Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific period Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Pick, socket fragment Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1967 Pick, socket fragment Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1967 Pick, socket fragment Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1967 Pick, socket fragment Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1967 Pick, socket fragment Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1967 Pick, socket fragment Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1967 Pick, socket fragment Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1967 Pick, socket fragment Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1967 Pick, socket fragment Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1967 Pick, socket fragment Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1967 Pick, socket fragment Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1967 Pick, socket fragment Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1967 Pick, socket fragment Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1967 Pick, socket fragment Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1967 Pick, socket fragment Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1967 Pick, socket fragment Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1967 Tang of implement Roughly 1200 BC Utilitarian Shipwreck 13.5 cm broken tip = 3.25 cm Bass 1967, 112-114 Tang of implement Roughly 1200 BC Utilitarian Shipwreck 5.3 cm 2 cm Bass 1967, 112-114 Tang of implement Roughly 1200 BC Utilitarian Shipwreck 3.7 cm 1.8 cm Bass 1967, 112-114 Tang of implement Roughly 1200 BC Utilitarian Shipwreck 3.6 cm Bass 1967, 112-114 Tang of implement Roughly 1200 BC Utilitarian Shipwreck 7.1 cm 1.9 cm Bass 1967, 112-114 Pruning hook Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural Shipwreck 14.8 cm Bass 1967, 95 Pruning hook Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural Shipwreck 11.5 cm socket diam =2.2 Bass 1967, 95 Pruning hook casting Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural or Metallurgical?Shipwreck Bass 1967 Punch or bit holder Roughly 1200 BC Small crafts or metallurgicalShipwreck 5 cm diameter = 1.2 cm Bass 1967 Razor or axe, single/flat Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry or Utilitarian Shipwreck 8.4 cm 4.6 cm Bass 1967, 103-104, figure 114 and 115 Shovel Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural Shipwreck 18.5 cm socket diam. = 6.3 cm Bass 1967 Sickle or razor Roughly 1200 BC Agricultural Shipwreck 9.55 cm tip = 3 cm Bass 1967, 95... Socketed chisel Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 4.5 cm 1 cm Bass 1967, 100, figure 112 Spatula; crucible scraper? Roughly 1200 BC Utilitarian or metallurgical?Shipwreck 7.4 cm 1 cm Bass 1967, 105 Swage block Uluburun - LBA Roughly 1200 BC Metallurgical Shipwreck 10 cm 3.8 cm Bass 1967, 102 Adze, necked, single 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 20.5 cm 6.3 cm Pulak 1988, 16 figure 12 Adze, necked, single 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 21.8 cm ce= 5.25 cm Yalcin et al. 2005, 631 entry 190 Adze, necked, single 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 23.3 cm ce= 5.45 cm Yalcin et al. 2005, 630 entry 189 Adze, trunnion/lugged 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 28.6 cm ce= 6.9 cm Yalcin et al. 2005, 631 entry 191 Awl 1320 BC Small crafts Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Axe, trunnion/lugged 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 19.5 cm 5.2 cm Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Axe, shaft hole 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 13 cm estimated ce = 4.45 INA Newsletter 18.4 Axe, trunnion/lugged 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 19.5 cm ce= 5.8 cm Yalcin et al. 2005, 630 entry 188 Chisel, broad 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck Pulak 1988, 17; Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999, Yalcin et al. 2005 Chisel, broad 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 20.1 cm 4.3 cm Pulak 1988, 17 figure 14 Chisel, broad 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 16.9 cm 3.6 cm Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Chisel, mortise 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 25.3 cm ce= 1.5 cm Yalcin et al. 2005, 631 entry 193 Chisel, mortise 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 20.5 cm 2.3 cm Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Chisel, mortise 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Chisel, circular shaft 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 20.4 cm ce= 2.4 cm Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Chisel 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 17.2 cm ce= 1.9 cm Yalcin et al. 2005, 631 entry 192 Chisel 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 17.7 cm ce= 1.8 cm Yalcin et al. 2005, 631 entry 195 SHIPWRECK TOOLS
Sites & Object types Specific period Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Chisel, cold 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 15.6 cm ce= 2.8 cm Yalcin et al. 2005, 631 entry 194 Chisel, cold 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 9.2 cm estimated ce = 1.7 Bass et al. 1989, 10 figure 18 Chisel, cold 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 11.2 cm 4.8 cm Pulak 1992, INA 19.4,pg 7, figure 5 Chisel bit 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 19.5 cm Pulak 1993, INA 20.4 pg 10 figure 12 Dagger or knife 1320 BC Utilitarian or weapon? Shipwreck 31 cm Pulak 1993, INA 20.4, pg 12 figure 14 Double axe 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 18.8 cm ce= 6.6 and 6.7 cm Yalcin et al. 2005, 630, 187 Double axe 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Drill 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 13 cm 1 cm Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Drill 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 14.9 cm estimated ce = 1.7 Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Harpoon 1320 BC Ritual or prestige item Shipwreck INA 24.3 pg 16; earlier INA publications; check out INA 1993 or 1994 Slender tool; unpubl. 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Slender tool; unpubl. 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Slender tool; unpubl. 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Slender tool; unpubl. 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Slender tool; unpubl. 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Slender tool; unpubl. 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Slender tool; unpubl. 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Slender tool; unpubl. 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Slender tool; unpubl. 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Slender tool; unpubl. 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Slender tool; unpubl. 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Slender tool; unpubl. 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Knife, single edged 1320 BC Utilitarian Shipwreck 22.9 cm 1.45 Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Knife, double edged 1320 BC Utilitarian Shipwreck INA Newsletter, vol. 17.4 Knife 1320 BC Utilitarian Shipwreck 25.2 cm middle = 1.3 cm Yalcin et al. 2005, 624 entry 175 Knife or dagger 1320 BC Utilitarian Shipwreck 32 cm Bass 1986 ,282-283, figure 17 Knife or dagger 1320 BC Utilitarian Shipwreck Bass 1986, AJA 90, pg 282 Knife or dagger 1320 BC Utilitarian Shipwreck 28.4 cm Pulak 1988, AJA, 23, figure 24 Plumb bob 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Razor 1320 BC Utilitarian Shipwreck Bass 1986, 293 ill. 33 Razor 1320 BC Utilitarian Shipwreck 19.6 cm ce= 2.55 cm Yalcin et al. 2005, 625 entry 176; Razor 1320 BC Utilitarian Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Saw 1320 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 48 cm INA Newsletter, vol. 18, no. 4 Sickle 1320 BC Agricultural Shipwreck 17.7 cm ce= 1.05 Yalcin et al. 2005, 632, 196 Sickle 1320 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Sickle 1320 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Sickle 1320 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Sickle 1320 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Sickle 1320 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Sickle 1320 BC Agricultural Shipwreck Bass 1986, Bass et al. 1989, Pulak 1988, Pulak 1998, Pulak 1999 Trident 1320 BC Ritual or prestige item Shipwreck Pulak 1993, INA 20.4 pg 11, figure 13 Hoe 1320 BC Agricultural Shipwreck 30.3 cm ce= 6.6 cm Yalcin et al. 2005, 630 entry 186 Tongs 1320 BC Metallurgical Shipwreck 52.3 cm ce= 1.1 cm Yalcin et al. 2005, 632 entry 197 SHIPWRECK TOOLS
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
Page 348 and 349:
The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391:
Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397:
Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 398 and 399:
Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409:
London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413:
Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423:
Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
Page 464 and 465:
Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
Page 466 and 467:
Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
Page 490 and 491:
F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532:
Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536:
Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538:
Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540:
Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
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Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
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Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566:
cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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