Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Kusura - MBA Müller-Karpe Awl 1900-1200 BC; found in level CSmall crafts Settlement Deshayes 41; Archaeogia 86, 1937, p. 41, fig 18, 25-26; Archaeolgoia 87, 1938, p. 258, fig 21, 2 and 5 Awl 1900-1200 BC Small crafts Settlement Deshayes 88; Archaeologia 86, 1937, p. 41, fig 18, 22-24; Archaeologia 87, 1938, p. 258, fig 21.3 Awl found in C; 2nd millennium Small crafts Settlement Deshayes 105; Archaeologia 87 (1938), p. 258, fig 21.4 Ax, single/flat 2000 - 1200 BC; level C Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 500; Archaeologia 87, 1938, p. 258, fig 21.10 and 11 Chisel fragment period C; 1900-1600? Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3.3 ce = 1.8 Müller-Karpe 1994, 241, pl 72.34; Lamb 1937, 258, fig 21.11 Chisel period C; 1900-1600? Carpentry/masonry Settlement Lamb 1937, 258, fig 21.10; Esin 1969, 137, 152, #18082, type 2a1 Chisel Start of 2nd millennium BC; start Carpentry/masonry of level C Settlement Deshayes 908; Archaeologia 87, 1938, pl. 258, fig 21.6 Chisel 2000-1200 BC; level C Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 852; Archaeologia 86, 1937, p. 41, fig 18.21 Knife Kusura - LBA 1900-1600 BC, level C Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2408; archaeologia 86, 1937, p. 41, fig 19.6 Awl Third quarter of the 2nd millennium; Small crafts found at end of level Settlement C Deshayes 56; Archaeolgia 87 (1938), p. 258, fig 21.18 Chisel Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9.1 ce = 0.6 Müller-Karpe 1994, 235, pl 70.29; Lamb 1937, 358, fig 21.7 Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Settlement 18 ce = 4.5 Deshayes 473; Archaeologia 86, 1937, p. 41, fig 19.1 Chisel Level VIII Carpentry/masonry Settlement 7.7 ce = 0.8 Müller-Karpe 1994, 21 pl 67.13; Esin 1969, 137, 152, #18081 type 21 Chisel Lidar - MBA Carpentry/masonry Settlement 7.8 ce = 0.2-0.3 Müller-Karpe 1994, 234 pl 70.9; Lamb 1937, 258, fig 21.6 Mold for bar ingots MBA Metallurgical Settlement 17.5 14.6 Müller-Karpe 1994, 197 pl 15.8 Mold for weapons MBA Metallurgical Settlement 22.5 19.5 Müller-Karpe 1994, 198 pl 16.1 Mold for weapons MBA Metallurgical Settlement 24.9 12.5 Müller-Karpe 1994, 198 pl 16.6 Mold for flat Ax MBA Metallurgical Settlement 17.8 10.7 Müller-Karpe 1994, 198 pl 17.5 Mold for Axs Level 9 Metallurgical Settlement 8.6 10 Müller-Karpe 1994, 202 pl 26.4 Mold for shaft hole Ax Lidar - LBA MBA Metallurgical Settlement 19.4 11.8 Müller-Karpe 1994, 210 pl 46.4 Mold for lugged Ax Lidar - 2nd millennium LBA Metallurgical Settlement Müller-Karpe 1994, 199 pl 19.1 Mold for ingot Not included in Müller-Karpe's Metallurgical listing Settlement 22 12.5 Müller-Karpe 1994, 198 pl 17.1 Malatya-Arslantepe - 2nd millennium Chisel level III Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 8 ce = 0.5 Müller-Karpe 1994, 235 pl 70.34; Pecorella 1975, 106f, fig 13.25 Chisel, socketed Maşat Höyük - LBA Level 4 Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 7.9 ce = 0.45 Müller-Karpe 1994, 245, pl 72.2; Pecorella 1975, 120f, fig 21.1, inv. 272, pl 60, 17 Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Settlement 11.8 cm 4.7 cm Özgüç 1982, 113ff Ax, trunnion/lugged level II; 14th century? Carpentry/masonry Settlement Özgüç 1982, 113 Chisel level II; 14th century? Carpentry/masonry Settlement 4.1 cm 2.1 cm Özgüç 1982, 113 Chisel level II; 14th century? Carpentry/masonry Settlement 7.3 cm Özgüç 1982, 113 Chisel level II; 14th century? Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3.3 cm Özgüç 1982, 113 Knife Hittite level I; 13th century Utilitarian Settlement 17.5 cm 1.8 cm Özgüç 1982, 113 Knife or dagger Hittite level I Utilitarian Settlement 15.6 cm 2.1 cm Özgüç 1982, 113 Knife or dagger Hittite level II Utilitarian Settlement 14.4 cm 1.6 cm Özgüç 1982, 113 Mold for shaft hole Ax Old Hittite; level V Metallurgical Settlement 18.2 6.45 Özgüç 1982, 42, 113 pl 56.2; Müller-Karpe 1994, 209 pl 43.6 Mold for ornament Hittite level II Metallurgical Settlement, west terrace 7 3.6 Özgüç 1982, 47, 119 pl 59.2; Müller-Karpe 1994, 221 pl 58.10 Mold for ornament Hittite level II Metallurgical Settlement, west terrace 10.9 8.9 Özgüç 1983, 47, 118, pl 59.1; Müller-Karpe 1994, 221 pl 59.4 Trident Mecitozu - 2nd millennium Hittite level I; 13th century Ritual or prestige item Settlement 27.6 cm 12 cm Özgüç 1982, 113 Chisel Mersin - MBA Carpentry/masonry Burial 8.65 cm ce = 1 cm Müller-Karpe 1994, 233 pl 69.9 and 96b Awl 1900-1700 BC Small crafts Settlement Deshayes 106, Mersin p. 232, fig 149.16 Ax, trunnion/lugged ca. 1600 BC; level 9 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 17 ce = 6 Deshayes 1092; Mersin p. 211, fig 129 Chisel 1900-1700 BC; level X Carpentry/masonry Settlement, room 117 14.3 ce = 0.5 Müller-Karpe 1994, 239 pl 71.49; Deshayes 910; Garstang (Mersin) 1953, pg 216, fig 131 ANATOLIA TOOLS 646
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Chisel 1900-1700 BC; level X Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.8 ce = 1.6 Müller-Karpe 1994, 242, pl 73.2; Deshayes 951; Garstang 1953 (Mersin) 232, fig 149, 20; pl 29b; Yumuktepe Chisel MBA?? Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5 3.1 Müller-Karpe 1994, 243, pl 73.15; Yumuk Tepe, level 17; Garstang 1953, 108, fig 69 Knife MBIII; 17th century BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2422; Mersin, p. 232, fig 149, 17 Mersin - LBA Chisel 13th century; level V Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 713; Mersin, p. 250, fig 158, 10 Chisel LBA? Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10 ce = 2.2 Müller-Karpe 1994, 228 pl 65.9, level 6/5; Garstang 1953, 251, pl 31a, fig 158 Spatula, shovel or scraper 13th century; level V Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2987; Mersin, p. 250, fig 158, 1 and pl. XXXII, b; high and right Mersin - 2nd millennium Chisel bit Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6 1.4 Müller-Karpe 1994 pg 225 pl 63.8; Garstang 1953, pl 31.a Müftüler Köyü, Boğazlın - 2nd millennium Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown ? Erkanal 1977, 3 entry 7, pl 1.7; Bossert 1959, 76ff, abb 5 Müskebi - LBA Knife LH IIIA2-B Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 239; Boysal, Y. 1967 Knife LH IIIA2-B Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 239; Boysal, Y. 1967 Knife LH IIIA2-B Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 239; Boysal, Y. 1967 Razor LH IIIA2-B Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 239; Boysal, Y. 1967 General Anatolia - 2nd millennium Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 20.6 cm 7.5 cm Erkanal 1977, 5 entry 23, pl 2.23; Bittel 1944, Zschr. Assyr. 48, 3f; abb 3 Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Erkanal 1977, 5 entry 24, pl 2.24; Bosert, Altanatolien nr. 671 Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 16.8 cm 7 cm Erkanal 1977, 5 entry 25, pl 2.25, Przeworkshki Metallindustire 116, pl 21.1 Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 14.8 cm 4.7 cm Erkanal 1977, 6 entry 31, pl 3.31; Bittel Zschr. Assyr. 48, 1944, 2f abb 3 Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 14.8 cm 5 cm Erkanal 1977, 7 entry 41, pl 4.41, Bittel 1944, Aschr. Assyr. 48, 2ff, abb 3 Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 13.4 cm 6.2 cm Erkanal 1977, 13, entry 56 pl 5.56; Przeworski, Archiv Orient 7, 1935, 407 pl 50.c Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 15.4 ce = 1.45 Müller-Karpe 1994, 230, pl 66.9 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 23.4 ce = 1.7 Müller-Karpe 1994, 233 pl 69.3 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 11.9 ce = 0.22 Müller-Karpe 1994, 239 pl 71.47 Chisel, socketed Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 13.5 ce = 1.1 Müller-Karpe 1994, 246 pl 75.12 Chisel, socketed Carpentry/masonry Hoard? 26.4 ce = 2 Müller-Karpe 1994, 244, pl 74.1; Buchholz and Drescher 1987, 47, 66, fig 7c Chisel, socketed Carpentry/masonry Hoard? 22.2 ce = 1.8 Bittel 1944, 6 fig 4; Müller-Karpe 1994, 244, pl 74.3 Chisel, socketed Carpentry/masonry Hoard? 22.3 ce = 1.3 Müller-Karpe 1994, 244, pl 74.4; Bittel 1944, 6 Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 19.4 cm 10.3 cm Erkanal 1977, 3 entry 10 pl 1.10; Archiv Orient 7, 1935 413 pl 50a General Black sea region - MBA Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Bilgi 2001, pg 68, pl 95a Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Bilgi 2001, pg 68, pl 95b General Black sea region - LBA Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Bilgi 2001, pg 70, pl 109a2 Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Bilgi 2001, pg 70, pl 109b Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Bilgi 2001, pg 68, pl 95b Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Bilgi 2001, pg 70, pl 109c2 Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Bilgi 2001, pg 70, pl 109c3 Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Bilgi 2001, pg 70, pl 109a1 Ordu - 2nd millennium Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 15 cm 6.4 cm Erkanal 1977, 6 entry 30 pl 3.30; Archiv Orient 7, 1935, 408 pl 47a Ortaköy-şapinuwa - LBA Ax, trunnion/lugged Hittite period Carpentry/masonry Settlement Süel 2004 Ceremonial stone Ax - notes Ritual or prestige item Settlement Unpublished, on display in Çorum Museum Ceremonial stone Ax - notes Ritual or prestige item Settlement Unpublished, on display in Çorum Museum Ax, trunnion/lugged Hittite period Carpentry/masonry Settlement Unpublished, on display in Çorum Museum Punch or chisel Hittite period Small crafts Settlement Unpublished, on display in Çorum Museum ANATOLIA TOOLS 647
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552:
Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
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Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
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(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Page 619 and 620: Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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