Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Plowshare 14th century Agricultural Settlement 22.7 Deshayes 1211; Schaeffer 1956, pg 259, figure 227 and 232, 1 and 3 Pruning knife Agricultural Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2865 Razor in form of sickle Utilitarian Settlement 10 3.6 Galliano and Calvet 2004, 228 entry 241 with photograph Razor, double edged Utilitarian Settlement 17.2 12.2 Galliano and Calvet 2004,, 228 entry 242 with photograph Shovel Agricultural Settlement 33.2 15 Galliano, G. and Y. Calvet 2004, 189 entry 176 with photograph Sickle 14th century BC Agricultural Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Sickle 14th century BC Agricultural Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Sickle 14th century BC Agricultural Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Sickle 14th century BC Agricultural Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Sickle Agricultural Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2766 Sickle 14th century BC Agricultural Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2767 Sickle 14th century BC Agricultural Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2753 Sickle 14th century BC Agricultural Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2754 Sickle 16th-13th century Agricultural Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2755 Sickle LBII, 1450-1365 Agricultural Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2756 Sickle 14th-12th century Agricultural Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2732 Sickle Agricultural Burial 18 2.7 Galliano and Calvet 2004, 46 entry 30 with photograph Socketed chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 21.6 2 Galliano and Calvet 2004, 237 entry 261 Spatula, furnace Metallurgical Settlement Catling 1964, under furnace spatulae Spatula Metallurgical? Settlement 22.5 ce = 6.13 Deshayes 2974 Double spatula w Bes fig 14th century Utilitarian Settlement? 10.4 2.2 Aruz, J., K. Benzel, and J. Evans, eds. 2008, 150 entry 90 with photograph Tongs Metallurgical Settlement Deshayes 3054; Catling 1964, 99 Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 15.5 cm ce = 4.7 Deshayes 1521, p. 187-8; Syria XIII (1932), p. 21, figure 14 Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Settlement 23.8 3.5 to 7 Chavane 1987, 358 figure 1 and 2; Yon et al 1983, figure 9b, p. 210 Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Settlement 18 5.5 Chavane 1987, 359 figure 3 and 4; Yon 1983, fig. 9, p. 210 Ax, shaft hole end of the 13th century Carpentry/masonry Settlement 16 6.5 Chavane 1987, 360 fig. 5 and 6; Yon, Caubet, Mallet 1982, 175 and fig. 8a Mold for tools LBA? Metallurgical Settlement Galliano and Calvet 2004, 193 entry 183 Mold for tools Tell el Ajjul - MBA LBA? Metallurgical Settlement Galliano and Calvet 2004, 193 entry 183 Ax, trunnion/lugged Tell Siyannou - MBA 1600 BC - MB - LB I Carpentry/masonry Burial Maxwell-Hyslop 1953, 82; Petrie III, pl. XXII, 93 Ax, shaft hole, crescent Carpentry/masonry or weapon? Settlement? 4.7 1.1 Galliano, G. and Y. Calvet 2004, 111 entry 84 with photograph SYRIA-PALESTINE 662
Sites & Object types Specific period Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Cape Gelidonya- LBA Adze, single/flat Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 7.2 cm 4 cm Bass 1967 figures 109 and 110 on pg 97 and 98 Adze, trunnion/lugged Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 17 cm 4.5 cm Bass 1967 figure 109 and 110 on pg 97-98 Adze, trunnion/lugged Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 15 cm 6.4 cm Bass 1967 figure 109 and 110 on pg 97-98 Adze frag, single/flat Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 5.35 cm break edge = 4 cm Bass 1967 Adze frag, single/flat Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 5.85 cm tip = 5.45 cm Bass 1967 Adze frag, single/flat Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 5.5 cm 5 cm Bass 1967, 97 Adze frag, single/flat Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 8.8 cm 5.9 cm Bass 1967, 97 Adze frag, single/flat Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 6.3 cm 3.6 cm Bass 1967, 97 Adze frag, single/flat Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 5.4 cm 4.8 cm Bass 1967, 97 Adze frag, single/flat Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 10.5 cm 4.5 cm Bass 1967, 97 Adze frag, single/flat Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 7.9 cm tip = 5 cm Bass 1967, 97 Adze frag, single/flat Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 3.2 cm 4.2 cm Bass 1967, 97 Adze frag, single/flat Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 5.6 cm 5.4 cm Bass 1967, 97 Adze frag, single/flat Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 4.7 cm 4.7 cm Bass 1967, 97 Adze frag, single/flat Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 7.4 cm tip = 5.25 cm Bass 1967, 97 Adze frag, single/flat Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 2.8 cm Bass 1967, 97 Adze frag, single/flat Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 4 cm 6.7 cm Bass 1967, 97 Awl, elongated Roughly 1200 BC Small crafts Shipwreck 12.55 cm Bass 1967, 100-101, figures 112 and 113 Awl Roughly 1200 BC Small crafts Shipwreck 3 cm diam = 0.4 x 0.4 cm Bass 1967, 100-101, figures 112 and 113 Awl Roughly 1200 BC Small crafts Shipwreck 6.5 cm diam = 1 cm Bass 1967, 100-101, figures 112 and 113 Awl or engraver Roughly 1200 BC Small crafts Shipwreck 5 cm socket = 0.95 cm Bass 1967, 100-101, figures 112 and 113 Awl or engraver Roughly 1200 BC Small crafts Shipwreck 5.3 cm tip = 0.3 cm Bass 1967, 100-101, figures 112 and 113 Awl or implement bit Roughly 1200 BC Small crafts Shipwreck 6.7 cm diam = 0.5 x 0.5 Bass 1967, 100-101, figures 112 and 113 Awl or nail Roughly 1200 BC Small crafts Shipwreck 4.3 cm Bass 1967, 100-101, figures 112 and 113 Awl or nail Roughly 1200 BC Small crafts Shipwreck 4.3 cm 0.6 cm Bass 1967, 100-101, figures 112 and 113 Awl or needle Roughly 1200 BC Small crafts Shipwreck 10.5 cm diam = 0.3 x 0.35 cm Bass 1967, 100-101, figures 112 and 113 Axe, single/flat Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 15 cm tip = 5.05 cm Bass 1967 figures 109 and 110 on pg 97 and 98 Axe, trunnion/lugged Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 18.1 cm tip = 4.65 cm Bass 1967, figure 109 and 110 on pg 97-98 Axe, trunnion/lugged Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 20.9 cm tip - 5.05 cm Bass 1967 figure 109 and 110 on pg 97-98 Axe-adze Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 10.8 cm Bass 1967, figures 109 and 110, pg 98-99 Axe-adze Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 16.5 cm? Bass 1967, figures 109 and 110, pg 98-99 Axe-adze Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 7.8 cm tip = 3.75 cm Bass 1967, figures 109 and 110, pg 98-99 Axe-adze or double axe Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 2.9 cm 4.8 cm Bass 1967, 99... Casting, unworked Roughly 1200 BC Metallurgical Shipwreck Bass 1967 Casting, unworked Roughly 1200 BC Metallurgical Shipwreck Bass 1967 Casting, unworked Roughly 1200 BC Metallurgical Shipwreck Bass 1967, 114 Casting or tripod leg Roughly 1200 BC Metallurgical Shipwreck 13.8 cm Bass 1967, 114 Casting of metal strip Roughly 1200 BC Metallurgical Shipwreck 28 cm greatest = 2.35 Bass 1967, 113 Chisel, cold Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 8.5 cm 2.4 cm Bass 1967, 99 figures 112 and 113 on page 100 and 101 Chisel Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 12.5 cm 1.5 cm Bass 1967, figures 112 and 113 on pg 100 and 101 Chisel, mortise Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 11.5 cm 1.2 Bass 1967, figures 112 and 113 on pg 100 and 101 Chisel Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 3.7 cm tip = 2.15 Bass 1967, figure 112 and 113 Chisel Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 1.8 cm 1.6 cm Bass 1967, 101 figure 113 Double axe Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 17.5 cm 6 Bass 1967, figure 107 and 108 on page 94 and 96 Double axe Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 11.5 cm 6 Bass 1967, figure 107 and 108 on page 94 and 96 Double axe Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck 10.5 cm 4.8 cm Bass 1967, figures 107 and 108 on page 94 and 96 Double axe Roughly 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Shipwreck Bass 1967 figures 107 and 108 on page 94 and 96 Hammer or anvil Roughly 1200 BC Metallurgical Shipwreck 8.4 cm 2.2 cm Bass 1967, 102... SHIPWRECK TOOLS
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
Page 338 and 339:
of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
Page 348 and 349:
The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
Page 384 and 385:
Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
Page 386 and 387:
BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
Page 388 and 389:
Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391:
Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
Page 392 and 393:
Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
Page 394 and 395:
des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397:
Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 398 and 399:
Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
Page 400 and 401:
Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
Page 402 and 403:
Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
Page 404 and 405:
Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
Page 406 and 407:
———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409:
London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
Page 410 and 411:
33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413:
Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423:
Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
Page 424 and 425:
Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
Page 428 and 429:
Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
Page 432 and 433:
Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Page 434 and 435:
Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
Page 436 and 437:
Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
Page 438 and 439:
Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
Page 440 and 441:
Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
Page 442 and 443:
Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
Page 448 and 449:
2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
Page 450 and 451:
General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
Page 458 and 459:
General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
Page 462 and 463:
Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
Page 464 and 465:
Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
Page 466 and 467:
Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
Page 470 and 471:
Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
Page 482 and 483:
Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
Page 486 and 487:
Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
Page 488 and 489:
G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
Page 490 and 491:
F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
Page 492 and 493:
F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
Page 494 and 495:
1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
Page 496 and 497:
Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
Page 498 and 499:
Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
Page 502 and 503:
Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
Page 509 and 510:
40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
Page 511 and 512:
Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
Page 517 and 518:
Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520:
Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526:
Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532:
Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534:
Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536:
Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538:
Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540:
Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542:
L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544:
Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552:
Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554:
15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566:
cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568:
Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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