Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Cutting or slashing tool 16th century BC Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2964 Knife 16th century BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2388 Spatula or scraper 18th-17th century BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2990 Megiddo - LBA Awl 1550-1479 BC Small crafts Settlement Deshayes 51 Awl 1479-1350 BC Small crafts Settlement Deshayes? ; level 8 Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10 ce =2.7 Deshayes 1822, figure XXIII.6; Tell el-Mutesellim I, pl. XXVII, D; II, p. 27 Ax, single/flat 11th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 655 Ax, single/flat 1550-1479 BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 588 Ax, single/flat 1350-1150 BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 589 Ax, single/flat 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 329 Ax, single/flat 1350-1150 BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 313 Ax, single/flat 1550-1479 Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 282 Ax-adze 12th century Carpentry/masonry Settlement 17.2 ce = 5.9 &4.8 Deshayes 2236; Loud 1948, plate 183.20 Ax-adze 1150-1100 BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 17 Deshayes 2236; Loud 1948, pl. 183.19 Ax-hammer Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 2110; plate XXXVI.13; Blade, flanged 1150-1100 BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 1062 Blade, flanged 1150-1100 BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 1063 Chisel 1479-1150 BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 12.3 ce = 1.5 Deshayes 684, plate IX.3; Loud 1948, pl. 184.13 Chisel 1479-1150 BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement between 6 and 12.3 Deshayes 684, plate IX.3; Loud 1948, pl. 184.16 Chisel 1479-1150 BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement between 6 and 12.3 Deshayes 684, plate IX.3; Loud 1948, pl. 184.18 Chisel LB II Carpentry/masonry Burial Catling 1964, 96; Guy 1938, pl. 127.7 Chisel 1350-1150 BC; level VIIB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10.6 ce = 1.4 Deshayes 942, plate XI.10; Loud 1948, pl. 184.15 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9.5 ce = 0.85 Deshayes 869, plate XI.7; Tell el-Mutesellim, I. pl. XVII, f; II, p. 16 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 870 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 7.8 ce = 0.8 Deshayes 811; tell el-Mutesellim, I, figure 53, II p. 23 Chisel 1650-1550 BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 783 Chisel 1550-1350 BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 755 Chisel 14th-13th century BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 710 Chisel 1479-1350 BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 705 Chisel 1350-1150 BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 696 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 697 Double ax 1150-1100 BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15.2 ce = 3.7 Deshayes 2059; Loud 1948, plate 183 15 Double ax 1150-1100 BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 16 ce = 5.5 Deshayes 2059; Loud 1948, plate 183 14; Branigan 1974, 165 entry 539 Cutting or slashing tool 1550-1479 BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2938 Knife LB II; 14th-13th century Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2628 Knife Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2602 Knife 14th-12th century BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2590 Knife 1350-1150 BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2578 Knife 1150-1100 BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2579 Knife 1150-1100 BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2580 Knife 12th century BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2559 Knife Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2476 Knife 1650-1550 BC, level X Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2375 Knife 1550-1479 BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2389 Knife 1479-1350 BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2398 Knife 14th-13th century BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2400 Knife 14th-13th century BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2401 Plowshare? Agricultural Unstratified or unknown 15 Deshayes 1220; Loud 1948, pl. 195, 1 and 2 SYRIA-PALESTINE 658
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Plowshare? 1479-1150 BC Agricultural Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 1190; Loud 1948, pl. 195, 1 and 2 Plowshare? level III Agricultural Unstratified or unknown 15 Deshayes 1191; Loud 1948, pl. 195, 1 and 2 Plowshare? Agricultural Unstratified or unknown 13 Deshayes 1220; Loud 1948, pl. 195, 1 and 2 Sickle Level IX; 1550-1479 BC Agricultural Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2838 Tongs 14th-13th century; LB II Metallurgical Burial 43.7 Deshayes 3055; Guy 1938, pl. 125:10; Catling 1964, 99 Tongs LBA II; 14th-13th century Metallurgical Burial 20 Deshayes 3056; Guy 1938, pl. 125:10; Catling 1964, 99 Megiddo - 2nd millennium Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2560 Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2396 Minet el Beida, Ugarit - LBA Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 16 cm Deshayes 835, pg. 92 Cutting/slashing tool Utilitarian Settlement 8.8 cm Deshayes 2971, p. 367 Cutting/slashing tool Small crafts Settlement 9 and 11.8 cm Deshayes 2970, p. 367, plate L.17; Fouilles Schaeffer-Chenet 1929 Knife 14th-13th century Utilitarian Settlement 23.5 cm Deshayes 2518 bis, pg 314-5; MB 4014 Sickle 16th-13th century BC Agricultural Unstratified or unknown 20.5 cm Deshayes 2768, p. 341; BSPF, XXVIII (1931), p. 75, figure 3 Chisel, cold 14th-13th century BC Carpentry/masonry Burial 7.2 1.8 Galliano and Calvet 2004,, 254 entry 299 with photograph Double spatula 14th-13th century BC Small crafts Burial 8.1 1.4 Galliano and Calvet 2004,, 254 entry 293 with photograph Double spatula 14th-13th century BC Small crafts Burial 9.7 1.7 Galliano and Calvet 2004,, 254 entry 295 with photograph Double spatula? 14th-13th century BC Small crafts Burial 9.8 2.7 Galliano and Calvet 2004,, 254 entry 294 with photograph Shepherd's crook 14th-13th century BC Ritual or prestige item Burial 17 9.7 Galliano and Calvet 2004,, 254 entry 296 with photograph Spatula in a deer form 14th-13th century BC Small crafts Burial 9.7 5.5 Galliano and Calvet 2004, 253 entry 292 Nahariya - LBA Ax, trunnion/lugged above floor VII Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary Maxwell-Hyslop 1953, 81, figure 5.10 Qatna - LBA Ax, trunnion/lugged Probably LBI Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 16.1 ce = 5.1 Deshayes 1055, figure XIII.11; Maxwell-Hyslop 1953, 82 Ras ibn Hani, Ugarit Mold for oxhide ingot 13th century Metallurgical Workshop? Bouni et al. 1998; Archaeology of Syria 2003, 340 Ras Shamra, Ugarit - MBA Ax, shaft hole Start of 18th century BC Carpentry/masonry Burial? about 16 cm ce = 2.85 Deshayes 1480; Syria XVII (1936), p. 133, figure 19.j Ax, shaft hole Start of 18th century BC Carpentry/masonry Burial? 18 cm ce = 3.4 Deshayes 1481, p. 184 pl. XXIII.4; Syria XVII (1936), p. 142, figure 17g Ax, shaft hole 18th-17th century; MB II Carpentry/masonry Burial? Deshayes 1482, p. 184; Strat. Comp. figure 49.6 Ax, shaft hole 18th century BC Carpentry/masonry Burial 14.5 cm ce = 3.1 Deshayes 1483, p. 184; Syria XIX (1938), p. 240, figure 32, Ax, shaft hole 18th century BC Carpentry/masonry Burial 17.5 cm ce = 3.7 Deshayes 1485; Syria XIX (1938), p. 240, figure 32, T Ax, shaft hole 18th century BC Carpentry/masonry Burial 16 cm ce = 2.75 Deshayes 1486; Syria XIX (1938), p. 240, figure 32, S Ax, shaft hole 18th century BC Carpentry/masonry Burial 15 cm ce = 3 Deshayes 1487; Syria XIX (1938), p. 246, figure 39, H Ax, shaft hole 18th-17th century Carpentry/masonry Burial? Deshayes 1491, p. 185; Schaeffer 1949, p. 50, figure 18, 15 Ax, single/flat 21st-17th century BC Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 9.5 cm Deshayes 646; Schaeffer 1949, p. 63, figure 26.4 Ax, single/flat 21st-17th century BC Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 4.7 cm 1.6 Deshayes 291, plate IV.4; Schaeffer 1949, p. 62, figure 25, C,b Ax, fenestrated, tiny MBA, level II Ritual or prestige item Cultic site or sanctuary 4.1 3.1 Contenson 1992, 189, plate CLXIX, 3 Ax, fenestrated, tiny MBA, level II Ritual or prestige item Cultic site or sanctuary ? ? Contenson 1992, 189, plate CLXIX, 3 Chisel 21st-17th century Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 6.1 cm ce = 0.7 Deshayes 703;, p. 87, 99, pl. IX>8; Schaeffer 1949, p. 62, figure 25c, A Ras Shamra, Ugarit - LBA Adze, shaft hole 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard 23 6.7 Schaeffer 1956, 251-275; Galliano and Calvet 2004, 33 entry 6 Adze, shaft hole 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard 23 6.4 Schaeffer 1956, 251-275; Galliano and Calvet 2004, 87 entry 63 Adze, shaft hole 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Adze, shaft hole 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Adze, shaft hole 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Adze, shaft hole 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 Adze, shaft hole 14th century BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard Schaeffer 1956, 251-275 SYRIA-PALESTINE 659
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
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Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
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Other objects 1 bronze weight with
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Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
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Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
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Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
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(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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