5
ANALYSIS OF LOCAL DATA ON ANIMALS
PERFORMANCE USING BLUP MIXED MODELS*
O. L. Bondoc, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
The uses of Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP)
mixed models in the analysis of performance data of goats,
cattle, and water buffalo under Philippine conditions is
presented. The fundamental of the BLUP procedure, its
computation, uses and relevance to the local livestock
industry, and similarities with the selection index are
highlighted. Results of the local BLUP analyses were
also summarized and compared in terms of data sizes,
assumptions and composition of linear models, type and
implication of output and/or solutions. Finally,
recommendation to institutionalize advance and optimized
(i.e. faster, more accurate, and cheaper) BLUP evaluation
in national breeding programs for livestock are given.
Keywords: Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP)
mixed models, cattle, goat, water buffalo
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science,
21(3&4):19-28. Also in Annotated Bibliography on
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 286.
B-6
DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL RECORDING
SYSTEM FOR CARABAOS*
O. L. Bondoc, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
Animal’s performance recording system for the PCC will
be required to improve the carabao’s individual
performance, farm/herd productivity, and the national
breeding base. Following the proposed dispersed nucleus
breeding scheme, a standardized recording, testing/
computing, and selection program will initially be
concentrated among the PCC network centers. At the end
of the seminar-workshop, a national recording system for
carabaos will be developed to include, among others; (1)
standardized collection of animals performance records of
breeding animals and their pedigree on a continuous basis,
(2) Genetic evaluation using the best statistical methods for
predicting breeding values in order to rank individuals, (3)
48
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
Periodic assessment of changes in animals performance
and farm productivity, (4) networking and prompt submission
of results of analyses to assist the PCC and smallholder
carabao raisers in making basic farm decision including
selection within their herds, and (5) Validation and
restructuring of the national recording system to improve
the data gathering, storage, analysis, and application
activities in the long term.
Keywords: carabao, national recording system
*Report (Proceedings) of the Training-Workshop on Animals
Performance Recording System for PCC-DA, UPLB.
1995. p. 6-15. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)
1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 287.
B-7
ANIMAL BREEDING IN CROP-LIVESTOCK FARMING
SYSTEM*
O. L. Bondoc, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
This paper features the relevance and uses of the principles
of animals breeding in order to improve productivity of the
livestock component in traditional crop-livestock farming
systems. In general, animal breeding strategies can be
used to improved quantity (i.e. through better reproduction)
and quality (i.e. genetic improvement) of breeding stocks
of cattle and water buffaloes being raised by smallholder
farmers. Problems peculiar to such production system
were identified and include the following: lack of record
animal performance, small population size and their
scattered distribution, inherently low reproductive rates,
and low success rates of artificial breeding in farmers fields
such as artificial insemination (AI), estrus synchronization
(ES), pregnancy diagnosis (PD) and embryo transfer
(MOET). In this regards, the establishment of nucleus or
cooperative breeding schemes to effect genetic improvement
and disseminate/share improved animals performance is
recommended.
Keywords: animals breeding strategies, cattle, water
buffalo
*Proceeding of the Three-Month Training Course on Conducting
On-Farm Research in Farming Systems Development
FSSRI, UPLB. 1996. 5 p. Also in Annotated Bibliography on
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 293
B-8
AN ASSESMENT OF THE GENETIC AN ECONOMIC
IMPACTS OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATIONS (AI) ON

THE CATTLE AND CARABAO BREEDING
PROGRAMS OF THE PHILIPPINES*
O. L. Bondoc, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
A. C. M. Bantoc, University Research Associate, IAS-CA, UPLB
The project aimed to evaluate the genetic and economic
impacts of artificial insemination (AI) on the cattle and carabao
breeding programs in the Philippines. Historical records
about the technical viability and application of AI in relation
to breeding programs were reviewed. The scope, field
success rates, and potentials to effect rapid genetic
improvement in the performance (and breeding structure)
of cattle and carabao in the Philippines were then determined
through in-depth library work, personal interview, and mailin
survey. Finally, specific recommendation about a national
breeding program, breeding stations, professional of a pilot
project in Laguna are given with the intention of improving
the usefulness and impacts of AI on the local cattle and
carabao breeding programs. The following are the highlights
of the project: (1) Cattle and carabao breeding (i.e. genetic
improvement programs in the Philippines were noted to
lack of the infrastructure for AI and animal performance
recording and evaluation systems and thus economically
important traits; (2) Based on AI records compiled by the
National Artificial Breeding Center (NSBC), the scope and
success rates when using AI under Philippines conditions
have been limited, very low, and unsustained. With natural
mating and traditional (usually unimproved) husbandry
practices, cattle and carabaos are expected to produced at
much lower levels and reproduce themselves less rapidly.
In view of the low field success rates, the use of AI should
be restricted in selected matings to produce bulls for natural
breeding; (3) Results of mail – in survey indicated low
success rates with AI in the farm due to many problems
associated with the animals themselves, AI technicians
and technology itself, and poor environmental conditions.
Furthermore, heterogeneity in opinions and decision
regarding what breed to use and what recording system,
breeding objectives and selection criteria to implement were
prevalent at all; (4) Theoretical (predicted) genetic progress
attained through AI in cattle and carabao can be
demonstrated locally under workable breeding schemes;
(5) Importation of frozen semen from outstanding sires to
be used in impregnating a nucleus of selected (i.e. locally
available and superior) cows is recommended to
complement the current government program that introduces
the usually expensive live breeding stock; (6) Cost of AI
relative to genetic and socio-economic benefits need to be
monitored and evaluated regularly; (7) An AI breeding
project that shall highlight the genetic and economic impact
of AI in cattle is proposed to be piloted in the province of
BREEDING AND GENETICS
Laguna; and (8) Distribution of a technical publication about
the genetics and economics of AI is likewise proposed in
order to spur interest and knowledge in the use of artificial
breeding technology by local cattle and carabao breeders.
Keywords: artificial insemination (AI), cattle and carabao
breeding programs, genetic and economic impacts
*Terminal Report. PCARRD–DOST Project No. 89-540.
IAS, UPLB, Colleges, Laguna. 1996. 95 p. Also in
Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,
Carabaos (2002) p. 294.
B-9
GENETIC VARIABILITY OF KARYOTYPIC
CHARACTERISTICS IN RELATION TO THE
GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF ECONOMICALLY
IMPORTANT TRAITS IN WATER BUFFALOES
(Bubalus bubalis)*
O. L. Bondoc, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
M. C. G. T. Flor, Research Assistant, IAS-CA, UPLB
B. C. Gomez, Research Assistant, IAS-CA, UPLB
I.. T. Santos, Research Assistant, IAS-CA, UPLB
J. A. C. G. Flor, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC at UPLB
E. A. H. Bisa, Farm Superintendent, PCC at UPLB
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC at UPLB
A. N. del Barrio, Center Director, PCC at UPLB
One hundred and thirty (130) water buffaloes grouped into:
pure breeds (i.e., Philippine carabao (C), Indian Murrah
(IM) and Bulgarian Murrah (BM), two-way crosses (i.e.
50%IM-50%C, 50%BM-50%C, 50%Nili-Ravi-50%C),
backcross (75%IM-25%C), and three-way crosses
among C, IM, and Nili-Ravi, were considered for
karyotypes analysis using the modified Leukocyte Culture
Techinique and evaluation of their production and
reproductive performance using the ordinary least squares
method. Karyotypic characteristics (i.e. modal chromosome
number based on chromosome frequency, chromosome
type, and percent relative length, centromeric index, and
arm ratio for some chromosome) were significantly different
between breed groups. Significant differences between
groups were also found for production traits (i.e. 1-year
and 3-year old body weights, wither height, heart girth,
and body length) and reproductive parameters (i.e. total
milk yield, lactation length, age at first calving, and semen
volume). Significant linear correlation between karyotypic
characteristics and some economically important traits in
water buffaloes are highlighted in the study. The significant
correlation values imply that some karyotypic
characteristics can be used as important markers or criteria
to select potentially productive young water buffaloes. The
high coefficient of variation (C.V.) values in karyotypic
49

characteristics, production and reproductive traits imply
potential and practical basis to accurately distinguish
genetic differences between breed groups, especially in
the absence of breeding history and factual pedigree and
identification records on-farm. Results of the karyotype
analyses and their relationships with production and
reproductive traits in water buffaloes can be applied in the
design and development of local selection, crossbreeding,
and/or conservation programs. Differences between pure
breeds and their crosses in terms of percent heterosis and
advantage over the Philippine carabao will be useful in the
design and development of systematic crossbreeding
programs useful in the dominant local production and
marketing systems. Indirect selection for overall
productivity based on the karyotypic characteristics of
breeding animals can be practiced at a much earlier age,
thereby reducing generation interval considerably. Because
of the requirements for laboratory facilities and expertise,
the use of karyotype analysis is however recommended
for the gene pool and institutional herds such as those
maintained by the Philippine Carabao Center (PCC) in aid
of the establishment of a national buffalo registry and
implementation of a national breeding program for water
buffaloes.
Keywords: Philippine carabao, Indian Murrah, Bulgarian
Murrah, karyotype, karyotypic characteristics, economic
traits
*Completed Research Studies, 1996-2002, (2003) PCC
at UPLB.
B-10
ESTIMATED BREEDING VALUES AND GENETIC
TRENDS OF BODYWEIGHTS AT BIRTH UP TO 36
MONTHS OF AGE OF WATER BUFFALOES AT PCC
AT UPLB*
O. L. Bondoc, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
C. D. Salazar, Undergraduate Student, IAS-CA, UPLB
Using the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) mixed
model methodology, the bodyweight record at birth, six,
12, 24 and 36 months of age of 171 water buffaloes born
between 1983 and 1994 from 30 sires and 93 dams of
PCC at UPLB were evaluated. Male water buffaloes
were heavier than the females at birth by 0.97 kg, at six
months by 6.67 kg and at 24 months of age by 3.10 kg.
However, males were lighter than females at 12 and 36
months of age by 5.47 and 7.8 kg, respectively. Maximum
body weights at birth, sixth and twelfth month of age were
recorded in the months of May, December, and January,
respectively. The Murrah buffaloes were found to have the
50
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
highest sixth and 36 th month bodyweights, while the 50%
PC: 50% Nili-Ravi produced the heaviest bodyweights at
birth and twelfth month of age. On the other hand, the 50%
PC: 50% Murrah had the highest 24 th month bodyweight.
In general, the Murrah sires produced offsprings with heavier
bodyweights at all ages. In terms of producing bodyweights
of offsprings from birth up to twelfth month of age, the 50%
PC: 50% Murrah and pure PC’s seemed to be the best
breed of dams at PCC-UPLB. The phenotypic trends of
all body weight measurements were the same from 1983
to 1994 except for bodyweights at 24 and 36 th months of
age that were observed to decrease from 1983 to 1986.
On the basis of the average phenotypic change per year,
bodyweight measurements of buffaloes at all ages
decreased at a range of –8.7 to 0.35 kg/yr except at six
months of age. On the other hand, the genetic trend for
each bodyweight from birth to 36 months fluctuated from
1983 to 1994. Yearly genetic gains of bodyweights at all
ages were almost zero. Based on the results, the cow
indices and sire proofs obtained can be used as one of the
criteria for selecting breeding animals. In order to obtain
higher selection intensity for sires, fewer tested sires must
be used relative to the number of dams.
Keywords: Philippine carabao, Murrah buffalo,
crossbreeds, estimated breeding values, genetic trends of
bodyweight
*PCC-OED-DA Philippine Carabao R & D Highlights
1994-1996 (1997) p. 1-2.
B-11
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN BODY WEIGHTS AT
DIFFERENT AGES OF WATER BUFFALOES*
O. L. Bondoc, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
C. D. Salazar, Undergraduate Student, IAS-CA, UPLB
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-DA,
UPLB
Correlation between body weights at different ages were
studied using records of one hundred and seventy-one
(171) water buffaloes born between 1983 and 1994 at the
Philippine Carabao Center, PCC at UPLB. Highly
significant phenotypic correlation coefficients involving body
weight at one year of age were high (r = 0.57 to 0.80). On
the other hand, phenotypic correlation of various body
weights with birth weight were low (r = 0.20 to 0.33).
Correlation studies within subgroups of breed, sex and
breed-sex combinations showed that significant
relationships between body weights were most consistent
among Phil-Murrah crosses, among female buffaloes, and
among Phil-Murrah females. Correlation in terms of

estimated breeding values of (EBVs) (from Best Linear
Unbiased Prediction of BLUP mixed models) between
body weights at the different ages were generally not
significant (P>0.05). This is because individual EBVs that
are commonly expressed as the deviations from the
population mean, were small and close to zero. The EBV
for each trait however, should be used as the main criterion
for selection, either as an EBV of an animal for one trait or
as part of a selection index composed of more that one
trait. The high phenotypic correlations are recommended
to redesign the local breeding program to allow selection
for body weights at younger ages (i.e., yearling weight).
However, more studies to determine the genetic correlations
and relative economic values of body weights at different
ages are needed to properly derive a local multiple trait
selection index for water buffaloes.
Keywords: correlations between body weights, estimated
breeding values (EBVs)
*Proceeding of the PSAS 32 nd Annual Convention, PICC,
Metro Manila, October 26-27, 1995. p. 273-283. Also in
Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science,
22(1&2):33-42. Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo
Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995 (1996) p. 1, PCC-
DA. Also in Philippine Carabao Center R & D Highlights
1994-1996 (1997) p. 2-4, PCC-DA. Also in Annotated
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p.
357
B-12
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF KARYOTYPIC
CHARACTERISTICS IN WATER BUFFALOES
(Bubalus bubalis)*
O. L. Bondoc, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
I.. T. Santos, Research Assistant, IAS-CA, UPLB
M. R. Rapusas, Research Assistant, IAS-CA, UPLB
B. C. Gomez, Research Assistant, IAS-CA, UPLB
Twenty-eight (28) water buffaloes at the Philippine Carabao
Center (PCC) – U. P. Los Baños, belonging to five breed
groups namely, 6 Carabao (C), 5 Murrah (M), 5 F 1 (50%M
– 50%C), 4 F 2 (50%M – 50%C) and 8 backcross or
(75%M – 25%C), were used in the karyotype analysis.
Using the modified Leukocyte Culture Technique (Bongso
and Hilmi, 1982), blood samples were cultured and
processed. Photomicrographs were taken, scanned, and
further enhanced, magnified (4 to 5 times), and printed.
Chromosome pairs were manually cut and pasted according
to their length and position of centromere to from the
photokaryotype. Modal chromosome number and
chromosome type based on centromeric location were
BREEDING AND GENETICS
compared by simple frequency analysis. Analysis of
variance by ordinary least squares methods was used to
determine significant breed differences in relative length,
centromeric index, and arm ratio of all chromosomes.
Means of karyotypic characteristics were compared
between breeds using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT). Based on a total of 2,973 cells examined, the
modal chromosome number for the Carabao (C), Murrah
(M), F 1 (50%M – 50%C), F 2 (50%M – 50%C) and
backcross or (75%M – 25%C) was 48 (80.25%), 50
(69.75%), 49 (83.31%), and 50 (55.35%), respectively.
The results of the present study are consistent with the
results reported by previous workers (Songsri and
Ramirez, 1979; Bongso, et. al. 1984). No metacentric
chromosomes were found for all breed groups examined.
For Carabao and Murrah breeds, 21% of all chromosomes
were submetacentric and the remainder (79%) acrocentric.
Chromosomes of the three crossbreed groups in contrast
were 20% submetacentric and 80% acrocentric. Significant
breed differences (P

the least square analysis revealed no significant differences
(P> 0.05) in heterosis estimates between farm species (S)
and between breed’s contribution to the blood composition
of crossbred progeny as a measure of heterozygosity in
different crossbreeding systems. Heterosis reports in the
Philippines and other countries also do not vary significantly
(P>0.05). However, heterosis values were significantly
influenced (P0.01) by the type of formula used to estimate
heterosis (F) and character group (C). Heterosis based on
one parent only were overestimates of heterosis based on
mid parent average. Growth and yield traits exhibited
substantially higher heterosis than product quality and cost
reduction traits. The high heterosis values in highly heritable
traits may be attributed to the “additive x additive” epistatic
term in the many loci model described by Willham and
Pollk (1984) or a result of improving the average genetic
merit of the foundation breeds used in the cross, as
suggested by Warwick and Legates (1979). Significant
interaction effects (P

and broken horn were common among the native cattle
and carabaos. Short dropping rump, upstanding body,
sway-back, splayfoot, tron nasal septum, blind eye, and
lame hind leg were frequent among the carabaos. Thirtyeight
head, or 25.8 percent of the male native cattle and 45
head or 30.6 percent of the female, were for breeding
purposes; 11 head, or 34.7 percent of the male carabaos,
and 120 head or 35.9 percent were also for breeding. The
work cattle were for carting and plowing upland areas, the
work carabaos, for plowing upland and lowland fields.
Two hundred seventy-nine native cattle slaughtered from
August 1945 to August 1946, retailed at Php 3.50 a kilo of
lean meat in Los Baños and Php 4.00 in Calamba and
Cabuyao. A kilo of lean meat and bone was Php 3.00 in
Los Baños and Calamba and Php 3.0 in Cabuyao. The
28 native carabaos slaughtered retailed at Php 2.50 a kilo
of lean meat and Php 2.00 a kilo of lean meat and bone.
Native cattle for beef was sold at an average of Php
171.40 each and those for breeding Php 500.00. The
native work carabaos sold for Php 435.91 each. The
native cattle and carabaos were, in general, medium in
condition or degree of fatness. The animals were turned
loose in the rice fields and neglected areas after harvest,
but at planting time they were grazed in a limited area.
Keywords: cattle, carabao, physical characteristics,
economic value
*B. S. A. Thesis, Department of Animal Husbandry, CA,
UPLB (1946). Also in Philippine Agriculturist, 35(3):163-169.
B-16
PROPOSAL: NEW SCIENTIFIC NAME OF THE
DOMESTICATED SWAMP BUFFALO, THE
CARABAO – Bubalus bubalis carabanensis Sp. Nov.,
Castillo 1998)*
L. S. Castillo, Academician, NAST and Emeritus Professor, UPLB
The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis Linn) has two groups,
namely the swamp buffalo typified by the carabao and the
riverine buffalo, typified by the Murrah. The proposal for a
new subspecific name of the swamp buffalo, Bubalus
bubalis carabanensis {(Sub) Sp. Nov. Castillo, 1998} is
suggested because of important differences between the
two types. Carabao has 48 chromosomes while Murrah
has 50. Furthermore, the relative size of chromosome no.
1 in carabao is longer with metacentric centromere while
the Murrah has shorter size with submetacentric
centromere. The carabao is light gray whereas the rurrah
is black to jet black. The carabao stockings from the
knees/hocks to the hoofs are whitish in color but are black
in Murrah. There is a whitish chevron/s in the ventral side
BREEDING AND GENETICS
of the neck of the carabao but not in the Murrah. The horns
of the carabao are curved upward and inward to form
approximately a semi-circle (crescent horns) but in the
Murrah they are curved or coiled backward and up.
Keywords: Philippine carabao scientific name
*20 th Annual Scientific Meeting of the National Academy of
Science and Technology Philippines, July 8-9, 1998, Westin
Philippine Plaza.
B-17
CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS OF PHILIPPINE
CARABAO (Bubalus carabanensis)
K. M. R. Contawe, Student, DAS-CA, CLSU
This study was conducted to prepare karyotype of male
and female Philippine carabao. Chromosome analysis of
Giemsa stained lymphocytes culture was done on 5 male
and 5 female Philippine carabao. The karyotype of the
Philippine carabao (2n=48) consisted of 6 metacentric, 4
submetacentric, 38 acrocentric including the sex
chromosome (X and Y). A total of 76 cells were observed
of which 9 were in good condition. These good conditions
were characterized as having a distinctly identifiable
complete chromosome, while 67 were not in good state
having clustered, scattered and too difficult to count
chromosomes. Morphological characteristics of the
chromosome of the Philippine carabao (male and female)
are very similar except for the Y chromosome of the male
Philippine carabao which has small acrocentric.
Keywords: Philippine carabao, chromosomal analysis
*Undergraduate Thesis, Central Luzon State University,
Muñoz, Nueva Ecija (2001).
B-18
EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION OF
INDIGENOUS ANIMALS GENETIC RESOURCES:
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARABAO IN THE
PHILIPPINES*
L. C. Cruz, Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA
Effectively utilization of indigenous animals genetic
resources is discussed with specific reference to
experience with research and development of the carabao
in the Philippines. The paper puts into perspective the
presence of genetic diversity, recent developments in breed
improvement, future challenges to develop crossbred
animals for smallholders and the importance of conservation.
Data are given on the distribution of an estimated population
53

of about 18 million swamp buffaloes in South-East Asia.
Within this group, all the countries in Indo-China together
with Indonesia recorded average annual population growth
rate of between –1.7 and 3.3 percent decreased. Their
value, especially to draft and beef production, is indicated.
The Philippine carabao development program involves
lengthening the gene pool, upgrading carabao for milk and
meat, enterprise development, and research and
development activities. Major researchable issues are
breeding and genetic feeding and nutrition, reproduction,
animal’s health, socio-economic aspects, technology
delivery and policy matters. The restraints to research are
technical manpower capacity, sustained funding, formation
flow, system orientation, failure to translate the efforts and
programmed continuity. The research and development
efforts in the Philippines, and the implication of the activities
to the South – East Asian region and elsewhere are
emphasized.
Keywords: development of Philippine carabao, indigenous
animals genetic resources
*Devendra C., Gardiner P. (eds.). ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya.
Global Agenda for Livestock Research. Proceeding of the
Consultation for the South–East Asia Region, Nairobi
Kenya, ILRI. 1995. p. 5. Also in Annotated Bibliography
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 289.
B-19
ULTRASONIC SCANNING FOR ESTIMATING THE
CARCASS TRAITS OF LIVE WATER BUFFALOES*
H. Harada, Professor, Miyazaki University, Japan
P. G. Duran, Superivsing Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA
F. V. Mamuad, Director, PCC-CLSU, DA
L. C. Cruz, Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA
I.. J. Domingo, Assistant Professor, DAS, CLSU
T. Ohashi, Professor, Miyazaki University, Japan
A total of 341 live water buffaloes that consisted of 180 hd
of Murrah buffalo (MB) (male=79 and female=101); 108 hd
of Philippine carabao (PC) (male=24 and female=84); and
53 hd of Crossbred (CB) (male=18 an female=35) from
six locations were ultrasonicaly analyzed of their meat
characteristics. These animals were ultrasonically scanned
on the left side of the body between the 6 th and 7 th , and
between 12 th and 13 th rib sections. Ultrasonic machine
used was Super-eye MEAT with B-mode electronic linear
probe that operates at 3.5 MGz. Data obtained were
statistically analyzed using LSMLMW procedures by
Harvey (1990). Results indicated that ultrasonic scanning
in water was made possible with clear scan image obtained.
Boundaries of fat and muscle and M. longissimus thoracis
54
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
area (MLTA) are traceable and can be identified. Analysis
of variance for ultrasonic estimates of carcass traits of MB,
PC and CB, male and female among six locations and the
interactions of breed x sex indicated that breed effects
were significantly on MLTA (P

the Alb A Alb B and Alb B Alb B genotypes. The frequencies of
Alb A and Alb B alleles were 0.2051 and 0.7949, respectively.
Genetic equilibrium was apparent. Post-albumin
polymorphism in Philippine and Malaysian carabaos was
also observed. The genotypes Pa F Pa F , Pa F Pa S and Pa S
Pa S were observed in both carabaos. Genotype Pa F Pa S
was the most common and the frequencies of the Pa F and
Pa S alleles in both carabaos were found to be similar.
There appeared to be a genetic disequilibrium in both cases.
Keywords: albumin and post-albumin polymorphism,
Philippine carabaos, starch gel electrophoresis
*M.S. Thesis, Institute of Animal Science, CA, UPLB
(1972). Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity),
1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 248.
B-21
CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS OF WATER
BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis) AND THEIR
CROSSES IN THE PHILIPPINES*
M. A. Majid, M.S. Student, IAS-CA, UPLB
Z. M. Nava, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
B. A. Parker, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
M. N. I. Faridi, International Rice Research Institute
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-
PCARRD, UPLB
L. A. Sitch, International Rice Research Institute
Chromosome analysis of Giemsa-stained lymphocytes
culture was undertaken on 5 males and 5 females in
each breeding group of Murrah buffalo, Philippine carabao,
F 1 hybrid (Philippine Carabao x Murrah buffalo and
Philippine carabao x Nili Ravi) and F 2 animals from
interse mating of F 1 offspring within each group. The
karyotype of Murrah buffalo (2n=50 consisted of 10 meta
or submetacentric chromosomes and 40 acrocentric
including sex chromosomes. The Philippine carabao
(2n=48) consisted of 10 meta or submetacentric and 38
acrocentric chromosomes including two sex
chromosomes (X and Y). Chromosome pair 4 in the
Philippine carabao karyotype was the 4/9 tandem fusion
product of Murrah karyotype. All F 1 hybrids had 2n=49
chromosomes complements. A single longest metacentric
chromosome was also produced by tandem fusion
between one member of chromosome pair 4 and 9 which
could serve as a marker to differentiate whether it is
crossbred or not. The F 2 animals comprised two
populations carrying 2n=48 and 2n=50 chromosomes.
The “X” chromosome was the largest and the “Y”
chromosome was one of the small acrocentric
chromosome in the complements in all the cases.
BREEDING AND GENETICS
Keywords: Philippine carabao, Murrah buffalo, buffalo
crossbreds, karyotype
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science,
17(3&4):58 (Abstract). Also in The Philippine Agriculturist,
1991. 74 (4):543-556.
B-22
MORPHOMETRIC AND GENETIC VARIATIONS IN
THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis) AND
TAMARAW (Anoa mindorensis Huede)*
M. A. Majid, Ph.D. Student, IAS-CA, UPLB
The Philippine carabao (PC) ranging from 1 to 2 years old
from different locations were found significantly different in
terms of morphometric characteristics such as body length
(BL), height of withers (HW) and chest girth (CG).
However, hip height (HH) and cannon circumference (CC)
were not significantly different. In the 3 to 4 years old
female animals, BL, CC, HW and TL were found
significantly different while HH, CG, head length (HL) and
horn length (HL) were not significantly different. The above
4 yers old PCs significantly differed in body weight (BW),
BL, WH, HH, CG CC, HL and TL. Sex effect was found
significant only on HW. All the morphometric measurements
of tamaraw were observed much lower than those of the
PC. Positive correlation on all the morphometric traits was
found in PC and tamaraw. Of all the parameters involved
in developing the prediction equations, chest girth was the
best predictor for body weight of female PCs above 4 years
old while body length was best predictor to 1 to 2 years old
male PCs. Four blood proteins namely, albumin, hemoglobin,
two macroglobulin and transferrin; two enzymes such as
malate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate
dehydrogenase were examined using starch gel
electrophoresis and were all found to be polymorphic.
Significant differences were observed in all six loci among
PCs but only transferrin and and macroglobulin loci
significantly differed between PC and tanaraw. Genetic
distance among different populations ranged from 0.22 to
0.27. The dendrogram constructed indicates that the PC
and the tamaraw are genetically related.
Keywords: Philippine carabao, tamaraw, morphometric
characteristics, blood proteins, dehydrogenase enzymes,
genetic distance, dendrogram
*Ph. D. Dissertation, Institute of Animal Science, CA,
UPLB (1992).
B-23
EFFECTS OF STORAGE AND BREEDTYPE ON THE
QUALITY OF BUFFALO FROZEN SEMEN*
55

P. Nabheerong, Ph.D. Student, IAS-CA, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-
PCARRD, UPLB
Four bulls of Philippines carabao, Murrah buffalo and Phil-
Murrah (Philippines carabao x Murrah buffalo); and storage
times of one week, one month, three month, six month,
nine month and 12 month for frozen semen were analyzed
using a split-plot in Completely Randomized Design (CRD).
The initial quality of the semen ejaculates with respect to
semen volume, sperm concentration, percentage motility,
dead-alive staining and morphology were evaluated. The
semen ejaculates were diluted with Tris-glycerol extender
and processed for storage in liquid nitrogen. Criteria for
examination of frozen semen were percent motility, deadalive
staining and morphological changes of sperm cell
organelles as seen under the electron microscope. One
year of storage of buffalo semen showed no effect on
percent motility, dead-alive staining and morphological
change of sperm cell organelles. The lowest percentage of
abnormal sperm and abnormal acrosome was obtained
from crossbred.
Keywords: buffalo breedtype, frozen semen, semen
quality, stored semen
*Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1981-1995, PCC-
UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995 (1996)
PCC-DA, p. 60. Also in Annotated Bibliography on
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity), 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 296.
B-24
TIMING OF SEQUENTIAL CHANGES ON
CHROMOSOME CONFIGURATIONS DURING THE
1 ST , MEIOSIS, 2 ND MEIOSIS AND CYTOPLASMIC
EVENTS OF SWAMP BUFFALO OOCYTES
MATURED AND FERTILIZED IN VITRO*
L. C. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, OED-PCC-DA
M. B. Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, OED-PCC-DA
F. V. Mamuad, Associate Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU
E. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCC-DA, CLSU
T. Mori, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
H. Shimizu, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
Swamp buffalo oocytes were examined to determine the
specifics of early events of maturation and fertilization in
vitro. A variation in germinal vesicle morphology revealed
an asynchronous oocyte population at the time of collection
(o hr culture). Germinal vesicle breakdown was noticed
from 8-11.7 hr of culture, Metaphase I stage at 11.7 – 19.3
hr. Anaphase I and Telophase I stages were seen
occasionally between 19.3–21 hr and 21.1- 22.2 hr,
56
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
respectively, while Metaphase II stage was prominent
between 22.2 – 24.0 hr of culture. The first evidence of
sperm penetration was observed 1 hr after insemination.
Attachement of spermatozoa in the ooplasm resulted to the
initiation of 2 nd meiosis and was seen from 5 – 8 hr post
insemination. Further decondensation of penetrating sperm
head in association with female chromosome
decondensation, accompanied with nuclear envelope
formation was noted between 8–11 hr post insemination.
Opposing and apposing pronuclei were frequently seen
between 11–23 hr after insemination. Syngamy, prophase
stage of 1 st mitotic division, including first cleavage, were
observed as early as 20 hr after insemination.
Keywords: asynchrony, buffalo, meiosis, oocyte,
syngamy
*Proceedings of the 38 th Annual Convention, Philippine
Society of Animal Science, October 18-19, 2000. Manila,
Philippines. p. 24-25. Also in Philippine Journal of
Veterinary Animal Science, 27(1):1-11.
B-25
MUSCLE FIBER DIAMETER OF SELECTED
MUSCLES AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF
CARABEEF FROM PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalis
carabanensis) AND CROSSBREEDS*
V. P. Obsioma, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
S. P. Horn, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
M. L. S. Mangabat, Undergraduate Student, IAS-CA, UPLB
C. L. Tiongson, Undergraduate Student, IAS-CA, UPLB
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-DA, UPLB
B. A. Oliveros, Director, PCC-DA, UPLB
Two studies were conducted to compare the muscle fiber
diameter of selected muscles, sensory characteristics,
shear force value and firmness of carabeef from the
Philippine carabao (PC) and Phil-Murrah (PM) crossbreeds
(Murrah buffalo x PC or PM F 1 and PM x PM crossbreeds
or PM F 2 ). Four animals from each breedtype were used
in each stucy. In study I, psoas major, semitendinosus
and supraspinatus muscles were taken from the left
carcasses, for muscle fiber diameter determination using a
compound microscope ser at low power objective (400x).
In study 2, longissimus dorsi muscles from the right side of
carabeef carcasses were used in penetrometer test, shear
force test and sensory evaluation. Results showed no
significant interaction effect of breedtypes and type of muscle
on muscle fiber diameter. The mean fiber diameter of
psoas major, semitendinosus and supraspinatus were
31.42u, 44.83u and 59.00u, respectively, which were
significantly different from each other. In study 2, loin
samples from the three breedtypes were not significantly

different in trms of shear force values. However, carabeef
from PM F 1 had significantly lowere penetrometer reading
than that of PC. Carabeef from PM F 1 did not differ
significantly from that of PC of PM F 2 in terms of
penetrometer reading. Mean sensory scores of carabeef
samples from PC and Phil-Murrah crossbreeds were found
to be similar except for tenderness. The carabeef samples
had similar acceptability scores. The results of the study
suggest that crossbreeding scheme did not significantly
affect the muscle fiber size, shear force values and most of
the sensory traits of carabeef.
Keywords: Philippine carabao, crossbreeds, carabeef,
muscle fiber, sensory characteristics
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 22
(3&4):17-23.
B-26
BLOOD TRANSFERRIN TYPES OF PHILIPPINE
CARABAOS*
B. A. Parker, Assistant Professor, DAH-CA, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Assistant Professor, DAH-CA, UPLB
The existence of polymorphic plasma trasferrin in Philippine
carabao has been ascertained by means of disc and starch
gel electrophoresis. Three electrophoretic patterns,
Phenotype I, II and III, in blood samples showed
Phenotype I, which is characterized by two distinct and
densely stained brands with a very faint leading band.
Differences in the degree of stain absorption, size of bands
and rate of migration were noted between the cattle and the
carabao transferrin bands. The possible applications of
these findings are discussed.
Keywords: blood transferrin types, frequency distribution,
Phil. carabao
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 8(2):
87–92. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)
1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 314.
B-27
THE DISTRIBUTION OF AMYLASE AND CARBONIC
ANHYDRASE GENOTYPES IN PHILIPPINE CATTLE
AND CARABAO*
B. A. Parker, Associate Professor, DAS-CA, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Associate Professor, DAS-CA, UPLB
P. S. Sotaridona, Research Assistant, DAS-CA, UPLB
A modified technique of horizontal starch gel electrophoresis
in a discontinuous buffer system was used for esterase
BREEDING AND GENETICS
determination in blood samples from 293 mature Philippine
cattle and 118 carabaos. The analysis indicated the
presence of esterase polymorphs in the blood of Philippine
cattle and carabaos. Inhibition test was performed with the
use of 10-4M EDTA, a specific inhibitor for esterase, in
order to confirm that the investigation is esterase. There
are no phenotypes of esterase (ES to the A and ES to the
AB) observed in cattle and only one phenotype (ES to the
A) in carabaos. The ES to the A was common to both
cattle and carabao and ES to the AB was absent in carabao.
The ES to the AB was found in only six cattle.
Keywords: amylase and carbonic anhydrase genotypes,
Philippine carabao and cattle, starch gel electrophoresis
*Abstract of Completed Researches 1973-1995. IAS-CA,
UPLB, College, Laguna (1996). Compiled by A. T. Banzon,
N. L. de Castro, S. M. Ramos, F. F. Peñalba and D. B.
Roxas. 1996. p. 11-12. Also in Annotated Bibliography on
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002, p. 315
B-28
THE DISTRIBUTION OF ESTERASE, ACID
PHOSPHATASE AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE
GENOTYPES IN PHILIPPINE CATTLE AND
CARABAO*
B. A. Parker, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
P. S. Sotaridona, Research Assistant, IAS-CA, UPLB
Esterase and alkaline phosphatase polymorphisms were
determined in hemolysates and the plasma using the starchgel
electrophoresis system. Electrophoretic results indicated
that long storage of the sample affects the zone pattern of the
enzyme as exhibited by lighter intensity and diffused bands
which were difficult to identify. The results also showed that
esterase and alkaline phosphatase activities are inhibited by
10 to the – 4M solution of ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid
and 5 x 10 to the -3M solution of L-phenylalamine, respectively.
This led to the disappearance of the bands which confirmed
the activity of the enzymes being investigated. Base on the
limited number of samples, two phenotypes of Esterase
(ES to the A and ES to the AB) were observed in cattle and
one phenotype (ES to the A) in carabaos. Two phenotypes
of alkaline phosphates (Alp to the A) and Apl to the AO) were
observed to be common in both cattle and carabao.
Phenotype A of both enzymes migrated ahead of phenotypes
B and O.
Keywords: esterase and alkaline phosphatase,
polymorphisms, Philippine cattle and carabao, starch-gel
electrophoresis
57

*Abstract of Completed Researches. 1973-1995. 1996.
IAS-CA, UPLB, College, Laguna. Compiled by A. T.
Banson, N. L. de Castro, S. M. Ramos, F. F. Peñalba
and D. B. Roxas. p. 11. Also in Annotated Bibliography on
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 316.
B-29
EVALUATION OF GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND
DEVELOPMENT OF BREEDING PROGRAM FOR
SMALL SCALE CARABEEF PRODUCTION*
B. A. Parker, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
C. Missiaen, FAO Associate Expert
O. A. Palad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
A. R. Obsioma, University Researcher, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
Z. M. Nava, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-
PCARRD, UPLB
This study was conducted to: (a) develop a strain or type of
carabaos that will be superior for draft, milk and meat under
the farmers backyard production systems; (b) develop
breeding programs suited to small scale carabeef production;
and (c) evaluate the genetic potentials of the progenies
resulting from the mating of different breeds of river buffaloes
with the Philippines carabao for use as draft, milk and meat
animals. Based on the least-squares data analyses of the
Philippines Carabao, Phil-Ravi crossbred, and Phil-Murrah
crossbred produced by the PCRDC at UPLB and its
cooperators, the following results were obtained: (a) either of
the two water buffalo crossbreds would be the breed of
choice for meat production. The highly significant difference
among the three breeds/strains of sire indicated that at an
average of 12 and 18 months of age the crossbreds were
heavier than the Philippines carabaos. However, at 24
months of age, no significant differences existed between
the two crossbreds. This could be due to the relatively few
animals involved in the analysis. Murrah bulls are available
locally and can be used extensively in any artificial
insemination (AI) programs; (b) locations of production of
crossbreds and Philippine weights. Expression of growth
potentials of crossbreds varied according to location and
other environmental factors; (c) year and month of birth, sex
and age of dam did not significantly contribute to the source
of variations for weights of Philippines carabao and its crosses;
and (d) the breeding scheme of grading up the first cross
carabao females with F1 sires appears to be suitable for
small farmer herds where a stabilized 50:50 mixture of local
and exotic breed is desired.
Keywords: carabao and crossbreds, carabao breeding
program, crossbreeding, growth performance, small – scale
carabeef production
58
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
*Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1981-1995. 1996.
PCC-UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995 (1996)
PCC-DA p. 4. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)
1949-1997, Carabaos 2002) p. 297.
B-30
DATA ANALYSIS OF GROWTH PERFROMANCE OF
CARABAOS AND ITS CROSSBREDS*
B. A. Parker, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
Z. M. Nava, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-
PCARRD, UPLB
P. S. Faylon, Director, LRD, PCARRD
L. Demple, FAO-UNDP Consultant for Animal Breeding
S. K, Ranjhan, PCRDC Project Manager and FAO-UNDP Consultant
L. C. Cruz, Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
D. B. Peña, Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD, LCSF-DA
R. Anacleto, Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD, CMU
F. Rellin, Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD, CSU
J. Elumba, Farm Superintendent, USF-DA
This study aims to evaluate the crossbreeding program of
the Philippine Carabao Research and Development Center
(PCRDC) in terms of growth performance under institutional
and smallholder farmers’ herd level. Data set contained
information for 737 animals with disproportionate sub-class
numbers covering three farming systems, and two breeds
of sires (Murrah and carabao) collected from 4 institutions,
2 stock farms, and 11 farmer cooperators were analyzed
using the methods of least squares for disproportionate
sub-class numbers. The mean square estimates of the
least analysis of variance showed location and breed were
significantly sources of variations for height, heart girth and
body length for buffaloes raised by farmer cooperators and
in stock farms. Locations was not a significant source of
variations for height and heart girth measurements at birth,
6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months of ages for animals raised at
the institutions (UPLB and CLSU) with different
environmental conditions. Location of farm and genotypes
raised in different farms were significant sources of variations
for body weights and measurements. Murrah F1 were
relatively heavier and larger compared with the carabao
progenies between and within locations. There were no
significant genotype x location interaction observed in the
performance of buffaloes raised by farmer cooperators within
Luzon and between those raised in Luzon and the Visayas.
This is also true for the institutional herds (UPLB and
CLSU), indicating that the F 1S and carabao progenies raised
in different locations did not vary significantly in weights in
spite of the differences in environmental conditions. In the
Visayas, where-ranch type of production is practiced, body
weights and measurements of the genotypes raised in

stock farms which practiced backyard-type production,
e.g. La Carlota. Results of the analysis with reference to
main effects and two-factor interactions confirmed most of
the previous statistical analyses. The present analysis is
confined more on comparative performances in relation to
locations and type of farming system (feeding and
management).
Keywords: backyard and ranch-type production, carabao
and crossbreds, growth performance, institutional herds
*Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1981-1995, (1996)
PCC-DA, UPLB. Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo
Researches in the Philippines, 1981-1995, (1996) PCC-
DA p. 4-5. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)
1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 243
B-31
RAPD ANALYSIS OF INDIAN MURRAH WATER
BUFFALO, NATIVE CARABAO AND THEIR F 1 *
B. P. Roxas, Graduate Student, Molecular Biology and Biotech Program,
UPDiliman
S. C. Halos, Professor, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Program,
UPDiliman
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-DA, UPLB
RAPD assay was used to identify polymorphic DNA
markers between Murrah buffalo, native carabao and their
F1. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples.
PCR amplification using six UBC primers was done using
25 ng DNA template and 2.5 mM Mg 2 Cl in a 25 ul reaction
mixture under the following conditions: single cycle of 5
mins at 95 o C, 45 cycles of 5 sec at 94 o C, 1 min at 34 o C,
2 mins at 72 o C and final elongation of 5 mins. PCR
amplification products were resolved in 5% polyacrylamide
gel. Four primers generated one to nine bands ranging
from 175 to 2150 bp in length. Nei’s similarity coefficient
was calculated to be S XY = 0.706 between Murrah and
native carabao. The F 1 was observed to exhibit Mendelian
inheritance of bands as well as the generations of nonparental
bands.
Keywords: RAPD assay, DNA markers, water buffalo,
native carabao, F 1 cross
*Proceedings of the 34 th Annual Convention, Philippine
Society of Animal Science, October 23-24, 1997, PICC,
Manila, Philippines. p. 314-319. Also in Completed and
On-going Research Studies, PCC at UPLB, January 1-
December 31, 1997. p. 1-6. Also in Annotated Bibliography
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 304
BREEDING AND GENETICS
B-32
THE DETERMINATION OF LIVE WEIGHT AND
CARCASS WEIGHT BASED ON BODY
MEASUREMENT OF PHILIPPINE CARABAOS*
R. Saladin, M. S. Student, DAS-CA, UPLB
B. A. Parker, Associate Professor, DAS-CA, UPLB
Five hundred and thirty two Philippine native carabaos
were grouped according to sex (males, females and steers),
age (below five years old over five years old) and sources
(Luzon region , Visayas region and Mindanao region).
Measurements of body length and heart girth revealed
consistent correlation with liveweight and carcass weight
in the carabaos used. The average correlation coefficient
(r) of live weight with body length and heart girth or animal
from Luzon are 0.84 and 0.912, respectively. For animals
from Visayas region, these estimates are 0.751 and 0.894,
respectively, and for animals from Mindanao region 0.785
and 0.905, respectively; all being statistically significant
(P

Twenty-four yearling carabaos with average live weight of
238.38 kg were raised on Themeda grassland at a stocking
rate of 0.33 a.u./ha for the entire year to define the growth
pattern under range conditions. The effect of season on the
nutritional status of the grassland was reflected in the growth
pattern of the grazing animals. During the dry season, the
carabaos lost 6.32 kg/head which were, however,
compensated during the subsequent rainy season. On the
average, a grazing head had an average daily gain of 0.20
kg/head. Changes in live weight highly correlated with
changes in both heart girth (r=0.98) and body weight
(r=0.98). The live weight can be estimated from the heart
girth and the body height values using the equation X=(Y –
47.44)/0.0066 or from the body length values (tail base to
point of shoulder) using the equation X=(Z – 32.17)/0.0367.
Keywords: growth pattern, themeda grassland, yearling
carabaos
*Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1981-1986, (1987).
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also in
Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-
1995 (1996) PCC-DA. p. 140. Also in Annotated Bibliography
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 240
B-34
GROWTH PATTERN OF CARABAO UNDER RANGE
CONDITIONS*
A. R. Santiago, Student, DAS-CA, CLSU
L. C. Cruz, Professor, DAS-CAS, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-
PCARRD, CLSU
S. S. Bumagat, Instructor, DAS-CA, CLSU
Twenty-four (24) yearling carabaos, eighteen (18) females,
six (6) males, were used in this study to determine the
growth pattern of carabaos raised under range condition.
Statistical analysis indicated highly significant relationship
between live weight and heart girth (r=0.98). Significant
relationships were also noted between live weight and
body height (r=0.93); between live weight and body length
from tail base to poll and body length from tail base to
shoulder (r=0.84) growth parameters from the rainy season
although female calves had faster rate of growth that the
male calves. Nutrition of the animals as influenced by the
season significantly affected the growth rate. The rate of
growth was low during the dry season and gradually
increased towards the rainy season. Supplemental feeding
during pasture stress also helped in meeting the
requirements for growth of the animals.
Keywords: growth pattern, yearling carabaos
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1986, (1987).
60
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
PCRDC at CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also in Abstracts
of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995.
1996. PCC-DA. p. 141. Also in Annotated Bibliography
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 155
B-35
GENETIC EVALUATION OF PHILIPPINE CARABAO
(PC), MURRAH BUFFALO (MB) AND THE PC X
MURRAH AND PC X NILI-RAVI HYBRIDS*
N. P. Shrestha, Ph.D. Student, IAS-CA, UPLB
B. A. Parker, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
Evaluation of production performances (growth, reproduction
and milk production) of PCs and their hybrids at different
locations, and estimation of genetic and phenotypic
parameters for carabaos are the major objectives of the
study. A total of 794 animals from the herds of different
PCRDC stations, namely, CSU, CLSU, UPLB, La
Carlota Stock Farm, Ubay Stock Farm and CMU were
used in the study. The data for milk production and
reproduction were taken from UPLB and CLSU while
body weights and measurements were collected from the
different PCRDC centers. The statistical methods
described by Harvey (1960) were used to analyze the
data with
the SAS (1985) GLM procedure. Based on least square
means of body weight, body length and heart girth, carbaos
had significantly lighter body weight, lower body height
and smaller heart girth than the Phil-Murrah, Phil-Ravi and
Murrah. A prediction equation for each genotype was
developed for determining body weight and heart girth from
age. The heritability estimates of body weight from birth to
36 months ranged from 0.31 + 0.3 to 0.69 + 0.38 (36 mo.);
body height ranged from 0.16 + 0.16 (12 mo.) to 0.58 +
0.24 (24 mo.); heart girth followed the pattern of body
weight; and no trend for body length. The repeatability
estimates for lactation yield, lactation length, calving interval
and daily milk yield average were 0.32 + 0.06; 0.18 +
0.06; 0.25 + 0.06; and 0.33 + 0.06, respectively. The
inverse polynomial model is best fit to describe the lactation
curve in all the four genotypes. All estimates of BWs for all
ages for all genotypes were significant. The carabo weighed
significantly lower at all ages from birth to 129 months of
age. There were no difference between Phil-Ravi and
Phil-Murrah for BW from birth to 115 months of age. The
non-linear models described the growth better than the
earlier linearized non-linear models. The Gompertz equation
model seems to describe the growth better but was not
good for predicting birth weights. The growth curve of the
carabao was at the lower level of growth while that of Phil-

Ravi was at the top. The heterosis estimation for growth at
maturity and milk production were about 5%. It was also
found out that based on genetic correlations of body weights
at 12 and 16 months, selection at 18 th -month body weight
was better than at 12 th month.
Keywords: Philippine carabao, Murrah buffalo,
crossbreeds, genetic evaluation, body weight and
measurements
*Abstracts of Completed Studies, 1981-1996, PCC-UPLB,
College, Laguna.
B-36
THE CYTOLOGY OF SWAMP AND RIVER TYPES
OF WATER BUFFALOES AND THEIR HYBRIDS*
S. Songsri, Ph.D. Student, DBS-CA, UPLB
D. A. Ramirez, Professor, DBS-CA, UPLB
The chromosomes of two major types of water buffaloes,
namely river type (Murrah Buffaloes) and swamp type
(carabaos) and of their hybrids were analyzed. The diploid
chromosome number of the carabao consists of 2n=48
chromosomes of which 6 are metacentric, 4 submetacentric,
and the rest including the sex chromosomes, acrocentric.
The Murrah buffalo has 2n=50 chromosomes of which 4
are metacentric, 6 submetacentric, and the rest acrocentric.
The F1 and the BC1 (carabao) hybrids have 2n=49
chromosomes and the smallest acrocentric chromosomes
(Chromosome 24) is unpaired. In each type of water
buffaloes, the X-chromosome is the largest acrocentric.
The Y-chromosome is also acrocentric. The morphological
characteristics of the chromosomes of the Murrah buffalo
and the carabao and the carabao are very similar except
for chromosome 1 which is metacentric and longer in the
carabao, and is submetacentric and shorter in the Murrah
buffalo. The differences in the chromosome 1 of the carabao
(swamp type) and the Murrah Buffalo (river type) are
further proofs supporting (Castillo’s proposal for the
classification of carabao as Bubalus carabenensis Linn).
Keywords: cytology of water buffalo, hybrid water buffalo,
river type buffalo, swamp type water buffalo
*Philippine Agriculturist, 62(4):262-275. Also in Annotated
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 249
B-37
WITHER HEIGHT, BODY LENGTH, AND HEART
GIRTH DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE CARABAO
AND ITS F 1 CROSSES UNDER RANCH
CONDITIONS*
BREEDING AND GENETICS
M. S. Suba, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU
F. M. Mamuad, Associate Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
P. G Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
V. L. Mamuad, Science Research Assistant, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
M. Pineda, Science Research Aide, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
Structural parameters of 109 PCs and its F1 crosses with
MB, Nili-Ravi (NR) and Thai Swamp Buffalo (TB) were
analyzed to determine their performance during their first
two years of development. Structural parameters studied
were wither height, body length, body length and heart
girth. NR x PC and MB x PC crosses tended to be taller
(P

REPRODUCTION
R-1
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF LH IN THE CARABAO*
A. Alejandrino, Researcher, PAEC
J. Alcantara, Researcher, PAEC
E. Wagelie, Researcher, NABC-DA and BAI-DA (Alabang)
C. Goze, Researcher, NABC-DA and BAI-DA (Alabang)
J. Sevilla, Researcher, NABC-DA and BAI-DA (Alabang)
A. Caburian, Researcher, NABC-DA and BAI-DA (Alabang)
B. Oprenario, Researcher, NABC-DA and BAI-DA (Alabang)
A sensitive method for the measurement of leutenizing
hormone (LH) in carabao serum using radioimmunoassay
was validated. To better understand carabao reproductive
physiology and to evolve to breeding management scheme
to improve reproductive efficiency, LH concentrations with
focus on the LH surge event in 21 adult female carabaos
managed under confinement, were determined. The majority
of the animals (57.1%) showed the preovulatory LH peak
values (5mg/ml or greater); others gave medium or low
peaks. Basal, tonic values (0.4 + 0.2 mg/ml) were
observed during the estrous cycle except for the brief LH
surge which appeared either at early or late estrus stage.
During pregnancy, LH concentration also remained basal
(0.5 + 0.3 ng/ml) apparently suppressed by the sustained
higher levels of progesterone.
Keywords: carabao serum, radioimmunoassay of LH
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science,
10(3&4):40-41 (Abstr.). Also in Annotated Bibliography on
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos, (2002), p. 324.
R-2
EFFECT OF TIME OF GnRH ADMINISTRATION ON
OVULATION RESPONSE AND CORPUS LUTEUM
FUNCTION IN POSTPARTUM BUFFALO COWS
TREATED WITH PGF 2 ALPHA FOR
SYNCHRONIZATION*
E. J. Aquino, M. S. Student, IGS, CLSU
P. G. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
H.V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
F. Rellin, M. S. Student, IGS, CLSU
O. F. Smith, PhD Student, IGS, CLSU
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS-CA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
Twenty-eight (28) cyclic caracows were assigned to a 2 x
3 factorial experiment involving two-prostaglandin F 2 alpha
(PGF 2 alpha) (fenprostalene and dinoprost tromethamine)
preparations and three intervals of GnRH treatment after
PGF 2 alpha (60, 72 and 84 hours) injection. The study
62
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
aimed to identify the appropriate type of PGF 2 alpha for
estrus synchronization and the proper time of gonadotropin
releasing hormone (GnRH) treatment for induction of
ovulation. All animals were injected twice with PGF 2
alpha (1 mg fenprostalene or 25 mg dinoprost tromethamine/
injection). The same animals were given GnRH (100 ug
fertilerin acetate, IM) 60, 72 or 84 hours after the last PGF 2
alpha administration. Results showed no significant
differences in the estrus responses of the animals to the
two types of PGF 2 alpha. All the animals ovulated after
GnRH treatment. However, the incidence of abnormal
luteal phases was significantly higher (P

& 4):61-66. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)
1949-1997, Carabaos, (2002), p. 251.
R-4
FERTILITY FOLLOWING CLITORAL STIMULATION
OF HEAT SYNCHRONIZED CARABAOS*
S. S Capitan, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
A. R. Obsioma, University Researcher, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
A. N. del Barrio, University Researcher, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
A 2 x 2 and 3 x 2 factorial experiment in randomized
complete block design (RCBD) was conducted to determine
the effect of clitoral stimulation on the fertility of heat
synchronized carabaos. One hundred sixty three (163)
animals were used in 3 separate trials with two treatment
groups per trial: control and with 30 second clitoral stimulation
after each insemination. Parity, tone of uterus and site of
semen deposition were also used as criteria in subdividing
the main groups. The pregnancy rates of animals that
received clitoral stimulation were significantly (P0.01) higher than those of control for both caraheifers
(52.98 vs. 31.41%) and caracows (52.68 vs. 27.07%):
under all uterine conditions, tone 1 (53.33 vs. 31.75%)
tone 2 (35.83 vs. 22.82%) and tone 3 76.65 vs. 42.22%);
and in both site of semen placement, cervix (43.99 vs.
22.85%) and uterus (60.92 vs. 37.81%). Fertility was
also significantly (P

covered with mineral oil and placed in an incubator at 39 0 C
with 15% carbon dioxide in air and high humidity.
Assessment of nuclear maturation of swamp buffalo oocytes
where based on the following: Germinal Vesicle (GV),
Germinal Vesicle Breakdown (GVBD), Metaphase I (MI),
Telophase I (TI) and Metaphase II (MII) Parthenote and
Degenerated. After 24 hours incubation, oocytes were
mounted on a glass slide, fixed and cleared with acetic
acid: ethanol (1.3v/v) and stained with 1% orcein in 40%
acetic acid and was observed under the microscope. The
percentage of oocytes that had reached Metaphase II or
maturation rates were at 67%, 58%, 59% and 70% for
T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Statistical analysis showed
that no significant differences exist with respect to its ability
to support nuclear maturation.
Keywords: immature swamp buffalo oocytes, IVM,
maturation media, nuclear maturation
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija (1997).
R-7
BLOOD PLASMA PROGESTERONE IN NORMALLY
ESTROUS CYCLING AND ANESTROUS PHILIPPINE
CARABAO HEIFERS*
L. N. Chua, M.S. Student, IAS-CA, UPLB
A. S. Sarabia, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
N. P. Roxas, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
Z. M. Nava, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
Regularly cycling carabao heifers had plasma progesterone
level which was lowest at estrus (0.241 + 0.134 ng/ml) and
which gradually increased to reach a peak (1.759 + 0.187 ng/
ml) at luteal phase, about day 12 to 14, and then gradually
decline thereafter until it reached the lowest level at the next
estrus. On the other hand, anestrus caraheifers had two patterns
of plasma progesterone levels. One group had similar plasma
progesterone pattern as the regular cycling animals, the other
group had no cycling pattern but had plasma progesterone
levels which remained low (0.164 to 0.718 ng/ml) throughout
the expected length of the estrous cycle.
Keywords: anestrus, blood plasma progesterone, carabao
heifers, estrus
*Abstract of Completed Researches 1981-1995 (1985). PCC-
DA, UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water
Buffalo researches in the Philippines 1981-1995. 1996. PCC-
DA. p. 39. Also in Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal
Science, 10(1&2):41 (Abstr.). Also in Annotated Bibliography
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. (2002) p. 325.
64
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
R-8
GROSS PATHOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF THE
INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF
SLAUGHTERED PHILIPPINE BUFFALO-COWS
(Bubalus bubaline) IN RELATION TO
INFERTILITY PROBLEMS*
S. H. Corcoro, Student, CVM, UP, Diliman, Quezon City
The gross pathological disorders of the internal reproductive
organs of the slaughtered Philippine buffalo-cows is herein
presented. The gross pathological disorders observed and
their incidence are: follicular cyst, 8.33 percent; cystic
corpera lutea, 5.30 percent; parovarian cyst, 7.30 percent,
ovarian hematoma, 0.49 percent; adhesions, 4.9 percent;
hydrosalpinx, 5.88 percent, mucometra, 3.40 percent;
pyometra, 0.98 percent; hypoplasia 4.9, percent; and cystic
glandular hypoplasia, 5.3 percent; cervicitis, 5.9 percent;
vaginitis, 2.90 percent; cervical cyst, 1.96 percent; and
tumor, 2.45 percent. Of the gross pathological disorders
observed, follicular cyst, hydrosalpinx, mucometra,
pyometra and hypoplasia will cause infertility in the affected
animal. Generalized adhesions especially if it involves
the ovaries, will also result to infertility. Cystic glandular
hyperplasia and uterine tumor if extensive, may order the
endometrium inhospitable to ovum implantation. Cervicitis
and vaginitis may cause infertility if the condition extends
to the uterus. Cervical cysts may obstruct the cervix and
prevent insemination or it may destroy the cervical plug of
pregnancy facilitating uterine infection. Parovarian cysts
do not affect the fertility of the animal and cystic corpora
lutea are known to occur in infertile animals. Further studies
should be conducted to determine if the gross pathological
disorders observed in the present study also occur in nonslaughter
animals.
Keywords: Philippine carabao cows, pathological
disorders, internal reproductive organs, infertility problems
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City (1978).
R-9
OVARIAN RESPONSES AND PREGNANCY RATE OF
CARABAOS TREATED WITH PGF 2 ALPHA
FOLLOWED BY GnRH AT PREDETERMINED TIME*
L. C. Cruz, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU & Project Leader, PCRDC-
PCARRD, CLSU
P. G. Duran, Science Research Specialist; PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist; PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
E. Aquino, Science Research Assistant, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
D. Hufana, Science Research Assistant, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
F. Rellin, M. Student, IGS, CLSU
O. F. Smith, PhD Student, IGS, CLSU

Series of experiment were conducted aimed at developing
least-cost and more effective synchronization scheme for
the carabaos in the villages. Experiment I focused on the
understanding of the occurrence of estrus and ovulation in
carabaos after prostaglandin F 2 alpha (PGF 2 alpha)
treatment. Result obtained from 36 cycling caracows
administered with two PGF 2 alpha injections (1 mg
fenprostalene, i.m./injection) 11 days apart indicated that
the onset of estrus was 60.8 + 13 hours. After the last
PGF 2 alpha treatment and estrus duration was 20.0 + 3.1
hours. Ovulation occurred 91.6 + 9.5 hours after the last
PGF 2 alpha treatment. In Experiment II, 28 cycling
caracows were assigned to 2 x 3 factorial experiment
involving two PGF 2 alpha preparations (fenprostalene and
dinoprost tromethamine) and three intervals of
gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) treatment after
PGF 2 alpha (60, 72 and 84 hours) to identify the more
appropriate PGF 2 alpha estrus synchronization and the
proper time of GnRH treatment for induction of ovulation.
All animals received two injections of PGF 2 alpha (1 mg
fenprostalene or 25 mg dinoprost tromethamine/injection).
GnRH (100 ug fertilerin acetate, i.m.) was given to
respective treatment groups at either 60, 72 or 84 hours
after the last PGF 2 alpha administration. There was no
difference in the estrus response of the animals after the
GnRH treatement. However, the incidence of abnormal
luteal phases was significantly higher (P

priming prior to main FSH treatments improved further the
ovulation rate in buffaloes.
Keywords: water buffaloes, superovulatory, ovarian
follicles, follicular dynamics
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 18 (1):19-32.
R-11
EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT RATE OF IN VITRO
MATURED SWAMP BUFFALO OOCYTES
CROSSFERTILIZED IN VITRO WITH RIVERINE
BUFFALO SEMEN*
D. H. Duran, Science Research Specialist II, PCC- CLSU, DA
F. P. Aquino, Training Specialist III, PCC-CLSU, DA
R. de Vera, Laboratory Aide, PCC-CLSU, DA
L. C. Cruz, Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA
A study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro development
of F1 hybrid embryos which resulted from in vitro
crossfertilization of in vitro mature swamp (2n=48, Philippine
carabao) buffalo oocytes and riverine (2n=50, Murrah) buffalo
semen. One hundred eighty three immature cumulus
enclosed-oocytes from slaughter house derived swamp
buffalo ovaries were cultured in TCM 199 suplemented with
10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and antibiotics for
maturation. After 23-24 hours of in vitro maturation (IVM),
mature oocytes were partially freed from expanded cumulus
cells and in vitro fertilization (IVF) commenced using frozenthawed
semen from Murrah buffalo bull. After IVF, fertilized
oocytes were further cultured for embryo development in the
former maturation medium containing cumulus cells for 7
days. Cleavage at 2-4, 5-6, and 7-8 cell stages
approximately 24 hours after IVF were 39.34%, 10.93%
and 3.28%, respectively, with total cleavage rate of 53.6%.
Observed development rate of the cleaved embryos was
10.20% morula, 15.31% blastocyst and 6.12% expanded
blastocyst, and 6.12% hatched blastocyst on the 4 th , 5 th and
6 th day after IVF, respectively. In swamp x swamp and
river x river IVF, morula development in vitro was observed
on the 6 th day of in vitro culture. These results suggest that
heterosis effect may took place as early as the stage of
zygotic gene activation among F 1 hybrid buffalo embryos.
Keywords: in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization, water
buffalo oocytes
*Proceedings of the PSAS 34 th Annual Convention. October
23-24, 1997. Metro Manila, Philippines. p. 251.
R-12
EFFECT OF SOME PHYSICAL PARAMETERS ON
EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT OF BUFFALO OOCYTES
MATURED AND FERTILIZED IN VITRO*
66
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
D. H. Duran, Science Research Specialist II, PCC-
CLSU, DA
F. P. Aquino, Training Specialist III, PCC-CLSU, DA
R. V. de Vera, Laboratory Aide, PCC-CLSU, DA
P. Pedro, Senior Agriculturist, PCC-OED, DA
L. C. Cruz, Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA
Three studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of
some physical parameters of embryo development of in
vitro matured and in vitro fertilized buffalo oocytes. Study
I was aimed to assess the effect of the type of culture dish.
Two types of commercial dishes were compared; A =
coated/treated (tissue culture dish) and B = non-coated
(petri dish). To evaluate the brand effect of tissue culture
dish, two brands, denoted as A 1 and A 2 were compared. A
total of 229 cumulus-enclosed swamp buffalo oocytes were
divided into three groups and cultured in vitro in the three
dishes. Study 2 was designed to examine the effects of
using aspiration medium during oocyte collection. Oocyte
from 2-8 mm follicles were aspirated with or without
aspiration medium and cultured for maturation and blastocyst
development after in vitro fertilization. Study 3 was aimed
to evaluate the effect of the types of oil that used to cover
the culture medium. Three types of oil were compared;
A=Mineral oil (marked embryo tested), B=Mineral oil (not
marked) and C=Paraffin oil. Buffalo immature cumulus
oocyte complexes were collected from slaughter housedderived
ovaries, washed 3x and matured in TCM 199
supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics.
In vitro fertilization was done using frozen-thawed semen
capacitated with caffeine (5mM) and heparin (5ug/mM) in
Bracket and Oliphant solution. Fertilized oocytes were
cultured for 8 days in vitro using the same maturation
medium with cumulus cell monolayer. Results in Study 1
that cleavage rate in the tissue culture dishes A 1 (67.5%)
and A 2 (60.3%) were significantly higher (P

Keywords: embryo, in vitro fertilization, in vitro maturation,
oocytes, water buffalo
*Proceedings of the 34 th Annual Convention, Philippines
Society of Animal Science, October 23-24, 1997, PICC.
Manila. p. 304-313. Also in Philippine Journal of Veterinary
Animal Science 1998. 24(1&2):54-64. Also in Annotated
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. (2002)
p. 395.
R-13
STUDIES ON INCREASING THE YIELD OF IN VITRO
EMBRYO PRODUCTION IN WATER BUFFALOES*
D. H. Duran, Science Research Assistant II, PCC-CLSU, DA
M. Gunjima, JOCV Volunteer
P. B. Pedro, Senior Agriculturist, PCC-OED, DA
F. P. Aquino, Science Research Assistant, PCC-CLSU, DA
R. de Vera, Laboratory Aide, PCC-OED, DA
P.G. Duran, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA
L.C. Cruz, Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA
Studies were conducted aimed at increasing the yield of
preimplantation buffalo embryos in vitro. Method for efficient
oocyte retrieval from the ovaries, criteria for selection of
oocytes, and effects of different culture media were
assessed. Results revealed that significantly higher number
of oocytes could be retrieved from the ovaries using the
slicing method than aspiration method (7.33 vs. 3.54
oocytes/ovary, respectively). Similarly, higher number of
good oocytes could be retrieved in using slicing method
than in aspiration method (1.34+0.50 & 1.83+0.25 vs.
0.43+0.15 & 0.92+0.28 Rank A & B oocytes, respectively).
When in vitro development potential of the classified oocytes
were assessed, significantly higher (P

R-15
ONSET OF ESTRUS, OCCURRENCE OF OVU-
LATION, AND ESTROUS CYCLE LENGTH OF
CYCLIC BUFFALOES AFTER PGF2 ALPHA OR PRID
TREATMENTS*
P. G. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
F. V. Mamuad, PhD Student, IAS-CA, UPLB
L. C. Cruz, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-
PCARRD, CLSU
Three studies were conducted to determine the ovarian
response of cyclic water buffaloes to prostaglandin F 2 alpha
(PGF 2 alpha) or progesterone releasing intra-vaginal device
(PRID) treatments. Study 1 compared the effect of PGF 2
alpha and PRID in reference to the onset of estrus and
occurrence of ovulation. Animals in treatment A (14)
received two injections of PGF 2 alpha 11 days apart while
the animals in treatment B (13) had PRID remained in situ
for 11 days. In study II, twelve animals were subjected to
a 2 x 2 factorial experiment to compare the effects of two
types of PGF 2 alpha (Dinoprost tromethamine and
Cloprostenol) and to determine the effect of the stage of the
luteal phase at the time of PGF 2 alpha adminstration on the
variability of the onset of estrus and ovulation. Study II
involved 17 water buffaloes in luteal phase aimed at
determining the ovarian responses immediately after and
in subsequent cycles after consecutive PGF 2 alpha
treatments. Result of the study I indicated no difference in
response to either PGF 2 alpha or PRID on the onset of
estrus and occurrence of ovulation although there was a
tendency for the PRID-treated animals to come to estrus
and ovulate earlier than the other group. Animals treated
with PGF 2 alpha during the early luteal phase (day 7-10)
had the onset of estrus at the same time as those treated
during the late luteal phase (day 15-18). Mean interval
from the treatment to onset of estrus for early and late luteal
phases were 69.8 + 16.6 hours and 68.5 + 19.6 hours,
respectively. The interval of ovulation in the early and late
luteal phase groups did not vary significantly (127.0 + 34.9
hours). In the same respect, responses to two types of
PGF 2 alpha did not differ significantly. Result of the study
II indicated that precocious luteolysis resulting from
consecutive PGF 2 alpha treatments promoted high incidence
of abnormal cycles. Animals with short cycles had an
average length cycle of 7.62 + 2.13 days and represent
52.9 percent of the treated animals. Subsequent cycle
following immediately after short cycle was relatively longer
(15.87 + 5.3 days). Fifty percent of the short cycles
observed immediately following consecutive PGF 2 alpha
treatments where followed by normal cycles whereas the
68
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
other 50 percent were followed by another short cycle
prior to normal cycle.
Keywords: cyclic water buffaloes, ovarian response,
prostaglandin F 2 alpha, progesterone releasing intra-vaginal
device
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science.
16(1&2):72-73 (Abstr.). Also in Annotated Bibliography on
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 333.
R-16
POST PARTUM REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN ACTIVITY
ON PHILIPPINE CARABAO, MURRAH BUFFALO
AND THEIR CROSSES*
P. G. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
M. Singh, Reproductive Physiologist and FAO Consultant
F. V. Mamuad, Instructor, DAS-CA, CLSU
Observations were made on 15 Philippine caracows (PC),
six Murrah buffalo (MB) and four crossbreds (F 1 ) to study
postpartum changes in the reproductive tract and the
occurrence of first postpartum estrus under ranch
management. Rectal palpations were done 48 to 72 hours
after parturation and at five days interval thereafter, until
complete involution of the cervix and uterus and until the
onset of the next estrus. Results revealed that on the
average, PC, MB and F 1 crossbreds required 38, 39 and
39 days, respectively, to complete cervical and uterine
involution. The mean period postpartum for follicular
development in the PC, MB and F 1 crossbreds were 36,
42 and 21 days, respectively. Average first postpartum
estrus observed for Philippine carabao, Murrah buffalo and
F 1 crossbreds were 94 + 40.05, 107.76 + 15.50 and 76.75
+ 18.59 days, respectively.
Keywords: crossbred carabao, Murrah buffalo, Philippine
caracow, postpartum changes
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science.
10(3&4):45 (Abstr.). Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo
Researches in the Philippines 1981–1995. 1996. PCC-
DA. p. 45-46. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)
1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 252.
R-17
THE INCIDENCE OF PREGNANT CARABAOS
SLAUGHTERED AT FOOD TERMINAL, INC. FROM
1989-1990*
M. M. Dunwa, Undergraduate Student, CVM, UPLB
C. P. Maala, Professor, CVM, UPLB

The percentages of pregnant cattle and carabaos slaughtered
in 1988 at New Slaughterhouse, Food Terminal, Inc. (FTI),
Taguig, Metro Manila were determined. Pregnant
animals slaughtered were higher in cattle (10.56%) than in
carabaos (3.51%). The percentages of slaughtered pregnant
cattle and carabaos were highest during the months of July
(17.83%) and June (6.03%), respectively. Based on the
three stages of pregnancy, the highest percentage of
slaughtered carabaos occurred at early pregnancy (1.36%),
followed by mid (1.21%) and late pregnancy (0.94%).
The highest percentage of carabaos slaughtered at early
stage of pregnancy occurred in May (3.03%), April (3.03%)
for mid pregnancy and November (1.75%) for late
pregnancy. In cattle, the highest percentage of slaughtered
pregnant animals was at early pregnancy (4.41%),
followed by mid pregnancy (3.28%) and lowest at late
pregnancy (2.88%). According to place of origin, Cavite
(46.32%) and Masbate (30.24%) had the highest
percentages of slaughtered pregnant cattle and carabaos,
respectively. In spite of the law prohibiting the slaughter of
pregnant cattle and carabaos, the authorities have failed to
totally prevent this practice as revealed in the present
study. Pregnant animals are still being slaughtered in
abattoirs because of insufficient ante-mortem inspection,
laxity on the implementation of the law against the
slaughtering of pregnant animal and lack of expertise in
pregnancy diagnosis at farm level. Hence, to prevent the
shipment and slaughter of pregnant cattle and carabaos,
the “Buy Back Operation” is recommended to be revived.
Keywords: buy back operation, cattle, carabao, Food
Terminal Inc., abattoir, incidence of slaughtered pregnant
ruminants
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1996. (1990).
PCC-UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995. 1996.
PCC-DA. p. 44-45. Also in Annotated Bibliography on
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 377.
R-18
A STUDY ON THE INCIDENCE OF RIGHT AND LEFT
HORN PREGNANCIES IN SLAUGHTERED
PREGNANT NATIVE COWS AND CARABAOS*
A. S. Gilo, Student, CVM, UP, Diliman, Quezon City
A study on the incidence of right-horn and left-horn
pregnancies as well as pregnancies wherein the corpus
luteum is on the same side and those wherein the corpus
luteum is on the opposite side of the gravid horn among
slaughtered native cows and carabaos are herein
REPRODUCTION
presented. The findings in this study agreed with earlier
observations that there are more right-horn than left-horn
pregnancies and that in most cases, the corpus luteum is
on the same side as the gravid horn.
Keywords: cow, carabao, pregnancy
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City (1972).
R-19
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON IN VITRO PRODUCTION
OF BUFFALO EMBRYO: EFFECT OF CULTURE
MEDIA AND SERA*
M. Gunjima, JOCV Volunteer
E. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist II, PCC-CLSU, DA
E. G. Annaguey, Laboratory Assistant, PCC-CLSU,DA
R. V. Javier, Laboratory Assistant, PCC-CLSU, DA
F. V. Mamuad, Center Director, PCC-CLSU, DA
This study aimed to examine effects of culture media and
sera on in vitro development of buffalo embryo. Cumulus–
oocyte–complexes (COC’s) were aspirated from ovaries
of slaughtered Philippine carabao. The COC’s were counted
and classified into 5 groups based on the morphology of
the cumulus and the ooplasm. Mean number of COC’s
obtained per ovary was 3.1. Mean number of the good
quality COC’s (Rank A and B) was 1.2 per ovary, 36.6%
of all. COC’s with good quality were matured and fertilized
in vitro, and then cultured in different combinations of culture
medium (TCM–199 or mSOF) and serum (locally
processed buffalo calf serum or commercial bovine calf
serum) under the co-culture system with cumulus cells.
Results showed that no cleavages ocurred in both of the
media supplemented with locally processed buffalo calf
serum. Some zygotes cleaved but stopped to develop up
to 8 cell stage in mSOF supplemented with bovine calf
serum. Some embryos developed up to blastocyst stage
in TCM-199 supplemented with bovine calf serum. These
results demonstrated that buffalo embryos could develop
up to blastocyst stage in vitro, under the co-culture system
with cumulus cells using TCM-199 supplemented with
bovine calf serum as a culture medium.
Keywords: mSOF, TCM-199, buffalo/bovine calf serum,
buffalo embryo, cumulus-oocytes-complexes
*Proceedings of the PSAS 35 th Annual Convention, October
15-16, 1998, Metro Manila, Philippines. p. 50.
R-20
EFFECT OF TIME ON MATURATION AND EMBRYO
DEVELOPMENT RATES OF BUFFALO OOCYTES
IN VITRO*
69

B. B. Hufana, Student, DAS-CA, CLSU
D. H. Duran, Science Research Assistant, PCC-CLSU, DA
R. D. Hufana, Research Assistant, PCC-OED, DA
P. G. Duran, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA
E. P. Garillo, M. S. Student, DAS-IGS, CLSU
L. C. Cruz, Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA
Two studies were conducted to examine the effect of time
on buffalo oocytes in vitro maturation (IVM) and embryo
development after in vitro fertilization (IVF). The general
objective is to come up with a concrete basis for technical
procedure on collection and length of preservation of ovaries
and oocytes IVM for improved rate of in vitro embryo
production. Study 1 examined the effects of short (3-4 hr)
and long (5-6 hr) periods of ovary collection and
preservation on the subsequent development potential of
buffalo oocytes after IVF. A total of 132 oocytes were
randomly distributed into two groups – long period and
short period. Results revealed that cleavage and blastocyct
development rates were higher in the short period than in
the long period, 58.57% vs 46.77% and 21.43% vs
12.9%, respectively (P

after the second injection. The conception rate of 20 induced
animals was 55% against 15% for a control group of 20
normally cycling (uninduced) carabaos. However, the
difference in conception incidence between two groups
was not statistically significant (probability of calculated
chi-square = 70). By manner of insemination, induced
animals had a conception rate of 66.7% (8 of 12) for natural
service and 40% (3 of 8) for artificial insemination. Control
(uninduced) carabaos had 80% (8 of 10) and 50% (5 of
10) conception rates for natural and artificial insemination
sub-groups, respectively.
Keywords: caracows, conception rate, estrus induction
and synchronization, prostaglandin F 2 -alpha
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science. 8(1&2):55
(Abstr.). Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)
1949-1997, Carabaos. (2002) p. 250
R-23
ESTRUS PHENOMENA OF CARABAO UNDER
RANGE MANAGEMENT CONDITION*
F. V. Mamuad, Instructor, DAS-CA, CLSU
P. G. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
A study was conducted to establish the estrous cycle,
duration of estrus and diurnal variations on the incidence of
estrus symptoms of Philippine carabao (PC) raised under
range condition. Females in the institutional herd exhibiting
normal cycles were used in the study. They were exposed
to two vasectomized bulls and observed round the clock.
A total of 886 observations indicated that estrus usually
start in the morning. Peak incidence of estrus was observed
during the cooler part of the day from 5:00 a. m. to 9:00 a.
m. The average percentage of caracows that exhibited
estrus in the morning was 79.03% as against 20.83% for
those that showed heat in the afternoon. Duration of estrus
was from 12 to 36 hours with a mean value 23.24 + 3.7
hours and repeated every 22.49 + 6.9 days. Observable
signs of estrus manifestation were mounting other animals
(38.17%), standing still while being mounted by teaser
bull (22.9%), and copious mucus discharge (36.10%).
Symptoms like swelling and reddening of the vulva,
bellowing and restlessness were observed in only 2.73%
of the animals.
Keywords: Philippine carabao, estrus, range condition
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science. 10(3-
4):46 (Abstr.). Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo
Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995. 1996. PCC-
DA. p. 54. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine
REPRODUCTION
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)
1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 184.
R-24
OPTIMIZING HANDLING PROCESSING TECH-
NIQUES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF QUALITY
SEMEN II. PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE
REVIVABILITY OF BUFFALO SPERMATOZOA
FOLLOWING DIFFERENT FREEZING METHODS*
T. Matsumoto, Expert in Semen Processing, Japan Overseas Corp. Volntr.
(JOCV)
F. V. Mamuad, Associate Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU
F. P. Aquino, Science Research Assistant, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
R. O. Cuaresma, Science Research Specialist I, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
The study aimed to develop an alternative freezing method
for processing buffalo semen of high quality, utilizing limited
materials. Three freezing methods were used: T1=ice
chest, T2=tank freezing A, and T3=tank freezing B. Murrah
buffalo (MB) (n=7), Philippine carabao (PC) (n=2), and F 1
crossbred (MB x PC) (n=4) were used in the study. All
ejaculates were diluted with Tris-yolk-raffinose glycerol
extender up to a concentration of 100 million motile sperm
per ml. Two freezing trials were made. First trial was with
the use of T 2 versus T 1 . Second trial compared T 1 with that
of T 3 . Results showed that T 2 gave higher post freezing
revivability with 52.06 +11.39% than T 1 with 36.18% for
all breeds tested. Similarly, postfreezing revivability of
buffalo spermatozoa in T 3 was 53.30% +10.20%, which
was higher that that of T 1 . Variation on percent revivability
showed minimal differences among different breeds used.
However, it is interesting to note that crossbred and PC
postfreezing revivability was higher in T 2 while Murrah
postfreezing revivability responded better in T 3.
Keywords: buffalo spermatozoa, freezing methods,
postfreezing sperm revivability
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science. 16( ):76
(Abstr.) .Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in
the Philippines. 1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 55-56.
Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,
Carabaos (2002) p. 264.
R-25
THE MONTHLY CALVING RATES AND CALVING
INTERVAL OF CARABAOS RAISED IN CONFINE-
MENT AND IN RANCH TYPE OF MANAGEMENT*
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
A. S. Dabandan, Undergraduate Student, IAS-CA, UPLB
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research specialist, PCC-UPLB, DA
F. M. Mamuad, Center Director, PCC-CLSU, DA
71

The study was conducted to determine the calving rates of
the water buffaloe raised in confinement or feedlot system of
management and under the ranch-type or range system of
management. The breeding and calving records, from
January 1982 to December 1997, of the Philippine carabao
(PC) and Murrah-carabao crossbreed (CB) raised by the
Philippine Carabao Center at the University of the Philippines
Los Baños (UPLB) under feedlot management system, and
those of the PC, Murrah (M) and CB raised by PCC at
Central Luzon State University (CLSU) under ranch-type
management system, were examined and analyzed to
determine their monthly calving rates, from January to
December. The monthly calving rates of both the PC (125
calvings) and the CB (110 calvings) raised in confinement
or feedlot management system did not seem to be influenced
by the season of the year. The mean (+ S. D.) monthly
calving rates of the PC and CB was 8.3 + 2.5% and 8.3 +
1.4%, respectively. This could be due to the fact that the
animals were protected from the changes in weather
conditions since they are raised in confinement, fed regularly
and provided with wallowing facilitites. The Murrah buffalo
and its crossbreed raised under ranch-type or range
management system had calving rates that were influenced
by the season of the year. Peak of claving rates (above
monthly average) were observed in Murrah buffalo during
the months of August to December; and those of CB, during
the months of September to January of the following year. At
CLSU area, these are the months characterized by
abundance of forage crop (rainy season) and/or cooler
weather conditions. However, the PCs, which were also
subjected to same management conditions as the Murrah
and CB, did not show any definite pattern of calving rates.
There are calving rates that were below average during the
rainy season in September, October and November; and
high calving rates (above average) during the dry season in
March. The Murrah breed, being a dairy type, may have a
higher sensitivity to changing environment than the carabao,
being a draft type. The calving interval of the carabao
(n=69), mean + S.E. (702.2 + 44.7 days), was significantly
shorter than that of the Murrah-carabao (n=69) crossbreed
(850.5 + 43.0 days), indicating that the former had a better
post-partum fertility than the latter. Under ranch-type
management, the calving intervals for the different breedtypes
(mean + S.E.) were 963.4 + 48.0 days for the PC (n=70),
873.0 + 60.6 for the CB (n=44) and 822.2 + 62.7 days for
the Murrah (n=41), which were not significantly different
from each other (P>0.05). When the effect of the production
system on the calving intervals was analyzed, the water
buffalo raised under ranch-type management, had an overall
calving interval mean of 900.4 days (n=155), which was
significantly longer (P

INSEMINATION OF PHILIPPINE CARABAO (SWAMP
BUFFALO) RAISED BY SMALLHOLDER FARMERS*
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-
PCARRD, UPLB
O. A. Palad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
M. Singh, FAO-UNDP Consultant for PCRDC
A. S. Sarabia, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
R. D. Chiong, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
Z. M. Nava, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
A. R. Obsioma, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
A. N. del Barrio, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
There is an urgent need to improve size, and meat and milk
productivity of the Philippine carabao, a swamp type of water
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), through crossbreeding with the riverine
type. Studies were conducted to asses the reproductive status
of carabaos raised by smallholder farmers, determine
conception rates of buffaloes to artificial insemination (A.I)
through oestrous synchronization, and examine the patterns of
plasma progesterone in cyclic and acyclic carabao heifers.
Approximately 20% of carabaos raised by smallholder farmers
were diagnosed pregnant by rectal palpation. This low
pregnancy rate may be due to a combination of factors such
as the failure to submit for examination carabaos exhibiting
external signs of pregnancy, the deliberate postponement of
breeding for working females, the inability of bulls to gain
access to carabaos in oestrus which are tethered at night, or
the high incidence of anestrus or sub-estrus. The reproductive
problems in non-pregnant animals were cystic (19.5%), infantile
(25.7%) and dormant ovaries (51.3%), and pathology of the
uterus and cervix (3.5%). Both feeding and management
practices in different locations influenced the nutritional status of
female carabaos examined. Animals in good body condition
were either cycling or pregnant. A 30-40% conception rate
was achieved by synchronization of oestrus and insemination
with frozen semen at 71 and 96 h later. Based on progesterone
radioimmunoassay and rectal palpation of the ovaries, anoestrus
in carabao heifers was due to either to a failure of cycling
animals to exhibit oestrus or those with inactive ovaries.
Keywords: conception rate, estrus synchronization,
plasma progesterone, predetermined AI, reproductive
status, swamp buffalo
* Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1995. PCC-
UPLB, College, Laguna (1983). Also in Abstracts Water
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981–1995. (1983)
PCC-DA. p. 58-59. Also in Annotated Bibliography on
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 253.
R-28
REPRODUCTIVE STATUS OF CARABAOS RAISED
BY SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN SELECTED AREAS
IN THE PHILIPPINES *
REPRODUCTION
V.G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRCD-
PCARRD, UPLB
O. A. Palad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
A. S. Sarabia, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
Z. M. Nava, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
R. D. Chiong, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-IAS, UPLB
A. N del Barrio, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
A. R. Obsioma, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
M. Singh, FAO-UNDP Consultant for PCRDC
To determine the reproductive status of animals raised by
smallholder farmers in Pampanga, Nueva Ecija and Quezon,
368 female carabaos were used in the study. Each was
rectally palpated to determine the physiological status of the
ovaries and uterus. Historical data of each were collected;
and nutritional status was determined by a body scoring system
ranging from 1 to 6 with “1” as very poor, “5” as excellent and
“6” as over fat. Of the 368 carabaos palpated, 42% were
heifers with a mean age of 5.1 year, the 50% cara-cows had
a mean age of 9.4 years with an average calf crop of 2.1
heads. Only 20% were found pregnant and 85% of these
were in the stage of 1-6 months stage of gestation. The
reasons for the low pregnancy rate were stated. Forty-two
percent of the pregnant carabaos were caraheifers with a
mean age of 4.7 years and the calculated age of first calving
was 5.2 years. For the pregnant cows, the estimated calving
interval was 24.2 months with a range of 11.5-56 months. Of
the 80% non-pregnant carabaos, 42.5% were caraheifers,
52.5% were caracows, and 3.4% were in heat at the time of
palpation. Of the females that were not in heat, 60% had
active ovaries and 40% appeared to have reproductive
problems. Of these with reproductive problems, 19.5% had
cystic ovaries, 25.7% had immature ovaries (all in caraheifers),
51.3% had inactive ovaries, and 3.5% had other reproductive
disorders. The nutritional status of carabaos as reflected by
the body condition showed that it is influenced by location,
pregnancy and reproductive cyclicity.
Keywords: carabaos, reproductive and nutritional status,
reproductive disorders, smallholder farmer
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary Animal Science.
10(3&4):44-45 (Abstr.). Also in Animal Production
Technology 1985. 1(1):36 (abstr.). Abstract of Completed
Researches 1981-1995. (1985) PCC-UPLB, College,
Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in
the Philippines 1981-1995. (1996) PCC-DA. p. 56. Also
in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,
Carabaos (2002) p. 327.
R-29
THE ONSET OF PUBERTY IN FEMALE PHILIPPINE
CARABAO AND PHIL-MURRAH CROSSBRED*
73

V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,
UPLB
A. S. Sarabia, University Researcher, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
A. R. Obsioma, University Researcher, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
S. S. Capitan, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
N. P. Roxas, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
There is a need to improve the productivity of the Philippine
carabao, a swamp-type buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), to meet
the increasing demand for draught animal power, meat and
milk through crossbreeding with the Murrah buffaloes.
Primarily, there is a need to evaluate the reproductive
performance of the crossbreds vis-à-vis with the carabao
before a large-scale crossbreeding program will have to be
adopted as a national policy. The results of this study
showed that the Phil-Murrah corssbred reached puberty,
conceived for the first time and gave birth to the calf one
year earlier than the Philippine carabao. As soon as
sexual maturity is attained, as evidenced by ovulation and
corpus luteum (CL) formation there was an observed
coincidental rise on plasma progesterone.
Keywords: carabao, ovulation, Phil-murrah crossbred,
plasma progesterone, puberty, reproductive performance
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1995. (1986).
PCC-DA, UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of
Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines, 1981-1995.
1996. PCC-DA. p. 59. Also in Annotated Bibliography
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 384.
R-30
IMPROVING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE
PHILIPPINE CARABAOS UNDER VILLAGE
CONDITIONS*
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-UPLB & Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,
UPLB
A. S. Sarabia, Science Research Specialist, PCC-PCARRD, UPLB
N. P. Roxas, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
O. A. Palad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
A. R. Obsioma, Science Research Specialist, PCC at UPLB
Z. M. Nava, Science Research Specialist, PCC at UPLB
A. N. del Barrio, Science Research Specialist, PCC at UPLB
There is a need to improve the carabao’s reproductive
efficiency to meet the increasing demand for draught power,
meat and milk. Under village conditions, carabaos appear
to have pregnancy rate of 17.7%, which could be attributed
greatly to tethering management that prevent their natural
breeding activities. Moreover, about 32% of breedable
female carabaos are cycling or pregnant have better body
conditions than those which are acyclic or non-pregnant.
Plasma progesterone was very low at the time of
insemination (

It was noted that regardless of the stage of estrous cycle,
all the experimental animals responded to PRID treatment
as evidence by the progesterone profile. Upon the duration
of PRID insertion, all animals maintained a level of
progesterone, which is at the luteal stage (1.08 to 3.51 ng/
ml). One day after PRID withdrawal, progesterone value
declined to basal level (average of 0.55 ng/ml). These low
levels were maintained until 7 days after PRID withdrawal
for carabaos that did not become pregnant, and until 4
days for those that
became pregnant. In non-pregnant group, progesterone
level became elevated 5 days after AI and the level declined
17 days after AI. On the other hand, the pregnant group
exhibited an elevated progesterone level, commencing the
day after predetermined AI, and maintained it beyond 23
days after AI. The conception rate at first service with the
used of PRID to synchronize heat was 41% and could be
increased up to 65% if the PRID treated animals that did
not conceive will be closely monitored and inseminated
three to four cycles after the PRID heat include service.
These results indicate that PRID is also an effective heat
synchronizing agents for caracows.
Keywords: carabao cows, conception rate, estrus
synchronization, plasma progesterone, progesterone
releasing intravaginal device
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1995. (1986).
PCC-UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water
Buffalo researches in the Philippines 1981-1995. 1996.
PCC-DA. p. 57-58. Also in Annotated Bibliography on
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 300.
R-32
SPERM PRODUCTION OF PHILIPPINE CARABAOS
AND CROSSBREED BUFFALOES WITH OR
WITHOUT ULTRASTRUCTURAL ALTERATION IN
THE TESTES*
O. M. Nuñeza, Ph.D. Student, IAS-CA, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,
UPLB
S. S. Capitan, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
This research was conducted to evaluate and compare the
semen characteristics of Philippine carabao bulls, crossbred
buffaloes with normal testicular morphology and crossbreds
with ultrastructural alterations in the testes. Weekly
ejaculates obtained for a duration of one month were
assessed based on semen volume, initial motility, sperm
concentration, percentage of live and dead spermatozoa
and percent sperm abnormalities. Data were analyzed
using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for split plot in
REPRODUCTION
completely randomized design (CRD). Crossbred buffaloes
with testicular alterations were found to have inferior semen
quality compared to Philippine carabaos and crossbred
buffaloes without testicular alterations.
Keywords: Philippine carabao, crossbred bulls, semen
characteristics, testicular alterations
* Phil. J. Vet. Anim Sci. 1992. 18(4):331-338. Also in
Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1995. (1991).
PCC-UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995. 1996.
PCC-DA. p. 61-62. Also in Annotated Bibliography on
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 354.
R-33
MINERAL STATUS AND ONSET OF POST-PARTUM
HEAT IN LACTATING PHILIPPINE CARABAOS
UNDER LUCBAN CONDITION*
A. R. Obsioma, University Researcher, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
R. M. Lapitan, Science Research Associate, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
A study was conducted to relate blood mineral status and
onset of postpartum heat in 24 lactating Philippine carabaos.
Blood samples were collected at 10-14 days interval for 5
consecutive days. Samples were analyzed for mineral
levels (P, Ca, Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn) and for progesterone
levels to monitor ovarian activity. Results showed that
values of mineral levels were above the critical values set
for cattle. Values obtained were also either comparable or
higher compared to a previous study using those obtained
in concentrate fed carabaos. Levels obtained were 7.4
mg/100 mg, 10.64 mg/100 ml, 4.53 ppm, 0.162 ppm,
0.352 ppm and 1.79 ppm for P, Ca, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn,
respectively. Onset of postpartum heat started as early as
39 days and as late as more than 150 days. The results
suggested that under Lucban condition, mineral deficiency
is nor a problem during months of August to December. In
spite of the absence of the mineral deficiency among
experimental animals, variations in the onset of postpartum
heat were observed.
Keywords: lactating carabao, Lucban, Quezon, plasma
minerals, postpartum heat, progesteorne level
*Abstract of Completed Researches 1981-1995. (1992).
PCC-UPLB, College, Lagua. Also in Abstracts of Water
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995. 1996.
PCC-DA. p. 64. Also in PCC R & D Highlights 1994-
1996. p. 13-14. Also in Annotated Bibliography on
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 383.
75

R-34
ASSESSMENT OF THE REPRODUCTIVE STATUS
OF MATURE FEMALE CARABAOS SLAUGHTERED
AT FOOD TERMINAL, INC. ABATTOIRS*
A. R. Obsioma, University Researcher, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,
UPLB
A study was conducted to assess the biometry, gross
anatomical structures and ovarian activities, and pregnancy
status of mature female carabaos slaughtered at Food
Terminal, Inc. (FTI). Out of 165 reproductive organ samples
collected, 39 were found to be inflicted with different forms
of abnormalities. Out of 39 cases observed, 28.20% had
defects in the ovaries. These include presence of ovarian
cysts, adhesion, underdeveloped ovaries, embedded
follicle and leutenized follicle. About the same percentage
of samples had defects in the cervix. Presence of fibrotic
canal, curved cervix, presence of cysts along the canal
and narrow cervical canal were observed. Only 7.69%
had defective oviducts which have been inflicted with
salphingitis and blocked oviduct. Gross abnormalities
were also noted in four (4) cases which include pyometra
and bloody lesions. Three samples were found to have
circular cysts either in the horn of the uterus (1) or in the
body of the uterus (2). The rest of the samples (17.94%)
had defects in two or more parts. Accuracy of rectal
palpation in performing biometry of reproductive organs
and in the identification of ovarian structures was lower
compared to the actual measurements of parts and post
mortem identification and classification of ovarian structures.
Keywords: carabaos, corpus luteum, Food Terminal,
Inc. abattoir, plasma progesterone, rectal palpation accuracy,
reproductive abnormalities
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1995. (1994).
PCC-DA, UPLB, College, Laguna. Also on Abstracts of
Water Buffaloes in the Philippines 1981-1995. PCC-DA.
1996. p. 62-63. Also in Annotated Bibliography on
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 355.
R-35
BLASTOCYST FORMATION OF SWAMP BUFFALO
EMBRYOS IN CO-CULTURE SYSTEM*
L. C. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-OED, DA
F. P. Aquino, Training Specialist III, PCC-CLSU, DA
R. V. de Vera, Laboratory Aid, PCC-CLSU, DA
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS-CA, CLSU and Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA
Buffalo follicular oocytes (n=712) collected at slaughter
76
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
were matured and fertilized in vitro. Of these, 353 oocytes
were fixed at 15 h post insemination, registering maturation
and fertilization rates at 82.3% and 57.8%, respectively.
The remaining 361 oocytes that were allowed to continue
development for 30 h had a cleavage rate of 29.9%. Coculture
system A (chick embryo amniotic cavity) B
(cumulus cell monolayer) provided the proper stimulus for
embryo development during the initial 72 h culture beyond
the critical embryonic stage (cell block = 8–16 cell stage)
in the species. Blastocyst formation (9.8%) was achieved
after 168 h of culture in the cumulus cell monolayer.
Keywords: swamp buffalo, follicular oocytes, blastocyst
formation, co-culture system
*Annual Report Embryo Technology Project, PCC. 1995.
Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Research in the Philippines
1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 65-66. Also in Annotated
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002.
p. 283.
R-36
CYSTEAMINE IMPROVES THE GLUTATHIONE
(GSH) LEVEL, MALE PRONUCLEUS FORMATION
(MPN) AND DEVELOPMENTAL CAPACITY OF
SWAMP BUFFALO OOCYTES MATURED IN VITRO*
L. C. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA
M. B. Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA
A. A. Mendoza, PCC at CLSU,
A. V. Venturina, PCC at CLSU,
F. V. Mamuad, Center Director, PCC-CLSU, DA
T. Mori, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
A. Shimizu, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
The study was carried out to determine if the addition of
cysteamine to the culture medium of buffalo oocytes would
improve its intracytoplasmic glutathione (GSH) levels and
if such changes would translate an improvement in the
male pronucleus (MPN) and developmental capacity. In
Experiment 1, buffalo oocytes were cultured in basic
maturation medium composed of TCM 199 + FCS (10%
v/v) + gonadotropins with or without cysteamine. The
addition of 50mM and 100 mM cysteamine resulted in
75% and 81% MPN formation, respectively, of the in
vitro fertilized oocytes. In Experiment 2, the proportion of
cleavage stage embryos was greater for oocytes that
were matured in the presence of cysteamine (46/96)
compared to the control (27/90). The percentage of cleaved
embryos developing up to the blastocyst stage wa 19.3%
with cysteamine and 11.1% without cysteamine
supplementation. In Experiment 3, intracytoplasmic
glutathione levels were measured for oocytes matured in

the presence or absence of cysteamine. Intracytoplasmic
GSH values improved when oocytes were matured in
maturation conditions supplemented with cysteamine.
However, the values were lower compared to the GSH
levels of large follicles representing the in vivo matured
oocytes. The results of the present study suggest that an
increase in the intracellular GSH of bubaline oocytes
induced by cysteamine during maturation provide oocytes
with a favorable intracellular condition to support fertilization
and embryonic development in vitro.
Keywords: cysteamine, glutathione, MPN, cleaved
embryos
* Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2002. 28(2):7-15. Also in
Proceedings of the 38 th Annual Convention, Philippine
Society of Animal Science, October 18-19, 2001, Manila,
Philippines. p. 1-2.
R-37
INTRACYTOPLASMIC GLUTATHIONE CONCEN-
TRATION OF SWAMP BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis
limneticus) OOCYTES CULTURED IN VITRO*
L. C. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA
M. B. Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA
F. V. Mamuad, Center Director, PCC-CLSU, DA
E. V. Venturina, Laboratory Aide, PCC-CLSU, DA
T. Mori, Professor, Hokkaido University
H. Shimizu, Hokkaido University
Immature and maturing swamp buffalo (SB) COC’s were
cultured in vitro at different time points. At the end of each
time points, representative oocytes were denuded free of
cumulus cells and analyzed for their GSH content. The
GSH concentration of oocytes cultured at 0 h, 12 h, 18 h
and 24 h were 0.002 mm, 0.003 mm, 0.004 mm and
0.006 mm/oocyte, respectively. Similarly, the GSH
concentration of oocytes taken from preovulatory follicles
was 0.1853 mm/oocyte. The results suggest an increasing
pattern on the concentration of GSH as the maturation of
oocytes progresses. However, the concentration of
oocytes matured in vitro was lower compared to
preovulatory oocytes indicating possible defficiencies in
the culture medium used.
Keywords: swamp buffalo, glutathione, oocytes, in vitro
culture
*Buffalo Bulletin. 2000. 19(2):27-29.
R-38
MATURATION AND FERTILIZATION OF SWAMP
BUFFALO OOCYTES IN VITRO: EFFECT OF
LENGTH OF OVARIAN TRANSPORT*
REPRODUCTION
L. C. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA
T. Mori, Professor, Hokkaido University
F. V. Mamuad, Center Director, PCC-CLSU, DA
M. B Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA
H. Shimizu, Hokkaido University
The time during which the oocytes are left at postmortem
condition significantly affect the developmental competence
of oocytes. On this study, the timing of sequential changes
during 1 st meiotic division and the subsequent fertilization,
MPN formation and cleavage capability of swamp buffalo
oocytes aspirated at 2 hr and 6 hr post slaughter were
evaluated. In Expt. 1, oocytes recovered 2h and 6h after
slaughter, respectively, were cultured and fixed at 0, 6, 9,
12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 hr to evaluate meiotic progression.
Initial observation on the occurrence of the different meiotic
stages at each culture time point for oocytes recovered 6h
after slaughter indicated quite an advanced state of nuclear
progression compared to oocytes recovered 2h after
slaughter. In Expt. 2, oocytes were cultured for 24 hr
before in vitro fertilization. The resulting sperm penetration,
MPN formation and cleavage rate were higher even if not
significantly different when oocytes were aspirated 6h vs
2h after slaughter. This indicates that the time difference
utilized has not caused enough follicular changes to
affect the developmental competence of the oocytes.
Nevertheless, the results of the study show that swamp
buffalo oocytes acquire meiotic competence before in vitro
maturation. Therefore oocytes aspirated from ovaries at 2
hr to 6 hr postmortem condition can be used for the production
of early stage swamp buffalo embryos in vitro.
Keywords: swamp buffalo, maturation, fertilization,
ovarian transport
*Journal of Buffalo Science & Technique. 2001. 2: 68-77.
R-39
IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF PRE-IMPLANTATION
STAGE BUFFALO EMBRYOS*
M. B. Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA
L.C. Cruz, Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA
F. V. Mamuad, Center Director, PCC-CLSU, DA
L.Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA
This study describes a technique for the in vitro production
of buffalo embryos from swamp buffalo (SB) oocytes
matured in vitro in condition with or without gonadotropin
addition. Higher proportion of SB oocytes was observed
to have undergone nuclear maturation in culture condition
with gonadotropin but provided no advantage in the overall
penetration, MPN formation and cleavage rate. Similarly,
the initial development early-stage embryos derived from
both treatment following co culture with cumulus cell showed
77

differences at 16 to 32 cell stage only, but subsequently
development to the compacted morula-to blastocyst stage
provided no difference at all. The results presented here
indicate the possibility of using both maturation condition
and co culture system in the production of buffalo embryos
for basic research.
Keywords: buffalo embryos, gonadotropins, chick embryo
amniotic cavity
*Buffalo J. 2001. 17(1):145-159. Also in Proceedings of
the 34 th Annual Convention, Philippine Society of Animal
Science, October 23-24, 1997. PICC, Manila, Philippines.
p. 279-283. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)
1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 397.
R-40
CLEAVAGE RATE OF BUBALINE OOCYTE MA-
TURED AND FERTILIZED IN VITRO*
M. B. Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-OED, DA
L. C. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-OED, DA
F. P. Aquino, Training Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA
R. de Vera, Laboratory Aide, PCC-OED, DA
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS-CA, CLSU and Executive Director, OED-PCC-DA
The efficiency of modified systems for the in vitro maturation/
in vitro fertilization/ in vitro culture (IVM/IVF/IVC) of bubaline
follicular oocytes for the production of embryos was
determined. A total of 712 cumulus-oocyte complexes
(COCs) were selected for maturation and fertilization from
a pool of follicular fluid and oocytes that were collected by
aspiration from ovarian follicles. Of these, 351 oocytes
that were fixed 15 hour post insemination registering
maturation and fertilization rates of 82.3% and 57.8%,
respectively. The monospermic fertilization rate was
59.6%. The remaining 361 oocytes were allowed to
continue development for 30 hour obtaining a cleavage rate
of 29.9%. Of these, 78 and 30 embryos were cultured in
TCM–199 + 10% BCS + cumulus cell monolayer and
chick embryo amniotic (CEAm) fluid with a morula/
blastocysts formation rate of 23.1% and 36.7%,
respectively. These findings suggest that the IVM/IVF/
IVC systems adopted in this laboratory could be used for
the production of buffalo embryos in vitro.
Keywords: bubaline follicular oocytes, cleavage rate,
cumulus cell monolayer, in vitro matured/ in vitro fertilization/
in vitro culture
*Annual Report Embryo Technology Project, PCC. 1995.
Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the
Philippines 1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 65. Also in
PCC R & D Highlights 1994-1996. 1997. p. 22-23. Also
78
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,
Carabaos. 2002. p. 280.
R-41
IN VITRO MATURATION AND FERTILIZATION OF
WATER BUFFALO OOCYTES*
M. B. Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA
L.C. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA
F. P. Aquino, Training Specialist II, PCC-CLSU, DA
N. D. Lorenzo, Science Research Aide, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
R. V. de Vera, Laboratory Aide, PCC-CLSU, DA
J. V. del Rosario, Staff, PCC-CLSU, DA
L. C. Cruz, Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA
Some factors such as oocytes selection, hormone
supplementation of the maturation medium, bull variability,
caffeine concentration, sperm concentration, and effect of
cumulus cells which influence the maturation, fertilization
and development of oocytes in vitro were investigated.
Higher concentration of oocytes with cumulus cells
completed the first meiotic division than when oocytes
were denuded. Supplementation of the maturation medium
with 10ug/ml of luteinizing hormone (LH) yielded higher
maturation rates than with lower (5ug.ml) LH
supplementation. Variability of the semen source affected
the penetration rates with MB #226 (among the 4 bulls
semen source) registering the highest fertilization rate. While
sperm exposure to different caffeine concentrations (2.5 to
10 mmol) had no effect on its penetrating capability,
increasing sperm concentration by 5 to 10 folds improved
the penetration rate but similarly lessened the rate of
monospermic fertilization. The co-culture of embryos
produced by IVF of in vitro mature buffalo oocytes with
cumulus cells resulted in blastocyst formation rate of 5%.
The co-culture of embryos may be a valuable tool in
identifying interactions between embryo and cells of the
reproductive tract, which plays a major role in providing
the necessary condition for normal embryonic development.
Keywords: water buffaloes, in vitro fertilization, in vitro
maturation, luteinizing hormone
*PCC R & D Highlights 1994-1996. 1997. PCC-OED,
DA. p. 22-23.
R-42
SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MATURATION,
FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BUFFALO
OOCYTES IN VITRO*
M. Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-OED, DA
L. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-OED, DA
F. Aquino, Training Specialist III, PCC-CLSU, DA

R. de Vera, Laboratory Aid, PCC-OED, DA
L. C. Cruz, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU and Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA
Experiments were conducted to establish a workable in
vitro maturation, fertilization and culture (IVM/IVF/IVC)
techniques for buffalo oocytes. These include 1) selection
of oocytes, 2) hormone supplementation of maturation
medium, 3) bull variability, 4) caffeine concentration, 5)
sperm concentration and 6) co-culture of embryos cumulus
cells. Higher proportions of oocytes with cumulus cells
vs. denuded oocytes completed the 1 st meiotic division.
Similarly, LH, supplementation of the maturation medium
at 10ug/ml yielded a higher maturation rate than when LH
concentration was 5 ug/ml. When oocytes were fertilized
in vitro using semen samples from different bulls, variable
penetration rates were obtained. Bull No. 226 registered
the highest fertilization rate vs. Bull No. 39, 45 and 228.
Exposure of spermatozoa 9 from Bull No. 226 to different
levels of caffeine (e.g. 2.5 mM; 5 mM, 10mM) had no
significant effect on their penetrating capability. However,
increasing the sperm concentration at fertilization by 5-10
folds improved the penetration rate but similarly lessened
the rate of monospermic fertilization. Co-culturing of
embryos produced by IVF of IVM buffalo oocytes with
cumulus cells resulted to blastocyst formation rate of 5.0%.
Keywords: buffalo oocytes, in vitro maturation fertilization
and cultural techniques
*Annual Report Embryo Technology Project, PCC. 1995.
Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the
Philippines 1981-1995. 1996. PCC-D. p. 65. Also in
PCC R & D Highlights 1994-1996. 1997. p. 24. Also in
Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,
Carabaos. 2002. p. 282.
R-43
PREGNANCIES RESULTING FROM SWAMP
BUFFALO OOCYTES MATURED AND FERTILIZED
IN VITRO*
M. B. Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-OED, DA
L. C. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-OED, DA
N. D. Lorenzo, Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA
F. P. Aquino, Training Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA
R. V. de Vera, Laboratory Aid, PCC-OED, DA
L. C. Cruz, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU and Executive Director, PCC-
OED, DA
Follicular oocytes (n=343) collected from buffalo cows at a
local abattoir were matured and fertilized in vitro. Of the 97
ova fixed for analysis, 67% were found presented with
58.5% monospermic fertilization rate. Of the 246 ova that
were allowed to continue embryonic development following
REPRODUCTION
insemination, 23.6% cleaved. These embryos were further
cultured in TCM 199 + cumulus cell monolayer or in the
amniotic fluid of a developing chick embryo (CEAm fluid)
for up to 6 and 5 days, respectively. Those embryos
selected at morula or blastocysts stage were transferred to
recipients. Two pregnancies resulted from the non-surgical
transfer of morula stage embryos. The results demonstrated
that immature buffalo oocytes can be matured and fertilized
in vitro, subsequently developed to morula or blastocysts
stage and develop into a normal pregnancy after transfer.
Keywords: buffalo oocytes, in vitro fertilization and
maturation
* Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1997. 23(3 & 4):14-18. Also in
Annual Report. Embryo Technology Project, PCC. 1995.
Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the
Philippines 1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 66. Also in
Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,
Carabaos. 2002. p. 281.
R-44
PRESENT STATUS OF EMBRYO TRANSFER IN
WATER BUFFALOES (A REVIEW)*
M. B. Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA
L. C. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA
A. A. Rayos, University Researcher, DTRI-CA, UPLB
H. Kanagawa, Professor and Chairman, DT-FVM, Hokkaido University
The great importance of the water buffalo as a major source
of draft power for farm tillage, transport and as a source of
supplementary income through milk and meat production
has triggered a keen interest in its reproduction. Techniques
to generate an economically feasible number of fertilized
eggs from one animal (donor), which eventually can be
transferred, to a number of surrogate mothers (recipients)
are being developed. Such techniques are referred to as
embryo transfer (ET) technology, which consists of several
steps, each of which is critical. These include: (a) selection
of donor and recipients, (b) superovulation, (c) estrus
synchronization between donor and recipients, (d) recovery
of embryos, (e) examination and classification of embryos,
and (f) transfer of embryos. Failure in any one of the
above steps would result in either a low conception rate or
complete failure. This technology has opened exciting
possibilities in enabling the introduction of breeding schemes
where nucleus breeding herd can provide an economical
method of interpolating the desired production traits. While
the application of this technology in the water buffalo requires
much additional research work, it has already been clearly
demonstrated that highly acceptable product can result.
The birth of a 35 kg male buffalo calf 300 days after non-
79

surgical transfer of an expanded blastocysts confirmed
this claim.
Keywords: embryo transfer, water buffalo
*Jpn. J. Vet. Res. 1989. 37:167-180. Also in Annotated
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p.
261.
R-45
SURVIVABILITY AND FERTILIZABILITY OF SWAMP
BUFFALO OOCYTES AFTER CRYOPRESER-
VATION*
M. B. Ocampo, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA
R. P. Soriano,
F. V. Mamuad, Center Director, PCC-CLSU, DA
Y. C. Lapid,
C. S. Lorenzo,
L. C. Ocampo, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-CLSU, DA
In this study, the ability of oocytes at germinal vesicle
(GV)-stage and M 2 stage to survive, mature and fertilize
after a freeze-warm using ethylene glycol (EG) was
investigated. Problems associated with the
cryopreservation of oocytes were also determined. Ovaries
were collected from local abattoir within two hour after
slaughter of the animals. Ocytes were aspirated from
antral follicles. Only oocytes surrounded by multilayered
compact cumulus cells (COCs) were selected before
allocating for treatments. In Expt. 1, immature oocytes
were exposed to VS A at either 1,3,5 and 10 min before
transferring to VS B for 45 sec, then plunged directly into
LN 2 . In Expt. 2, immature oocytes were cultured in vitro
to mature before exposing to VS A , VS B and LN 2 as in
experiment 1. No significant differences were observed
on the survivability of vitrified warmed GV stage oocytes
and on the capactiy of cumulus cells for expansion. Among
treatment groups, the meiotic resumption and the subsequent
completion of the 1 st meiosis was highest in oocytes
exposed to VSA for 5 min. Subsequent fertilization and
MPN formation rate was lower vs the control. Among
treatment groups, the fertilization rate was for oocytes
exposed for 5 min and 10 min but likewise showed higher
polyspermic fertilization. Oocytes exposed for 10 min had
the highest MPN formation rate in all experimental series.
The high percentage of morphologically normal oocytes
post-warming could be associated to the presence of the
cumulus cells. The hyaluronic acid matrix of the cumulus
cells may have provided a cryoprotective effect as it
appeared unperturbed by freezing (Schroeder et al, 1940).
This was further supported by the expansion capabilities of
the cumulus cells post-warming as observed in this study.
80
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
Overall, the fertilization and MPN formation rate of vitrifiedwarmed
immature oocytes was lowered compared to
mature oocytes. Abnormal spindle formation and dispersion
of the chromosomes were the common abnormalities
observed associated with the cryopreservation of swamp
buffalo (SB) oocytes.
Keywords: swamp buffalo, oocytes, germinal vesicle
stage, cryopreservation
*Proceedings of the PSAS 40 th Scientific Seminar and
Annual Convention. October 23-24, 2003. Manila,
Philippines. p. 4.
R-46
NON-SURGICAL EMBRYO RECOVERY IN THE
WATER BUFFALO*
M. B. Ocampo, PhD Student, Hokkaido University
R. S. Uenishi, M. S. Student, Hokkaido, University
C. A. Valdez, PhD Student, Hokkaido, University
J. F. Pastor, Student, CVSM, CLSU
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS-CA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-
PCARRD, CLSU
H. Kanagawa, Professor, Hokkaido University
This study was undertaken to evaluate the applicability of
the cattle non-surgical embryo recovery technique, i.e.,
the ebb and flow system of the uterus in the water buffalo.
Other factors relevant to embryo recovery were also
studied. Three river buffaloes and one swamp buffalo at
the PCRDC were used in this study. Selected animals
were based on their reproductive cycle. Each buffalo was
first injected with 25 mg prostaglandin F 2 alpha (PGF 2
alpha) followed by 2000 IU of pregnant mare serum
gonadotropin (PMSG) ten days later. A second injection of
25 mg PGF 2 alpha was given 48 hour after PMSG injection.
Seventy-two hours later, the animals came in heat and
gonadotropic hormone (GnRH) was injected at 250 ug/
animal. Confirmation of estrus was done through physical
examination. Insemination was carried out using three
straws of thwed frozen semen Murrah buffalo (MB) semen
per animal. One straw was deposited in each of the two
uterine horns upon detection of estrus and another straw
deposited in the body of uterus 12 hours later. Non-surgical
embryo recovery was undertaken using the protocol used
for cattle. The number of ovulation was estimated by
counting the corpus luteum (CL) via rectal palpation. The
CL of the water buffalo was found to be smaller, more
deeply imbedded and generally has a less-pronounced
ovulation papilla than that of domestic cattle. Details of
embryo recovery performed in this study are presented
and discussed. Explanations for the results obtained are
presented. The authors recommended more detailed studies

on the factors affecting embryo recovery and transfer, physiology
and anatomy of the reproductive tract of the water buffalo.
Keywords: non-surgical embryo recovery, river buffaloes,
swamp buffalo
*Jpn. J. Vet. Res. 1988. 36:257-263. Also in Abstracts of
Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995.
1996. PCC-DA. p. 64-65. Also in Annotated Bibliography
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 340.
R-47
STUDY ON SOME ASPECTS OF REPRODUCTIVE
PERFORMANCE OF ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZED
PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis Linn.) IN
SELECTED TOWNS OF NUEVA ECIJA*
W. A. Pascua, Undergraduate Student, DAS-CA, CLSU
F. V. Mamuad, Center Director, PCC-CLSU, DA
Records on estrus synchronization and artificial insemination
in water buffalo in selected towns of Nueva Ecija, filed at the
Philippine Carabao Cener (PCC) at Central Luzon State
University Ranch Joson (Digdig, Caranglan, Nueva Ecija)
were analyzed and evaluated. Some aspects of reproductive
performace of estrus synchronized Philippine carabao were
determined. These following observations were divided into
site of deposition, appearance of the vulva, tone of the uterus,
body condition, and time of insemination and number of
services per calving. Results showed that Philippine Carabao
has a higher calving at first srvice (35.38 percent), while at
the second service it has a 18.46 percent calving rate, a total
of 70 carabao calved out of 130 artificially inseminated (AI)
animals. Likewise, swollen vulva, a slightly hard uterus,
time of injecting PGF 2 alpha, time of AI after injection of PGF 2
alpha, body condition score of 3, and body of the uterus
were noted for having highest percentage of calving. Analysis
of the Philippine carabao in selected towns of Nueva, Ecija
showed that site of semen deposition was correlated to the
calving rate of the animals. Body condition score, appearance
of the vulva, tone of uterus, number. of services, and time of
insemination did not influence the calving rate of the animals.
Keywords: estrus synchronization, artificial insemination,
Philippine carabao, estrus signs, calving rate, body score,
reproductive performance
* Undergraduate Thesis. 2003. DAS-CA, CLSU. 38 p.
R-48
STUDY ON NON-SURGICAL RECOVERY TECH-
NIQUES IN WATER BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)
UNDER THE TO AND FRO SYSTEM*
REPRODUCTION
J. F. Pastor, Student, DAS-CA, CLSU
J. Eyadan, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU
E. Atabay, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
H. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
P. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
C. Valdez, Student, Hokkaido University
R. Uenishi, M.S. Student, Hokkaido University
M. B. Ocampo, Ph.D. Student, Hokkaido University
H. Kanagawa, Professor, JFVM, Hokkaido University
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS-CA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,
CLSU
Three river buffaloes and one swamp buffalo were used in
this study. Selection of these animals were based on the
record of their reproductive performance. Superovulation
was carried out by giving each buffalo a first injection of 25
mg prostaglandin F 2 alpha (PGF 2 alpha) followed by 2000
IU of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) 10 days
after. A second dose of PGF 2 alpha was given 48 hours
after PMSG injection. After 72 hours, the buffaloes came
into heat and GnRH was injected at 250 mg per head.
Confirmation of estrus was performed by the use of a
teaser bull, and artificial insemination was carried out. The
number of ovulation was estimated by counting the corpora
lutea via rectal palpation. Flushing of each uterine horn for
the collection of embryos was carried out at approximately
4.5 days after insemination. Morula and an unfertilized
oocyte were recovered from the right and left uterine horns,
respectively.
Keywords: reproductive performance, river buffaloes,
swamp buffalo, superovulation
*Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines.
1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 68. Also in Annotated
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p.
343.
R-49
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON SUPEROVULATION AND
NON-SURGICAL EMBRYO RECOVERY TECHNIQUE
IN WATER BUFFALO*
J. F. Pastor, Student, DAS-CA, CLSU
J. Eyadan, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU
M. B. Ocampo, Ph.D. Student, Hokkaido University
C. Valdez, Student, Hokkaido University
R. Uenishi, M.S. Student, Hokkaido Uniersity
E. C. Atabay, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC, PCARRD
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD
P. G. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD
H. Kanagawa, Professor, JFVM, Hokkaido University
L. C. Cruz, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD
Three river buffaloes and one swamp buffalo in luteal phase
were used to test their ovulatory response to PMSG,
PGF 2 alpha and GnRH treatments. Collection of embryos
81

using the non-surgical technique was also tried.
Superovulation was carried out by the administration of 25
mg PGF 2 alpha followed by 2000 IU of PMSG 10 injection
days later. A second dose of PGF 2 alpha was given 48
hours after PMSG injection. Seventy two hours after the
PGF 2 alpha, all animals received 250 ug GnRH each and
were simultaneously inseminated. Follow-up insemination
was done 12 hour thereafter. Three out of 4 animals ovulated
with an average number of 3 corpus luteum each. Two
thirds of the ovulation occurred in the right ovaries. One
unfertilized egg and one embryo were collected on 4.5
days after AI from the animals and represented only 22.22%
(2/9) of the expected number. The embryos were on the
morula stage. In summary, the ovulatory response to the
treatments yielded an average of only 2.25 corpus luteum
per animals and 22.2% egg/embryo recovery efficiency.
Keywords: river and swamp buffaloes, superovulation,
non-surgical embryo collection
*Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1990. 16 (1&2):76 (Abstr.).
R-50
EFFECT OF HYPODERMIC NEEDLE ACUPUNCTURE
ON THE REPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY OF POST-
PARTUM ANESTRUS WATER BUFFALOES (Bubalus
bubalis)*
R. S. Pe, Undergraduate DVM student, CVM, UPLB
J. Acorda, Associate Professor, CVM, UPLB
C. A. Valdez, Associate Professor, CVM, UPLB
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-UPLB, DA
The effect of hypodermic needle acupuncture on the
reproductive activity of eight (8) postpartum anestrus water
buffaloes was investigated. The eight animals were divided
into control and treatment groups with four animals each.
The treatment group received simultaneous acupuncture
stimulation at acupoints 31 and 52 for five minutes a day for
five consecutive days while the control group received no
treatment. Rectal palpations were performed on both groups
one day after acupuncture stimulation or start of observation
and repeated every five to seven days thereafter until 90
days. The presence of ovarian follicles and corpus luteum
and behavioral manifestations of heat were noted. All
animals, which showed signs of heat were artificially
inseminated and conception rate was recorded. For the
treatment groups, all water buffaloes subjected to
acupuncture therapy came into estrus twice; with two
animals each coming to two complete cycles (estrus to
corpus luteum formation) and two other animals reaching a
cycle once. For the control group, one animal came into
full cycle twice, one animal cycled completely once, one
animal came into heat once and one animal did not exhibit
82
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
signs of heat. Compared to the control group, the treatment
group had shorter intervals for calving to first heat, calving
to first corpus luteum development, first follicular
development to first heat and first follicular development to
first corpus luteum development. The interval between
acupuncture or start of observation and first heat, first corpus
luteum development, second heat and second corpus
luteum development was shorter in the treatment group
than in the control group. Two animals and one animal
were artificially inseminated for the treatment and control
groups, respectively. No animal conceived successfully,
due to some factors beyond the conrol of the study. The
results showed that acupuncture has the potentials to be
used as an alternative method for therapy of postpartum
anestrus water buffaloes.
Keywords: hypodermic needle acupuncture, postpartum
anestrus water buffaloes
*PCC at UP Los Baños Annual Report. 1997. p. 23-32.
R-51
CRYOPERSERVATION OF IN-VITRO PRODUCED
SWAMP BUFFALO BLASTOCYSTS BY VITRIFI-
CATION METHOD USING ETHYLENE GLYCOL-
BASED SOLUTION*
P. B. Pedro, Senior Agriculturist, PCC-OED, DA
D. H. Duran, Science Research Specialisit II, PCC-CLSU, DA
F. P. Aquino, Training Officer III, PCC-CLSU, DA
R. de Vera, Laboratory Aide, PCC-CLSU, DA
M. Masahiko, JOVC Volunteer
L. C. Cruz, Executive Director, PCC-OED, DA
This study was conducted to examine the in vitro survival
of vitrified-thawed embryos of swamp buffalo produced in
vitro. In total, 15 embryos at the early blastocysts,
blastocyct, and expanded blastocysts were examined.
The vitrification solution used was, EFS40 and 10% EG;
these was 40% ethylene glycol, diluted in modified
phosphate-buffered saline (mPBS) containing 30% Ficoll
+ 0.5 M sucrose and 10% EG was prepared with 10%
ethylene glycol diluted in PB1 medium. The embryos
were exposed to the solutions in two-step at room
temperature; kept in the solutions for 0.5 or 1.0 min, vitrified
in liquid nitrogen, and warmed slowly. When early
blastocycsts were vitrified in EFS40 solution after 0.5 or 1
min of exposure, 66.7 – 75% of them were found to have
re-expanded blastocoels and 50% have the ability to hatch
from their zona pellucida within 72 hr of in vitro culture.
However, when the exposure time was extended to 1.0
minute, only 25% hatched from the zona. When the
embryos were vitrified at the blastocyst stage, the survival
was very low (0 – 33.3%) after 1.0 or 0.5 min of exposure.

Expanded blastocysts did nor survived regardless of the
exposure period. The result indicates that in vitro produced
swamp buffalo embryos can be effectively vitrified by this
simple method. However, refinement of the procedure is
needed to improve the survival and in vivo development
shall be investigated in the future.
Keywords: blastocysts, swamp buffalo, cryopreservation,
ethylene glycol, vitrification
*Proceedings of the PSAS 35 th Annual Convention. October
21-22, 1999. Metro Manila, Philippines. p. 257.
R-52
CRYOPRESERVATION OF BUFFALO OOCYTES
USING DIMETHYSULFOXIDE (DMSO) AND
GLYCEROL*
R. C. Ramos, Student, CVSM, CLSU
F. A. Venturina, Senior Science Research Specialist, PCC-DA, CLSU
H. V. Venturina, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-DAS,
CLSU
E. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCC-DA, CLSU
F. V. Mamuad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, CLSU and Director, PCC-
DA, CLSU
This study examined the viability of germinal vesicle stage
buffalo oocytes following cryopreservation. Cumulusenclosed
oocytes (n=109) were aspirated from buffalo
ovaries collected from slaughterhouses. Morphological
assessment of oocytes after thawing was done for evaluation
of survivability. Survival rate of oocytes was highest in
T3 (1.5 M concentration of glycerol) and T5 (1.25 M
concentration of DMSO) at 81.25% and 86.36%,
respectively. Treatment 1 (1.0 M concentration of glycerol)
had the lowest (15.78%) survival rate which was found to
be statistically different from the other treatment groups. All
thawed frozen oocytes were classified either as Category
A (morphologically normal), Category B (uncertain
oocytes), or Category C (dead oocytes). Within this
assessment, three stages of oocyte maturation were further
demonstrated, namely: germinal vesicle stage (GVS),
germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), and Metaphase 1
(M-1). Results showed that T3 (1.5M concentration of
glycerol) and T5 (1.25M of DMSO) yielded 53.85% and
50%, respectively, showing the highest maturation
capability as evidenced by reaching Metaphase 1.
Keywords: buffalo oocytes, cryopreservation,
dimethysulfoxide, glycerol, and morphological assessment
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1993-1995. 1996.
PCC at CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also in Abstracts
of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995.
1996. PCC-DA. p. 68. Also in Annotated Bibliography on
REPRODUCTION
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997., Carabaos. 2002. p. 363.
R-53
REPRODUCTIVE BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES, THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE*
E. M. Rigor, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
Reproductive biotechnology in the Philippines started about
the middle 30s with work on sperm transport in swine. In
the mid 50s the first calf born from AI was announced.
From the early 70’s to the early 90s quite a bit of work on
estrus synchronization in swine, cattle and buffaloes was
done. Conception rates of estrus synchronized and naturally
cycling animals were essentially the same. In the buffalo
it has been consistently low at 30 percent. The future of
reproductive biotechnology in the Philippines to reproduce
highly productive and adopted animals rests on cloning
and sexing of embryos. Endangered species can also be
cloned but a formidable problem is finding an adequate
number of recipients for embryo transfer.
Keywords: artificial insemination, cattle, cloning and sexing
of embryos, swine, water buffaloes
*Anim. Husb. Agric. J. 1994. 29(11):12-14. Also in
Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,
Carabaos. 2002. p. 278.
R-54
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF THE
INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF MATURE
NON-PREGNANT PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus
bubalis)*
D. T. Rodulfo, Undergraduate Student
Fourteen pathological cases of the internal reproductive
organs of slaughtered Philippine cara-cows (Bubalus
bubalis) were studied histologically. No literatures on
histopathological disorders of the internal reproductive
organs of cara-cows are yet available so that similar
histopathological cases occuring in the bovine species as
found by Veterinary pathologists were used as bases for
comparison. Normal slides of the different organs were
used as basis for determining cellular changes plus reference
in veterinary histology. Of the pathological disorders studied,
follicular cyst is the most common as surveyed followed
by the parovarian cyst, cervicitis, hydrosalpinx, cystic
glandular hyperplasia cystic corpora lutea, hypoplasia and
adhesions. The least common ones are mucometra, tumor,
83

cervical cyst, pyometra and ovarian hematoma. No
correlation between these histopathological disorders and
that of infertility was done since no breeding history can be
obtained. It is presumed in this study however that the
animals where the specimens used came from were
slaughtered due to unproductiveness. Nevertheless, it was
found in this study and in previous studies that parovarian
cyst does not affect the fertility of the animals and that cystic
corpora lutea are known to occur in normally fertile animals.
Others may cause infertility while cervicitis, cystic glandular
hyperplasia, uterine tumors and generalized adhesion may
cause infertility if such conditions are extensive.
Keywords: Philippine carabao, non-pregnant, internal
reproductive organ, histopathological disorders
Undergraduate Thesis. 1979. CVM-UP, Diliman, Quezon
City. 44 p.
R-55
EARLY PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS IN THE
PHILIPPINE CARABAOS*
N. P. Roxas, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,
UPLB
Milk sample from twelve suckled carabao cows, 6 to 10
years of age, were used in the study to assess the
effectiveness of measuring progesterone concentration at
20 to 24 days post–breeding in the diagnosis of early
pregnancy and non-pregnancy of inseminated post-partum
Philippine carabaos. Direct radioimmunoassay (RIA) was
carried out and progesterone values obtained were used to
classify the pregnant from non-pregnant animals. The
early pregnancy determination using milk progesterone
level indicated the highest accuracy (83%) of positive
diagnosis (non-pregnant) on days 22 to 24 while in the
negative diagnosis (non-pregnant), 100% accuracy was
attained on days 24 post-breeding. In order to obtain the
best result, it is recommended that the test should be
performed in carabao cows with known breeding rates.
Keywords: pregnancy diagnosis, Philippine carabao,
milk progesterone, radioimmunoassay
*Phil. Agric. 1989. 72(2):155-160. Also in Abstract of
Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines. 1981-1995.
1996. PCC-DA. p. 69-70. Also in Annotated Bibliography
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 263.
R-56
MILK PROGESTERONE PROFILE AND OVARIAN
ACTIVITY DURING POSTPARTUM PERIOD IN
84
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
LACTATING PHILIPPINE CARABAOS*
N. P. Roxas, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRCD-PCARRD,
UPLB
M. Singh, FAO-UNDP Consultant for PCRDC
O. A. Palad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
Postpartum ovarian activity was studied by evaluating milk
progesterone levels using rectal palpation in determining
cyclicity and acyclicity (anestrus) in 12 suckled caracows
during post-partum period. The onset of follicular development
based on rectal palpation occurred 48.42 + 6.33 days (ranging
from 25 to 96 days) after calving but the first postpartum
estrous cycle did not start until after 95.58 + 22.9 days
(ranging from 33 to 324 days) post-partum based on milk
progesterone concentration. On the other hand, detection of
first post-partum estrus by a vasectomized bull was observed
at 134.92 + 19.95 days (ranging from 68 to 324 days) postpartum.
Eighty-three percent of the animals exhibited ovarian
activity as indicated by an increase in milk progesterone
47.20 + 11.45 days earlier than estrus detection using a bull.
This indicates that onset of ovarian activity precedes the first
behavioral estrus in post-partum buffaloes by at least one
cycle length. Based on progesterone elevation (>3 ng/ml),
50% of the animals resumed ovarian activity before 60
days post-partum. By day 100 post-partum, about 75%
had cycling ovaries. Post-partum anestrus in three other
animals (25%) was due to failure in the resumption of ovarian
activity as indicated by the basal levels of milk progesterone
(

Early pregnancy diagnosis was conducted in 12 lactating
Philippine caracows to determine the effectiveness of
measuring progesterone concentration in milk at 20 to 24
days post-breeding. Milk samples were collected on the
day of artificial insemination (AI) and every other day
thereafter until day 20 to 24 post-breeding, wherein daily
sampling was done. Based on the values attained, pregnant
animals were set for early pregnancy test. Rectal palpation
was done three months months after AI to confirm
pregnancy. Pregnant animals showed consistently high
levels of progesterone concnetration than non-pregnant
animals. Animals that were not pregnant were observed to
return to estrus within three or four weeks after AI. Results
indicated that the rate of success in pregnancy diagnosis
(positive diagnosis) using milk progesterone concentration
was higher (83%) on days 22 to 24 while in the nonpregnant
(negative diagnosis), 100 % accuracy was
attained on day 24 post-breeding. The lower limit in milk
progesterone concentration indicating non-pregnant status
was set at 11.82 ng/ml).
Despite the limited number of pregnant animals used in this
study (6), clearcut limiting concentrations were evident in
classifying pregnant from non-pregnant animals.
Keywords: Philippine carabao, milk progesterone,
pregnancy diagnosis
*Anim. Prod. Tech. 1986. 2(1):45 (Abstr.). Also in Abstracts
of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995.
1996. PCC-DA. p. 70-71.
R-58
MILK PROGESTERONE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY: ITS
USE IN THE REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT OF
LACTATING PHILIPPINE CARABAO*
N. P. Roxas, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
A. S. Sarabia, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRCD-PCARRD,
UPLB
M. Singh, FAO-UNDP Consultant for PCRDC
O. A. Palad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
A study on the utilization of milk progesterone by
radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique as a tool in the
characterization of estrous cycle and early detection of
pregnancy was conducted in the six post-partum caracows.
Direct RIA, which is done without steroid extraction, was
carried out with successful classification of different
progesterone levels to the corresponding reproductive status
of the carrabaos. Acceptable precision was attained even
when incubation time was reduced from 16 to 4 hours
REPRODUCTION
through a correctly optimized assay system. Milk fat
content did not influence progesterone values during estrus.
However, at peak progesterone levels, there was positive
correlation (r=0.47) between milk fat and milk progesterone
values. Peak progesterone levels occurred from day 6 to
24 of the estrous cycle. The onset of the follicular
development based on rectal palpation incurred 48.42 +
6.33 days after calving but the first post-partum estrous
cycle did not start until after 95.58 + 22.90 days based on
milk progesterone concentration. Rectal palption related
well with milk progesterone concentration in detecting
animals in estrus or those which had luteal tissue. Postpartum
anestrus can be attributed to failure in the resumption
of ovarian activity as indicated by the basal levels of milk
progesterone. Early pregnancy determination using milk
progesterone level was possible. Accuracy of positive
diagnosis (diagnosed pregnant) was highest (83%) on
day 22 to 24 while in the non-pregnant (negative diagnosis),
100% accuracy can be attained on day 24 post-breeding.
A prositive correlation was observed between plasma and
milk progesterone concentration during the estrous cycle
(r=0.60) and pregnancy (r=0.50). However, progesterone
in milk was observed to be higher than and ran parallel
with that in blood.
Keywords: lactating Philippine carabao, plasma and milk
progesterone, radioimmunoassay, early pregnancy dianosis
*Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1986. 12(3&4):71-72. (Abstr.).
Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the
Philippines 1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 71.
R-59
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF THE
PHILIPPINE CARABAO AND CARABAO CROSS-
BREEDS UNDER CONFINEMENT*
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-UPLB, DA
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
O. A. Palad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
N. P. Roxas, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
S. S. Capitan, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
A. R. Obsioma, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-UPLB, DA
A study was conducted to evaluate the reproductive
performance of the Philippine carabaos (PC) and
crossbreeds [(PC x Murrah buffalo or Phil-Murrah (PM)
and PC x Nili-Ravi (PR)]. Data gathered in 1985 to 1994
from 49 pre-pubertal and pubertal buffaloes, 49 post-pubertal
and parturient buffaloes and 50 postpartum buffaloes were
analyzed using unbalanced one-way ANOVA. The PM
and PR crossbreeds reached the age of puberty, conceived
and gave birth to a calf, a year earlier than the PC. In
terms of the anatomical measurements of the reproductive
85

tract and ovaries, there was no significant difference
(P>0.05) among breedtypes indicating that size and weight
of the animal at puberty had no bearing on the development
of the reproductive system. At pre-pubertal and follicular
stages, the plasma progesterone concentration was below
0.5 ng/ml. As sexual maturity was attained, the plasma
progesterone level subsequently increased, as the corpus
luteum {C} was formed after ovulation. The mean plasma
progesterone concentrations at first luteal stage were 2.68
+ 1.16 ng/ml for the PC, and 2.5 + 1.03 ng/ml and 2.32 +
0.93 ng/ml for PM and PR crossbreeds, respectively.
Breedtypes did not differ in their post-partum reproductive
performance with respect to uterine and cervix involutions,
ovarian activity, behavior estrus, service period and calving
interval.
Keywords: Philippine carabao, crossbreed, confinement,
puberty, progesterone concentration,
*Proceedings of the PSAS at the 32 nd Annual Convention,
PICC, October 26-27, 1995. p. 245-260. Also in PCC R
& D Highlights 1994-1996. 1997. p. 14-16. Also in Abstracts
of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995.
1996. PCC-DA. p. 74. Also in Annotated Bibliography on
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 285.
R-60
POST-PARTUM UTERINE INVOLUTION AND
OVARIAN ACTIVITY IN PHILIPPINE CARABAO
COWS*
A. S. Sarabia, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
O. A. Palad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,
UPLB
Sixty-four post partum suckled carabao-cows, five to ten
years old, which calved between January, 1983 and
December 1986 were used in the study to establish the
post-partum uterine involution and resumption of ovarian
activity so that recommendations can be made with regards
to subsequent breeding of carabaos after calving to reduce
service period. Results of the study indicated that uterine
and cervical involution in female carabao-cow was
completed on day 50.33 + 11.77 post-partum. Based on
this observation, carabao-cow could be bred as early as
55 days post-partum provided it shows cyclicity and nothing
abnormal is detected in its reproductive organs by rectal
palpation. However, the first post-partum estrus did not
come until after 133.32 + 78.92 days. Findings of rectal
palpation showed that of the 64 pregnancies, 59% was
maintained in the left horn while 41% was in the right horn.
The gestation period in carabao-cows averaged 316.94 +
86
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
8.99 days. The service period or the duration from the time
of parturation until conception was classified into (a) early
(between 60-150 days); (b) medium (151-240 days); and
(c) late (241 days above). It was observed that more than
50% of the experimental carabaos fall under the late service
period category. The overall calving interval or the duration
between two consecutive calvings averaged 627.84 +
190.77 days or 1.72 + 0.52 years. The results indicated
that the return of the reproductive tract of carabao-cows to
normal non-pregnant condition was longer than in the other
buffalo breeds reported. Furthermore, the results of other
reproductive parameters showed the reproductive efficiency
of the female Philippine carabao. This implies that there
are a lot more to be done to improve the reproductive
performance of the animal, particularly the shortening of the
service period or the early induction of the post-partum
ovarian activity.
Keywords: calving interval, gestation period, post-partum
ovarian activity, service period, uterine and cervical
involution
*Abstract of Completed Researches 1981-1995. (1985).
PCC-DA, UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Phil. J. Vet.
Anim. Sci. 1985. 11 (3 & 4): 37 (Abstr.). Also in Abstracts
of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines. 1981-1995.
1996. PCC-DA. p. 72-73. Also in Annotated Bibliography
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949 - 1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 326.
R-61
BLOOD PLASMA PROGESTERONE PROFILES
DURING PREGNANCY, PARTURITION AND POST-
PARTUM IN PHILIPPINE CARABAO COWS (Bubalus
bubalis Linn.)*
A. S. Sarabia, University Researcher, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
N. P. Roxas, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
O. A. Palad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
M. Singh, FAO-UNDP Consultant for PCRDC
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,
UPLB
Studies were conducted to establish the plasma
progesterone levels in relation to pregnancy, parturation
and post-partum in thirteen pregnant and twenty post-partum
carabao cows in confinement. Both plasma progesterone
and rectal palpation were utilized to determine post-partum
ovarian changes. The result indicated that plasma
progesterone was very low at the time of insemination
(1.45 + 0.145 ng/ml). The value gradually increased
above 2.07 + 0.25 ng/ml on the third trimester of pregnancy
(days 183-320). However, at about 15 days pre-partum,
plasma progesterone increased to a peak of 2.590 + 0.906

ng/ml and dropped sharply at parturition time to 0.543 +
0.157 ng/ml. Rectal palpation indicated that uterine horns
returned to normal size and shape on day 33.15 + 2.64
post-partum although the cervix became stabilized at a
diameter of 2.68 + 0.09 cm on days 51.8 + 2.29 postpartum
based on ovarian palpation. Post-partum estrus
occurred on 101.0 + 17.5 and 116.1 + 19.9 days, as
determined by a vasectomized bull and plasma progesterone
level, respectively. Suckling tends to increase post-partum
anestrus.
Keywords: Philippine carabao cow, plasma progesterone,
pregnancy, parturition, involution, postpartum ovarian
activity.
*Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1985. 11(3&4):36 (Abstr.). Also
in Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1981-1995. (1985).
PCC-UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995. 1996.
PCC-DA. p. 73. Also in Annotated Bibliography on
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 328.
R-62
BLOOD PLASMA PROGESTERONE PROFILE
DURING PREGNANCY AND PARTURITION IN
PHILIPPINE CARABAOS (Bubalus bubalis Linn.)*
A. S. Sarabia, University Researcher, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
N. P. Roxas, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
M. Singh, FAO-UNDP Consultant for PCRDC
O. A. Palad, Associate Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Prof., IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,
UPLB
Caracows examined had a mean plasma progesterone
concentration of 0.17 + 0.05 ng/ml on the day of insemination
(estrus), the level increasing to 2.90 + 0.56 ng/ml between
days 36 and 42 of pregnancy. The concentration declined
and remained fairly constant (2.20 + 0.31 ng/ml on days
43-49 to 1.89 + 0.28 ng/ml on days 169-182) through out
the duration of pregnancy, and decreased in value (1.47 +
0.24 ng/ml on days 281-294) with the advance of pregnancy.
However, the level increased from 0.97 + 0.17 ng/ml
between day 1 and 7 pre-partum, and drastically dropped
to 0.54 + 0.16 ng/ml on the day of parturition. The mean
gestation period was 311.64 + 2.39 days (n=11). The
progesterone level remains at basal values during early
post-partum, which ranged from 0.001 to 0.08 ng/ml until
day 29 to 35 post-partum.
Keywords: gestation period, parturition, plasma
progesterone, post-partum ovarian activity
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1995. (1986).
REPRODUCTION
PCC-DA, UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of
Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995.
1996. PCC-DA. p. 73. Also in Annotated Bibliography on
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 329.
R-63
FOLLICULAR DYNAMICS IN PHILIPPINE WATER
BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)*
O. F. Smith, Ph.D. Student, IGS, CLSU
P. G. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
F. A. Adriano, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS-CA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,
CLSU
The results showed that the mean number of small-sized
follicles (103 mm) was greater (P

H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
F. A. Adriano, Science Research Analyst, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
P. Serra, Science Aide, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS-DA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,
CLSU
Six mature and healthy Philippine carabaos (PC) were
selected after having shown normal estrus cycles for three
consecutive times. All animals were fed in confinement
and were fasted for at least 6 hours prior to actual ovarian
observations. A simple fiberscope (FS-100, Scott Fiber
Optics, Inc., MA USA) was inserted through a puncture
on the vaginal floor following administration of anesthetics
at the sacro-lumbar region. Observations of ovarian
structures were done every 3 days throughout the estrous
cycle using the same route. Using the simple fiberscope,
surface follicles 3.0 mm and corpus luteum (CL) were
observed. There was no alteration in the duration of the
length of the estrous cycle associated with repeated
observations. The procedure allowed observation of
follicular changes throughout the cycle and permitted direct
observation of changes in the ovary related to ovulation.
Keywords: fiberscope, ovarian structures, Philippine
caracows
*Proc. 3 rd World Buffalo Congress, Bulgaria. 1991. 1:108.
Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the
Philippines 1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 74-75. Also
in Phil. J. Vet. 1990. 16(3&4):58-59 (Abstr.). Also in
Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,
Carabaos. 2002. p. 345.
R-65
VERIFICATION OF FARMERS’ PERCEPTION OF
OCCURRENCE OF ESTRUS (HEAT) CARABAOS
DURING THE FULL PHASE OF THE MOON*
A. A. Taveros, Instructor, DASVM, ViSCA
A. M. Taveros, Assistant Professor,, DASVM, ViSCA
O. B. Posas, Professor, DASVM, ViSCA
Bimonthly visits were made to different barangays of
Baybay, Albuera and Inopacan, Leyte. Caracows, which
were naturally in heat were inseminated while the others
were artificially induced using prostaglandin F 2 alpha and
subsequently inseminated. It was observed that during
the full phase of the moon, 85.90% of the caracows were
naturally in heat while all (100%) of the artificially induced
animals came into heat after injection with the hormone.
Keywords: caracows, farmers’ perception of occurrence
of estrus
*Ann. Trop. Res. 1996. 15:42-47 (ViSCA). Also in
88
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
Abstracts of Water Buffaloe Researches in the Philippines
1981-1995. PCC-DA. 1996. p. 76. Also in Annotated
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002.
p. 358.
R-66
SUCCESSFUL PREGNANCY OF PUREBRED
MURRAH BUFFALO EMBRYO ON PHILIPPINE
CARABAO RECIPIENT*
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
S. S. Jha, M.S. Student, IGS, CLSU
F. Adriano, Science Research Analyst, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
P. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
N. Lorenzo, Science Research Aide, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
O. F. Smith, Ph.D. Student, IGS, CLSU
P. Serra, Research Aide, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS-CA, CLSU. And Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,
CLSU
Seven purebred Murrah buffalo (MB) cows with average
age of 10 years and live weight were used to determine
the possibility of utilizing Philippine carabao (PC) as
recipients of MB embryos. All MB cows (donors) were
treated with a total of 44 mg follicle stimulating hormone,
porcine (pFSH) initiated on day 9 in declining dose of 7.7
mg, 6.6 mg, 8.5 mg and 4.4 mg on days 9, 10, 11 and
12, respectively. Serial administration of pFSH were
done at 12 hours interval prostaglandin F 2 alpha (PGF 2
alpha) were given to all animals 60 and 72 hours after the
initial pFSH treatment. Inseminations were made 12 and
24 hours after onset of estrus. All PC (recipients) were
treated with PGF 2 alpha 12 hours ahead of the donor
animals. Animals with good corpus luteum (CL) on day
5 were selected and were used as recipient. Embryos
were collected nonsurgically from donor animals on day
5 ½ and were all transferred on the same day. Average
number of ovulation in donor animals was 2.86 + 1.87
and the average number of unovulated follicles was 2.2
+ 1.79. Average recovery rate of embryo was 70%
with 71.36 recovery of the flushing medium. Four of 14
embryos collected from MB were of good quality and
one of three embryos transferred to PC recipients resulted
to successful pregnancy.
Keywords: Murrah buffalo embryo, Philippine carabao,
successful pregnancy
*Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1991. 17(3&4):55 (Abstr.). Also
in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines
1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 78. Also in Annotated
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002.
p. 269.

R-67
MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATIC FACTORS
AFFECTING LIBIDO, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND
SEMEN QUALITY OF BUFFALO BULLS*
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
F. V. Mamuad, Assistant Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU
P. G. Duran, Science Research specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
F. P. Aquino, Science Research Assistant, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
M. F. Pineda, Science Research Aide, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
N. P. Garcia, Science Research Assistant, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
R. L. Osio, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
D. T. Esteban, Laboratory Aide, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
Twelve bulls, six Murrah buffaloes (MB), four Philippine
carabaos (PC), and two crossbreds (CB) with ages ranging
from 3 to 5 years were used in this study. A total of 1911
collection attempts were conducted. From this, 1586
successful attempts were observed (82.99%) and 829
ejaculates (52.27%) were evaluated for volume, 749
(47.23%) for motility, and 729 (45.96%) for sperm
concentration.
Keywords: buffalo bulls, semen quality
*Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1986. 12 (3&4):72-73 (Abstr.).
Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the
Philippines 1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 78. Also in
Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,
Carabaos. 2002. p. 198.
R-68
OVARIAN RESPONSES OF WATER BUFFALOES
AFTER PGF 2 ALPHA INJECTION*
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
F. V. Mamuad, Assistant Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU
P. G. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
V. G. Mauro, Instructor, CVSM, CLSU
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS-CA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-
PCARRD, CLSU
Eighteen cyclic caracows and eight cyclic caraheifers
were divided into two batches for observation to monitor
the occurrence of estrus, follicular development and
ovulation following prostaglandin F 2 alpha (PGF 2 alpha)
treatments. AI animals received two injections of PGF 2
alpha analogue (fenprostalene), 1.0 mg, and 11 days apart.
Twenty-four hours after the second PGF 2 alpha injection,
ovarian structures were checked per rectum at four hours
interval until the occurrence of ovulation while observation
of signs of estrus was made with the use of vasectomized
bull. Five or 25 (19%) animals manifested signs of estrus
72 hours after the second PGF 2 alpha treatment while the
remaining 80% (21 of 25) had the signs of estrus noted 12-
REPRODUCTION
24 hours later. Ovulation occurred in 17 to 18 heifers and
7 out of 8 treated cows after 91.08 hours and 87.55 hours,
respectively, after PGF 2 alpha treatment. Follicular
development occurred in both the left and right ovaries in
14 to 17 animals. More ovulations (58.33%) occurred at
the right ovary.
Keywords: caracows, caraheifers, estrus, follicular
development, ovulation, PGF 2 alpha treatment
*Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1981-1986. 1996.
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also
in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines
1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 77-78. Also in Annotated
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002.
p. 364.
R-69
SUPEROVULATORY RESPONSES TO PMSG AND
FSH TREATMENTS IN WATER BUFFALOES*
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
O. F. Smith, PhD Student, IGS, CLSU
F. A. Adraino, Science Research Analyst, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
P. G. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
S. S. Jha, M. S. Student, IGS, CLSU
T. Niwat, PhD Student, IGS, CLSU
A. S. Argañosa, Deputy Director, LRD, PCARRD
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS-CA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,
CLSU
Eight cyclic buffaloes were used to determine suitable time
for superovulation. Group A received pregnant mare serum
gonadotropin (PMSG) (3000 i,u,) on day 9 while group B
treatment, on day 15 of the cycle, prostaglandin F 2 alpha
(PGF 2 alpha) were given 60 hours and 72 hours after
PMSG and ovaries were obtained two days after estrus to
monitor ovarian responses. The last study compared the
superovulatory responses of 14 buffaloes to either PMSG
(3000 i.u.) or follicle stimulating hormone, porcine (pFSH)
(44 mg, decreasing dose of 7.7, 6.5, 5.5, 4.4 mg at 12
hours interval). Treatments were initiated on day 9-10,
PGF 2 alpha on 60 and 72 hours after gonadotropin. AI on
12 and 24 hours after estrus and embryos were collected
on day 5.5 after breeding. Superovulatory treatments
initiated either on day 9 or day 15 were similar with regards
to number of ovulations and number of growing follicles.
The pFSH treatments resulted to more ovulations (2.86 +
1.57) and collected embryos (2.0 + 2.0) than PMSG (1.5
+ 2.0).
Keywords: cyclic buffaloes, porcine follicle stimulating
hormone, pregnant mare serum gonadotropin, PGF 2 alpha,
superovulatory responses
89

*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1987-1992. 1993.
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also in
Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the Phiippines.
1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 76-77. Also in Annotated
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 391.
R-70
SUPEROVULATORY TREATMENTS AND EMBRYO
TRANSFER IN BUFFALOES*
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
F. A. Venturina, Science Research Analyst, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
N. Lorenzo, Science Research Aide, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
E. C. Atabay, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
L. C. Cruz, Prof., DAS, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
Studies were conducted to determine the response of buffaloes
to different superovulation treatments using Porcine Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FSH-p). Experiment 1 involved
treatement with 44 mg FSH-p on a declining dose initiated either
on mid or late luteal phase. The second experiment tested the
effect of pFSH priming (12 mg) given in two consecutive days
initiated 3 days prior to the main gonadotropin treatments. The
last experiment involved non-surgical transfer of MB embryos
to PC recipients. Embryo was collected and transferred on day
5 of the cycle. The results of experiment 1 showed that the
average number of ovulations per cow were 2.12 (n=19) and
1.0 (n=3) for mid and late luteal phase treatments, respectively.
Number of unovulated follicles greater than 5 mm were almost
similar with a mean of 2.8 + 1.07 and 2.0 + 0.0 for mid and late
luteal phase groups, respectively. Primed animals had a mean
ovulation of 2.6 + 0.74 compare to 2.0 + 1.54 in the unprimed
group. Mean of 2.8 unovulated follicles greater than 5 mm were
observed in both treatments. Results of the non-surgical embryo
transfer showed that the average embryo recovery rate was
2.0 (n=7) per head and percent embryo recovery was about 70
percent. Transfer of four embryos to three recipients resulted to
25% pregnancy rate. Purebred Murrah buffalo calf with
birthweight of 310 kg was delivered normally by the surrogate
mother (PC) after 310 days of gestation period.
Keywords: Philippine carabao, Murrah buffalo,
superovulation, pFSH, embryo transfer
*Technical Report, PCRDC-CLSU. 1991. p. 25. . Also in
Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the Phiippines.
1981-1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 77.
R-71
A STUDY ON THE ESTROUS CYCLE LENGTH,
ESTRUS DURATION AND OVULATION TIME IN
PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALOES IN CONFINEMENT
WITH AND WITHOUT COOLING FACILITIES*
90
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
P. Q. Vinh, Graduate Student, DAS-CA, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Associate Professor, DAS-CA, UPLB
T. A. Abilay, Assistant Professor, DAS-CA, UPLB
A six month experiment using 24 (2 ½ to 3 years old)
caraheifers was conducted at U. P. Los Baños to determine
the effects of different cooling facilities on the estrous cycle
length, duration of estrus and ovulation of Philippine carabaos.
Four treatment groups consisting of I no cooling system; II
with concrete water wallow; III with overhead water sprinkler;
and IV with muddy wallow were evaluated with six animals
per lot. The results obtained from July 1974 to January 1975
indicated no significant effects of cooling provisions on the
parameters studied. Average estrous cycle length of 97
observations was 20.9 + 2.7 days (range: 13 to 28 days)
and estrus duration was 18.5 + 12. 7 hours from the onset of
estrus or 15.3 + 1.7 hours after the end of estrus in 81
observations. Ovulation took place more frequently at night
time than at day time. Carabaos appeared to be left-ovulators
(63.0%) as detected by rectal palpation.
Keywords: caraheifers, cooling facilities, duration of estrus,
estrous cycle length, ovulation time
*Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1976. 2(4):214 (Abstr). Also in
Momongan, V.G., ed., 1984. A Compendium of Research
Reults and State of Knowledge Report on Smallholder
Buffalo Production System. p. 56. Also in Annotated
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002.
p. 143.
R-72
SOME REPRODUCTIVE DATA OF THE PHILIPPINE
CARABAO IN CONFINEMENT*
P. Q. Vinh, Ph.D. Student, IAS-CA, UPLB
T. A. Abilay, Consultant, MADECOR
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
Twenty four estrous cycling carabao heifers, about 2 to 6
½ years old were used to gather benchmark information as
to their reproductive status. Data collected were estrus
cycle, estrus duration, ovulation time and gestation period.
Estrous cycles of carabao heifers had a grand mean of
20.9 + 2.7 days while 21.0 + 1.56 days for carabao cows.
Estrus duration range from 5 to 36 hours in carabao heifers
and 16-35 hours in carabao cows. On the average,
ovulation occurred 34.9 + 12.9 hours after the onset of
estrus or 15.3 + 1.7 hours after the end of estrus.
Caraheifers seemed to ovulate more often at night than at
day time. Carabaos were confirmed to be left ovulators in
51 or 635 of 81 observations recorded. Gestation period in
carabao cows was 345 days, a range of 330 to 359 days.

Keywords: carabao heifers, estrous cycle, estrus
ovulation, gestation
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1995.
(1981). PCC-UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts
of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-
1995. 1996. PCC-DA. p. 78. Also in Annotated Bibliography
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 299.
R-73
THE EFFECTS OF PROSTAGLANDIN F 2 ALPHA
(LUTALYSE) ON ESTRUS, OVULATION AND
PREGNANCY IN THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO*
W. Wongsrikeao, Former PhD Student, IAS-CA, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
Thirteen normally cycling carabao cows, between 5 to 6
years of age, were allocated into four treatments: group 1
(n=3) received PGF 2 alpha on day 6 of the estrous cylce;
group 2 (n=4) received PGF 2 alpha on day 12 of the estrous
cycle; group 3 (n=3) received treatment of PGF 2 alpha on day
16 th ; and group 4 (n=3) the control group did not receive any
treatment of PGF 2 alpha, respectively. Every animal in
treatment groups 1 to 3 was given 20.25 and 30 mg PGF 2
alpha, respectively. Carabao cows receiving PGF 2 alpha
treatment on day 6 of the estrous cycle failed to respond to
PGF 2 alpha injection. However, carabao cows given PGF 2
alpha on day 12 or 16 of the estrous cycle showed
synchronized estrus. The length of the subsequent estrous
cycle, estrus duration and ovulation time of PGF 2 alpha treated
and control carabao cows were not significantly different.
Keywords: carabao cows, estrous cycle, estrus
ovulation, estrus synchronization, prostaglandin F 2 alpha
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1995.
(1981).PCC-DA, UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts
of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines
1981-1995.1996.PCC-DA. p.79. Also in Annotated Bibliography
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 387.
R-74
BLOOD GONADOTROPIC ACTIVITY DURING THE
ESTROUS CYCLE OF CARABAO HEIFERS*
W. Wongsrikeao, Graduate Student, DAS-CA, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Associate Professor, DAS-CA, UPLB
T. A. Abilay, Assistant Professor, DAS-CA, UPLB
The estrous cycle of the female is a product of a highly
integrated relationship between the ovaries and
adenohypophysis. Studies on gonadotropins in this animal
under Philippine condition, however, has not been done. A
study was conducted to assess the blood gonadotropic
REPRODUCTION
activity of three-year old normally cycling carabao heifers
relative to the stages of estrous cycle. A bioassay technique
was used in the determination of blood gonadotropic activity.
The test parameters involved the monitoring of the increase
in testicular size and seminiferous tubule development of a
day old male chicks. The results indicated that blood
gonadotropic activity of carabao heifers was lowest at
estrus, increased to a maximum on day 12 and declined
after day 15, reaching a low value on day 20.
Keywords: blood gonadotropin activity, bioassay
technique, cycling carabao heifers, estrous cycle.
*Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1979. 5(1):65-70. Also in Annotated
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 320
R-75
SYNCHRONIZATION OF ESTRUS WITH PGF2 ALPHA (LUTALYSE) AND FERTILITY IN PHILIPPINE
CARABAOS*
W. Wongsrikeao, Former PhD Student, IAS-CA, UPLB
T. A. Abilay, Consultant, MADECOR
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
T. Blanchard, Former Visiting Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
A. R. Obsioma, Research Assistant, IAS-CA, UPLB
Two experiments were conducted to assess the effect of
PGF 2 alpha on the estrus induction and fertility in the Philippine
carabaos. In experiment 1, twelve normally cycling carabao
cows, 6 to 6.5 years of age are randomly distributed into two
groups: no prostaglandin (PGF 2 ) alpha treatment (control)
and 30 ng PGF 2 alpha intramuscular injection on day 12 of
the estrous cycle. In experiment 2, nine animals were
randomly assigned to two groups: no PGF 2 alpha treatment
(control, n=5) and 30 ng PGF 2 alpha intramuscular injection
12 days apart (n=4) to those carabaos which failed to manifest
estrus after the first injection. All experimental animals were
artificially inseminated twice at 12 and 20 hours after onset of
estrus. The result of this study indicated that estrus and
ovulation could be synchronized in carabaos. The pregnancy
rates of animals treated intramuscularly with a single injection
of 30 ng PGF 2 alpha on day 12 of the estrous cycle or two
injections of 30 ng PGF 2 alpha, 12 days apart are comparable
to those obtained in the control animals.
Keywords: carabaos, estrus synchronization, ovulation,
prostaglandin F 2 alpha
*Abstract of Completed Researches 1981-1995. (1981).
PCC-UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995. 1996.
PCC-DA. p. 79. Also in Annotated Bibliography on
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos. 2002. p. 322.
91

DRAFT POWER
D-1
COMPARATIVE TRAINING AND WORK PERSIS-
TENCY OF PHILIPPINE CARABAO AND ITS F 1
CROSS WITH MURRAH BUFFALO (50:50)*
F. A. Adriano, Science Research Assistant, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
R.C. Muros, Student, CVSM, CLSU
C. Jueco, Instructor, CVSM, CLSU
N. Lorenzo, Science Research Aide, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
P. Tubiano, Utility Worker, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
P. Duran, Science Research Specialist, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
L. C. Cruz, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU and Project Leader, PCRDC-PCARRD,
CLSU
Three female Philippine carabaos (PC) and 3 PC x Murrah
buffalo crossbreds (CB) with average ages of 5.1 years
and 5.0 years and live weights of 322 + 37.85 kg and 383
+ 83.9 kg, respectively were used to compare ease of
training and work persistency under varying load and land
conditions. Animals were trained and set to work in pairs
consisting of one PC and one CB at a time. Training
consisted of taming to point at which animals were able to
pull heavy load and can be led. Comparisons for work
persistency were conducted after changes in physiological
responses such as pulse rate and temperature (PRT) and
hematological values at point of fatigue were determined.
Load equivalent to 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of the body
weight were performed four times each until the point of
fatigued was reached. Likewise, animals were allowed to
pull load equivalent to 25% of the body weight under dry
and wet land conditions. The total time required for taming
to full capacity to pull load for PC and CB were 234.9 min
and 252.4 min, respectively, and were not statistically
different. At 25% min to reach the point of fatigue at which
time, the percent change in respiration rate was 248.00%
and 310.74 + 24.9% for PC and CB, respectively. No
significant differences were noted for percent change in
PRT between breeds although CB covered longer distances
than PC. There was no significant breed difference in
terms of time to reach fatigue and percent change in PRT
and hematological values at various loads and land
conditions. Both breeds reached the point of fatigue at
longer time and traveled significantly longer distance under
wet land than dry land conditions.
Keywords: comparative training, Philippine carabao, Phil-
Murrah, work persistency
*Undergraduate Thesis, DAS-CA, CLSU, 1990. Also in
Abstracts of Completed Studies, 1987-1992. 1993.
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also
92
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines,
1981-1995 (1996), PCC-DA, p. 107. Also in Phil. J. Vet.
Anim. Sci. 1991. 16(3&4):54-55 (Abstr.). Also in Annotated
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p.
239.
D-2
HEMATOLOGICAL OBSERVATION OF SWAMP
BUFFALO (Bubalus Bubalis) HARNESSED TO
INCREASING PULLING LOADS*
E. M. Cabana, Associate Professor, CVSM, CLSU
F. A. Adriano, Science Research Analyst, PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU
R. O. Encarcion, Jr., Student, CVSM, CLSU
The hematologic parameters (total red blood cell count,
hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte
sedimentation rate, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean
corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration, total white blood cell count, and relative and
absolute differential white blood cell count) were examined
in three (3) male castrated swamp buffaloes aged 3-5
years following harnessing with pulling loads of 100 kg,
200 kg and 300 kg and allowed to travel 1000 meter
asphalt road for 30-day period of each pulling load. Blood
samples were collected and examined every 7 th day of
test period. Results showed that except for blood hemoglobin
concentration, no significant alterations in the values of
most blood parameters examined were observed. The
hemoglobin concentration of the test animals were
significantly decreased after harnessing to 100 kg and 200
kg, but did not significantly different to the pretest values
obtained after harnessing to 300-kg pulling load.
Keywords: increasing pulling load, hematologic
parameters, swamp buffalo
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1987-1992, (1993).
PCRDC at CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also in Abstracts
of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines, 1981-1995
(1996) PCC-DA. p. 37-38. Also in Annotated Bibliography
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p.390.
D-3
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF AN
ANIMAL DRAFT DYNAMOMETER*
E. F. Castro, Jr., Assistant Engineer, IRRI
R. M. Lantin, Professor, DAMET-CEAT, UPLB
C. R. del Rosario, Professor, DAMET-CEAT, UPLB
A dynamometer which can be adopted for measuring the

animal draft power was designed and fabricated for testing.
For draft testing of work animal, two Philippine female
carabaos, regardless of age, weight, conformations and
work experience were used. Each animal was made to
pull horizontal load ranging from 20-110 kg over a concrete
test tract. A more or less constant pull was provided by
means of the draft dynamometer. Operating speed of the
animal and draft dynamometer corresponded to the normal
animal speed when pulling a cart or tillage implement.
Speed of travel range from 0.90–1.10 m/second. The
ability of the animal to pull an implement was affected by
efficiency of steering and straightness of forward motion.
The test effectivity of harness used depends on the
curvature of the yoke fit, and contour of the respective
neck and shoulder muscles of the carabao. Draft animals
development power ranged from 0.30-1.50 hp in pulling a
load of 24 and 110 kg, respectively, on a concrete tract.
Keywords: carabao, draft animal power, dynamometer
*Abstract of Completed Researches, 1981-1995. 1996.
PCC-DA, UPLB. Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo
Researches in the Philippines. 1981-1995 (1996) PCC-
DA. p. 107. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)
1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 236.
D-4
THE EFFECT OF WORKLOAD ON THE LEUKOGRAM
OF PHILIPPINE SWAMP BUFFALO (Bubalus
Bubalis)*
R. O. Encarnacion, Jr., Student
Three apparently healthy carabaos (PCs) with ages ranging
from 3 to 6 years of age, without pulling experience, were
used to study the hematological changes particularly the
leukocyte values after work. Castrated animals were
used to limit the possible hormonal influence on the
performance of the animals under test. The animals were
subjected to pulling different load gradients of 00 kg, 200 kg
and 300 kg everyday for a succeeding 30 day period for
each load gradient, respectively, covering a 1,000 m asphalt
road everyday for each animal under test. Blood samples
were collected every after seven days starting on the first
day of the trial. The total white blood cell (WBC) relative
and absolute different WBC counts were determined and
recorded. Results of the study showed that workload do
not alter the leukogram of the experimental animals used in
this study under the described test conditions.
Keywords: leukocyte value, hematological changes,
Philippine carabaos
DRAFT POWER
*Undergraduate Thesis, CVM-CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva
Ecija (1998). Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches
in the Philippines 1981-1995. (1996) PCC-DA. p. 84.
Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,
Carabaos (2002) p. 341.
D-5
DRAFTABILITY OF CARABAO AND CROSSBRED
STEERS (MB X PC) UNDER WET AND DRY LAND
TILLAGE OPERATION*
E. P. Garillo, M. S. Student, DAS-IGS, CLSU
S. K. Ranjhan, PCRDC Project Manager and FAO-UNDP Consultant
S. P. Neric, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU
C. G. Salas, Sr., Professor, CAE, CLSU
O. D. Quines, Assistant Professor, CVSM, CLSU
Two treatment groups consisting of four Philippine carabao
(PC’s) and four crossbred Murrah buffalo (MB x PC steers)
were subjected to two types of plowing work in order to
evaluate their draftability on wet and dry field conditions.
Results indicate no significant variations between breeds in
so far as their draft-force, drawbar horsepower, body weight
changes and physiological responses in terms of pulse rate
and temperature (PRT) values and eosinophil level of the
blood were concerned. The average drawbar horsepower
of the PC and crossbred during wet plowing were 0.365 PS
and 0.354 PS, respectively, and 0.300 PS and 0.338 PS,
respectively, with dry plowing. There was no significant
correlation between drawbar horsepower on draft-force and
live body weight. PRT values were influenced by
atmospheric conditions prevailing during the study. These
results suggest that the PC and its crossbred have familiar
performance under wet paddy conditions.
Keywords: draftability, Philippine carabao, Phil-Murrah,
physiological responses
*Indian Journal of Animal Science, 57:575-580. Also in
Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines.
1981-1995, (1996) PCC-DA. p. 108. Also in Annotated
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 201.
D-6
PERFORMANCE OF DRAFT CARABAOS UNDER
TWO DOMINANT CROPPINGS SYSTEMS IN
CAGAYAN VALLEY*
G. D. Lasam, Regional Director, MA II
C. A. Cabaccan, Researcher, MA II
Twenty-four Farmer-cooperators in Solana, Cagayan (rice-
93

ased) and Cabagan, Isabela (corn-based) were selected
for the study. The year-round feeding practices, monthly
changes in body weight of work animals, and training
practices for work animals were recorded and documented.
The average monthly weights of the animals increased
from the start of the study (August) until December, then
leveled-off thereafter up to April when available feed
resource was minimal which is typical during dry months.
The average monthly weights tended to increase from
May up to July as feed become abundant. Tethering was
the most common feeding system being practiced by
farmer-cooperators. In Solana, Cagayan, the animals
were tethered for an average of 5.59 + 0.73 hours daily
while in Cabagan, Isabela, the average daily tethering
time ranged from 5.2 + 0.89 to 6.68 + 0.9 hours.
Supplemented of extra roughage after tethering was
practiced by some farmer-cooperators. In Solana,
Cagayan, carabaos were trained for work when they are
3-4 years old while n Cabagan, Isabela, training started
before they reached 3 years old. It took an average 17.28
training hours on staggered basis before carabaos were
considered fully trained.
Keywords: draft carabaos, feeding systems, tethering,
training practices
*Philippine Journal Veterinary Animal Science, 10(3&4):48.
Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,
Carabaos (2002) p. 157
D-7
WORK PERSISTENCY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
RESPONSES OF PHILIPPINE CARABAO AND
CROSSBRED BUFFALO IN CRUSHING
SUGARCANE*
N. T. Rigor, Student, DAS-CA, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija
F. A. Ching, Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija
D. D. Lorenzo, Associate Professor, DAS-CA, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva
Ecija
Two treatment groups consisting of three Philippine carabaos
and three buffalo crossbreds (Philippine carabao x Murrah
buffalo) were used to crush sugarcane stems to evaluate
their work performance and determine their physiological
responses during morning and afternoon working periods
and before, during and after work sessions. Results
indicated no significant variations in the pulse rate, respiration
rate and body temperature (PRTs) between the two breeds.
However, the mean body temperature of crossbreds was
found to be significantly higher than that of the Philippine
carabaos when subjected to work in the afternoon. The
94
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
PRTs of both breeds increased significantly during and
after the work. The time efficiency of the Philippine
carabaos and crossbreds to crush the cartload (350 kg) of
sugarcane were not significantly different to each other.
However, the crossbred buffaloes took around 7 more
minutes to finish the work. Furthermore, both breeds spent
more time crushing the same quantity of sugarcane in the
afternoon. The results suggested that Philippine carabao
and crossbred buffalo have comparable performance in
crushing sugarcane using the traditional village-type crusher.
Keywords: work persistency, PRT responses, Philippine
carabao, crossbred buffalo
*Proceedings of the 34 th Annual Convention, Philippine
Society of Animal Science, October 23-24, 1997, Manila,
Philippines. p. 274-278. Also in Annotated Bibliography
on Philippine Biodiversity: Livetsock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 398.
D-8
INFLUENCE OF DRAFT WORK, DAYLIGHT HEAT
AND PARASITIC LOAD ON THE MEAN EOSINOPHIL
COUNT OF ADULT MALE PHILIPPINE SWAMP
BUFFALO (Bubalus Bubalis)*
E. F. San Pedro, Undergraduate Student, CVSM, CLSU
A total of thirty mature male Philippine carabao (PC) were
used in the study. Fresh fecal samples for fecalysis and
blood smears to determine the eosinophil percentage was
collected for two consecutive days during the predeworming
period and postdeworming period. Eosinophil count of
20.7% in the morning and 24.04% in the afternoon of the
first day of the predeworming collection were recorded.
An eosinophil count of 18.4% and 24.3% in the morning
and afternoon, respectively, were recorded for the second
day of collection. The animals during these period of blood
smear collection were rested and fed on a cut-and-carry
basis or pastured as compared to postdeworming collection
wherein these animals were used for draftwork. During
the postdeworming period, the eosinophil count of 24.04%
and 26.43% in the morning and afternoon, respectively,
were recorded. On the second day of collection, 26.67%
in the morning and 26.74% in the afternoon were recorded.
During predeworming and postdeworming periods, 250.7
eggs per gram (EPG) and 132 EPG were recorded,
respectively.
Keywords: adult male Philippine swamp buffalo, eosinophil
count
*Undergraduate Thesis. College of Veterinary Medicine,
CLSU Muñoz, Nueva Ecija (1987). Also in Abstracts of

Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines. 1981-1995.
(1987) PCC-DA. p. 140-141. Also in Annotated
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p.
331-332.
D-9
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE WORK
ABILITY OF PHILIPPINE CARABAO AND ITS
CROSSES, PHIL-RAVI AND PHIL-MURRAH, IN
TERMS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES*
E. B. de los Santos, M. S. Student, IAS-CA, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-
PCARRD, UPLB
A total of 12 animals, four each of Philippine Carabao, Phil-
Ravi crossbred and Phil-Murrah crossbred consisting of
two males and two females in each genotype, were used
in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial experiment in complete randomized
design (CRD) to compare the draftability of the three
genotypes in terms of physiological responses. Results
indicated that F1 crossbreeds are comparable to the
Philippine Carabao as draft animals in terms of resistance
to work stress and docility. There were no significant
differences in the PRT of the three genotypes, in response
to work stress. Wallowing significantly lowered initial
respiration and body temperature of the buffalo. It also
caused a minimal but significant increase in body
temperature, which consequently resulted in higher
coefficient of heat tolerance (CHT) for wallowed animals.
Wallowed animals had the tendency to walk faster and to
have higher increase in white blood cells (WBC) and
eosinophil count. Differences in diurnal pulse, respiration
and body temperature (PRT) were highly associated with
the differences in weather conditions during the morning
and afternoon periods of the day, with body temperature
and respiration rate being closely related with air
temperature; while negatively correlated with relative
humidity. All buffaloes, generally, exhibited distress
symptoms such as excitement, excessive salivation,
panting, mucus excretion from the nostrils, lack of leg
coordination and tongue protrusion especially during the
second hour of working .
Keywords: carabao, crossbred carabaos, coefficient of
heat tolerance, distress symptoms, physiological
responses, wallowing
*Abstracts of Completed Researches 1981-1996. 1996.
PCC-UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995. (1996)
PCC-DA. p. 108. Also in Annotated Bibliography on
DRAFT POWER
Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry
(Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos 2002) p. 370
D-10
WORK PERFORMANCE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
RESPONSES TO WORK STRESS OF THE
PHILIPPINE CARABAO, CAMBODIAN BUFFALO
AND THEIR CROSSES WITH MURRAH BUFFALO
UNDER UPLAND CONDITION*
A. S. Sarabia, University Researcher, PCRDC-PCARRD, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB & Proj. Leader, PCRDC-
PCARRD, UPLB
The study compares and evaluates the work performance
and physiological responses of the four buffalo breedtypes;
Philippine Carabao, Cambodian buffalo, Philippine Carabao
x Murrah buffalo, and Cambodian buffalo x Murrah buffalo,
under upland condition. A total of 16 male buffaloes which
ranges from five to eight years and weighing 350 to 580 kg
were used in the plowing operations by four plowers during
the 16- day experimental period. Work performance in
terms of field capacity, pull, draft force, speed and draft
power showed no significant differences between the four
buffalo breedtypes. The draft developed by the buffaloes
ranged between 11.5 and 14.5% of their body weights.
The minimum and maximum recorded increase in pulse
rate, respiration rate and body/rectal temperature, above
normal resting levels when the buffaloes were subjected to
one-hour continuous plowing, were 28 to 41%, 94 to 243%
and 1.55 to 2.24 0 C, respectively. The pulse rate, respiration
rate, rectal temperature (PRT) was unable to reach “steadystate”
or return to normal resting levels after an hour or rest.
Further more, the results revealed that the crossbreds,
particularly the Philippine carabao x Murrah buffalo showed
comparable or better work efficiency or draft ability and
physiological responses to overcome work stress with
that of their draft breed counterparts, the Philippine carabao
and Cambodian buffalo.
The data, therefore, strongly uphold the continuity of the
carabao crossbreeding program being implemented by the
Philippine Government through the Philippine Carabao
Research and Development Center (PCRDC), Philippine
Council for Agriculture Resources and Development
(PCARRD) and Department of Agriculture (DA).
Keywords: Cambodian buffaloes, carabao, crossbred
carabaos, physiological responses, work performance
*Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1981-1996, PCC-
UPLB, College, Laguna. Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo
Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995, (1996), PCC-
95

DA p. 108-109. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)
1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 369.
D-11
FARMERS’ PREFERENCE FOR A DRAFT WATER
BUFFALO*
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
The carabao is mainly used as draft animal in the
Philippines, thus, the smallholder farmers’ acceptance of
the crossbreed as a draft animal is a critical factor in deciding
whether or not to push the policy of crossbreeding the
carabao with Murrah buffalo. The study was to determine
the preference of the farmers for a draft water buffalo in
different areas of the country. A total of 137 respondents
that are cooperators of the former Philippine Carabao
Research and Development Center (PCRDC) now
Philippine Carabao Center (PCC) from five distinct areas
of the country, namely, (1) Musuan, Bukidnon, (2) Ubay,
Bohol, (3) La Carlota, Negros Occidental, (4) Muñoz,
Nueva Ecija, and (5) Lucban, Quezon. The questionnaire
used was pre-tested prior to the actual conduct of the survey.
Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of the data.
Majority of the respondents were married men (93.45%)
with an average age of 45.4 years. The average schooling
was 6.6 years, with average farming experience of 25.8
years. The average farm size being worked on by the
respondents varied with location related to the farming
system of the area. The use of carabao/buffalo as a
means of cultivating the land was still predominant in Bohol,
Quezon and Bukidnon and none of the farmer respondents
claimed to use tractor solely for farm cultivation. Farmers
from different locations have varied responses, based on
their experience, as the farmer-respondents (ave. = 92%)
in all locations prefer Murrah-crossbred as draft animal.
Very few farmers (ave.=7.3%), mainly from the province
of Bohol (22.6%), to which breed type (carabao or
crossbreed) was easier to train for draft. Majority of preferred
the Philippine carabao as draft animal. Except from Negros
Occidental (80%), majority (ave.=71.5%) would prefer a
female draft animal. Majority of the respondents in all
locations, cited size and strength as the primary reason for
selecting crossbreeds as draft water buffalo. The survey
also showed that the crossbreeds were preferred due to its
endurance to heat, work, can be used at an early age for
draft, has high market value and could be used for breeding
purposes. Relatively, it is also a fast worker and easy to
handle. Only farmer-respondents from Nueva Ecija
recognized the usefulness of the crossbreed as source of milk.
96
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
Keywords: Philippine carabao, Murrah crossbred, draft
preference
*Animal Production Technology Journal, 12(1):11-15.
D-12
DRAFT ABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RES-
PONSES OF THE PHILIPPINE CARABAO, PHIL-
MURRAH CORSSBRED AND MURRAH-CAMBODIAN
CROSSBREED TO WORK STRESS*
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-DA, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
E. C. Castro, Agricultural Engineer, IRRI
The study was conducted to compare the draft ability and
physiological responses of the Philippine carabao (PC)
and Phil-Murrah or PM (Murrah buffalo x PC) and Murrah-
Cambodian or CM (Murrah buffalo x Cambodian buffalo)
crossbreeds to work stress. Twelve (12) intact bulls (4-8
years old) consisting of four each of PC, PM and CM
were used in the plowing operation by thee plow-operators
for a 12- day experiment. Data on draft animal power
(DAP) were analyzed using ANOVA in a replicated Latin
Square Design (LSD) while physiological responses were
analyzed using ANOVA following a Split-Plot in LSD with
breed types as the whole plot and the time of taking PRT
(pulse respiration and rectal temperature) as the subplot.
Results of the study showed that the PC could plow a
significantly bigger area, work faster and produced higher
draft power than the PM and CM crossbreeds. The most
sensitive thermoregulatory index to assess the responses
of the different buffalo breed types to stressful stimuli was
rectal temperature. The PC registered significantly higher
increases in rectal temperatures immediately after plowing
compared to crossbreeds. It took a buffalo more than one
hour of rest to return its PRT to its pre-work values. The
data indicated that the PM and CM crossbreeds responded
to and overcame work stress equally, if not better than the PC.
Keywords: draft power performance, field capacity,
Murrah-Cambodian crossbreed, Philippine carabao, Phil-
Murrah crossbreed, physiological responses
*Proceedings of the 2 nd Asian Buffalo Association Congress,
October 9-12, 1996, Shangri-La Hotel Manila, Makati City,
Philippines. pp 129-137. Also in Abstracts of Completed
Studies 1981-1996. PCC-UPLB, College, Laguna. p.
38-39. Also in Abstracts of Water Buffalo Researches in
the Philippines 1981-1995. (1996) PCC-DA. p. 109. Also
in Philippine Carabao R & D Highlights 1994-1996. (1997)
PCC-DA. Also in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine
Biodiversity: Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity)
1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 362.

D-13
SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES CORRELATED WITH WORK IN THE
PHILIPPINE CARABAO AND PHIL-MURRAH
CROSSBRED*
A. S. Sarabia, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-DA, UPLB
V. G. Momongan, Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
R. M. Lapitan, Supervising Science Research Specialist, PCC-DA, UPLB
A total of eight untrained and intact buffalo bulls, consisting
of four animals each from the Philippine carabao (PC) and
the Phil-Murrah (Murrah Buffalo x PC or PM) crossbreed
were used in the study. Biochemical data were analyzed
using analysis of variance (ANOVA) in a 2 x 2 x 4
factorial; and Student’s t-test to analyze the differences in
endurance time between breed types during the training
period. Study revealed that when subjected to the same
training period, the PM crossbreed exhibited similar
behavioral and physiological responses to the training
scheme as the PC. The two breed types did not differ in
terms of speed and distance covered when allowed to pull
a sledge with a load of 50% of their body weights, and in
terms of field capacity (m 2 /hr), speed and draft power during
plowing. Plower-operator, time of day, soil hardness and
atmospheric temperature were some of the factors that
directly and indirectly influenced animal draft performance.
The pulse rate, respiration rate and rectal temperature (PRT)
were significantly affected by the time of the day that these
parameters were monitored. Rectal temperature was the
most sensitive thermoregulatory index to assess the
responses of the different buffalo breed types to stressful
stimuli. The PC registered significantly higher increase in
rectal temperature immediately after sledge pulling
compared to the crossbreed. It took a buffalo more than
two hours of rest to return its PRT to its pre-work value.
The changes in the concentrations of plasma lactic acid
and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) varied between
breed types as well as between the experimental stage.
Lactic acid appeared to be the most sensitive and practical
index to assess if the animal has been subjected to stressful
stimuli. The mean plasma lactic acid concentration
increased in buffaloes after they were exposed to work
activities (4.63 mmol/li after work vs. 2.74 mmol/li before
the start of the work), regardless of breed type.
Furthermore, lactic acid concentrations were higher during
training, sledge pulling and plowing period compared to
those during pre-training and rest period. On the other
hand, LDH was higher in the blood serum of the buffaloes
before work (824.82 IU/ml) than after work 790.11 IU/ml).
Keywords: behavioral responses, field capacity,
DRAFT POWER
physiological and biochemical changes, work bulls
*Proceedings of the 2 nd Asian Buffalo Association Congress,
Shangri-la Manila Hotel, Makati City, Philippines, October
9-12, 1996. p. 103-115. Also in Philippine Journal of
Veterinary Animal Science, 23 (3& 4):1-13. Also in Abstracts
of Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines 1981-1995,
PCC-DA (1996), p. 110. Also in Philippine Carabao R &
D Highlights 1994-1996, (1997) PCC-DA. p. 40-41. Also
in Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:
Livestock and Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997,
Carabaos (2002) p. 361.
D-14
DRAUGHT PERFORMANCE OF WATER BUFFALO
AND CATTLE IN THE PHILIPPINES*
C. C. Sevilla, Assistant Professor, IAS-CA, UPLB
C. C. de Luna, Research Associate, IAS-CA, UPLB
E. C. Castro, Jr., Assistant Professor, AMDP-CEAT, UPLB
While buffalo and cattle provide the bulk of power input for
all farming systems in the Philippines, little attention, in
terms of research and development, has been given to
animals. In this paper, results of a number of research
trials on the draught capacity and physiological response
of the Philippine Water buffalo or the carabao and their
grades of Murrah and Nili-Ravi are summarized, and those
of the first studies to be conducted on Philippine draught
and cattle in a lowland rice-based system are reported. In
general, the carabao and their crossbreeds are comparable
in terms of resistance to work stress and docility. Cattle
and carabao can generate the same draught power
equivalent to 15% of body weight, but were found to be
physiologically more comfortable with draught output
equivalent to 11% of bodyweight.
Keywords: cattle, draught performance, physiological
responses, water buffalo
*Draught Animal Power in Asian-Australian Region, ACIAR
Proceedings, 1993. No. 46. p. 33-39. Also in Annotated
Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: Livestock and
Poultry (Agrobiodiversity) 1949-1997, Carabaos (2002) p. 230.
D-15
THE PHILIPPINE WORK CARABAO*
V. E. Villegas, Professor, DAH-CA, UP
The Philippine carabao is the draft animal par excellence in
the Philippines. A well-proportioned animal has an average
weight of 520 kilograms and an average height of 130
centimeters. It is light to deep black in color; during certain
97

seasons of the year, it is red. The head is short, wide and
dished; the pole, wide and flat. The ears are mediumsized
and lie horizontally below the horns. The neck is in
proportion to the length of the body. White spots are scattered
below the neck. A pad of muscle develops over the neck
in a masculine male. A white band lies across over the
brisket. The withers are well-formed. The front legs are a
little splay-footed but strong. The body is long and broad.
The chest is deep and fairly white. The ribs are wellsprung,
the underline is low. The rear flank is full. The
hindquarters are long, wide, deep, well-muscled, but
drooping. The rump is wide and sloping. The hip and thigh
are muscular and wide. The hind legs are cow-hocked.
The tailhead is big; the tail, medium long; and the switch,
bushy. The Philippine carabao thrives under adverse
conditions and subsists on local varieties of forage without
supplementary grain feeding. A liberal supply of a mixture
of grass, rice straw, and leguminous forage would improve
its condition. Molasses and copra meal are low priced
concentrates that can be used during the crop season. The
Philippine carabao is gentle and obedient on the plow or
cart. It is strong, steady, and has stamina. A big one can
even haul logs in the forest.
Keywords: Philippine carabao description, work capacity
of carabao
*Livestock Production in the Philippines 1958. Published
and distributed by Agricultural Credit and Cooperative
Financing Administration, Manila. p. 51-52.
98
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO

FEEDING AND NUTRITION
F-1
OBSERVATION ON THE GRAZING BEHAVIOR OF
CARABAO (BUBALUS BUBALIS LINN.) UNDER
THEMEDA PASTURE DURING WET SEASON*
L. B. Aglibo, Student, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
D. D. Lorenzo, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
J. S. Viray, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
Central Luzon State University
Twelve (12) yearling native carabaos grazing on Themeda
grassland were observed from May to October, 1980 to
determine their grazing behaviour under different stocking
rate of 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 animal unit per hectare. Average
daytime grazing was 410.64 min. (approximately 6.8 h) or
around forty-eight (48) percent longer compared to night
time grazing period of 211.48 min. (3.5 h). Daytime grazing
has insignificantly affected P=0.14) by daytime temperature
(26°C). Carabaos spent around 244.89 min (4.08 h)
wallowing equivalent to 34% of the daytime (12 h) activity
of the animals. Animals ruminated for 170.41 min. percent
while wallowing. The animals spent around 70% of their
total wallowing time for ruminating. Shade-seeking activity
of the animals was recorded at 33.57 min. (0.56 h) for the
month of June and at 86.75 min. (1.4 h) during the month of
October.
Keywords: carabao grazing behavior, themeda pasture,
wet season
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986. (1982)
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches
in the Philippines. 1981–1995. p. 129.
F-2
DIGESTIBILITY AND VOLUNTARY FEED INTAKE
STUDIES OF GRAZING CARABAO UNDER
THEMEDA (THEMEDA TRIANDRA FORKS) RANGE
PASTURE. III. DETERMINATION OF VOLUNTARY
INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY BY CHROMIC OXIDE-
FECAL NITROGEN RATIO TECHNIQUE WITH
CARAHEIFERS DURING DRY SEASON*
E. E. America, Student, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
B. H. Romulo, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
D. L. Aquino, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Research
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources
Research Development, Central Luzon State University
FEEDING AND NUTRITION
G. T. Concepcion, Science Research Assistant, Philippine Carabao
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and
Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University
A total of six caraheifers with ages and weight varying
from two to three years and from 280 kg to 297 kg,
respectively, were used in the study during summer to
determine the voluntary dry matter (DM) intake and
digestibility of grazed Themeda using chromic-oxide
nitrogen ratio technique. The mean digestibility coefficients
obtained from DM, digestible fiber (DF), ether extract (EE),
and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) were 25.13 ± 3.34, 47.18
± 2.83, 50.35 ± 6.55, and 42.46 ± 2.00 percent,
respectively. The mean voluntary DM intake of grazing
caraheifers was found to be 3.01 ± 0.11 kg or around 1.04
percent of the body weight of the animals. The digestible
energy of Themeda was 356.08 ± 74.84 cal/gram.
Regression equation for digestibility of DM (Y) on fecal
nitrogen concentration (X) was calculated as Y = 24.17 =
0.83 X.
Keywords: caraheifers, chromic oxide-fecal ratio,
digestibility and voluntary feed intake, Themeda pasture
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986.
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in
the Philippines. 1981-1995. p. 8-9.
F-3
UREA-MOLASSES-MINERAL BLOCK (UMMB) AND
UREA-TREATED THEMEDA (THEMEDA TRIANDRA
FORSK) HAY AS SUPPLEMENT TO GROWING
CARABAOS GRAZING DURING THE DRY SEASON*
D. L. Aquino, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Research
and Development Center, Central Luzon State University
S. P. Neric, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
Central Luzon State University
S. K. Ranjhan, FAO Consultant
Thirty-two grazing buffaloes of two age groups (6-12 months
and 12-24 months old) grazing on themeda pasture were
subjected to the following dietary treatments: T 1 – untreated
themeda hay; T 2 – untreated themeda hay + urea-molassesmineral
block (UMMB); T 3 – urea-treated themeda hay;
and T 4 – urea-treated themeda hay + UMMB to determine
their growth performance during dry season. Urea-treated
themeda hay was prepared by sprinkling 4% urea solution
to an equal weight of themeda hay treated for three weeks.
UMMB and mineral mix were fed at the rate of 300 g and
70 g, respectively per head daily. Supplementary themeda
hay (treated or untreated) fed to 6-12 months old carabaos
without UMMB was comparable in terms of average daily
gain (ADG) dry matter intake (DMI), total protein efficiency,
99

lood urea nitrogen (BUN) and feed cost per kilogram
weight gain. However, in the 12-24 months old group
there were significant increase from 0.27 kg to 0.33 kg,
4.85 kg to 6.25 kg; and 49.93% to 56.60% in terms of
ADG, DMI and DM digestibility equivalent to 18.2%,
25.6% and 11.8%, respectively. Supplementation of
UMMB to treated and untreated themeda hay fed to 6-12
months old carabaos significantly increased (P

W. L. Johnson, Former Graduate Assistant, UP Cornell Graduate
Education Program, Facuhad de Zootecnia, Universidad Agraria, La Molina
Lima Peru
W. A. Hardison, UNDP/FAO Consultant, Dairy Training Research Institute,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
A.L. Ordoveza, Dairy Specialist, Dairy Training Research Institute,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
L. S. Castillo, Associate Professor, Dairy Training Research Institute,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
Nine metabolism trials were conducted during the wet and
early dry seasons of 1965 and 1966 in the Philippines.
Panicum maximum (guinea grass) at growth stages of 5 to
10 weeks was fed as the sole ration to growing Holstein
(Bos taurus) and water buffalo (Bualus bubalis) bulls. In
both seasons the amount of nitrogen consumed, absorbed
and retained decreased with advancing maturity of the
grass. Nitrogen intake, absorption and retention were all
higher for the water buffaloes in both years, however, only
the differences between animal species noted during the
1995 trials were statistically significant. Retained nitrogen
was significantly correlated with consumed nitrogen,
absorbed nitrogen, crude protein digestibility, digestible
protein intake, feed water intake, total water intake and
insensible water loss. It is indicated that herbage containing
more than six percent protein (with a crude digestibility
coefficient greater than 47.5 percent) must be consumed to
insure positive nitrogen balance in the growing ruminant,
whenever that herbage is unsupplemented in the ration.
Keywords: cattle, nitrogen balance, nutritive value,
Panicum maximum, water buffaloes
* Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science.
1967-1968 (1968) v. 4 and 5 p. 73-78.
F-7
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE COMPOSITION OF
THE RUMEN LIQUOR BETWEEN CARABAO
(BUBALUS BUBALIS) AND CATTLE (BOS TAURUS)*
T. J. Aranas, Senior Researcher, Dairy Training and Research Institute,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
P. L. Lopez, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
Two separate feeding trials were conducted using two
carabaos and two Holstein cattle to determine the effect of
stage of maturity (60 and 90-day) of napier grass and
frequency of feeding (once and twice) on the chemical
composition of the rumen liquor. Another two trials were
conducted using only two carabaos to determine the effect
of concentrate supplementation in a rice straw diet and the
time of concentrate supplementation during rice straw/silage
feeding. Samples of rumen liquor were obtained from each
animals specified time interval after 10 days feed.
FEEDING AND NUTRITION
Composition between carabao and cattle in term of their
efficiency in utilizing napier grass at different ages showed
that based on the averages, the pH was the same for both
species, regardless of the type of feeding system observed
(trials I and II). Total nitrogen (N) was consistently higher for
carabao than cattle and this is true too for nonprotein nitrogen
(NPN) and ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 -N) when fed 90-day
napier grass. However, with 60-day napier grass, there is
practically no difference in NPN and NH 3 -N for both species.
In terms of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), cattle was slightly
higher in concentration than carabao, particularly, with 90day
napier grass. The pH increased with concentrate feeding
particularly during the first 3-hours, returning to normal with
time (trial III). Concentration of total nitrogen (TN) was about
the same during the rice straw and concentrate feeding.
Although, the average NPN increased when concentrate
was given after one hour in a rice straw diet. The average
urea-N concentration decreased under similar feeding while
NH 3 -N increased markedly by almost 100%. Total volatile
fatty acid was slightly higher with rice straw feeding. A peak
in TN concentration was observed within 30 min. from
feeding of silage, decreasing thereafter with time. Similar
trend was observed in NPN while the peak of urea-N,
NH 3 -N and TVFA was observed at 3 hours from feeding.
The pH increased within one hour with concentrate
supplementation (trial IV) but decreased markedly with time,
returning to normal within 6 hours from feeding. The average
TN concentration was higher when the animals was fed rice
straw than concentrate. The average NPN concentration
was higher with concentrate feeding. Urea-N in concentration
form 0 to 2 hours from feeding rice straw and up to 4 hours
from feeding of concentrate. The average NH 3 -N was more
than 3x higher in concentrate feeding than in rice straw
feeding. Total VFA was slightly higher in rice strawconcentrate
diet.
Keywords: carabaos, Holstein cattle, napier grass, rumen
liquor
* Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science.
1978 v. 4 (1). p. 32-41.
F-8
THE FEEDING VALUE OF HIGH-MOISTURE CORN
AS A SUPPLEMENT TO RICE STRAW-MOLASSES
SILAGE IN FEEDLOT FATTENING OF CARABAO*
G. B. Asunto, Former Undergraduate Student, Department Animal
Husbandry, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
L. S. Castillo, Associate Professor, Department Animal Husbandry, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
Ten male carabaos of approximately 24 to 36 months of
age are fattened for a period of 137 days. Trials were also
101

conducted on the digestibility of the high-moisture corn, rice
straw-molasses silage and rice straw to another group of
carabaos. Rice straw-molasses silage was fed ad libitum
and high moisture or low moisture corn plus a concentrate
mix was given at 1% of their body weight. Forty grams of
a mineral mix was also included in the ration. Statistical
analysis failed to show any significant difference in average
daily gain, feed conversion efficiency and in the dressing
percentage, specific gravity and marbling score of carcasses
between the low moisture and high moisture corn treatments
as affected by the initial weight and average daily feed
consumption. The results showed that the high-moisture
corn is equal in feeding value to low moisture corn as a
supplement to rice straw-molasses silage.
Keywords: carabao, feedlot fattening, high moisture corn,
rice straw-molasses silage
*B.S.A. Thesis. 1970. Department Animal Husbandry-
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines. 9 p.
F-9
GRAZING SYSTEM FOR CARABAO PRODUCTION*
F. D. Buenafe, Project Staff, Ubay Stock Farm, Ubay, Bohol
D. B. Peña, Farm Superintendent, Ubay Stock Farm, Ubay, Bohol
P. S. Faylon, Director, Livestock Research Division, Philippine Council
for Agriculture and Resources Research Development, Department of
Science and Technology
This study was conducted from February 1989 to February
1990 at La Carlota Stock Farm, La Carlota City, Negros
Occidental. The aims are to establish the adaptability of
two forage legumes in marginal areas with existing native
grasses, evaluate the forage crop-carabao responses to
the two grazing systems and measure the performance of
carabao raised on the two grazing systems. There were
two experimental treatments, RS or Rotational Grazing
System and SGS or Smallhold Grazing System. In the
first method, the field was divided into two paddocks and
the animals were allowed to feed in the area and transferred
only when necessary. Results showed that the
performance of carabaos confined in RGS was much
better compared to SGS in terms of average weight gain,
herbage yield per hectare and net income.
Keywords: carabao production, grazing system
* Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science.
1991. v. 17 (1 and 2). p. 60.
F-10
THE CARCASS QUALITY OF CARABAOS AND
CATTLE FATTENED IN FEEDLOT*
102
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
A.D. Calub, Instructor, Department of Animal Husbandry, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Department of Animal Husbandry, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
J. C. Madamba, Associate Professor, Department of Animal Husbandry,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
L. P. Palo, Research Associate, Department of Animal Husbandry, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
In majority of the criteria used for comparison, there were
no significant differences between species (cattle and
carabao), between animals in the two rations (high and low
moisture, corn and between diethylstilbestrol treated and
untreated animals. The rib eye area (50.87 sq. cm) of
cattle was significantly (P

in a majority of the carcass components parameters. With
live weight held constant, only lean trimmings and bone
trimmings did not differ significantly in the two animal
species. There was a ration x hormone interaction in
terms of marbling score (P

J. M. Matias, Director, Dairy Training and Research Institute, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
L. P. Palo, Associate Professor, Dairy Training and Research Institute,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
Four concrete upright silos with capacity of about 1.5-2.0
m of silage were fed each with chopped rice straw enriched
by the following treatments: A – whey with 2% urea used
to wet chopped rice straw of about 1.2:1 straw; B – one
part of fermented mother liquor (FML) diluted to 2 parts
water; C – urea solution, 4%, and D – one part molasses
diluted to 2 parts water to which 2% urea was added.
Digestion and nitrogen balance studies were conducted in
carabaos to determine the feeding value of each kind of
enriched straw silage. Carabao fed ensiled rice straw with
4% urea had the lowest dry matter intake. The most
palatable silage contained whey and 2% urea (Treatment
A), followed by the silage with molasses and urea, and
rice straw silage with FML. The silage with FML had
highest TDN of 69.8% and digestible protein of 16.16%,
and promoted the best positive nitrogen balance of 79.5 g/day.
Keywords: carabao feed intake, digestion and nitrogen
balances, enriched rice straw silage, feed value
*Abstracts of Researches, 1981-1995. PCC-DA, UPLB.
Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo
Researches in the Philippines, 1981-1995. p. 14.
F-14
FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE OF CATTLE AND
CARABAOS FED CORN STOVER-MOLASSES
SILAGES*
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
C. C. Custodio, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Science,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
D. B. Roxas, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
F. B. Aglibut, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
N. P. Roxas, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
N. M. Uichanco, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Science,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
V. G. Argañosa, Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
The nutritive value of normal corn stover-molasses silage
(NCSMS) and opaque-2 corn stover-molasses silage
(OCSMS) were determined for Philippine cattle (Bos
taurus) carabaos (Bubalus carabanensis Linn.) Castillo.
Cattle were 16-18 months old while carabaos were 24.30
months. The silages were fed ad libitum. A concentrate
mix containing 6% urea 20% molasses was also fed at
1% of the body weight. All animals were fed individually.
104
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
Data obtained in 41 days feeding. It appears that the
feeding value of OCSMS is slightly better than NCSMS
thus confirming the results of a digestion trial reported by
Roxas et al. Rates of daily gain of carabaos were about
three times those of cattle.
Keywords: cattle and carabao feeding, corn stovermolasses
silages, feeding performance, opaque-2 corn
stover molasses silage
*Rice Middlings, Opaque-2 Corn, Normal Corn, and
other Carbohydrates in Livestock and Poultry Rations:
Terminal Report of Research in Animal Nutrition Supported
by IRRI Chandler Grant, Jan. 1971 to December 1973.
p. 68-69.
F-15
EFFECT OF HIGH UREA-MOLASSES-MINERAL-
BLOCK AS SUPPLEMENT FOR GROWING
CARABAO IN CONFINEMENT*
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
A.N. del Barrio, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines
Los Baños
R. M. Lapitan, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines
Los Baños
D. B. Roxas, Associate Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
F. Sd. Pascual, Former University Research Associate, Institute of Animal
Science, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
A. R. Obsioma, Project Development Officer, Office of the Executive
Director, Philippine Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
S. K. Ranjhan, Former FAO Consultant
Ten yearling calves were divided into two experimental
groups of five animals each. Treatment 1, animals
were fed rice straw and concentrate mixture at 1%body
weight while treatment 2 were given rice straw and
concentrate mixture at 1.5% of body weight. Both
were given free choice urea-molasses-mineral block.
It was observed that yearling calves were able to
maintain their live weights without any body weight
gains. Animals in confinement seemed not benefited
with the additional intake of urea-molasses-mineral block
unlike the trials made on grazing animals where they
gained 10-15% more in weight.
Keywords: confinement, grazing, growth performance,
urea-molasses-mineral block, yearling carabaos
*Abstracts of Researches, 1981-1995. PCC-DA, UPLB.
Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo
Researches in the Philippines, 1981-1995. p. 13.

F-16
FEEDING VALUE OF CORN STOVER-MOLASSES
AND RICE STRAW-MOLASSES SILAGES FOR
SHEEP, CATTLE AND CARABAOS*
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Department of Animal Husbandry, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
A. L. Gerpacio, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Husbandry,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
N. M. Uichanco, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Husbandry,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
D. B. Roxas, Instructor, Department of Animal Husbandry, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
E. P. Jajalla, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Husbandry, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
N. Panizales, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Husbandry,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
N. B. Velasco, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Husbandry,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
E. Familiar, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Husbandry, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
L. P. Palo, Research Associate, Dairy Training and Research Institute,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
A. Y. Robles, Research Associate, Dairy Training and Research Institute,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
Digestion and nitrogen balance studies were conducted
for corn stover-molasses silage and rice straw-molasses
silage with sheep, cattle, and carabaos. On the dry
matter basis, the digestible protein of corn stover-molasses
was 2.93 ± 0.16 percent for sheep, 3.36 ± 0.05 for cattle,
and 3.31 ± 0.11 for carabaos. The corresponding total
digestible nutrients (TDN) were 41.04 ± 1.84, 55.31 ±
0.49, and 59.33 ± 1.48 percent. The average digestible
energy equivalent was 4.4 megacalories per kg TDN for
the three species of animals. The digestible protein for
rice straw-molasses silage was 2.33 ± 0.11 percent for
sheep, 1.21 ± 0.18 for cattle, and 1.11 ± 0.14 for carabaos.
The corresponding TDN were 32.76 ± 1.31 percent,
32.94 ± 1.14, and 36.19 ± 1.39. The average digestible
energy equivalent was 4.45 megacalories per kg TDN
for these animals. For both silages, the calculated
metabolizable energy was 3.7 megacalories for one
kilogram TDN. It seems that corn stover-molasses silage
was slightly better compared to rice straw-molasses
silage in promoting positive nitrogen balance in these
animals.
Keywords: carabao, cattle, corn stover-molasses, feeding
value, rice straw-molasses silages, sheep
*Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science. 1970.
v. 7 (4). p. 103-108.
F-17
THE EFFECT OF UREA-MOLASSES BLOCK LICK
ON THE GROWING PHILIPPINE CARACALVES*
FEEDING AND NUTRITION
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
R. A. Leng, Former FAO Consultant
A.N. del Barrio, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines
Los Baños
R. M. Lapitan, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines
Los Baños
F. Sd. Pascual, Former University Research Associate, Institute of Animal
Science, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
D. B. Roxas, Associate Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
S. K. Ranjhan, Former FAO Consultant
Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of ureamolasses
block on the performance of caracalves and mature
heifers. In experiment 1, nine (9) growing caracalves ranging
from 6-9 months of age and weighing 90 to 160 kg were
divided into 3 groups. Each group was randomly allotted to
the following treatments: I – chopped rice straw; II - chopped
rice straw + urea-molasses-block-lick; III – chopped rice
straw + urea-molasses-block-lick + 1 kg concentrate mix.
The feeding trial lasted for 70 days. In the second experiment,
eighteen mature carabao heifers of 4 to 4 ½ years of age,
weighing 305 to 400 kg were divided into four treatments: I
– chopped grass only; II – chopped grass + urea-molassesblock;
III – chopped grass + urea-molasses-block + 1.5 kg
ipil-ipil leaf meal; IV – chopped grass + 1.5 kg ipil-ipil leaf
meal. Treatments I and II consisted of 4 carabaos each
while treatments III and IV consisted of 5 carabaos each.
The feeding trial lasted for five weeks. Carabaos fed rice
straw alone performed very poorly. The average daily
gains of carabaos in experiment I were 22.9 g/day, 67.1 g/
day, and 100 g/day for treatments I, II and III, respectively.
Urea-molasses block and concentrate mix improved nutrient
intakes and growth, however, yearling calves developed
pot bellied conditions. In experiment 2, animals in treatment
I and II lost weight. The best performance was observed
from animals in treatment III showing a total gain of 2.8 kg
while those in treatment IV just maintained their body weights.
Keywords: concentrate, growth performance, caracalves,
Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal, rice straw, urea
molasses block
*Abstracts of Researches, 1981-1995. PCC-DA, UPLB.
Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo
Researches in the Philippines, 1981-1995. p. 13.
F-18
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DIGESTIBLE
ENERGY AND PROTEIN OF MATURE FEMALE
CARABAO IN CONFINEMENT*
105

L.S. Castillo, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
S. K. Ranjhan, Former FAO Consultant
D. B. Roxas, Associate Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
A. N. del Barrio, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
R. M. Lapitan, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
F. Sd. Pascual, Former University Research Associate, Institute of
Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines
Los Baños
A. R. Obsioma, Project Development Officer, Office of the Executive
Director, Philippine Carabao Center, University of the Philippines
Los Baños
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
E. E. Abenir, Former University Research Associate, Dairy Training
and Research Institute, College of Agriculture, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
J. M. Matias, Director, Dairy Training and Research Institute, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
L. P. Palo, Associate Professor, Dairy Training and Research Institute,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
Nineteen mature female carabaos were used in four
treatments holding digestible protein (DP) “constant”
at 100% based on Ranjhan’s feeding standards for
Riverine buffaloes and cattle. The four levels of total
digestible nutrients (TDN) were 80, 90, 100 and 100%.
Digestion trials were conducted on the corn stover
silage and concentrate mixtures. The animals were
individually confined in elevated stalls. The ration
with 90% TDN and with small amount of concentrate
mixture no. 2 had higher digestion coefficients for cell
walls, acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose and lignin
compared to the other rations. The average digestible
energy values obtained were 2330, 2090, 2225 and
2215 Kcal/kg for treatments I-IV, respectively. Animals
in treatments I-III lost weight in 63 days of feeding
while they maintained their weights in treatment IV
(100% TDN). The DP requirements of carabaos were
about 20% higher than the Indian Riverine buffaloes.
However, for dry matter (DM) and TDN requirements,
both animals had almost similar needs, the carabaos
requiring only about 5% more. The blood parameters
examined did not show any significant variation due
to various treatments.
Keywords: concentrate digestibility, confinement, corn
stover silage, maintenance requirements, mature
carabaos, protein and energy
*Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1981-1985.
PCC-DA, UPLB. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts:
Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines. 1981-
106
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
1995. p. 13-14 and in Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1985. v.
11 (3 and 4). p. 40.
F-19
EFFECTS OF CONCENTRATE SUPPLEMENTATION
ON MATURE TETHERED CARABAOS*
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
D. B. Roxas, Associate Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
I.C. Romero, Jr., Supervising Researcher, Philippine Carabao Center,
Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
To study the advantage of supplementation of concentrate
mixture to tethered mature carabaos, six carabaos were
allotted to a feeding systems, namely: tethering without
concentrate supplement and tethering with two kilograms
of supplement. Tethering was conducted at four areas
within the compound of the Institute of Animal Science. A
system of rotation was followed to allow the grasses/
legumes to regrow. An 8-meter rope constrained each
animal while grazing. Results showed that the age-old
practice of farmers in tethering their carabaos apparently is
a sound feeding system.
Keywords: concentrate supplementation, grazing, tethering
carabaos
*Abstracts of Researches, 1981-1995. PCC-DA, UPLB.
Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo
Researches in the Philippines, 1981-1995. p. 12-13.
F-20
THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATE SUPPLEMENT
AND CHOPPING AND SOAKING RICE STRAW AND
ITS VOLUNTARY INTAKE BY CARABAOS*
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
D. B. Roxas, Associate Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
M. A. Chavez, Former Research Assistant, Institute of Animal Science,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
S. K. Ranjhan, Former FAO Consultant
Nine carabaos were confined individually; three were
tethered with a nose rope, three housed in box stalls (2x3
m) and three in elevated metabolism stalls. In experiment
1, long rice straw was given to each animal for two months
with water given three times a day in concrete water
troughs. A salt lick and a bone-meal-limestone mixture
were accessible at all times. The daily dry matter intake

(DDMI) of rice straw per 100 kg body weight (W) was
2.86, 2.31 and 2.45 kg for animals confined in these different
ways. Expressed on the basis of metabolic body weight,
the DMI was 0.116, 0.03 and 0.096 kg/kg W 0.75 . In
experiment 2, the carabaos were given long rice straw ad
libitum and concentrate supplement fed at 1% body weight.
The dry matter intake (DMI) of rice straw was 1.77, 1.45
and 1.76 kg/100 kg W. for each method of confinement,
while the total DMI (including concentrate) was 2.57, 2.27
and 2.53 kg/100 kg W. The DMI of rice straw expressed
on the basis of kg/100 kg W or kg/kg W 0.75 was lower than
in experiment 1 because of substitution by the concentrate
mixture. All animals gained weight during experiment 2.
In experiment 3, the DMI of long rice straw was compared
to that of chopped rice straw and chopped rice straw soaked
in water. Soaking was for two hours after which the straw
was allowed to drain for three hours. All animals were
supplemented with concentrate mix at 0.5% of body weight.
The DMI of long rice straw in the three methods of
confinement averaged 1.51 kg/100 kg W or 0.063 kg/kg
W 0.75 . The corresponding values for chopped rice straw
were 1.62 and 0.67 kg, while those for chopped and soaked
rice straw increased intake, but soaking the chopped straw
had no additional effect on the intake of straw. This was
despite the fact that soluble oxalates decreased from 1.1%
before soaking to 0.2% after soaking, a reduction of about
70% in oxalate content of the straw.
Keywords: carabao intake, chopped, concentrate
supplementation, long soaked rice straw
*Abstracts of Researches, 1981-1995. PCC-DA, UPLB.
Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo
Researches in the Philippines, 1981-1995. p. 11-12.
F-21
VOLUNTARY INTAKE OF CARABAOS FED RICE
STRAW IN THREE METHODS OF CONFINEMENT*
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
D. B. Roxas, Associate Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
M. A. Chavez, Former Research Assistant, Institute of Animal Science,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
S. K. Ranjhan, Former FAO Consultant
Nine carabaos were confined individually; three were
tethered with nose rope, three in box stalls (2x3 m), and
three in elevated metabolism stalls. Each was fed long
rice straw for two months with water given three times a
day in concrete water troughs. Salt lick and salt-bonemeal-limestone
mixtures were provided at all times. The
average rice straw daily dry matter intake (DDMI) per 100
FEEDING AND NUTRITION
kg body weight (BW) was 2.86, 2.31 and 2.5 kg,
respectively, Expressing the DDMI as BW 0.75 gave the
corresponding value of 0.116, 0.103 and 0.096 kg per
BW 0.75 . All animals were losing weight, implying the poor
nutritional value even for maintenance of rice straw only
as feed. In the second experiment, the carabaos were fed
long rice straw supplemented with a concentrate supplement
at 1.0 percent of body weight. The corresponding rice
straw DDMI (with concentrate) was 2.57, 2.27 and 2.53
kg per 100 kg BW for each method of confinement. The
DDMI for long rice straw expressed, as kg per BW 0.75 was
lower compared to the previous experiment because of the
substitution by the concentrate mixture. All animals in this
trial gained weight. With regard to the methods of
confinement, tethering (the common practice used by
backyard farmers) seems to have an advantage over box
stalls or metabolism stalls.
Keywords: carabao, confinement, concentrate
supplementation, rice straw intake, tethering
*Abstracts of Completed Researches, 1981-1995 (1982).
PCC-DA, UPLB. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines. 1981-1995. p. 10-
11 and in the Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1982 v. 8 (1 and 2).
p. 41-42.
F-22
THE ENERGY AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENT OF
MATURE CARABAO*
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
D. B. Roxas, Associate Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
R. M. Lapitan, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines
Los Baños
M. A. Chavez, Former Research Assistant, Institute of Animal Science,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
E. E. Abenir, University Research Associate, Dairy Training and Research
Institute, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
L. P. Palo, Associate Professor, Dairy Training and Research Institute,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
I. C. Romero, Jr., Former Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao
Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
S. K. Ranjhan, Former FAO Consultant
A group of carabao heifers was fed individually with grain
silage for an adjustment period of three months. During an
experimental period of 164 days corn/silage was fed,
supplemented with concentrate to provide 80,100, 120%
of the suggested requirements for energy and protein. The
experimental design was 3x3 factorial for the three levels
of protein and energy. Rice straw was given in small
107

amount to meet the dry matter requirements of the low
level fed animals. There was no significant interaction
between energy and protein nor were there significant
differences in daily weight gain for the different treatments.
The nutrient requirements for energy and protein were found
to be 20% lower than those suggested for the growing
water buffaloes of India.
Keywords: carabao heifers, concentrate supplementation,
corn silage, energy and protein requirement
*Abstract of Completed Researches, 1981-1983. PCC-
DA, UPLB. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines. 1981-1995. p. 12.
F-23
IN VITRO EVALUATION OF QUALITY SILAGE FROM
COMMONLY GROWING GRASSES FOR DRY
SEASON CARABAO FEEDING SYSTEM*
F. E. Corpus, M. S. Student, IGS, Central Luzon State University
In vitro evaluation of five common grass species was
conducted to determine their potential feeding value as
silage for supplemental feeding during the dry season. The
grasses were ensiled using three levels of molasses (-,
15, 30) and three ensiling durations (35, 75 and 110 days).
The study was arranged in a 5 x 3 x 3 factorial in completely
randomized design with 3 replications per treatments.
Paragrass and napier grass were best among the grasses
with regard to desired pH level (4.0). Good quality silage
were produced from all the grasses when these were
ensiled for 110 days either on zero or 15% molasses. This
was attributed to increased population of lactic acid forming
bacteria and attainment of optimum pH level. Smaller
losses in crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF) were
noted in themeda and paragrass silages. Marked increase
in ether extract (EE) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) were
observed in silages produced from cogon, themeda and
paragrass. Likewise, in vitro digestibility significantly
increased in silages produced from cogon, themeda and
napier grass during prolonged ensiling.
Keywords: in vitro evaluation, napier grass, para grass,
quality silage
*M. S. Thesis. 1987. IGS, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija.
Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstract: Water Buffalo Researches
in the Philippines 1981-1995. p. 14-15.
F-24
GRAZING TRIALS ON THEMEDA AND THEMEDA X
STYLO MIXED PASTURE I. GRAZING TRIALS ON
UNIMPROVED THEMEDA PASTURE*
108
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
L. C. Cruz, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
Central Luzon State University and Project Leader, Philippine Carabao
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and
Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University
D. D. Lorenzo, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science,
College of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
H. H. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and
Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University
A. Venturina, Animal Caretaker, Philippine Carabao Research and
Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources
Research Development, Central Luzon State University
T. Palada, Laborer, Philippine Carabao Research and Development Center,
Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research Development,
Central Luzon State University
F. V. Mamuad, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
Fifty-four (54) yearling carabaos were assigned on a 3 x 2
factorial experiment in a fifty-four hectares of Themeda
grassland involving three stocking rates (0.7, 0.5 and 0.33
a.u./ha) and two levels of concentrate supplementation
(low and medium) during summer. The objective of the
study was to define the optimum stocking rate for water
buffaloes under Themeda pasture and assess the seasonal
effects on the productivity of the grazing animals. A
decreasing trend in liveweight was noted among the
experimental trials during summer, irrespective of stocking
rate. Improvement on performance was noted during rainy
seasons, the magnitude of change was relatively higher
among animals in wide area. Optimum stocking rate for
Themeda was established at 0.4 a.u./ha. Move to reduce
pasture/animal unit resulted in increased production/ha but
significant changes in the vegetation resulted in increased
stocking rate of 0.7 a.u./ha.
Keywords: grazing trials, yearling carabaos, unimproved
Themeda pasture
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986.
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in
the Philippines. 1981-1995. (1996). p. 131-132.
F-25
GRAZING TRIAL ON THEMEDA AND THEMEDA X
STYLE MIXED PASTURE II. GRAZING BEHAVIOR
OF CARABAOS*
L. C. Cruz, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
Central Luzon State University and Project Leader, Philippine Carabao
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and
Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University
J. S. Viray, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
Central Luzon State University
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and
Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University

D. D. Lorenzo, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
F. V. Mamuad, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
The study was conducted to establish grazing behavior of
carabaos under native pasture. Six yearling female
Philippine carabaos (PC) were allowed to graze on
Themeda pasture at stocking rates of 0.7 a.u./ha (n=3) and
0.3 a.u./ha (n=3) for one year covering both wet and dry
seasons. Observations on grazing, rumination, wallowing/
shade seeking, idling and other activities were made for 24
hours at weekly interval. Ambient temperature, relative
humidity and other atmospheric parameters were also
gathered during observation. Animals spent 38.5% of the
time grazing. This activity starts as early as 3:00 a.m.
duration being longer during dry season than during wet
season, with much of the activity concentrated during
daytime. There were indications that temperature affects
grazing behavior. Carabaos were observed to cover 3.64
m/min while in search for forage and greater distance was
traveled during the rainy season. Time spent for rumination
accounts for 35.11% of the time with grazing time: rumination
ratio of 1:0.91. On the other hand, only 10.10% of the time
spent for wallowing. Not only was wallowing more frequent
during rainy months but also the total time spent for
wallowing was greater.
Keywords: carabao grazing behavior, Themeda x stylo
mixed pasture
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986.
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in
the Philippines. 1981-1995. (1996). p. 132.
F-26
EFFECTS OF FEEDING THREE ENERGY LEVELS
ON THE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTIVE
PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY CATTLE AND CARABAO
(BUBALUS BUBALIS LINN.) UNDER PHILIPPINE
CONDITION*
R. C. Cruz, Former Ph. D. Student, Department of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
A. L. Ordoveza, Associate Professor, Dairy Training and Research
Institute, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
L. P. Palo, Assistant Professor, Dairy Training and Research Institute,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
The experiment consisted of a digestion feeding trial. The
digestion trial was conducted prior to the feeding trial to
ascertain the digestible nutrients of the test rations. In the
feeding trial, a 2 x 3 factorial in a completely randomized
design was used involving nine dairy heifers (Holstein x
FEEDING AND NUTRITION
Red Sindhi), 5 months old, and nine carabeifers (Bubalus
bubalis Linn.) 1 ½ years old. Three dietary energy levels
were used, namely: 90, 100 and 110% of the USNRC
energy requirements for growth and reproduction. Protein
level in each treatment was maintained at 100% of the
USNRC protein requirements. The three test energy
levels were supplied by rations consisting of para grass
[Brachiaria mutica (Forsk) Staft], 42 days regrowth plus
concentrate-bagasse mixture I, II and III. Test dairy heifers
fed 90, 100 and 110% of USNRC energy requirements
had the total weight gain of 100.18, 171.82 and 179.81 kg,
respectively, while the average daily gains were 0.15,
0.26 and 0.28 kg, respectively. The total liveweight gain
and average daily gain of test daily heifers fed 100 and
110% of NRC energy requirements were significantly
(P

growth performance, physiological responses, reproductive
performance
*Ph.D. Thesis. 1977. DAS-CA, UPLB/ Also in Phil. J.
Vet. Anim. Sci. 1977 v. 3 (3 and 4) p. 109.110.
F-27
EFFECT OF RICE BRAN SUPPLEMENTATION ON
THE DRAFT POWER OF CARABAOS IN STA.
BARBARA, PANGASINAN*
A. C. de Luna, Research Assistant, Institute of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
C. C. Sevilla, Assistant Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
E. C. Castro, Assistant Professor, AMDP, College of Engineering and
Agricultural Technology, University of the Philippines Los Baños
L. M. Manlongat, Research Assistant, Institute of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
R. M. Sanchez, Research Assistant, Institute of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
Six farmer-owned carabaos [440-550 kg liveweight (LW)]
were randomly divided into treatment and control groups.
Animals in the treatment group were fed with rice bran at
0.5% of liveweight in addition to conventional feeds of rice
straw; wees, and other farm by-products. Control groups
of animal were subjected to farmer’s system of feeding of
conventional feeds. Draft was measured by allowing the
animals to pull a sledge of varying loads for about 15
minutes. Supplementation of rice bran helped reduce the
seasonal loss of the animals’ weight. There were no
significant differences in the draft and power generated by
the animals in the control and treatment groups. However,
a trend of slower pulse rate and respiration rate among
animals in the treatment groups than those in the control
group indicated positive response to supplementation. A
fatigue test is needed to determine the sustainable work
performance of Philippine carabaos. Preliminary data are
presented to relate nutritional status and draftability of
Philippine carabao on–farm. Rice bran supplementation
was done to minimize if not prevent liveweight loss of
animals.
Keywords: carabao, draft power, rice bran
* Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science.
1991. v. 17(1-2). pp. 53-54.
F-28
THE YIELD AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF
NAPIER GRASS (PENISETUM PURPUREUM
SCHUM.) AND ITS INTAKE, DIGESTIBILITY AND
NITROGEN RETENTION BY CATTLE VERSUS
CARABAO AS AFFECTED BY STAGE OF GROWTH
AND SEASON*
110
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
J. R. Escaño, Former Instructor, Department of Animal Husbandry, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
C. B. Perez, Jr., Assistant Professor and Chairman, Department of Animal
Husbandry, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
A. L. Ordoveza, Assistant Professor, Dairy Training and Research Institute,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
Nine digestibility trials on napier grass were conducted
during the wet and dry seasons from October, 1967 to
March 1968 with cattle and carabao. These trials were
supplemented with systematic field sampling for yield and
chemical composition data. An increase in crude fiber and
a decrease in crude protein content were the remarkable
features observed as the grass advanced in age at 3
stages of regrowth studies, 30, 45 and 60 days. No
definite trend was observed in other proximate chemical
constituents. A general decrease in the digestion coefficients
of all nutrients were observed with age. However,
significant effect was observed only with crude fiber
(P

Tethering, soiling, communal pasture and grazing was
practiced by all farmers. Salt was the only source of
mineral supplement provided by 60% of the farmers. Only
37% provided housing to their carabaos. Pre- and postweaning
mortalities totaled 19%. Calving interval of 69%
of the caracows was at least 2 years, with many
“machoras”. Hoof and mouth disease and liverfluke infection
were the most prevalent, however, 38% of the farmers
reported they never had a sick carabao. Carabulls were
castrated at an average of 3.3 years. Slit method was the
most preferred, however, in Isabela and Cagayan pounding
and “binurbor” method of castration was still very common.
Ninety-nine percent of the farmers used natural breeding.
The mean age of caraheifers at first breeding was 3.8
years. Eighty-two percent of the carabaos trained for
work were females. Training carabaos for work, then
selling it, was much more profitable than what some farmers
were earning. The mean age at which carabaos were
bought by farmers was 6.5 years and the mean age
carabaos were sold was 12.2 years. Only 27% of the
farmers slaughtered their carabaos while the rest sold it
alive. Seventy percent of the farmers did not believe in
the influence of color, cowlicks, horn shape, forms and
marking and tail length of carabaos on their performance
and in luck of the owner. Sixty three percent of the draft
carabaos raised by farmers were males and 37% females;
94% of which were native and only 6% were crossbred.
The mean age, weight, heartgirth, body length 1, body length
2 and height of male draft carabaos are 9.3 years; 470.5 kg;
192.0; 123.5; 183.0 and 131.3 cm, respectively, while female
draft carabaos are 9.0 years; 402.6 kg; 183.4; 115.2; 173.9
and 125.4 cm, respectively. Carabaos were raised primarily
for draft purposes. All the farmers insisted that “life will be
very difficult without a carabao”, while 66% said “it will be
very expensive to farm without a carabao”. Seventyseven
percent of the farmers used carabao power in all their
farming activities while none used all-machine in their farm.
There were very few carabulls and the few ones available
were the poorest type which is now used for breeding. A
program to castrate all undesirable carabulls and select
caracows calving program to castrate all undesirable
carabulls and select caracows calving yearly to be mated
by selected indigenous or imported carabulls is imperative.
Researches should be designed to improve the level of
living of majority of the farmers and eventually orient carabao
production and technology for export.
Keywords: carabao raising, management practices,
physical characteristics, reproductive performance
*Abstracts of Papers Presented at the 18 th Annual
Convention of the Philippine Society of Animal Science.
Nov. 13-14, 1981. Philippine International Convention
FEEDING AND NUTRITION
Center, Manila. Also in Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 1982. v.
8 (1 and 2). p. 48-49.
F-30
INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF RICE STRAW WITH
AND WITHOUT CORN-UREA SUPPLEMENTATION*
M. D. T. Hidalgo, Former Undergraduate Student, Department of Animal
Science, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
L. P. Palo, Assistant Professor, Dairy Training and Research Institute,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
A series of digestion trials was conducted to evaluate the
feeding value of rice straw with and without corn-urea
supplementation using cattle and carabao. There was an
increase in the dry matter and total digestible nutrients
(TDN) intakes of the animals upon supplementation with
corn-urea. Carabaos had consistently higher digestion
coefficients than cattle in all the trials. Addition of corn-urea
resulted in a significant (P

forage yield and animal intake. An average weight gain of
0.28 kg per day was obtained with Holstein and carabao
bulls, the carabaos gaining faster in the dry season than
cattle consuming the same forage. The data on intake and
nutritive value led to an estimate of 4.0 kg of milk per cow
per day as the maximum production which could be
supported by a ration of guinea grass soilage (prebloom
stage, 28-42 days old) without supplementation.
Keywords: carabao, cattle, nutritive value, Panicum
maximum
* Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science.
1969 v. 6 (1) p. 61-68.
F-32
EVALUATION OF GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF
PHILIPPINE CARABAO AND PHIL-MURRAH
CROSSES UNDER DIFFERENT FEEDING REGIMES:
UREA-TREATED STRAW AND ENERGY
SUPPLEMENTATION*
R. M. Lapitan, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines
Los Baños
B. A. Oliveros, Assistant Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
A. N. del Barrio, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines
Los Baños
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
The comparative growth performance of 6 Philippine carabao
(PC) and 6 Phil-Murrah (PM) crossbred carabaos fed urea
treated straw supplemented with concentrate was
investigated following a 2 x 2 factorial in a randomized
completed block design (RCBD). The two factors were
breed and levels of energy intake. Low energy intake was
set to provide maintenance requirement while high energy
intake allowed the animals to gain 0.5 kg/day. Daily rice
straw dry matter intake of both the PC (6.44 kg) and the
PM (5.97 kg) at low energy intake were significantly (P

C. R. Legaspino, Former Student, Department of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
E. A. Orden, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
D. D. Lorenzo, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
A total of six (6) caraheifers aged 2 to 3 years old with
body weight ranging from 280 to 287 kg were used as
experimental animals to determine their voluntary intake
and the digestibility of Themeda range pasture during
summer. The calculated mean voluntary dry matter intake
was 3.78 ± 0.18 kg which is equivalent to 1.31 ± 0.06
percent of the body weight. This intake is on the average
53.98 ± 2.41 dry matter of Themeda per kg metabolic body
size. The unimproved themeda range pasture at summer
time gave a mean value for dry matter digestibility and
digestion coefficients for crude fiber (CF), crude protein
(CP), nitrogen free extract (NFE) and ether extract (EE) of
40.61 ± 1.32, 56.58 ± 2.21, 17.00 ± 3.63, 52.41 ± 1.77
and 59.61 ± 5.10 percent, respectively. The total digestible
nutrient was found to be 45.20 ± 1.56 percent. Digestible
energy was 356.08 ± 74.84 cal/g.
Keywords: caraheifers, chromic oxide-lignin ratio
technique, dry season, digestibility, themeda range pasture,
voluntary intake
*Abstracts of Completed Studies. 1981-1986. (1982).
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in
the Philippines. 1981-1995. p. 135.
F-35
VARIATIONS IN THE NITROGEN FRACTIONS OF
RUMEN LIQUORS OF SLAUGHTERED CARABAOS*
P. L. Lopez, Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
M. S. Banes, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
E. C. Ricohermoso, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Science,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
The total N values for fasted female carabaos ranged from
30.84 to 226.29 mg % with a mean value of 77.40 mg %
while that of the non-fasted ranged from 64.76 to 218.20 mg
% with a mean value of 106.82 mg %. The fasted and
non-fasted steers, however, have very close mean for
total N (106.90 to 106.57 mg %) although, the range was
just as wide from 39.32 to 179.84 mg % with fasted steers
and from 60.76 to 160.84 mg % with non-fasted steers.
The fasted bulls have values ranging from 31.02 to 150.94
mg % with a mean value of 70.67 mg % while the nonfasted
bulls have values ranging from 83.10 to 132.85 mg
FEEDING AND NUTRITION
% with a mean value of 108.31 mg %. The male carabaos
showed slightly higher mean (101.67 mg %) for total N
than the female (91.47 mg %). Similarly, the non-fasted
carabaos showed higher mean (106.78 mg %) than the
fasted (88.13 mg %) animals. The range in protein N was
just as wide as the total N. The mean values for female
and male carabaos were 64.88 and 75.67 mg %,
respectively. However, the female and bulls were
comparable in the mean protein N, 64.88 and 64.44%,
respectively, which were lower than that of the steers
(82.02%). There was only a slight difference in the mean
protein N for the fasted (70.26%) and non-fasted (71.52%)
carabaos. Non-protein N for fasted female carabaos ranged
from 6.80 to 34.95 mg % with a mean value of 17.29 mg
% while that of the non-fasted ranged from 11.73 to 54.88
mg % with a mean value of 36.73 mg %. The fasted
steers had NPN values from 8.37 to 54.66 mg % with a
mean of 20.09 to 53.29 mg % with a mean value of 32.83
mg %. The fasted bulls ranged from 15.16 to 33.03 mg %
and non-fasted of 23.77 mg % and from 20.30 to 67.52 mg
% with a mean value of 33.77 mg %. The mean NPN
values for steers and bulls were about equal (24.55 and
24.46 mg %) but these values were slightly lower than
that of the female (26.61 mg %). There was a marked
decrease in NPN from non-fasted (35.37 mg %) to fasted
(19.46 mg %) carabaos. Ammonia N values fell within
the same range as the NPN, although the mean values
were generally lower. Similar to protein N, the mean NH 3 -
N of females and bulls were about equal (17.48 and 17.30
mg %), respectively, a one and half percentage unit higher
than the mean value for steers (15.94%). The mean value
for non-fasted carabaos was much higher (22.48 mg %).
The difference was just as marked as the difference in the
NPN. The total N and all nitrogen fraction (PN

M. S. Banes, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
Microbial counts on the rumen contents of slaughtered
carabaos showed that carabaos from Cebu had the highest
mean total bacterial counts per ml of rumen fluid (51.79 x
10 10 /ml). Followed by carabaos from Iloilo (37.93 x 10 10 ),
Zamboanga (25.93 x 10 10 ). On the other hand, the mean
total protozoa counts of carabaos from Cotabato was the
highest (22.91 x 10 5 /ml) compared with those Iloilo (13.50
x 10 5 /ml) and Zamboanga (8.93 x 10 5 /ml). On the bacterial
population 89 to 98% are Gram negative cocci. Grampositive
cocci ranged from less than 1% to 8%. The rods
are of minor class. Total bacterial count (TBC) for the
fasted female carabaos ranged from 15.96 to 57.97 x 10 10 /
ml while that of the non-fasted ranged from 37.55 x 10 10 /ml.
On the other hand, TBC for male (steer and bull) showed
higher mean values for non-fasted and lower mean values
for fasted. The mean TBC for steers was 26.74 x 10 10 /ml
and 30.63 x 10 10 / ml for the fasted and non-fasted
respectively. Similarly, the mean TBC for bull was 30.63
x 10 10 /ml and 41.50 x 10 10 /ml for fasted and non-fasted,
respectively, these values were higher than those of the
steers. The mean total protozoal control (TPC) for the
fasted and non-fasted animals were 10.58 x 10 5 /ml and
11.78 x 10 5 /ml, respectively. Similarly, the mean TPC for
the fasted steers (16.07 x 105/ml) and bulls (9.22 x 10 5 /ml)
were slightly lower than that of the non-fasted (15.41 x 10 5 /
ml and 12.06 x 10 5 /ml, respectively), although their
differences were not as marked as compared to TBC. A
high percentage of bacterial population were mostly Gram
(-) cocci. The mean value for female (88.72%) was
slightly lower than that of the male (90.08%) and also for
fasted carabao (92.72%). On the other hand, the other
minor constituents, (Gram (+) cocci and rods and Gram (-
) rods were higher for the females than for the males and for
the non-fasted than for the fasted carabaos.
Keywords: microbial counts in the rumen, slaughtered
carabaos
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1973-1995. (1976).
IAS-CA, UPLB. Compiled by A. T. Banzon, N. L. de
Castro, S. M. Ramos, F. F. Peñalba and D. B. Roxas. p.
32-33.
F-37
BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF HERBAGE GRAZED
BY CARABAOS FROM NATIVE PASTURE DURING
DRY SEASON*
P. A. Mallari, Student, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
Central Luzon State University
114
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
D. D. Lorenzo, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
S. S. Bumagat, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
J. S. Viray, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
Central Luzon State University
Nine (9) yearling native carabaos were utilized for grazing
observation to determine the species and the relative
herbage composition of grazed forages and the effect
stocking rate on grazed herbage composition and their
relative proportion. Experimental animals were randomly
assigned into three (3) different stocking rate of 0.3, 1.5 and
0.7 a.u. per hectare and were grazed on native pasture
over a three-month dry period. Themeda was consistently
the dominant botanical/forage component consumed by
carabaos grazing on native pasture during the dry months
of January to March; Heteropogon and Imperata were 2.7
and 3.8 times lesser than Themeda. Interspecific viability
in the botanical composition displayed a constant pattern
all throughout the duration of observation. Stocking rate did
not affect the botanical composition and relative apparent
intake by grazing carabaos. Stocking rate of 0.5 a.u.
however, encouraged a little higher intake of heteropogon
and imperata, as compared to the other stocking rates.
Keywords: dry season, herbage species, stocking rate,
yearling native carabaos
*Abstracts of Completed Studies. 1981-1996. (1981).
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Research in
the Philippines. 1981-1995. p. 136.
F-38
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE SERUM CALCIUM,
INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS AND CHOLESTEROL
LEVELS OF CATTLE AND CARABAOS
SLAUGHTERED AT THE NATIONAL ABATTOIR*
A.C. Maza, Analytical Chemist, Bureau of Animal Industry
C. M. Dizon, Animal Feed Technologist, Animal Disease and Parasite
Research Division, Bureau of Animal Industry
Blood samples collected from 337 cattle and 121 carabaos
slaughtered at the national abattoir, Valenzuela, Bulacan
were analyzed for serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus
and cholesterol. Cattle had mean serum calcium of 10.92
± 1.2 mg percent. Age and sex did not affect the serum
calcium level. The inorganic phosphorus in the serum of
cattle was 3.97 ± 0.16 mg percent and in that of carabaos,
4.03 ± 0.13 mg percent. Age and sex did not influence the
level of inorganic phosphorus in both species. Serum
cholesterol was a variable blood constituent even between
sample in a group. Cattle showed a level of 138.29 ±

70.97 mg percent. Age and sex seemed to influence the
serum cholesterol level. Carabaos showed a level of
98.97 ± 58.70 mg percent which was lower than in cattle.
Unlike in cattle, sex did not appear to influence the serum
cholesterol level in carabaos.
Keywords: age and sex, cattle and carabaos, cholesterol
level, inorganic phosphorus, serum calcium.
* Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science.
1969 v. 6 (1) pp. 93-96
F-39
CARABEEF PRODUCTION ON NATIVE AND
NATIVE/IPIL-IPIL PASTURES ON DIFFERENT
STOCKING RATES*
F. A. Moog, Researcher, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of
Agriculture (Ubay, Bohol)
A. C. Castillo, Researcher, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of
Agriculture (Ubay, Bohol)
R. G. Tibayan, Researcher, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of
Agriculture (Ubay, Bohol)
N. P. Tombocon, Researcher, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of
Agriculture (Ubay, Bohol)
A 315-day grazing experiment using twenty-four 18 to 24
month old carabao was conducted at the Bureau of Animal
Industry Stock Farm at Ubay, Bohol to compare the
liveweight gain production on three pasture treatments, 1)
native pasture at 0.75 au per ha; 2) native/ipil-ipil pasture at
1.5 au per ha; 3) native/ipil-ipil pasture at 2.0 au per ha.
Carabaos on native/ipil-ipil pasture stocked at 1.5 au/ha
had significantly higher average liveweight gain per head
per day (ADG) and per year than those grazing on native
pastures at 0.75 au/ha. Liveweight gain per ha of 167.9 kg
and 174.8 kg on native/ipil-ipil pastues at 1.5 and 2.0 au/ha
were significantly higher than native pastures (51 kg/ha).
Native/ipil-ipil pastures had 2.8 times more herbage
production and 2.5 times more return on investment than
the native pastures.
Keywords: carabeef production, native/ipil-ipil pastures
*Philippine Journal of Animal Industry. 1981. v. 36 (1-4).
24-33. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo
Researches in the Philippines. 1981-1195. p. 138.
F-40
HERBAGE PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF
THEMEDA TRIANDRA FORSK PASTURE GRAZED
BY CARAHEIFERS DURING THE DRYSEASON AT
CARRANGLAN, NUEVA ECIJA*
R. G. Nagpala, Former M. S. Student, Institute of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
FEEDING AND NUTRITION
At 30 days intervals, the dry matter (DM) yield of the
themeda pasture were 155.25, 157.88, 134.20 and 707.90
kg/ha for the months of December, January, April and
May, respectively. Quality evaluation of the herbage
showed that the initial crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF),
ether extract (EE) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) were
5.45%, 29.96%, 1.39% and 47.33%, respectively. In
January, there was a significant drop in the values of CP,
(2.32% and NFE (40.22%), while an increasing trend in
the values of CP, EE and NFE was observed in March
and April. The highest CP and EE and the lowest NFE
were recorded in May. The CF values, however, increased
in January and March, but declined in April and May. The
average voluntary DM intake of six 2 to 3 year old
caraheifers with an average weight of 288.17 ± 2.51 kg
grazed themeda was 4.09 ± 0.17 kg DM/day or 1.42 ±
0.06% of body weight.
Keywords: caraheifers grazing, dry season, herbage
productivity and quality, Themeda pasture
*M. S. Thesis. 1983. Institute of Animal Science-College
of Agriculture, UPLB. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts:
Water Buffalo Researches in the Philippines. 1981-1995.
p. 138.
F-41
PERFORMANCE OF CARAHEIFERS ON THEMEDA
PASTURE SUPPLEMENTED WITH IPIL-IPIL (L.
LEUCOCEPHALA LINN.) CONCENTRATE AND
UREA-MOLASSES-MINERAL BLOCK (UMMB)
DURING WET SEASON*
S. P. Neric, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
Central Luzon State University
D. L. Aquino, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Research
and Development Center, Philippine Agriculture and Resources Research
Development, Central Luzon State University
P. C. dela Cruz, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Research
and Development Center, Philippine Agriculture and Resources Research
Development, Central Luzon State University
M. B. Garillo, Science Research Aide, Philippine Carabao Research and
Development Center, Philippine Agriculture and Resources Research
Development, Central Luzon State University
F. V. Mamuad, Assistant Professor Philippine Carabao Research and
Development Center, Philippine Agriculture and Resources Research
Development, Central Luzon State University
S. K. Ranjhan, FAO Consultant
Two studies were undertaken to determine the feeding
value of dried ipil-ipil leaves compared to a concentrate
mixture as supplement to grazing carabao during the dry
and wet seasons. Treatments were: T 1 – grazing (control);
T 2 – grazing + ipil-ipil; T 3 – grazing + concentrates; and T 4
– grazing + ipil-ipil + concentrates. In Phase I, only the
supplements were topped with urea molasses mineral
115

lock (UMMB). Results showed that intake from pasture
did not differ significantly among treatments.
Supplementation with dried ipil-ipil leaves, concentrates
and ipil-ipil + concentrates mix increased the total dry
matter intake, with T 3 having the highest dry matter intake
(DMI) of 2.7% body weight (BW), followed by T 4 (2.6%
BW), T 2 (2.5% BW) and T 1 (1.9% BW). Caraheifers
grazed on themeda pastures supplemented with either ipilipil
leaves, concentrates, or ipil-ipil + concentrates mix
showed significantly higher growth rates than animals
without supplementation. Introduction of UMMB lick during
Phase II increased liveweight gains from 0.04 to 0.50,
0.28 to 0.58, 0.18 to 0.58 to 0.59 kg/day for T 1 , T 2 , T 3 and
T 4 , respectively.
Keywords: caraheifers performance, concentrate, dried
ipil-ipil leaves, feeding value, UMMB, themeda pasture,
wet season
*Indian J. Anim. Nutr. 1987. v. 4(3). p. 193-196. Also in
OED-PCC-DA Abstract: Water Buffalo Researches in the
Philippines 1981-1995. p. 25-26.
F-42
FEEDING VALUES OF INDIGENOUS FODDER TREE
LEAVES AND CROP RESIDUES FOR CARABAOS*
S. P. Neric, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
Central Luzon State University
D. L. Aquino, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Research
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources
Research Development, Central Luzon State University
P. C. dela Cruz, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Research
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources
Research Development, Central Luzon State University
M. B. Garillo, Science Research Aide, Philippine Carabao Research and
Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources
Research Development, Central Luzon State University
The nutrient of alibangbang leaves (Piliostigma malvaricum)
and okra fruit (Hibiscus esculentus) for carabao feeding
were assessed with the aim of developing a range feeding
system utilizing indigenous fodder tree leaves and crop
residues. On the average, alibangbang leaves had 10.9%
crude protein (CP) and 5.68% ash. Carabaos used in the
digestion trials consumed 6.27 kg dry matter (DM) of leaves
per day or equivalent to 1.3% to 1.8% liveweight of the
animals. Digestible nutrients were 55.15%, 47.48% and
61.65% for CP, crude fiber (CF), and nitrogen-free extract
(NFE), respectively. The dry matter digestibility (DMD)
was 56.4% while total digestible nutrient (TDN) was
59.73%. Okra fruit had 88.00% DM, 21.54% CP, 4.7%
crude fat, 10.70% crude ash, 28.35% CF, and 34.80%
NFE. Dry matter intake of animals was recorded at 5.36
kg/head per day. It was observed that okra fruit was high in
116
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
digestible crude protein (75.43%) and crude fat (83.45%).
Dry matter digestibility was 63.48% and TDN recorded
was 56.59%. Okra had a higher nutritive value as compared
to other feed ingredients. However, animals could consume
only 0.75%-1.76% of their body weight.
Keywords: alibangbang leaves, carabao, okra fruit,
nutrient composition
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986.
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in
the Philippines. 1981-1995. (1996). p. 24.
F-43
PERFORMANCE OF GROWING CARABAOS
SUPPLEMENTED WITH RICE STRAW, THEMEDA
HAY AND UREA-MOLASSES-MINERAL BLOCK
(UMMB) DURING THE DRY SEASON AND THE
FOLLOWING WET SEASON. I. PERFORMANCE OF
GROWING CARABAOS DURING THE DRY SEASON*
S. P. Neric, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
Central Luzon State University
D. L. Aquino, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture
and Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University
P. C. dela Cruz, Science Research Assistant, Philippine Carabao
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture
and Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University
F. B. Pagador, Science Research Assistant, Philippine Carabao
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture
and Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University
M. B. Garillo, Science Research Aide, Philippine Carabao Research
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and
Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University
P. Makchun, Student, IGS, Central Luzon State University
F. V. Mamuad, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
A 2 x 2 factorial experiment involving 36 caracalves from
6 to 24 months old were conducted to determine the growth
performance during the dry season. The variables were
age (6 to 12 months and 12 to 24 months), management
(grazing versus confined); and urea molasses mineral
block (UMMB) lick supplementation (with, without). Results
indicated no significant treatment effect on dry matter intake
(DMI). The animals had an average total DMI of 3.6% of
body weight, of which 2.8% was from roughage. Grazing
animals had significantly (P

levels (8.3 mg/100 ml vs. 11.0 mg/100 ml) than the younger
group. Management system had no effect on feed cost/kg
gain, while UMMB supplementation increased the cost
per kilogram weight gain. Cost/kg gain was higher in 12 to
24 months age group than the 6-14 months age group.
Keywords: blood urea nitrogen, caracalves, dry season,
growth performance, rice straw, Themeda hay, urea
molasses mineral block
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986.
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in
the Philippines. 1981-1995. (1996). p. 26.
F-44
PERFORMANCE OF GRAZING CARACOWS FED
CONCENTRATES BASED ON RICE BRAN OR
DAMAGED PALAY WITH OR WITHOUT UREA-
MOLASSES BLOCK SUPPLEMENTATION DURING
WET AND DRY SEASON I. ANIMALS PERFOR-
MANCE DURING WET SEASON*
S. P. Neric, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
Central Luzon State University
D. L. Aquino, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Research
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources
Research Development, Central Luzon State University
P. C. dela Cruz, Science Research Assistant, Philippine Carabao Research
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources
Research Development, Central Luzon State University
F. B. Pagador, Science Research Assistant, Philippine Carabao Research
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources
Research Development, Central Luzon State University
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and
Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University
F. V. Mamuad, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
S. K. Ranjhan, FAO Consultant
A grazing trial was conducted during the wet season to
determine the performance of caracows subjected to the
following treatments; grazing on Themeda pasture (T 1 ),
grazing + rice bran supplementation (T 2 ), grazing + rice
bran + urea molasses mineral block (UMMB)
supplementation (T 3 ), grazing damaged + palay
supplementation (T 4 ), and grazing + damaged palay +
UMMB supplementation (T 5 ). The caracows on T 1 had a
negative weight gain during the feeding trial. However,
gain of animals on T 2 , T 4 , T 3 and T 5 were significantly higher
by 14, 15, 21 and 23 percent, respectively, than those in
T 1 . The better liveweight gains of grazing caracows fed
with supplements could be attributed to higher dry matter,
N, and fermentable carbohydrate intake.
Keywords: caracows grazing, damaged palay, growth
performance, urea-molasses block, wet season
FEEDING AND NUTRITION
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986.
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in
the Philippines. 1981-1995. (1996). p. 24-25.
F-45
PERFORMANCE OF GRAZING CARACOWS FED
CONCENTRATES BASED ON RICE BRAN OR
DAMAGED PALAY WITH OR WITHOUT UREA-
MOLASSES BLOCK SUPPLEMENTATION DURING
WET AND DRY SEASON II. PERFORMANCE OF
ANIMALS DURING DRY SEASON*
S. P. Neric, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
Central Luzon State University
D. L. Aquino, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao Research
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources
Research Development, Central Luzon State University
P. C. dela Cruz, Science Research Assistant, Philippine Carabao Research
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources
Research Development, Central Luzon State University
F. B. Pagador, Science Research Assistant, Philippine Carabao Research
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources
Research Development, Central Luzon State University
H. V. Venturina, Science Research Specialist, Philippine Carabao
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and
Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University
F. V. Mamuad, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
S. K. Ranjhan, FAO Consultant
Sixteen mature caracows were drawn from Phase I
experiments and used in the dry season feeding experiment
to determine their performance when fed with the following
dietary treatments: T 1 - grazing; T 2 – grazing + urea molasses
mineral block (UMMB); T 3 – grazing + UMMB + rice bran
and T 4 – grazing + urea molasses sprayed rice straw.
Results showed that animals in T 2 , T 3 and T 4 had a
significantly higher growth rates than animals in T 1 during
the peak of the dry season (April). Higher dry matter
intake (DMI) and blood urea-nitrogen were also observed
from animals fed with supplements confirming the previous
observation that supplementary urea either as lick or spray
along with molasses can increase the amount of recycled
nitrogen and improve the efficiency of feed utilization.
Keywords: damaged palay, dry season, grazing
caracows, growth performance, rice bran, UMMB
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986.
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in
the Philippines. 1981-199
F-46
STUDY ON THE RUMINATION BEHAVIOR OF
CARABAO GRAZING ON NATIVE PASTURE*
117

A.G. Ocampo, Student, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
D. D. Lorenzo, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
M. B. Suba, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
Twelve yearling carabao grazing on Themeda pasture at
different stocking rates were observed for a period of five
months to determine the rumination behavior. The average
duration of rumination of 0.7, 0.5 and 0.3 stocking rate
were 9.52, 9.26 and 9.02 hours, respectively. While the
average frequency of rumination were 9.20, 8.20 and 9.20
of the same order of stocking rate. For all animals, the
average duration of rumination was 9.27 hours and the
average frequency of rumination was 8.93 hours. The
animals carried on their rumination activities mostly while
lying down (59.64%), quietly standing (25.07%), wallowing
(15.20%), and while walking short distances (0.07%).
The percentage duration of rumination during night and
daytime were 74.36% and 35.64%, respectively. On the
other hand, the carabaos grazed for 30.37% and 69.63%
during night and daytime, respectively. Statistical analysis
revealed that there is an inverse correlation between
nighttime grazing and nighttime rumination and daytime
grazing, while frequency of rumination was found to be
positively correlated with frequency of grazing. No other
significant correlation was observed between average
duration of rumination and other variables like average
temperature and average grazing.
Keywords: native pasture grazing, rumination behavior,
yearling carabao
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986. (1981)
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in
the Philippines. 1981–1995. p. 138-139.
F-47
EFFECT OF LIMITED CONCENTRATE SUPPLE-
MENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
PHILIPPINE CARABAOS AND PHIL-MURRAH
CROSSBRED FED UREA-TREATED RICE STRAW*
B. A. Oliveros, Assistant Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
R. M. Lapitan, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines
Los Baños
A. N. del Barrio, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines
Los Baños
A study was conducted to determine the effect of genotype
of animal and level of concentrate supplementation of urea-
118
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
treated rice straw (UTRS) on intake and digestibility of
nutrients and growth rate of water buffaloes. Six Philippine
carabaos (PC) and 6 Phil-Murrah (PM) crossbreds, with
an average weight of 380 and 406 kg, respectively, were
randomly allotted to different treatments following a 2 x 2
factorial in randomized complete block design (RCBD).
The two factors were genotype of animal, PC and PM
and level of concentrate supplement, 1.5 or 2.5 kg per day
(equivalent to 0.4 and 0.6% of body weight, respectively.
The basal diet was UTRS which was fed ad libitum.
Philippine carabao had higher (P=0.30) daily dry matter
intake (DMI) of UTRS than PM. Likewise, DMI of UTRS
increased with increasing level of supplementation indicating
the complementary effect of concentrate on the basal diet.
Total DMI was higher (P0.05). The digestibility of dry matter, organic
matter, crude protein, neutral detergent and acid detergent
fibers was not significantly affected by genotype of animal
and level of concentrate supplement. The result of the
study suggests that PM is more efficient than PC in nutrient
utilization. Likewise, supplementation of UTRS with
concentrate at 0.6% of body weight can provide nutrients
for maintenance and growth of water buffaloes.
Keywords: carabao and crossbred, digestibility, growth
performance, limited concentrate supplementation, urea
treated straw
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1995. PCC-
DA, UPLB. Also in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water
Buffalo Researches in the Philippines. 1981-1995. p. 26-
27.
F-48
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF NATIVE AND
CROSSBRED BUFFALOES UNDER BACKYARD
PRODUCTION*
C. O. Olivo, Professor, Southern Mindanao Agricultural Research Complex,
University of Southern Mindanao
Three different feeding management system (tethering alone,
tethering + concentrate at 0.5% of body weight (BW), and
tethering + napier given ad libitum) using 18 caraheifers (9
native, 9 crossbred Murrah buffaloes ( ½ to 2 years of age,
were evaluated for 18 months. Crossbreed buffaloes
significantly gained more weight than the native carabaos

for the first 7 months. Tethering plus concentrate at night
gave the heaviest average daily gain (ADG), which was
significantly higher than that of the other two feeding systems
in both breeds, the vales being 0.28 kg ADG for tethering
plus concentrate and 0.13 kg ADG for the control among
the carabaos. For the crossbreed, tethering plus concentrate
gave 0.37 kg ADG compared to 0.23 kg ADG for those
animals tethered only. The native carabaos tethered and
given concentrate gave the highest average daily net income
of P2.50 while those tethered plus napier grass gave the
lowest income of P1.50. For the crossbreed buffaloes,
tethering plus concentrate gave the highest average daily
net income of P4.05 while tethering plus napier grass gave
the lowest net income of P2.88. The water intake of animals
was not influenced by any of the three feeding systems
under specific weather conditions. The systems did not
exert any influence on the estrus phenomenon in both breeds.
Keywords: backyard production, feeding management
systems, native and crossbreed buffaloes
* Philippine Journal of Animal Science. 1985. v. 11 (3 and
4). p. 42-43.
F-49
THE EFFECTS OF FEED SUPPLEMENTATION ON
INTAKE AND UTILIZATION OF RICE STRAW BY
CATTLE AND CARABAO*
A. L. Ordoveza, Dairy Specialist, Dairy Training Research Institute,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
A. Y. Robles, Senior Dairy Researchers, Dairy Training Research Institute,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
L. P. Palo, Senior Dairy Researchers, Dairy Training Research Institute,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
W. A. Hardison, UNDP/FAO Consultant, Dairy Training Research Institute,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
A series of four designation and metabolism trials were
conducted using four Holstein bulls and four carabao bulls
of similar age and weight. Four diets were compared in a
4x4 Latin Square Design. The diets were: A, all rice
straw; B, rice straw plus 1 kg ipil-ipil leaf meal (Leucaena
glauca Benth); C, rice straw plus 1 kg corn and ureamolasses
mix; and D, rice straw plus 1 kg corn meal. No
significant difference was found in dry matter (DM) intake
of rice straw among the four treatment groups. Digestibility
of DM and gross energy (49.5 and 52.5%) was significantly
lower for ration A than for the supplemented rations.
Digestibility of crude protein was highest for ration D
(52.5%), followed by ration B (47%), ration C (34%), and
ration A (23.5%). All differences were highly significant.
All animals lost weight during the study.
Keywords: carabao bulls, digestibility, feed
FEEDING AND NUTRITION
supplementation, Holstein bulls, intake, rice straw.
* Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science.
(1967-1968). v. 4 and 5. p. 118-124.
F-50
OBSERVATION ON THE GRAZING BEHAVIOR OF
CARABAO UNDER THE MEDA PASTURE*
N. R. Oreña, Student, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
Central Luzon State University
D. D. Lorenzo, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
S. S. Bumagat, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
Twelve native yearling carabaos were allowed to graze
over a period of three (3) dry months to observe their
grazing behavior on Themeda pasture and to determine the
effect of stocking rate on the grazing-feeding time during the
dry season. The daytime grazing was significantly affected
by temperature. Grazing time during the day decreased
as temperature increased. Nighttime temperature did not
influence the nighttime grazing period of the animals.
Grazing by animals was accomplished longer during
nighttime. Shade seeking and wallowing turned to be the
most effective means for the carabao to overcome heat
stress during daytime. The animal spent more time to
shade seeking than wallowing, a phenomenon attributed to
the inadequacy of wallowing points. Shade seeking was
found to be significantly correlated with temperature.
Rumination was accomplished mostly during nighttime,
while the animals were resting. Temperature did not affect
the rumination time of the animals. Stocking rate had
neither significantly affected pasture grazing time and
supplemented feeding.
Keywords: grazing behavior, native yearling carabao,
themeda pasture
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986. (1981)
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in
the Philippines. 1981–1995. p. 139.
F-51
COMPARISON OF THE FEEDING VALUE OF RICE
STRAW AND RICE STRAW MOLASSES SILAGE IN
CATTLE AND CARABAOS*
L. P. Palo, Research Associate, Dairy Training and Research Institute,
College, of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Department of Animal Husbandry, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
N. Panisales, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Husbandry,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
N. Uichanco, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Husbandry,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
119

The digestibility of rice straw (RS) and rice straw molasses
silage (RSMS) were determined using cattle and carabaos.
Results show that cattle were as efficient as carabaos in
utilizing nutrients from RS. The digestible protein (DP) of
rice straw was 1.15 ± 0.51 percent for cattle and 1.11 ±
0.10 percent for carabaos. The total digestible nutrients
(TDN) were similar: 48.62 ± 1.51 and 49.04 ± 1.27 percent
for cattle and carabaos, respectively. The corresponding
digestible energy (DE) for RS in both species were likewise
similar at 1972 ± 65 and 1963 ± 44 kilocalories per kg of
dry matter. Although the DP of RSMS for both species
was comparable to RS, the TDN for cattle declined to
about 33 percent and for carabaos to 36 percent. The DE
of RSMS also dropped to 151 and 1669 kcal dry matter for
cattle and carabaos respectively. The result suggests that
RSMS has lower feeding value compared to RS.
Keywords: cattle and carabao, chemical composition
digestibility, rice straw, rice straw molasses
* Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science.
1971 v. 8 (1) p. 23-28.
F-52
HIGH MOISTURE CORN AS A SUPPLEMENT TO
RICE STRAW MOLASSES SILAGE FEED TO
CATTLE AND CARABAOS WITH OR WITHOUT
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL IMPLANTATION*
L. P. Palo, Research Associate, Dairy Training and Research Institute,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
L. S. Castillo, Professor, Department of Animal Husbandry, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
D. B. Roxas, Professor, Department of Animal Husbandry, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
G. B. Asunto, Former Undergraduate Thesis Student, Department of Animal
Husbandry, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
L. P. Flores, Former Undergraduate Thesis Student, Department of Animal
Husbandry, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
A. L. Gerpacio, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Husbandry,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
N. Panizales, Research Assistant, Department of Animal Husbandry,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
V. G. Argañosa, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Husbandry,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
M. Adriano, Instructor, Department of Animal Husbandry, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
The digestible nutrients of high moisture corn (HMC) fed
as whole grain, ground before feeding and ground before
ensiling were determined using carabaos and Holstein x
Red Sindhi steers. There were no significant differences in
the digestible nutrients of the three forms of HMC for cattle.
In general, carabaos were better than cattle in digesting the
3 forms of HMC. Except for significantly higher nitrogen
retention in carabaos fed on HMC ground before feeding,
both species responded with almost the same amount of
120
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
nitrogen retained. In a 2x2x3 CRD factorial experiment, 12
male carabaos and 12 male cattle were fattened for 5 months
to compare the feedlot responses to corn with different moisture
levels and hormone implantation. Rice straw molasses
silage (RSMS) was given ad libitum. The total dry matter
(DM) intakes of cattle fed HMC and low moisture corn
(LMC) were not significantly different. Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
implanted animals consumed significantly higher DM than
the controls. Among carabaos
DES implanted animals and the controls did not differ
significantly in their DM intake. Animals given LMC consume
significantly more DM than those given HMC. Cattle
significantly consumed more DM than carabaos. The average
daily gain (ADG) of cattle fed LMC was significantly higher
than those given HMC. However, when RSMS
consumption was corrected to a constant level, the difference
in gains between HMC and LMC groups was not significant.
There were no significant differences in the ADG of the two
species, 0.75 kg for cattle and 0.70 kg for carabaos. Feed
efficiency was not significantly affected by either moisture
level of corn or DES implantation in both cattle and carabaos.
No significant difference was observed in feed efficiency
between the two species. The dressing percentages of
cattle and carabaos were not affected by either moisture
level of corn or DES implantation. Cattle gave significantly
higher (P

L. S. Castillo, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
A series of digestion trials was conducted on cattle, carabaos
and goats to evaluate values of cassava forage, winged
bean forage, sugarcane plants and mulberry leaves. Two
stages of regrowth of cassava forage were tested using
cattle and carabaos. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter
(DM) and crude fiber (CF), total digestible nutrients (TDN),
DM intake, digestible protein (DP) and TDN were
significantly (P

ased on eleven stages and on the entire lactation period.
Milk production of the ipil-ipil supplemented caracows (1.64
li/day) were significantly higher than the control (1.29 li/
day). Milk yield generally increased from the first month
and had its peak in the fourth (2.15 li/day) and seventh
(1.44 li/day) stages of lactation in the test caracows and
control group, respectively. High milk production of the
tests caracows continued until the fifth month of lactation
and rapidly declined until at par with the control. The
overall milk production for the 11 months lactation period
produced a 29% increase in the ipil-ipil supplemented
caracows compared to the control. Computed returns
above feed supplement cost showed a net income of
P6.209.52/head/ cropping in the ipil-ipil fed caracows. The
control treatment gave a net income of P3,128.50.
Keywords: fresh ipil-ipil leaves, milk performance, native
caracows
*VISCA Baybay, Leyte. 1986. 22 p. Also in MIS-LRD,
PCARRD, DOST. p. 84-85.
F-56
THE FEEDING VALUE OF NAPIER GRASS
(PENNISETUM PURPUREUM SCHUMACH) FOR
CATTLE AND CARABAOS*
A. Y. Robles, Research Associate, Dairy Training and Research Institute,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
A. L. Ordoveza, Assistant Professor, Dairy Training and Research
Institute, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
T. J. Aranas, Researcher, Dairy Training and Research Institute, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
The dry matter (DM) yield of napier grass increased from
6.0 mt/ha at 45 days regrowth to 7.2 mt/ha at 60 days
regrowth. The percent crude protein (CP) and ash declined
while the DM and crude fiber (CF) contents increased as
the grass matured. The voluntary DM and energy intakes
of the animals were not statistically different when fed with
napier grass at either 45 or 60 days regrowth. However,
chopping the grass before feeding resulted in significantly
higher intakes of DM and energy. The digestible CP intake
decline (P

Keywords: caraheifers, chromic oxide-lignin ratio,
digestibility, voluntary intake
* Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986.
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches
in the Philippines. 1981-1995. p. 27
F-58
DIGESTIBILITY AND VOLUNTARY FEED INTAKE
STUDIES OF GRAZING CARABAO UNDER
THEMEDA (THEMEDA TRIANDRA FORKS) RANGE
PASTURE. IV. DETERMINATION OF VOLUNTARY
INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY BY CHROMIC OXIDE
CHROMOGEN RATIO TECHNIQUE WITH
CARAHEIFERS DURING SUMMER*
B. H. Romulo, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
L. Constantino, Student, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
D. L. Aquino, Science Research Assistant, Philippine Carabao Research
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources
Research Development, Central Luzon State University
G. T. Concepcion, Science Research Aide, Philippine Carabao Research
and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources
Research Development, Central Luzon State University
A total of six caraheifers, two to three years old, with
body weights ranging from 280 to 297 kg were used to
determine the voluntary intake and digestibility of Themeda
during summer. The calculated mean of voluntary dry
matter intake was 3.78 ± 0.18% kg, equivalent to 1.31 ±
0.06% of the body weight. Digestion coefficient for crude
fiber (CF), crude protein (CP), nitrogen-free extract (NFE)
and ether extract (EE) were 40.61 ± 1.32, 56.58 ± 2.21,
17.00 ± 3.63, 52.41 ± 1.77 and 59. 61 ± 5.10%,
respectively. Total digestible nutrient was found to be
45.26 ± 1.56% and digestible energy was 356.08 ±
74.84 cal/gram.
Keywords: caraheifers, chromic oxide chromogen ratio,
digestibility. Voluntary feed intake
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986.
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in
the Philippines. 1981-1995. p. 27-28.
F-59
DETERMINATION OF VOLUNTARY DRY MATTER
INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF THEMEDA
(THEMEDA TRIANDRA FORSK) PASTURE BY
CHROMIC OXIDE-ACID INSOLUBLE ASH RATIO
TECHNIQUE ON CARACOWS (BUBALUS BUBALIS
LINN.)*
FEEDING AND NUTRITION
N. P. Rosete, Student, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
Central Luzon State University
S. P. Neric, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
Central Luzon State University
S. S. Bumagat, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
Ten heads of native caracows weighing 351 to 375 kg with
ages ranging from 3 to 4 years, were used in a grazingdigestibility
trial to determine the voluntary herbage dry
matter intake and digestibility of Themeda pasture by chromic
oxide-acid insoluble ash method. Animals were grazed in
the native pasture during the dry season from February to
May at the Philippine Carabao Research and Development
Center in Carranglan, Nueva Ecija. Laboratory analyses
were conducted at the analytical laboratory of the Central
Luzon State University. All animals before the start of the
actual experiment were subjected to a preliminary trial
lasting for seven (7) days and a collection period of seven
(7) days. Forages were obtained by the plucking method
and feces were sampled daily using the grab technique.
These were pooled and analyzed according to standard
procedure of AOAC (1970). Percent acid insoluble (AIA)
was determined according to Van Keulen and Young (1977).
Voluntary herbage dry matter intake and digestion coefficient
of crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract and nitrogen free
extract (NFE) were calculated according to Reid et al.
(1952). Proximate analysis indicated lower values of
crude protein and ash on forage samples compared to
feces (4.32% vs. 6.21% and 17.74% vs. 28.36%). Acid
insoluble ash contents in forage was 1.089 vs. 0.752
percent in fecal samples. Fecal output per head daily was
calculated as 3.23 kg. Voluntary dry matter intake as
percent of the body weight was 2.22 kg or 97.07 gram per
kilogram metabolic body size of the experimental animals.
Digestion coefficient of crude protein, crude fiber, ether
extract, nitrogen free extract based on percent AIA obtained
were 40.88, 69.61, 61.82 and 62.20 percent, respectively.
Total digestible nutrients calculated was 54.50% and
digestible dry matter was 59.98%. Values obtained in all
the parameters had small variations and patterns tend to
agree closely with results of earlier studies.
Keywords: caracows, chromic oxide-acid insoluble ash
method, themeda range pasture, voluntary intake
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986.
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in
the Philippines. 1981-1995. p. 139-140.
F-60
EFFECTS OF SOAKING RICE STRAW ON GROWTH
PERFORMANCE OF PHILIPPINE CARABAOS*
123

D. B. Roxas, Associate Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
R. M. Lapitan, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines
Los Baños
E. Roxas, Undergraduate Student, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
A. N. del Barrio, Supervising Science Research Specialist, Philippine
Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines
Los Baños
V. G. Momongan, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
S. K. Ranjhan, Former FAO Consultant
Eight growing Philippine carabao heifers were randomly
allotted to two treatments (1) soaked and (2) unsoaked rice
straw. Straw was fed ad libitum with all animals receiving
concentrate supplement at the rate of 1% of body weight.
Nutrient composition and digestibility did not differ between
soaked and unsoaked straw. Average daily gain of animals
fed soaked straw was slightly higher, but not significantly
different from that of unsoaked straw. Voluntary intake of
soaked straw was higher (P

similar. Addition of 1% urea in the ration significantly
(P

ON DRY MATTER YIELD, BOTANICAL AND
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF NATIVE/STYLO
MIXED PASTURES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
GRAZING CARABULLS*
C. B. Salces, Former M. S. Student, Institute of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
B. A. Oliveros, Assistant Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
Two trials were conducted at Ubay Stock Farm, Bohol
from June 1989 to June 1990 to evaluate the effect of top
dressed superphosphate application on the productivity of
native/stylo mixed pastures grown in Ubay clay series
soil. In trial 1, the effect of 4 levels of phosphorus (P)
application (0, 30, 60, 90 kg P/ha) on yield, botanical and
chemical composition of mixed pasture was evaluated.
Total dry matter yield (DMY) was significantly (P

espectively. Detergent fiber analysis showed a range of
35.17 to 63.52% for neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Lignin
varied from 0.23% in pseudostems to 10.44 in peanut hay.
Tannin was highest in ipil-ipil leaves (1.74%) which was 4
to 8 times those of the other crop residues.
Keywords: banana and crop residues, cattle and carabao
feeding, nutritive value
* Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science.
1988. v. 14 (3 and 4) p. 118.
F-66
GROWTH PATTERN OF CARABAO UNDER RANGE
CONDITIONS*
A.R. Santiago, Student, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
L. C. Cruz, Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
Central Luzon State University and Project Leader, Philippine Carabao
Research and Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture and
Resources Research Development, Central Luzon State University
S. S. Bumagat, Instructor, Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University
Twenty-four (24) yearling carabaos, eighteen (18) females,
six (6) males, were used in this study to determine the
growth pattern of carabaos raised under range condition.
Statistical analysis indicated highly significant relationship
between liveweight and heart girth (r=0.98). Significant
relationships were also noted between liveweight and body
height (r=0.93); between liveweight and body length from
tail base to poll and body length from tail base to shoulder
(r=0.84 and 0.94), respectively. Both sexes showed
similar growth pattern in all the growth parameters from the
rainy season although female calves had faster rate of
growth than the male calves. Nutrition of the animals as
influenced by the season significantly affected the growth
rate. The rate of growth was low during the dry season
and gradually increased towards the rainy season.
Supplemental feeding during pasture stress also helped in
meeting the requirements for growth of the animals.
Keywords: growth pattern, yearling carabaos
*Abstracts of Completed Researches. 1981-1986. (1982)
PCRDC-PCARRD, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Also
in OED-PCC-DA Abstracts: Water Buffalo Researches in
the Philippines. 1981–1995. p. 141.
F-67
CILIATES IN THE RUMEN OF CARABAO AND
CATTLE FED IPIL-IPIL [LEUCAENA LEUCO-
CEPHALA (LAM. DE WIT)] AND SUGARCANE
(SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM L.) TOPS DIET*
FEEDING AND NUTRITION
R. B. So, Science Research Specialist, Institute of Biotechnology and
Applied Microbiology, University of the Philippines Los Baños
P. L. Lopez, Professor, Institute of Animal Science, College of Agriculture,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Rumen ciliates in fistulated male carabao and cattle were
studied. Freshly cut ipil-ipil forage and chopped fresh
sugarcane tops rations were compared. Rumen fluid
samples were collected before feeding and at 2, 4, 6, 8 and
10 hr after feeding time on days 1, 4, 7 and 10. Ipil-ipil fed
animals gave higher (P

same species of ciliates would respond differently to a change
in ration in different species of animals.
Keywords: abrupt change in ration, cattle and carabao ciliates
*Philippine Agriculture. 1984. v. 67 (2). p. 255-260.
F-69
STUDIES ON THE GROWTH AND FEEDING
QUALITY OF THREE VARIETIES OF SUGARCANE
(SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM L.) UNDER THREE
CUTTING REGIMES*
D. Soetrisno, Former M. S. Student, Department of Animal Science,
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
R. R. Lopez, Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
Three sugarcane varieties CAC 5713 (VI), Phil 56226
(V2) and Phil 6554 (V3) were planted in plots in a
randomized complete block design. The plants were
harvested at 5, 7 and 9 months old. Growth characters
were determined, proximate composition, sucrose, calcium
(Ca), phosphorus (P), cell wall components were analyzed
together with biochemical analysis on the harvests. Yield
of dry matter (DM) increased (P

V. S. Subere, Former M. S. Student, Department of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
B. A. Parker, Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
Nine hundred (900) farmers raising carabaos were
interviewed and the same number of Philippine carabao
were measured to: 1) determine some management
practices adopted by farmers; 2) identify some physical
characteristic features of the carabaos; and 3) ascertain the
physiological responses of carabaos under field
conditions. Frequent counts, percentages and means were
used to describe the management practices adopted and
the physiological responses. A 2 x 3 x 3 factorial in a
completely randomized design with unequal number of
observations was used to analyze the data on physical
features. The majority of the farmers in the Visayan region
raised carabaos for draft. They preferred the male carabao
to female for work. Fattening and milking practices were
relatively poor. Working ability of the animal is comparable
to that observed in other parts of the Philippines and other
Asian countries. Mating and reproduction practices were
poor. General management practices adopted by farmers
varied according to regions, households and individuals.
The improved strain of carabao is relatively bigger than the
native strain. Interaction effects among different strains,
sexes, and ages were observed. The 11-20 years old
improved steers had the highest body measurements and
the 3-5 years old native females had the lowest. Pulse,
respiration and body temperature were similar among the
three age groups of carabaos.
Keywords: characteristic features of the carabao,
management practices, Visayan region
*M. S. Thesis. 1978. Department of Animal Science-
College of Agriculture, UPLB. 117 p.
F-72
THE GRAZING BEHAVIOR OF CARABAOS
(BUBALUS BUBALIS LINN.) UNDER NATIVE
PASTURE DURING WET AND DRY SEASONS*
J. S. Viray, Former M. S. Student, Department of Animal Science, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
Six yearling female carabaos were used to observe the
grazing and other behavioral patterns under Themeda
pasture. Grazing was observed to be dominant pasture
activity being 38.49% of the 24 hour period. Grazing was
significantly (P

HEALTH
H-1
A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE INCIDENCE OF
SALMONELLA SPECIES IN THE FECES OF
PHILIPPINE CARABAOS*
E. H. Abellanosa, Student
A total of 300 individual fecal samples from Philippine
carabaos, coming from seven provinces and brought for
slaughter at the National Abbatoir, Marulas, Valinzuela,
Bulacan, were bacteriologically examined for the presence
of Salmonella sp. All of them proved negative for Salmonella
organisms. From this limited study, it can be concluded
that Salmonella organisms are not present in Philippine
carabaos. These animals, therefore, do not appear to be a
potential source of Salmonella infection in man. A further
study of this problem is thus needed in order to confirm the
above findings.
Keywords: salmonella, carabao, fecal samples
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1960.
H-2
A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE CLINICAL
EFFECTS OF AZAPERONE AND CHLORPERIDOL
ON CARABAOS (Bubalus bubalis) RAISED IN THE
PHILIPPINE CARABAO CENTER*
G. P. Ables, Student
The effects of azaperone and chlorperidol were studied in
carabaos raised at the Philippine Carabao Center. The
drugs, which belong to the butyrophenone group of
tranquilizers, were given at 2 dose levels (1 mg/kg BW or
2 mg/kg BW). The effect of azaperone at 1 mg/kg BW in
carabaos was slight sedation after 30 - 45 minutes of
administration. There was a marked increase in the pulse
rate and a decrease in temperature, while not having major
changes on respiration. The higher dose (2 mg/kg) of
azaperone in carabaos caused initial excitation and
restlessness followed by slight sedation. There were similar
effects on the pulse, rate and temperature (PRT) as that
with the low dose of azaperone. Chlorperidol at 1 mg/kg
BW in carabaos caused sedation after an average of 80
minutes from drug administration. The drug had similar
effects on the PRT as that of azaperone. Chlorperidol at a
high dose in carabaos also caused excitation and
restlessness. There were similar effects on the pulse rate
and temperature as with azaperone and the low dose of
130
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
chlorperidol. However, the respiratory rate increased due
to the animal’s restlessness. From the results of the study,
the low dose of azaperone (1 mg/kg BW) maybe effective
in causing tranquilization in carabaos. However, its long
induction period (30 – 45 mins.) presents a disadvantage
in emergency cases requiring surgery. Although this is just
a preliminary study on the effects of the readily available
butyrophenones, the information generated could help the
field veterinarian in his decision-making. It is recommended
that azaperone and chlorperidol be assessed during surgical
procedures on carabaos to determine the drug’s usefulness.
Keywords: sedation, azaperone, chlorperidol, tranqulizers,
butyrophenones, carabao
* Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1993.
H-3
A SEROLOGICAL SURVEY FOR Brucella abortus
ANTIBODIES IN THE BLOOD OF NATIVE
CARABAOS USING THE RAPID PLATE
AGGLUTINATION TEST*
F. L. Abrena, Student
A serological test using the rapid plate method was
conducted on native carabaos for the presence of Brucella
agglutinins. Out of 130 animals, 19 or 14.61 per cent gave
a diagnostic liter while 111 animals or 85.03 per cent were
negative to the test. Only 3 or 2.30 per cent of the blood
tested gave a positive result and sixteen animals or 12.30
per cent were found to be suspicious. Although the test
was done on a limited number of animals which might not
justifiably represent the whole carabao population in this
country, the results strongly indicate the presence of
brucellosis among Philippine carabaos.
Keywords: brucella, antibodies, carabao, rapid plate
agglutination test
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1964.
H-4
A SURVEY OF LEPTOSPIRAL ANTIBODIES IN
CARABAOS FROM TEN SELECTED CARABAO
CENTERS IN THE PHILIPPINES*
D. M. Abrigo, Student
A total of 129 serum sample from different carabao centers
in the Philippines were tested against leptospirosis using
the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). Twelve leptospiral

serovars were used namely: Leptospira australis, L bataviae,
L. canicola, L. cynopteri, L. grippotyphosa, L. hardjo, L.
hebdomadis, L. icterohemorrhagiae, L. javanica, L. pomona,
L. pyrogenes and L. tarassovi. Only 21 (17.82%) of the total
samples gave positive reactions. Animals from centers in
Malaybalay, Negros, Dumarao, CLSU, La Carlota, Bohol,
Novaliches and CBL gave positive results ranging from
71.42% to 5.88%. On the other hand, animals from Dipolog
and Ozamis gave negative results. The predominant serovars
were L. javanica (3.87%), L. cynopteri (3.10%), L. canicola,
L. grippotyphosa, L. hebdomadis, L. australis and L.
pyrogenes (2.32% each). Three samples reacted to more
than one serotype. The serotypes that cross reacted were L.
cynopteri (2 samples), L. canicola, L. grippotyphosa, L.
hebdomadis, and L. pyrogenes (1 samples each). The results
strongly indicated the presence of carabao leptospiral infection
in the Philippine carabao centers. Routine serological testing
of carabaos is needed at these centers to monitor these
carabao breeders so as to provide bases for treatment and
preventive measures.
Keywords: leptospira, leptospirosis, carabao, microscopic
agglutination test, carabao centers
* Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1995
H-5
A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE INCIDENCE OF
FOREIGN BODIES IN THE STOMACH OF
PHILIPPINE CARABAO*
P. J. Alarcon, Jr., Student
A preliminary study on the incidence of foreign bodies in the
stomach of Philippine Carabao is herein presented. Of the
six hundred and fifty stomachs examined for foreign body
only seventeen were found positive. Only one foreign object
was found in one compartment of the positive stomachs.
The incidence of foreign body in the stomach of Philippine
Carabao was 2.6%. The reticulum and the rumen showed
an incidence of 2.3% and 0.3% respectively. No foreign
body was found in the omasum or abomasum.
Keywords: foreign bodies, stomach (rumen), carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1966.
H-6
A SURVEY OF AGGLUTININS AGAINST Pasteurella
haemolytica SEROTYPES AMONG PHILIPPINE-
RAISED CATTLE AND CARABAOS*
A. E. Alava, Student
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A total of 435 serum samples from both cattle and carabaos
were obtained from selected slaughterhouses and farms in
the Philippines. The serum samples were tested for the
presence of antibodies against 12 Pasteurella haemolytica
serotypes using the rapid plate agglutination procedure
(RPA). Twenty seven or 11.7% out of 230 cattle sera
reacted positively against eight serotypes, namely, 1, 2,
6, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Twenty one or 10.2% out of 205
carabao sera reacted to 6 serotypes, namely, 1, 2, 4, _, 6
and 7. The serotypes to which both cattle and carabao sera
reacted were 1, 2, 6 and 7 whereas, serotypes 9-12
reacted only to cattle sera while serotypes 4 and 5 reacted
only to carabao sera. Based on the results of this study the
most predominant serotype of P. haemolytica among
Philippine-raised cattle and carabao was serotype 1. The
other common serotypes were 2, 4 and 7. It is suggested
that succeeding studies be done on a uniform number of
samples per region or area. For a more controlled study
samples should be obtained from more farms from
commercial, semi-commercial, or backyard operations.
Aside from the 12 serotypes, the remaining 13-15 and 10
untypable serotypes should be used to screen the samples.
Also, titration of positive sera coupled with paired serum
sampling at 2 week interval should be performed.
Keywords: Pasteurella haemolytica, rapid plate
agglutination, serotypes, carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1990.
H-7
OCCURRENCE OF Brucella abortus AGGLUTININS
AMONG CARABAOS AND CATTLE IN THE
PHILIPPINES BASED ON THE RAPID PLATE
AGGLUTINATION*
A. C. Babasa, Student
A total of 1,202 serum samples (600 from carabaos and
602 from cattle) were tested for brucellosis using the Rapid
Plate Agglutination Test. In carabaos, there were 96/600 or
16% positive reactors, 128/600 or 21.33% were suspicious
and 376/600 or 62.66% were negative. In cattle, 83/602 or
13.79% were positive reactors, 143/602 or 23.75% were
suspicious and 376/602 or 62.46% were negative. Region
III had the highest percentage of positive reactors for both
cattle and carabaos with 6/14 or 42.86% and 19/48 or
39.58%, respectively. The region with the next higher
percentage of positive reactor in cattle was region IX with
10/40 or 25%, followed by Region I with 15/65 or 23.08%
and Region XII with 8/40 or 20%. In carabaos, the region
with the next higher percentage for positive reactor was
131

Region I with 13/40 or 32.50% followed by Region XII
with 13/42 or 30.95% and Region IX with 3/13 or 23.08%.
Occurrence of positive reactors per region was highly
significant (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference
between species occurrence of positive reactors (P =
0.31). For both species, the occurrence of more positive
reactors in males (16.3%) than in females (10.9%) was
statistically significant (P < 0.05). In carabaos, there was
a higher occurrence of positive reactors in the 9 to 10 age
group with 7/25 or 28% followed by animals older than 10
years with 36/166 or 21.69% and the 8 to 9 age group with
9/44 or 20.45%. In cattle, more positive reactors were
found in the 5 to 6 group with 12/33 or 36.36, followed by
4 to 5 age group with 7/37 or 18.92% and the 9 to 10 age
group with 6/32 or 18.75%. There was a direct correlation
between the occurrences of positive reactors to the age
group to which they belong (P < 0.01). This study was
able to establish the presence of Brucella agglutinins in
carabaos and cattle from the different regions in the
Philippines and hence, is the first study to document the
occurrence alone and thus, a complementary test should
be used to confirm the present findings. A concerted effort
must be made to really determine and establish the actual
presence of brucellosis in livestock. Such a programme
would greatly aid in the control and eventual eradication of
the disease.
Keywords: Brucella abortus, brucellosis, carabao, cattle,
agglutination test
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1990
H-8
BACTERIOLOGIC PROFILE OF THE VAGINA AND
UTERUS OF NON-PREGNANT BUFFALO-COWS IN
SELECTED REGIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES*
M. T. T. Balassu, Student
A bacteriologic survey was made on the uterus and vagina
of 13 fertile and 27 infertile buffalo-cows. A sterile cotton
swab and a locally-made endometrial swab instrument
were used to collect vaginal and uterine samples,
respectively. Majority of the vaginal samples were positive
for microorganisms. A greater proportion of these samples
yielded mixed rather than pure cultures of bacteria. The
most frequently isolates were streptococci, corynebacteria
and staphylococci. Non-specific uterine infections were
found to be present even among fertile buffalo-cows.
Staphylococci, streptococci and corynebacteria were the
predominant bacterial species isolated from these animals.
Among infertile buffalo-cows, the incidence of non-specific
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ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
uterine infections was higher in repeat breeders than in
anestrus animals. Mixed uterine infections were found to
be more frequent among repeat breeders than anestrous
buffalo-cows. The most commonly isolated organisms,
however, were the same for both groups and these include
the streptococci and corynebacteria.
Keywords: bacterial isolation, vagina, uterine infections,
buffalo-cows, infertility
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1992.
H-9
FIELD TRIAL OF HEMOSEP (Pasteurella multocida
TYPE B) VACCINE IN PHILIPPINE BUFFALOES*
E. M. Battad, Student
A vaccine against hemorrhagic septicemia from a crude
capsular extract of P. multocida was tested on 7 buffaloes.
Antibody titers were monitored on day 0, 28, 61, 89, 120
and 150 using IHA test on collected serum samples. There
was significant increase in the serum antibody titer until the
end of the study period (day 150). There was however, no
significant difference in serum antibody titer between those
given a shot at day 0 and those given at day 0 and 28.
Further study can be done on when is the best time to give
the second (booster) shot of the vaccine. The immune
serums of the vaccinated buffaloes were used in the passive
mouse protection test. Results show that the sera of the
three vaccinated buffaloes used were able to protect mice
from P. multocida type B infection. Based on these results,
the vaccine seemed to have good potential in protecting
buffaloes from hemorrhagic septicemia.
Keywords: hemorrhagic septicemia, Pasteurella
multocida, vaccine, buffalo
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1988.
H-10
A SURVEY OF GROSS LESIONS OF THE HEART
AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES IN THE
SLAUGHTERED PHILIPPINE CARABAOS AS A
PRELIMINARY APPROACH IN THE STUDY OF
CARDIAC DISEASE IN THE BUBALINE SPECIES
(Bubalus bubalis Linneaus)*
R.O. Boado, Student
To establish a preliminary report on the prevalence of gross
cardiac abnormalities in the Philippine carabaos, a survey

was conducted in the abattoirs of Metro Manila and
Pangasinan. Out of the total 898 carabao hearts examined,
507 or 56.46% apparently exhibited gross lesions. The
different types of gross lesions were classified and analyzed
based on the cardiac structure involved, sex distribution,
age group and point of origin of the slaughtered animals as
far as the most common lesions (E. poeli) was concerned.
Nodules of E. poeli affecting the aortic opening were the
most commonly encountered lesions representing a
prevalence rate of 35.86%. This was followed by
sarcocystis infection of the myocardium (13.25%), the
reason of which was not known. Male carabaos showed
higher prevalence of cardiac lesion (65.28%) than females
(38.22%), the reason of which was not known. Generally
older animals (16-20 years) were more frequently than
younger ones (11-15 years and 4-10 years). This showed
that age was a factor in the development of cardiac lesions.
Based on the rate of occurrence, carabaos originating from
Mindanao and Nueva Viscaya were most affected by E.
poeli infection while those coming from La Union seemed
to be least affected. No attempt was made to determine
why this was so because the number of animals from the
different regions were not the same in the group s.
Biventricular dilatation with histopathologic features of
cardiomyopathy similar to the reports on man, dogs, cats,
and cattle was also noted. It is suggested that further studies
should be done to determine whether they represent true or
primary cardiomyopathies in carabaos.
Keywords: cardiac abnormalities, gross lesions, E. epoli,
carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1981.
H-11
DERMATOPHYTOSIS IN A PHILIPPINE CARABAO*
J. M. G. Cheng, Student
The case concerns a three year old heifer Philippine carabao
with identification number 1298 housed at the Philippine
Carabao Center, University of the Philippines at Los Baños,
Laguna. The clinical signs apparent during the examination
were generalized skin lesions characterized by scabs,
pityriasis, circular area of alopecia and scaling with central
healing, lesions observed were irregular in appearance
and abrasions in the body and legs were present. Skin test
was made to identify the etiologic agent responsible for the
disease, the laboratory diagnosis used were the direct
microscopic examination of the hair, fungal culture and
identification of dermatophyte species from fungal colony.
Skin test confirmed that the etiologic agent responsible for
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the disease was Trichophyton verrucosum, which is the
most common dermatophyte affecting cattle and carabao.
Treatment using Captan® (N-trichloromethyl-4-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarxamide)
fungicide was sprayed all over
the body of the animal for five days.
Keywords: ringworm, dermatophyte, captan, carabao
* Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1998.
H-12
CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS IN PHILIPPINE
CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis)*
M. C. Concepcion, Student
Electroradiograms were taken from two hundred (200) Philippine
carabaos using the Apex-Based lead system and 169 (84.5%)
were found to be dysrhythmic. Only 31 (15.5%) had regular
sinus rhythm. A total of 157 supraventricular dysrhythmias
were recorded of which 117 (58.5%) were sinus dysrhythmias,
21 (10.5%) were sinus tachycardias, 17 (8.5%) were sinus
bradycardias and 2 were atrial premature beats. Only one
ventricular dysrhythmia, a ventricular premature contraction,
was recorded. Of the six cases of the conduction disturbances
recorded, 3 were first-degree AV block while the outer three
were second-degree AV block. Accelerated conduction was
seen in 3 of the animals examined. All three had ventricular
pre-excitation. Because of the high incidence of sinus
dysrhythmia in both male and female and in both age groups,
it may be inferred that this type of dysrhythmia is a normal
variant as in dogs and horses although further studies may
have to be done to establish this inference. Similarly, further
studies would be needed to find out the significance of wandering
pacemaker, which was recorded in 26% of the animals. The
significance of the dysrhythmias considered as pathologic in
other animals can be ascertained only by doing extensive
clinical examinations and examining the animals’ heart grossly
and histopathologically following slaughter and correlating the
findings with the electrocadiograms.
Keywords: electrocardiogram, dysrhythmia, heart block,
carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1981.
H-13
A SEROLOGICAL SURVEY OF Brucella abortus
(STRAIN 19) ANTIBODIES IN NATIVE CARABAOS
USING THE MICROSCOPIC TUBE AGGLUTINATION
TESTS*
B. S. Cordero, Student
133

A serological test for the presences of Brucella abortus
antibodies in native carabaos using the microscopic tube
agglutination test was conducted. Only 6 or 3 per cent out
of 200 samples tested positive; 44 or 22 per cent, suspicious;
and the rest (75 per cent) were considered negative.
Although the test was done on a limited number of animals,
the results obtained indicate that brucellosis is present
among our native carabaos.
Keywords: Brucella, antibodies, serum, microscopic tube
agglutination, carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1964.
H-14
SHELF APPROACH (MAGDA’S METHOD) OF
PARALUMBAR NERVE BLOCK IN PHILIPPINE
CARABAO (WATER BUFFALO: Bubalus bubalis)*
E. G. de la Cruz, Student
The neuro-architecture of nerves innervating the paralumbar
fossa with reference to “shelf” approach (Magda’s method)
of paralumbar nerve block in Philippine carabao was
described. The nerve supply to the paralumbar area of the
carabao was compared with that of the cow. The paralumbar
fossa of the Philippine carabao is innervated by the
superficial branch of twelve thoracic, the dorsal and ventral
branches of the thirteenth thoracic and first two lumbar
nerves. Using the last rib and tips of lumbar transverse
processes L 1, L 2 and L 4 as landmarks, desensitization of
paralumbar area was achieved by injecting local anesthetic
solution directly ventral, anterior, posterior and dorsal to
tips of these lumbar transverse processes. The “shelf”
approach of paralumbar nerve block for Philippine Carabao
described in this paper was simple to perform. The technique
was especially developed for surgical cases requiring
paralumbar approach.
Keywords: carabao, local anesthesia, paralumbar nerve
block
* Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1980.
H-15
CAUDAL EPIDURAL ANALGESIA OF THE
PHILIPPINE CARACOW (Bubalus bubalis)*
T. D. de la Cruz, Student
Dissections were done to establish an anatomical basis for
caudal or posterior epidural anesthesia of the Philippine
134
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
carabao. The nerve supply of the gluteal and perineal
regions were briefly described and compared with that of
the ox. Landmarks for the injection sites were established
and procedures for induction of caudal epidural anesthesia
were undertaken. The sites of injection established were
the sacrococcygeal space, and the first intercoccygeal
space. Using an 18 gauge needle 1 ½ inches long, 10-20
ml of xylocaine was injected to the experimental animals
with body weights ranging approximately from 200-325
kgs. The depth of needle penetration was from 2-3 cm.
There was an immediate onset of anesthesia after 1-3
minutes and the duration of analgesia was as long as 1 to
3 hours. The technique for caudal or posterior epidural
anesthesia of the Philippine caracow described in this
paper was simple and especially developed to be most
effectively used. The anatomical basis or the approached
developed has given the practitioner another alternative for
the injection site.
Keywords: epidural analgesia, caracow, xylocaine
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1980.
H-16
BACTERIAL ISOLATION FROM THE TONSILS,
JEJUNAL AND TRACHEOBRONCHIAL LYMPH
NODES OF SLAUGHTERED PHILIPPINE CARABAO
(Bubalus bubalis)*
A. C. de Leon, Student
This study isolated, identified and determined the occurrence
of bacteria in the tonsils, jejunal and tracheobronchial lymph
nodes of 34 slaughtered Phiippine Carabao and 1
slaughtered Philippine Murrah from the slaughterhouses of
Calamba and Nagcarlan, Laguna. Corynebacterium sp.
(85.71%), Escherichia coli (57.14%), Bacillus sp.
(54.29%), Lactobacillus sp. (48.57%), Pseudomonas sp.
(17.14%), Pasteurella aerogenes (17.14%), Edwardsiella
sp. (17.14%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.14%),
Pasteurella multocida (14.29%), Actinomyces pyogenes
(11.43%), Stephylococcus aureus (11.43%), Proteus
vulgaris (11.43%), Morganella morganii (11.43%), K.
oxytoca (11.43%), P. hemolytica (8.57%), Pasteurella
sp. (8.57%), Serratia marcescens (8.57%), Listeria sp.
(5.71%), Streptococcus sp. (5.71%, Enterobacter cloacae
(5.71%), C. freundi (5.71%), Salmonella sp. (5.71%)
Actinomyces sp. (2.86%), Citrobacter diversus (2.86%),
and Arizona sp. (2.86%) were isolated from the tonsils.
Bacteria isolated from the jejunal lymph nodes included
Corynebacterium sp. (31.43%), Bacillus sp. (11.43%),
Lactobacillus sp. (5.71%), Actinomyces sp. (2.86%),

Pseudomonas sp. (2.86%), Pasteurella mutocida
(2.85%), Pasteurella haemolytica (2.86%), Proteus
vulgaris (2.86%), E. coli (2.86%), Citrobacter sp.
(2.86%), and Enterobacter sp. (2.86%). Bacteria isolated
from the tracheobronchial lymph nodes included E. coli
(11.43%), Corynebacterium sp. (11.43%), Pasteurella
multocida (5.71%, Lactobacillus sp. (2.86%) and Bacillus
sp. (2.86%). A large array of bacteria was isolated in this
study for the bacterial flora varies greatly among animals.
Many factors may have influenced the results of this study
such as age, weight, place where the animal was raised
and health status, the records of which were not available
during its conduct. It is strongly suggested, therefore, that
subsequent studies be made in a more controlled
environment. In addition, an attempt to isolated anaerobic
bacteria needs to be performed.
Keywords: bacterial isolation, tonsils, lymph nodes,
carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1999.
H-17
PATHOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF LUNG
LESIONS IN SLAUGHTERED CARABAOS AND
THEIR BACTERIAL PROFILE *
J. L. de los Santos, Student
Various forms of pulmonary lesions were encountered
among twenty-six bubaline lungs examined. These were
categorized into pneumonic and non-pneumonic lesions.
The most common of the lung lesions found were
consolidations and abscesses. Hemorrhages were the
least seen lesions. Microbiological isolation of bacteria
from the pathological pulmonary tissues revealed Klebsiella
pneumoniae as the predominant organism found among
the pulmonary lesions. Pyogenic organisms like
Corynebacterium pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeroginosa
were also isolated from abscesses with some other form of
pneumonia. Isolated from the nasopharyngeal area were
Pasteurella multocida, Proteus vulgaris, and Enterobacter
sp. together with some nonpathologic microflora, such as
N. catarrhalis and B. subtilis. Since pneumonic lesions
were relatively nonspecific, identification of causative
agents could be done by microbiologic means. It was
difficult, however, to prove a definite pathogenic role in the
production of pneumonia for many infectious organisms.
Moreover, bacterial isolation of an organism by culture did
not necessarily indicate causal role. The presence of large
numbers of bacterial species in pure culture, or as the
predominant agent only provided a presumptive evidence
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of its importance in causing the pneumonic process. It was
highly possible that many of the pathogenic organisms
isolated from the pneumonic lesions found were standing
part of an apparent bacterial infection. It was also quite
likely that these organisms are part of the normal flora. As
there are many causes of various diseases pertinent to the
respiratory tract, along with the predisposing factors
involved, the confinement of the sampling to one abattoir is
obviously a limitation during the conduct of this study.
Also, the attempt to identify the organisms isolated from the
pathologic pulmonary tissues was restricted only to aerobic
bacteria. It is strongly suggested, therefore, that subsequent
studies be made with an attempt to determine other inciting
causes of pulmonary lesions. Such studies may be
centered on parasitic, viral, fungal, or even mycoplasmal
isolation.
Keywords: pulmonary lesions, bacterial isolations,
carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1990.
H-18
MONITORING IMMUNE RESPONSE OF CATTLE
AND CARABAOS TO THREE TYPES OF CCA
VACCINE AGAINST HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA
USING ELISA AND PMPT*
R. A. Gaza, Student
The immunity induced by alum adjuvanted, double
emulsion and single emulsion. P. multocida type B vaccines
in both cattle and carabao were measured and compared
using ELISA. Based on the study, oil adjuvanted vaccines
elicited higher antibody production compared to the alum
adjuvanted vaccine in cattle which indicated that the
preparation of the vaccine can influence the corresponding
immune response. However, in carabaos, there was no
significant difference in the OD values among the different
adjuvants used which might be due to the inherent ability of
the carabao to respond to vaccination. The ELISA test is
useful when screening large numbers of animals for a
certain disease, while PMPT is best used for evaluating
the specific protective antibodies induced by the test
vaccine. The study was able to show the correlation
between these two tests. PMPT determined at what OD
value a certain serum was protective. In cattle, OD values
of 0.701 and above gave 100% protection while in carabao,
values as low as 0.100 can protect the mice when
challenged. PMPT results showed that the antibodies
induced by the two oil adjuvanted vaccines in both species
of animals were highly protective in mice against P.
135

multocida challenge. However, alum adjuvanted vaccine
failed to induce sufficient protective antibody production in
cattle but not in carabao as shown by the mortalities in
mice. The response variations could be due to the genetic
composition of the mice that affects the immune system.
Generally, the protection elicited by vaccines did not depend
on the amount of the antibody produced but on the specificity
of these antibodies. Based on the results obtained, oil
adjuvanted vaccines particularly the double emulsion
vaccine can be of use in preventing hemorrhagic septicemia,
especially in the highly endemic areas because of its
efficacy and ease of administration.
Keywords: hemorrhagic septicemia, CCA vaccine,
ELISA, PMPT, carabao, cattle
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1992.
H-19
HUMORAL RESPONSE OF VITAMIN E
SUPPLEMENTED BUFFALOES TO HEMORRHAGIC
SEPTICEMIA VACCINE*
M. J. N. Gordoncillo, Student
Fifteen carabaos were grouped into three treatments.
Animals in Treatment 1 received oil adjuvanted double
emulsion vaccine and vitamin E supplementation at 3000
I.U. orally. This supplementation was given in each vaccine
administration which a month apart. Treatment 2 received
the same vaccine but without supplementation. Treatment
3 for cattle received no vaccination at all, but for carabaos,
control group was given a different kind of vaccine which
PCC (Philippine Carabao Center) used regularly.
Monitoring of antibody titer for a period of five months was
done using indirect hemagglutination test. Three stages
were assayed: prevaccination, postbooster (after three
months) and at fifth month. There was no significant difference
in the geometric mean of baseline antibody titer of animals
in all treatment groups. Antibody titer of all treatment groups
increased after the vaccination regimen. These increases
were found to be not significantly different. These results
however, may have been affected by several limitations
which the study encountered. One of these included the
use of less specific and less sensitive assay procedure for
antibody monitoring. A veterinary vitamin E preparation
and use of intramuscular route of administration might have
elicited a different effect and a more significant result. Oil
based fat soluble vitamin, dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate
seemed potentially useful as adjuvant in vaccine
preparations in replacement for mineral oil which may be
non-immunostimulatory. This has an advantage of going
136
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
beyond just as depot-forming adjuvant, but may serve as
an effective immunostimulant as well, thus enhacing specific
immunity vaccination offers. Further studies are still needed
to tap potential immunostimulatory effect of vitmin E in
conjunction with vaccination. This, if further explored, may
lead to development of a more improved vaccination
program.
Keywords: hemorrhagic septicemia, vaccine, vitamin E,
buffalo
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1995.
H-20
PATHOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF LUNG
LESIONS IN SLAUGHTERED CARABAOS*
L. D. T. Guzman, Student
A total of 500 carabaos were examined during slaughter for
lung lesions. Of these, three or 0.6% had pulmonary
nodules. Microscopic investigation of these nodules showed
that one is a neoplasm, the other a case of caseous
granuloma and the other, lymphoma. Granuloma was found
only in the diaphragmatic love while the other two were
found in all lobes. Multiple foci of greenish necrotic areas
were found in 247 or 49.4% of the lungs and showed
purulent lobular pneumonia on microscopic examination.
The probable etiology of these lesions was thought as an
atypical Mycobacterium species. Emphysematous lungs
were found in 329 cases with 291 or 58.2% localized, 38
or 7.6% diffused and 20 or 4% interstitial. The
diaphragmatic lobe is the most common lobe affected by
the localized type. Two lungs were found with single
abscess on the diaphragmatic lobe and this was usually
caused by pyogenic bacteria. Adhesion was also found
with 8 or 1.6% of the lungs with lobe to lobe adhesion and
42 or 8.4% with lobe to diaphragm adhesion. Congestion
with edema was found in 8 or 1.6% of all lungs examined.
Atelectatic areas were seen alternating with emphysematous
areas and some pneumonic areas. Hemorrhagic areas
were also seen with 0.2% ecchymotic and 55 or 11%
diffused. Diffused hemorrhages were more common in the
apical lobe. Based from the result of the present study, the
most common lung lesions encountered were emphysema
and accompanying atelectasis. The least were
absecesses. The specific causes of these lung lesions
could not be discerned since no attempt was done to
determine etiologic agents.
Keywords: lung lesions, pulmonary nodules, atelectasis,
emphysema, hemorrages, carabao

*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1979.
H-21
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HEMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS
OF XYLAZINE SEDATION IN CARABAOS (Bubalus
bubalis)*
E. S. Hain, Student
A study to determine the physiologic and hematologic effects
of xylazine sedation in 12 carabaos of both sexes aged 36
years was conducted. The physiologic responses of
animals given a 0.11 mg/kg dose of xylazine included
hypersalivation, vocalization, relaxation of the preputial
sheath, loss of reaction to painful stimulus and less struggle
to handling. The 0.11 mg/kg dose of xylazine caused a
decrease in pulse rate which was below the normal value
and a slight decrease in respiratory rate was observed at
a certain time. There was no effect on rectal temperature.
The hematologic effects of this dose were marked decrease
in PCV and total erythrocyte count (TEC). The total
leukocyte count (TLC) and differential leucocyte count
remained similar to those of the control group. Recovery
from sedation was observed at 30-45 minutes. Animals
began struggling again with the males struggling more
violently. The physiologic responses of animals given a
0.16 mg/kg dose of xylazine included those found in the
0.11 mg/kg dose as well as lacrimation and recumbency.
The 0.16 mg/kg dose of xylazine caused a marked
decrease in both pulse and respiratory rates. No effect on
rectal temperature was also observed. The hematologic
effects of this dose were a marked decrease in PCV.
There was no change in TEC and TLC. In the differential
leucocyte count, no changes were observed except a
decrease in eosinophils. Complete recovery from sedation
took 60-75 minutes. The animals regained an upright position
quietly and without struggling. The animals remained calm
even after 90 minutes. Taking into consideration all the
above observations, the dose of 0.11 mg/kg may be
recommended for procedures wherein the animal needs to
be standing and for other minor surgical procedures. For
procedure requiring recumbency, a dose of 0.16 mg/kg
may be recommended. When taking blood samples using
xylazine as the chemical restraint agent, the veterinarian
interpreting the hematological values should take into
consideration the effects of xylazine on the blood values.
Keywords: xylazine sedation, hematogical changes,
physiological effects, carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baòos, 1993.
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H-22
THE OCCURRENCE OF PREGNANCY AMONG
SLAUGHTERED CATTLE, CARABAOS, AND SWINE
IN SOME SLAUGHTERHOUSES IN BULACAN*
N. M. Inocencio, Student
The occurrence of pregnancy in slaughtered cattle, carabaos
and swine in some Bulacan slaughterhouses was
determined. The highest occurrence was observed in cattle,
at 30.09% (155 in 515), of which 77.42% were palpable
pregnancies. The occurrence in carabaos was 9.38% (47
in 501), 91.49% of which were palpable. The lowest
occurrence was observed in swine, at 0.05% (1 in 1,902).
The occurrence of pregnancy in cattle in this study was
higher than those previously reported for this species. In
carabaos, the occurrence rate obtained was very much
lower. In swine, the occurrence was negligible. The
recommendation of the previous workers that pregnancy
diagnosis of animals be undertaken prior to their sale or
slaughter is herein reiterated. Inspite of the earlier
observations of the high rate of occurrence of pregnancy in
slaughtered animals, the practice was not being abated.
The government, particularly the Bureau of Animal Industry,
together with local livestock organizations, should formulate
rules and regulations to prevent further economic losses
from the slaughter of pregnant animals.
Keywords: pregnant animals, slaughtered animals,
carabao, cattle, swine
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1981.
H-23
COMPARISON OF THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF
PHILMURRAH WATER BUFFALOES (Bubalus
bubalis) TO AN AQUEOUS AND OIL BASED FOOT-
AND-MOUTH DISEASE (SEROTYPE 0 1 , A 24 AND C 3 )
VACCINE*
F. M. Lacamento, Student
Commercial oil adjuvanted and aqueous Foot-and-Mouth
Disease (FMD strain O 1 Manisa, A 24 Cruziero, and C 3
Hongkong) vaccines were compared for effectiveness
and safety on Philmurrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). The
oil adjuvanted vaccine was able to stimulate higher antibody
titers of protective levels after the initial vaccination with a
mean of 5.5159 as well as 60, 90, 120 days after with a
logarithmic mean of 6.3201, 6.1659, and 5.7412
respectively. The aqueous vaccine, on the other hand,
only elicited protective antibody titer after the booster
137

vaccination given at Day 28. Antibody titer for all types,
however, were below the protective levels having a
logarithmic mean for all types of 1.9617, 4.2938, 3.1099,
3.2295, 1.5907 at Day 21, 60, 90, 120, and 150
respectively. Statistical analysis indicates a significant
difference between the oil and aqueous vaccines. Swellings
at the site of inoculation were observed for both types of
vaccine however, the swelling subsided after a week of
observation.
Keywords: FMD vaccine, oil-adjuvanted, aqueous, water
buffalo
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1999.
H-24
SKIN LESIONS OF PHILIPPINE CARABAOS*
E. A. Macarandang, Student
Various skin lesions were observed in 250 carabaos at
slaughter. Representative samples of skin lesions in 49
animals were grouped as follows: 1) transverse cracks
and crevices with moth-eaten appearance of the hoof
attributable to Booponus intonsus; 2) tumor-like masses
with slight inflammatory changes on microscopic
examination; 3) hyperkeratinized, depigmented, hairless
areas with acute and chronic inflammatory lesions; 4)
areas of encrustations with folliculitis and parasitism, and
5) hemorrhagic nodules which on histological examination
revealed nematodes and microfilariae.
Keywords: skin lesions, inflammation, tumor, carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1971.
H-25
SEROLOGICAL SURVEY OF BRUCELLOSIS IN
CATTLE AND CARABAO SLAUGHTERED AT A
BACOLOD ABATTOIR USING ROSE BENGAL
AGGLUTINATION TEST *
N. M. Malvas, Student
A serological survey of 110 cattle and 167 carabao
slaughtered in a Bacolod City abattoir in October 1989,
indicated that 2.7% of the cattle population tested had
evidence of brucella infection. The presence of even a
small number of positive reactors in the cattle population
was significant because it was indicative of possible
Brucella abortus infection in the herd of origin. There was
no positive reactor in the carabao serum samples tested.
138
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
Since RBAT was less sensitive in testing buffalo serum,
an assay of higher sensitivity should be utilized. With the
initial finding of positive reactor, in cattle slaughtered in the
Bacolod abattoir, a more exhaustive investigation in the
area of possible reactors is imperative.
Keywords: brucellosis, Rose Bengal agglutination test,
cattle, carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1990.
H-26
A STUDY ON THE OCCURRENCE OF
TUBERCULOSIS AMONG DAIRY BUFFALOES IN
STA.MARIA BULACAN AND CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY USING OLD TUBERCULIN AND
KAOLIN AGGLUTINATION TEST*
B. P. Mateo, Student
A study on the occurrence of tuberculosis among dairy
buffaloes of Sta. Maria, Bulacan and Central Luzon State
University using old tuberculin (OT) and Kaolin Agglutination
(KA) test is herein presented. A total of one hundred buffaloes
were tested. Fourteen animals were diagnosed as
tuberculous and six animals were suspected of the disease.
Kaolin agglutination test shows a good correlation with the
results of tuberculin testing. All positive tuberculin reactors
showed marked increase in serum titer collected two weeks
after tuberculin testing. It may be used in conjunction with
tuberculin testing to improve the accuracy of testing in an
eradication program of tuberculosis.
Keywords: tuberculosis, old tuberculin test, kaolin
agglutination test, dairy buffalo
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1978.
H-27
ISOLATION AND SEROTYPING OF Pasteurella
multocida IN CATTLE (Bos indicus) AND CARABAO
(Bubalus bubalis)*
A. S. Ng, Student
A total of 220 samples collected from cattle and carabao
using different methods of isolation yielded Pasteurella
multocida isolates. These were NS 1 serotype as type B,
PBS 11 as type B, and pBS 17 as type D. Hemagglutination,
indirect hemagglutination, agar gel diffusion, and Acriflavin
tests were used in the identification of capsule serotype.
Pasteurella multocida organism can be isolated from the

upper respiratory tract of normal cattle. They were present
in the lower respiratory tract when the animal succumbed
to a more chronic infection. Lung sampling and nasal swabs
were good methods for isolating the organism from the
animals. The present study showed a carrier rate of 1.36%
in the normal cattle observed, which lower than previously
reported (3.5%) in cattle.
Keywords: Pasteurella multocida, carabao, carrier rate,
cattle, respiratory infection
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1988.
H-28
PREVALENCE SURVEY OF TUBERCULOSIS IN
CARABAOS (Bubalus bubalis) IN FOUR
MUNICIPALITIES OF CAMARINES SUR BY
INTRADERMAL TEST WITH HUMAN PURIFIED
PROTEIN DERIVATIVE*
R. M. Olaso, Student
A study of the prevalence of tuberculosis in native carabaos
(Bubalus bubalis) by intradermal test with human purified
protein derivative (PPD) was conducted. A total of 248
carabaos in the four municipalities of Camarines Sur were
tested using human PPD by intradermal test. This figure
comprises about 4.8% of the total Carabao population in the
said municipalities. The result of the survey yielded negative
results, despite the high incidence of human tuberculosis in
the said area. Likewise, the Stormont tests were negative.
The findings in the survey, therefore, did not seem to support
the hypothesis of transmission of human tuberculosis to
Carabao. As shown in this survey, a zero prevalence of
tuberculosis in carabaos was found using PPD of human
origin. Tuberculosis in carabao was very rare, probably
because the animal is resistant to infection with
mycobacterium tuberculosis as claimed by some workers.
Keywords: tuberculosis, intradermal test, carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1982
H-29
FIELD TRIAL OF Pasteurella multocida TYPE B
VACCINE IN PURE AND GRADED PHILIPPINE
CARABAOS*
C. M. Quebec Jr., Student
Crude capsular antigen (CCA) of Pasteurella multocida
type B vaccines was tested in 30 carabaos in Casuntingan
HEALTH
and Causwagan, Macarthur, Leyte, and the antibody titer
was monitored using IHA test. No significant differences
were observed between the immune response of carabaos
in Casuntingan and of those in Causwagan, and also
between IM or SC route of vaccine administration. The
vaccine therefore, can be administered either
subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Mouse protection test
of immune serum from vaccinated carabaos conferred
87% survival in the experimental group challenged with
100LD 50 whereas the control groups had 100% mortality.
The present study showed that CCA vaccine of P. multocida
was able to elicit protective antibodies up to 210 days post
vaccination therefore the vaccine has a very good potential
to offer protection in carabaos against hemorrhagic
septicemia.
Keywords: Pasteurella multocida, vaccine, capsular
antigen, hemorrhagic septicemia, carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1990.
H-30
COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF TOBACCO (Nicotiana
tobaccum), MAKABUHAY (Tinosphora rumphi),
TUBLI (Derris philippinensis) AND NEEM
(Azadirachta indica) AGAINST CARABAO LOUSE
(Haematopinus tuberculatus)*
A. P. Robles, Student
The efficacy of tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum), tubli (Derris
philippinensis), makabuhay (Tinosphora rumphi) and neem
(Azadirachta indica) in oil-immersion and mixture in distilled
water at 10%, 20% and 40% concentrations were
evaluated for effectiveness against carabao louse
(Haematopinus tuberculatus) in vitro. Four hundred five
(405) mature H. tuberculatus were used in the study. In
vitro experimentation showed that mixtures in oil emulsion
had a percentage mortality of 90 or better. Mixtures in
distilled water showed that only tobacco obtained a percent
mortality greater than 80 in all concentrations. Tubli was
most effective at 40% concentration with mean percent
mortality of 24 after 5 hours of exposure. Neem and
makabuhay were least effective with mean percentage
mortality of less than 10 in all concentrations. Positive
control using pure mineral oil obtained a percentage mortality
of 86 while positive control using distilled water showed no
effect. Further test in vivo showed that the lowest
concentration in both preparations which yielded a percent
mortality of 80 or better after 5 hours of exposure in vitro
was used in in vivo. Thirty-two (32) infested carabaos from
the Philippine Carabao Center (PCC), UPLB were used.
139

All animals are apparently healthy except for their lice
infestations. Their previous management practice was
maintained. The percentage reduction was monitored using
the 10-minute count before and after treatment every week
for three (3) consecutive weeks. In vivo experimentation
showed that the tobacco pour on method using oil emulsion
was more effective than the spray method although, both
methods are similar (p>0.05). Percentage reduction
decreased after first week of treatments with an increasing
trend after three (3) weeks post treatment (in vivo). Tobacco
and makabuhay in oil-emulsion were most effective in with
a percentage reduction of 45.91 and 79.67 respectively.
Neem and tubli in vivo oil-emulsion showed a negative
percentage reduction after three (3) weeks post-treatment.
Tobacco mixture in distilled water using the spray method
obtained a percentage reduction of 15.83 after three (3)
weeks post-treatment. Results show that tobacco,
makabuhay, neem and tubli are potential source of
ectoparasiticide against Carabao louse. Like all chemically
based medicines, herbal plants should also undergo a
battery of experimental procedures to determine their total
pharmacological profile. The plant’s many uses still remain
to be explored.
Keywords: lice infection, tobacco, derris, herbal medicine,
carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1998.
H-31
HISTOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF THE INTERNAL
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF SLAUGHTERED
PHILIPPINE CARA-COW (Bubalus bubalis)*
D. T. Rodulfo, Student
Fourteen pathological cases of the internal reproductive
organs of slaughtered Philippine cara-cows (Bubalus
bubalis) were studied histologically. No literatures on
histopathological disorders of the internal reproductive
organs of cara-cows were yet available so that similar
histopathological cases occurring in the bovine species as
found by veterinary pathologists were used as bases for
comparison. Normal slides of the different organs were
used as basis for determining cellular changes as references
in veterinary histology. Of the pathological disorders studied,
follicular cysts is the most common as surveyed followed
by the paraovarian cyst, cervicitis, hydrosalphinx, cystic
glandular hyperplasia cystic corpora lutea, hypoplasia and
adhesions. The least common disorders were mucometra,
tumor, cervical cyst, pyometra and ovarian hematoma.
No correlation between these histopathological disorders
140
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
and that of infertility was done since no breeding history
could be obtained. It is presumed in this study however
that the animals used in this study had been slaughtered on
account of their unproductiveness. Nevertheless, it was
found in this study and in previous studies that paraovarian
cyst did not affect the fertility of the animal and that cystic
corpora lutea are known to occur in normally fertile animals.
Others might have caused infertility while cervicitis, cystic
glandular hyperplasia, uterine tumors and generalized
adhesion might have caused infertility if such conditions
were extensive.
Keywords: reproductive disorders, infertility, histology,
caracow, carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1979
H-32
PATHOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION AND
BACTERIAL PROFILE OF THE LIVER AND
ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES OF SLAUGHTERED
PHILIPPINE CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis)*
M.C. N. Rundina, Student
This study was done to device a sequential way of
inspecting the liver of the Philippine carabao and to correlate
the gross lesions found in the organ and from its associated
structures with the histopathologic findings, as well as the
bacteria isolated. Cirrhosis was the predominant lesion
observed in the liver. Fibrous tags, red black mottling and
abscesses were also encountered. Corynebacterium sp.,
Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium
pseudotuberculosis, Rhodococcus equi, Psedomonas
aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella
haemolytica, Streptococcus sp., Actinomyces pyogenes,
Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella
ictaluri, Salmonella sp. and Citrobacter freundi were the
bacteria isolated from the liver. Bacteria isolated from the
hepatic lymph node included Corynebacterium sp.,
Staphylococcus aureus, Actinomyces pyogenes,
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Pasteurella
haemolytica, Rhodococcus equi, Psedomonas aeruginosa
and Enterobacter aerogenes. Corynebacterium sp.,
Escherichia coli, Rhodococcus equi, Salmonella sp and
Edwardsiella ictaluri were isolated from the bile. It is the
purpose of this study to device a sequential way of
examining the liver of the Philippine carabao so as not to
miss out any lesion. When conducting bacterial isolation
from the liver, particularly of liver fluke affected animals,
contamination of the organ with bacteria brought by the
migrating larvae should be always be considered. Further

studies are necessary to find possible correlation regarding
the liver pathology and its associated bacteria particularly
in the Philippine carabao. Fasciola sp. must always be
considered. More reliable information may be derived from
doing anaerobic culture of liver fluke affected livers if the
purpose of the study is to find a correlation between
fasciolosis and its associated bacteria.
Keywords: liver pathology, bacterial isolation, sequential
liver inspection, carabao
* Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1999.
H-33
A PRELIMINARY SEROLOGICAL SURVEY OF
LEPTOSPIRAL INCIDENCE IN PHILIPPINE
CARABAOS BY PLATE SCREEN AND RAPID PLATE
TEST*
D. O. Tumibay, Student
A serological test of Philippine carabaos for the presence of
antibodies against Leptospira pomona and L.
icterohemorrhagiae, was conducted. Only 4 out of 150
(2.66%) carabaos were positive in plate screen test, and
2 (1.33%) were positive in rapid plate test. The results,
although inconclusive, indicated the presence of
leptospirosis among Philippine carabaos.
Keywords: carabao, rapid plate test, leptospira antibodies,
leptospirosis
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1961.
H-34
CLINICO-PATHOLOGIC OBSERVATIONS IN A
CARACALF (Bubalus bubalis) INOCULATED WITH
B:2*
K. C. Villanueva, Student
One healthy male unvaccinated caracalf was
experimentally inoculated subcutaneously with 2-ml of 9.91
x 10 4 cfu of. Three phases of the septicemic disease were
observed. The increase in temperature (phase 1) occurred
at 4.4 h post-infection, respiratory distress (phase 2) also
at 4.5 h post-infection, and the recumbency or terminal
phase (phase 3) was manifested 8 h post-infection. The
duration of the clinical course was 15 h. At necropsy,
subserous petechial hemorrhages throughout the visceral
organs and presence of blood-tinged fluid were observed
in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Histopathology
HEALTH
showed vascular changes characterized by marked
hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhages, edema, and fibrin
formation. These were observed in the lungs, spleen, kidney,
heart, lymph nodes, intestine, tongue, and liver.
Keywords: caracalf, Pasteurella multocida B, inoculation
test, phases of infection, histopathology
*Undergraduate Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine
University of the Philippines Los Baòos, 2002.
H-35
PREVALENCE OF AGGLUTININS AGAINST
Pasteurella multocida IN CATTLE AND CARABAOS
IN SELECTED REGIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES*
Z. C. O. Zabala, Student
Three hundred nineteen Carabao serum samples and 312
cattle serum samples were collected from a number of
slaughterhouses and farms in the different regions in the
country. The sera were tested against different serotypes
of Pasteurella multocida by the rapid plate agglutination
test. The results showed the predominance of type A over
type B both for cattle and carabao. There was a prevalence
rate of 9.2% for serotype A agglutinins and 1.7% for
serotype B agglutinins. None of the serum samples tested
positively against serotypes D and E. Based on the limited
number of serum samples tested in this study, it appeared
that the predominant serotype of P. multocida to which
Philippine cattle and carabao are exposed to is type A.
However, the focus of the present vaccination against
pasteurellosis in our country is against type B only.
Therefore, there is a need to conduct more thorough
epidemiological studies to determine the real extent of P.
multocida type A infection in cattle and carabaos. Results
of such studies will help in formulating better control
measures against pasteurellosis. Perhaps, the inclusion of
serotype A is necessary in the present vaccine.
Keywords: Pasteurella multocida, serotypes,
pasteurelosis, agglutinin, cattle, carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, 1990
141

INDEX - ANATOMY
abattoir, 11
adrenal gland, 50
age determination, 10
age of puberty, 32
alveoli, 12
anatomico-histologic correlative study, 46
anatomico-pathological observations, 30
anatomy, 25, 26, 27
angio-architecture, 40
ante-natal development, 50apocrine glands, 7
carabao bull, 26
bile, 43
biometry, 15, 35, 37, 38
biometry of spermatozoa, 19
bronchiole, 12
bronchus, 20, 12
bubaline, 2
buccal glands, 27
buy back operation, 11
capsule, 12
carabulls, 32, 33
cattle, 11, 19, 22, 41
cecal mucosa, 12
clinico-pathological analysis, 48
comparative anatomy, 39
corneal innervation, 16
coronary vessels, 20
corpus luteum, 22
crossbred buffaloes, 9, 33
crossbred bulls, 27, 31
cystic duct, 43
cytoarchitectural pattern, 50
cytobiologic characterization, 46
digestive tract, 10, 35
electron microscopy, 12, 20, 21, 31, 32, 39
endocrine cells, 2, 5, 22, 26
endocrine pancreas, 4
epididymis, 14, 24
esophageal glands, 23
esophagus, 35, 47
external ear, 40
female reproductive organs, 43
follicular atresia, 33
follicular dynamics, 38
Food Terminal Inc., 11
gall bladder, 43
ganglion cells, 6
gastrointestinal tract, 5
gross anatomy, 13, 24, 27, 42
hair cuticles, 41
hair follicles, 7
hair medullary pattern, 13
hair, 11
heart, 47
hematological values, 17
142
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
hemolymph node, 46
histoanatomical study, 49
histochemical characteristics of ovaries, 34
histochemical study, 50
histochemical, 20, 28
histochemistry, 2, 23, 34, 35, 37, 42
histologic structures, 15
histological and immunological observations, 4
histological study, 50
histology, 3, 8, 11,20, 24, 28, 34, 35, 37, 38, 42
horn amputation, 16
immunocytochemical demonstration, 26
Immunocytochemistry, 4, 7, 22
immunohistochemistry, 2, 5
incidence of slaughtered pregnant ruminants, 11
intensive backyard management, 17
internal parathyroid, 34
interstitial cells, 15, 33
intrathoracic vessels, 40
islet of langerhans, 4
isthmus, 19
large intestine, 6, 10, 22
laryngeal skeleton, 39
lingual papillae, 1
lung, 12
luteal cells, 22
mandibular gland, 20
mature non-pregnant Philippine buffaloes, 43
measurement of the reproductive organs, 29
medullary patterns, 41
metacarpo-pharyngeal region, 45
metatarso-phalangeal region, 45
method of identification, 14, 41
microscopic anatomy/structure 1, 6, 14, 16, 28
mid-pregnancy, 48
morphological abnormalities, 9
morphological descriptions, 12
morphology of female reproductive organs, 36,
morphology, 51
muscular, 6
muzzle printing, 41
muzzle prints, 44
nasolabial glands, 28
neutrophils, 61
nerve blocking, 16
neuropeptide, 29
non-pregnant, 15, 34, 36
normal and atretic follicle, 16
ossa cordis, 8
ovarian follicular population, 39
ovary/ovarian structures, 16, 38, 49
pacreatic acinus, 21
palatine printing, 14
pancreas, 2, 4, 30
pancreatic islets, 3, 21
parotid gland, 20
penis, 49

permanent cheek teeth, 26
permanent incisors, 25
Philippine carabao at various ages, 39
Phil-Murrah crossbreed, 14, 17,20, 37, 37
Phil-Murrah F1 crossbreed, 34
pituitary gland (hypophysis cerebri), 2, 37
pituitary gland, 45, 46
placentome, 48
polypeptide-immunoreactive cells, 4
post-natal development, 32, 33
postnatal testes, 39
pregnant, 29
pre-pubertal, 40
prostate glands, 6
reticular groove, 18
scanning electron microscopy, 10, 18, 19, 35, 41
sebaceous glands, 7
seminal vesicle, 6
seminiferous tubules, 33
serosal, 6
sertoli cells, 31
sex difference, 50
sexual behavior, 9
skin thickness, 7, 10
skull, 18
small intestinal epithelium, 28
small intestine, 10, 26
sperm production, 31
sperm quality, 9
spermatogenesis, 32
spermatogenic cells, 31, 32, 39
spleen, 11, 46
stellate ganglion, 29
sublingual gland, 20
submucosal and adventitial layer, 6
superficial anatomy, 26
surface morphology, 19
swamp buffalo ovaries, 33
tail, 13
taste buds, 5
temporary cheek teeth, 26
temporary incisors, 25
testes, 14, 15, 24, 32, 33
thoracic limb, 36
thymus, 50
thyroid gland, 23
thyroid, 35
tongue, 5, 35
trachea, 27, 42
ultrastructural alterations, 31
ultrastructural cells, 12
ultrastructural characteristics, 15
ultrastructures, 31
uterus, 15, 49
vascular anatomy, 36
vascular supply, 49
weights/measurements of organs, 22, 47
INDEX
INDEX - PHYSIOLOGY
albumin-globulin ratio, 2
anestrus, 6
biluribun, 5, 14
biochemical integrity of semen, 10
biochemical methods, 1
blood chemical profile, 16
blood glucose, 14
blood indices, 16
blood, 4
body measurement, 10
body weight, 10
buffalo semen, 10
Bulgarian Murrah, 16
carotene, 1
cattle, 1, 13
cervical mucus penetration test, 10
clinical pathology, 13
conception rate, 6
crossbred buffalo, 4
crossbreeds, 16
dinoprost, 5
DNA viscosity test, 4
draftwork, 14
ECG patterns, 8
eosinophil, 14
erythrocyte morphology, 12
ESR, 4
estrus synchronization, 5
estrus-induction, 6
euthyroid, 11
frequency of parturition, 16
gestation, 16
Hb concentration, 2
hematocrit, 2
hemoglobin concentration, 2hemogram, 1, 16
hyperthyroid, 11
hypothyroid, 11
immunoglobulins, 4
inclusion bodies, 12
lactating, 16
leukocyte count, 4
leukogram, 11
mating period, 16
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, 2
meat, 1
midriff girth, 10
non-pregnant, 16
PCV, 4
Philippine-Murrah, 12
physical and chemical properties, 2
pregnant, 16
processing and storage of semen, 10
prostaglandin F2á, 5, 6
rumen juice, 13
sephadex filter test, 10
143

serum bilirubin, 4, 8
serum cholinesterase, 6
serum electrolytes, 15
serum protein, 2
serum thyroxine, 11
serum, 3
sex variation, 14
spectrophotometer, 13
synovial fluid, 3, 7, 11
tibiotarsal joint, 7,11
total serum protein, 13
urine, 2
van der Bergh test, 4, 8
work load, 1
INDEX - BREEDING AND
GENETICS
albumin and post-albumin polymorphism, 14
amylase and carbonic anhydrase genotypes, 18
animal genetic resource, 3
animals breeding strategies, 5
artificial insemination (AI), 6
asynchrony, 16
backyard and ranch-type production, 20
Best Linear Unbiased Prediction mixed models, 4
blood proteins, 15
blood transferrin types, 17
body weight and age, 2, 21
body weight and measurements, 22, 23
buffalo croscbreds, 14
Bulgarian Murrah, 7
carabao breeding program, 19
carabeef, 17
carcass weight, 21
carcass, 1, 13
cattle and carabao breeding programs, 6
cattle, 4, 5, 10, 11
chromosomal analysis, 12
correlations between body weights, 8
crossbreeds, 7, 10, 17, 19
cytology of water buffalo, 23
dehydrogenase enzymes, 15
dendogram, 15
development of Philippine carabao, 12
DNA markers, 20
economic traits, 7
economic value, 1, 11
esterase and alkaline phosphatase, 18
estimated breeding values (EBVs), 7, 8
F1 crosses with Murrah buffalo, 20, 23
farm animals, 3, 10
frequency distribution, 17
genetic and economic impacts, 6
genetic distance, 15
genetic evaluation, 22
144
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
genetic improvement program, 3
genetic trends of bodyweight, 7
goat, 4, 10
growth pattern, 21, 22
growth performance, 19, 20
heart girth, 21
heterosis, 10, 23
hydrid water buffalo, 23
Indian Murrah, 7
indigenous animals genetic resources, 12
institutional herds, 20
karyotype, 7, 9, 14
karyotypic characteristics, 7, 9
least-square analysis, 10
live weight, 21
meiosis, 16
morphometric characteristics, 15
Murrah buffalo, 14
muscle fiber, 17
national recording system, 4
native carabao, 20
Nili-Ravi, Thai swamp buffalo, 23
oocyte, 16
Philippine carabao scientific name, 11
pig, 10
polymorphisms, 18
RAPD assay, 20
relative economic value, 10
river type buffalo, 23
scrotal circumference, 2
seminal vesicle measurement, 2
sensory characteristics, 17
small-scale carabeef production, 19
starch gel electrophoresis, 14, 18
swamp type water buffalo, 23
syngamy, 16
tamaraw, 15
testicular measurement, 2
themeda grassland, 21
ultrasonic scanning, 13
yearling carabaos, 21, 22
INDEX - REPRODUCTION
abattoir, 11, 22
anestrus, 4
artificial insemination, 6, 17, 30, 34
bioassay technique, 45
blastocyst formation, 23
blastocysts, 33
blood gonadotropin activity, 45
blood plasma progesterone, 4
body score, 30
body weights, 20
bubaline follicular oocytes, 26
buffalo spermatozoa, 15
buffalo/bovine calf serum, 12

uy back operation, 11
calving interval, 38
calving rate, 30
calving, 16
carabao cows, 3, 45
carabao estrus phenomena, 24
carabao heifers, 4
carabao serum, 1
caracow, 2, 14, 42
caraheifers, 2, 42, 44
cattle,11, 34
chick embryo amniotic cavity, 25
cleavage rate, 26
cleaved embryos, 23
clitoral stimulation, 2
cloning and sexing of embryos, 34
co-culture system, 23
conception rate, 3, 14, 17, 18, 21
confinement, 16
cooling facilities, 44
corpus luteum function, 1
corpus luteum, 22
cow, 12
crossbred bulls, 21
crossbred carabao, 11, 20
crossbreeding, 17, 37
cryopreservation, 29, 33
cumulus cell monolayer, 26
cumulus-oocytes complexes, 12
cyclic buffaloes, 43
cyclic caracows, 1, 6
cyclic water buffaloes, 10, 43
cycling carabao heifers, 45
cysteamine, 23
dimethylsulfoxide, 33
duration of estrus, 44
dynamics, 11
embryo movement, 14
embryo transfer, 28, 43
embryo, 8, 9, 12, 25, 41
estrous cycle, 44, 45
estrus cycle length, 44
estrus detection, 2
estrus induction and synchronization, 14
estrus ovulation, 44, 45
estrus signs, 30
estrus synchronization, 1,2,3,17,18,20,21,30, 45, 46
estrus, 4, 15, 42
ethylene glycol, 33
factors affecting conception rate, 28
farmers’ perception of occurrence of estrus, 40
fertilization, 25
fiberscope, 40
follicle stimulating hormone, 43
follicular development, 42
follicular dynamics, 7, 40
follicular oocytes, 23
INDEX
Food Terminal Inc., 22
freezing methods, 15
germinal vesicle stage, 29
gestation period, 38, 39, 44
glutathione, 23, 24
glycerol, 33
GnRH administration, 1
GnRH, 6
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone, 3
Gonadotropins, 25
histopathological disorders, 34
hypodermic needle acupuncture, 32
immature oocytes, 9
immature swamp buffalo oocytes, 4
in vitro culture, 24, 26, 27,
in vitro fertilization, 4,7, 13, 26
in vitro maturation, 7, 8, 13, 26, 21, 42, 43, 45
in vitro progression, 9
involution, 39
incidence of slaughtered pregnant ruminants, 11
infertility problems, 5
internal reproductive organs, 5, 34
IVM, 4
lactating carabaos, 22, 36
Lucban, Quezon, 22
luteinizing hormone, 26
maturation media, 4
maturation, 25
milk progesterone, 34, 35, 36
morphological assessment, 33
MPN, 23
mSOF, 12
multiple ovulation and embryo transfer, 14
non- pregnant, 34
non-surgical embryo collection, 31
non-surgical embryo recovery, 29
nuclear maturation, 4
occurrence of estrus, 6
oocytes, 7, 8, 9,13, 24, 27, 29, 33
os uteri, 2
ovarian follicles, 7
ovarian response, 10
ovarian structures, 40ovarian transport, 25
ovulation response, 2
ovulation time, 44
ovulation, 6, 42, 46
parturition, 39
pathological disorders, 5
pFSH, 14, 43
PGF2 alpha treatment, 70
PGF2 alpha, 2, 6, 42, 43
Philippine carabao as recipients, 68
Philippine carabao cows, 5
Philippine carabao, 3, 21, 56, 57, 58, 59, 72
Philippine caracows, 11, 66
Philippine water buffalo, 65
Phil-murrah crossbred, 19
145

plasma and milk progesterone, 36
plasma minerals, 22
plasma progesterone, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 36, 39 63,
PMSG, 14porcine follicle stimulating hormone, 43
porcine pregnant mare serum gonadotropin, 43post
freezing sperm revivability, 15
post partum ovarian activity, 39
postpartum anestrus water buffaloes, 32
postpartum changes, 11
postpartum heat, 22
post-partum ovarian activity, 35, 38, 39
post-partum, 63
predetermined AI, 18
pregnancy diagnosis, 34, 36
pregnancy rate, 2, 20
pregnancy, 12, 39, 41progesterone, 4, 22progesterone
concentration, 37
progesterone releasing intra-vaginal device, 10, 21
prostaglandin F2 alpha, 10, 14, 45, 46
puberty, 19, 37
radioimmunoassay, 34, 36
ranch, 16
range condition, 15
rectal palpation accuracy, 22
reproductive abnormalities, 22
reproductive activity, 63
reproductive and nutritional status, 19
reproductive disorders, 19, 20
reproductive performance, 19, 30, 31
reproductive status, 18
revivability of spermatozoa, 25
river buffaloes, 29, 31
semen characteristics, 21
semen quality, 42
service period, 35, 38
services per conception, 35
smallholder farmer, 19
superovulation, 31, 43
superovulatory response, 7, 40, 43
swine, 34
synchronizing agent, 3
TCM-199, 12
testicular alterations, 21
uterine and cervical involution, 38
vitrification, 9, 33
waves per cycle, 40
INDEX - DRAFT POWER
adult male Philippine swamp buffalo, 5
behavioral responses, 8
Cambodian buffaloes, 6
cattle, 9
coefficient of heat tolerance, 5
comparative training, 1
crossbred buffalo, 4
crossbred carabaos, 5, 6
146
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
distress symptoms, 5
draft animal power, 2
draft carabaos, 4
draft power performance, 8
draft preference, 7
draftability, 3
draught performance, 9
dynamometer, 2
eosinophil count, 5
feeding systems, 4
field capacity, 8
hematologic parameters, 2
hematological changes, 3
increasing pulling load, 2
leukocyte value, 3
Murrah-Cambodian crossbreed, 8
Murrah-crossbred, 7
Philippine carabao description, 9
Phil-Murrah crossbreed, 8
Phil-murrah, 1
physiological and biochemical changes, 8
physiological responses, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9
PRT responses, 4
swamp buffalo, 2
tethering, 4
training practices, 4
wallowing, 5
water buffalo, 9
work bulls, 8
work capacity of carabao, 9
work performance, 6
work persistency, 1, 4
INDEX - FEEDING AND
NUTRITION
abrupt change in ration, 55
age and sex, 30
alibangbang leaves, 33
anabiong soilage, 9
animal husbandry, 56
animal physiology, 56
backyard production, 38
bacterial counts, 51
banana and crop residues, 53
beef, 8
blood urea nitrogen, 34
carabao feed intake, 10, 16
carabao grazing behavior, 1, 3, 20
carabao heifers, 18
carabao production, 7, 31
carabao raising management practices, 24
carabeef, 8
caracows, 47
caraheifers grazing, 31
caraheifers performance, 32

caraheifers, 2, 27, 45
carcass quality, 7, 8
cattle, 5, 7
cattle, carabao rumen contents, 4
cattle/carabao ciliates, 54, 55
cattle/carabao feeding, 11, 43, 53
characteristic features, 57
chemical composition, 23, 40
cholesterol level, 30
chopped, 16
chromic oxide chromogen ratio, 46
chromic oxide, 3, 27
chromic oxide-acid insoluble ash method, 47
chromic oxide-fecal ratio, 2
chromic oxide-lignin ratio, 45
concentrate digestibility, 14
concentrate supplementation, 15, 16, 18, 26, 38
concentrate, 32
confinement, 12, 14, 17
corn stover-molasses silage, 11, 13, 14, 18, 48
corn-urea supplementation, 24
cutting regimes, 55
dairy cattle & carabao, 21
damage palay, 36
diagestion & nitrogen balances, 10
diethylstilbestrol implantation, 41
digestibility, 2, 9, 23, 26, 27, 39, 41, 48
draft power, 22, 26
dressing percentage, 48
dry season, 3, 27, 30, 31, 34
energy & protein requirement, 18
enriched rice straw silage, 10
feed supplementation, 39
feed value, 10, 13, 32, 45, 55
feeding management systems, 38
feeding performance, 11, 26
feedlot fattening, 6, 48
folder crops, 43
fresh ipil-ipil leaves, 44
grazing growth performance, 12, 26
grazing system/behavior, 7, 39
grazing trials, 19
grazing, 15, 35, 36, 37, 52
growing carabaos, 3
growth pattern, 53
growth performance, 21, 34, 35, 36, 38, 48
herbage productivity & quality, 31
herbage speices, 30
high moisture & low moisture corn, 6, 41
Holstein cattle, 6, 39
hormone treatment, 8
in vitro evaluation, 18
in vivo and in vitro digestion, 50
inorganic phosphorus, 30
ipil-ipil forage/pastures, 31, 32, 54
long soaked rice straw, 16
low & high moisture corn, 8
INDEX
maintenance requirements, 14
management practices, 57
mature carabaos, 14
metabolism products, 4
microbial counts in rumen, 29
milk performance, 44
mineral block, 34
napier grass, 4, 6, 18, 23, 45
native stylo mixed pasture, 52
nitrogen balance/fraction, retention, 5, 9, 23, 28
non-conventional feedstuffs, 42
nutrient composition, 33
nutritive value, 5, 25, 43, 53
okra fruit, 33
opaque-2 corn stover molasses silage, 11
Panicum maximum, 5, 25
para grass, 18
phosphate application, 52
phsyiological responses, 21
physical characteristics, 24
protein and energy, 14
quality silage, 18
reproductive performance, 21, 24
rice bran, 22, 36
rice straw intake, 17, 34, 39, 40
rice straw-based ration, 50, 51
rice straw-molasses silage, 6, 13, 40
rumen ingesta, 51
rumen liquor, 6, 28
ruminants, 9, 42
rumination behavior, 37
serum calcium, 30
sheep, 13
slaughtered carabaos, 28, 29
soaked rice straw, 48
stocking rate, 30
sugarcane tops/varieties, 54, 55
tethering carabaos, 15, 17, 26
themeda pasture, 1,2,3,19,20,27,31,32,34,39, 47
training practices, 26
UMMB, 3, 32, 36
urea-molasses-mineral block, 12, 34, 35
urea-treated hay, 3, 26, 38
Visayan region, 57
Visayas, Philippines, 56
voluntary intake, 2, 3, 27, 45, 46, 47
wet season, 1, 32, 35
yearling carabaos, 12, 19, 30, 37, 53
yield, 23
INDEX - HEALTH
agglutination test, 4agglutinin, 19
antibodies, 2, 7
aqueous, 14
atelectasis, 12
azaperone, 1
147

acterial isolation, 5, 9, 10, 18
Brucella abortus, 4
Brucella, 2, 7
brucellosis, 4, 14
buffalo-cows infertility, 5
butyrophenones, 1
capsular antigen, 16
captan, 6
carabao centers, 2
caracalf, 19
caracow, 8, 17
cardiac abnormalities, 6
carrier rate, 16
cattle, 4, 10, 13, 14
CCA vaccine, 10
chlorperidol, 1
dairy buffalo, 15
dermatophyte, 6
derris, 17
dysrhythmia, 7
E. epoli, 6
electrocardiogram, 7
ELISA, 11
emphysema, 12
epidural analgesia, 8
fecal samples, 1
FMD vaccine, 14
foreign bodies, 3
gross lesions, 6
heart block, 7
hematological changes, 12
hemorrhages, 12
hemorrhagic septicemia, 5,10,11, 16
herbal medicine, 17
histology, 17
histopathology, 20
infertility, 5, 17
inflammation, 14
inoculation test, 19
intradermal test, 15
kaolin agglutination test, 15
leptospira antibodies, 19
leptospira, 2
leptospirosis, 2, 19
lice infection, 17
liver pathology, 18
local anesthesia, 8
lung lesions, 12
lymph nodes, 9
microscopic agglutination test, 2
microscopic tube agglutination, 7
oil-adjuvanted, 14
old tuberculin test, 15
paralumbar nerve block, 8
Pasteurella haemolytica, 2
Pasteurella multocida B, 16, 19
Pasteurella multocida, 5, 16, 17, 19
148
ABSTRACT OF RESEARCHES ON
THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO
pasteurelosis, 19
phases of infection, 19
physiological effects, 12
PMPT, 11pregnant animals, 13
pulmonary lesions,10
pulmonary nodules, 12
rapid plate agglutination, 2, 3
rapid plate test, 19
reproductive disorders, 17
respiratory infection, 16
ringworm, 6
Rose Bengal agglutination test, 14
salmonella, 1
sedation, 1
sequential liver inspection, 18
serotypes, 2
serum, 7
skin lesions, 14
slaughtered animals, 13
stomach (rumen), 2
swine, 13
tobacco, 17
tonsils, 9
tranquilizers, 1
tuberculosis, 15, 16
tumor, 14
uterine infections, 5
vaccine, 5, 11, 16
vagina, 5
vitamin E, 11
xylazine sedation, 12
xylocaine, 8