Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Adze, shaft hole 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Adze, shaft hole 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 23 ce = 6.3 Deshayes 1893; Schaeffer 1956, p. 259, fig. 228, 229, 231, 233 Awl 16th-13th century BC Small crafts Settlement Deshayes 94; Syria, XVIII (1937), pl. XIX Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Ax, shaft hole 1450-1365 BC Carpentry/masonry or Ritual Settlement or prestige item 18.3 5.7 Deshayes 1820; Galliano and Calvet 2004, 195 entry 186 Ax, shaft hole 1450-1365 BC; LB II Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 19.5 cm ce = 5.7 Deshayes 1522, p. 187-8, pl. XXIV.6; Strat. Comp. figure 44.3 Ax, shaft hole 14th-13th century BC Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown about 14 cm ce = 3.9 Deshayes 1523; p. 188; Schaeffer 1956, p. 279, pl. X and figure 242 Ax, shaft hole 1450-1365 BC Ritual or prestige item or Cultic carpentry/masonry site or sanctuary 19.5 cm 8 Deshayes 1293, Galliano and Calvet 2004, 166 entry 150 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15.5 to 21 cm Deshayes 362; Schaeffer 1956, p. 261, figure 234.1 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 363, Schaeffer 1956, p. 261, figure 234.4 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 11 to 16.5 cm Deshayes 364; Schaeffer 1956, p. 261, figure 234.10 Ax, single/flat 15th-14th century Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 23 ce = 6.2 Deshayes 263; Ugaritica I, p. 112, pl. XXIII Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 19.5 cm Deshayes 264; Schaeffer 1956, p. 261, figure 234.6 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 265, p. 58; Ugaritica, III, p. 261, figure 234.14 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement about 20 cm Deshayes 266, pg. 58; Schaeffer 1956, p. 261, figure 234.5 Ras Shamra, Ugarit 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15.5 to 21 cm Deshayes 362; Schaeffer 1956, p. 261, figure 234.2 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15.5 to 21 cm Deshayes 362; Schaeffer 1956, p. 261, figure 234.3 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15.5 to 21 cm Deshayes 362; Schaeffer 1956, p. 261, figure 234.23 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15 to 21 cm Deshayes 363, Schaeffer 1956, p. 261, figure 234.17 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15 to 21 cm Deshayes 363, Schaeffer 1956, p. 261, figure 234.20 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15 to 21 cm Deshayes 363, Schaeffer 1956, p. 261, figure 235, bottom Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 11 to 16.5 cm Deshayes 364; Schaeffer 1956, p. 261, figure 234.11 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 11 to 16.5 cm Deshayes 364; Schaeffer 1956, p. 261, figure 234.27 SYRIA-PALESTINE 660
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 23 cm Deshayes 263, plate III.15; Ugaritica I, p. 278, pl. X and figure 240 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 17.5 cm Deshayes 264; Schaeffer 1956, p. 261, figure 234.21 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 265, p. 58; Ugaritica, III, p. 261, figure 234.18 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 265, p. 58; Ugaritica, III, p. 261, figure 234.22 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 265, p. 58; Ugaritica, III, p. 261, figure 234.25 Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Settlement 19 5.2 Galliano and Calvet 2004, 237 entry 262 Ax, trunnion/lugged LM II; 1450-1365 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 17.6 ce = 5.4 Deshayes 1078, plate XIII.5; Ugaritica, III, p. 261, fig. 234.19 Blade, flanged 1450-1365 BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 1054 Blade, flanged 1450-1365 BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes1077 Blade, flanged 1450-1365 BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes1078 Blade, flanged 1450-1365 BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 1079 Chisel 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Chisel 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Chisel 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Chisel, cold 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 11 cm Deshayes 999; p. 103; Schaeffer 1956, p. 261, figure 233.12 Chisel 14-13th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 955, p. 98, plate XI.12; Syria XVIII (1937), pl. XIX, right Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 14.1 cm Deshayes 862; Schaeffer 1956, p. 261, figure 233, 10 and figure 237, middle Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15.3 1.67 Deshayes 791; Ras Shamra 1934; RS 6309 Chisel 14th-13th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 792; Syria, XVIII (1937) pl. XIX center Chisel 14th-13th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 711, p. 87; Syria XVIII (1937), pl. XIX, 2nd from left Cutting or slashing tool Utilitarian Settlement 16.7 Deshayes 2966 Drill 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Drill 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Drill 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes190 Drill 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 21.8 ce = 1.7 Deshayes 191, plate II.21; Schaeffer 1956, p. 262, figure 233.13 Hoe 14th century BC Agricultural Hoard 23 6.7 Schaeffer 1956, 265 figure 230; Galliano and Calvet (2004) 190 entry 179 Hoe 14th century BC Agricultural Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Hoe 14th century BC Agricultural Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Hoe 14th century BC Agricultural Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Hoe 14th century BC Agricultural Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Hoe or spatula LBA Agricultural? Settlement 11 3.7 Galliano and Calvet 2004, 193, entry 184 with photograph Implement Small crafts Settlement 12.3 Deshayes 2927 Implement Small crafts Settlement 8.6 ce = 1.95 & 2 Deshayes 2952; Ras Shamra 1930; discovered on 19.01.1930 Implement Small crafts Settlement 9.3 ce = 1.8 and 2 Ras Shamra 1930; Deshayes 2953 Implement Small crafts Settlement 10.8 ce = 1.35 &1.4 Deshayes 2952 Implement Small crafts Settlement 8.6 ce = 2.05&2.15 Deshayes 2952; Fouilles 1930 Implement Small crafts Settlement 9.25 ce = 1.1 Deshayes 2952; Ras Shamra, Schaeffer-Cheuet 1930 Knife 14th-13th century BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2397 Mold for multiple tools LBA? Metallurgical Settlement 38 23 Galliano and Calvet 2004, 193, entry 183 Mold for jewelry LBA Metallurgical Settlement 9.3 8 Galliano and Calvet 2004,, 291, entry 182 with photograph Plowshare 14th century BC Agricultural Unstratified or unknown 17.5 Deshayes 1207, plate XVI.11; Schaeffer 1956, p. 259, figure 227 and 232.4 Plowshare Agricultural Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 1209 Plowshare 14th century BC Agricultural Unstratified or unknown 23.5 Deshayes 1210; Schaeffer 1956, p. 259, figure 230, on the left Plowshare 14th century BC Agricultural Unstratified or unknown 20 Deshayes 1211; Schaeffer 1956, pg 259, figure 227 and 232, 1 and 3 Plowshare Rougly 1300 BC (Catling) Agricultural Hoard Between 18 and 23 Schaeffer, Ugartica III, 263, figure 227; 267, figure 232:1-4 and 6 Plowshare Rougly 1300 BC (Catling) Agricultural Hoard Between 18 and 23 Schaeffer, Ugartica III, 263, figure 227; 267, figure 232:1-4 and 6 Plowshare Rougly 1300 BC (Catling) Agricultural Hoard Between 18 and 23 Schaeffer, Ugartica III, 263, figure 227; 267, figure 232:1-4 and 6 Plowshare Rougly 1300 BC (Catling) Agricultural Hoard Between 18 and 23 Schaeffer, Ugartica III, 263, figure 227; 267, figure 232:1-4 and 6 Plowshare Rougly 1300 BC (Catling) Agricultural Hoard Between 18 and 23 Schaeffer, Ugartica III, 263, figure 227; 267, figure 232:1-4 and 6; SYRIA-PALESTINE 661
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
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Other objects 1 bronze weight with
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Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
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Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
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Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
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(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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