Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Mold for tools Metallurgical Settlement 16.3 8.2 Müller-Karpe 1994, 198 pl 17.4; Boehmer 1972, 217 pl 87, 2224 Mold for trunnion Ax Metallurgical Settlement 12.1 9.6 Boehmer 1972, 217, pl 86, 2222; Müller-Karpe 1994, 204, pl 32.1 Mold for multiple tools Metallurgical Settlement, slope house 24 16 Boehmer 1972, 217 pl 87, 2225; Müller-Karpe 1994, 204 pl 32.2 Mold, double sided Unknown; no level details Metallurgical Settlement 6.4 6.3 Boehmer 1972, 218 pl 87, 2228; Müller-Karpe 1994, 207 pl 39.4 Mold for round ring Settlement find; no context Metallurgical Settlement 8.6 8.5 Müller-Karpe 1994, 212, pl 50.6; Bittel 1937, 23 pl 14.11 Mold round ornament Metallurgical Settlement 3.15 2.7 Müller-Karpe 1994, 216 pl 54.4 Mold for ornament Metallurgical Settlement 8.4 5.3 Boehmer 1979, 62 pl 38, 3849; Müller-Karpe 1994, 216, pl 55.1 Mold Metallurgical Settlement 4.3 3.8 Boehmer 1972, 218 pl 87, 2230 A; Müller-Karpe 1994, 220 pl 58.3 Bolu - 2nd millennium Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 20.6 cm 6 cm Erkanal 1977, 7 entry 49 pl 4.49; Bittel AA 1934, 354, fig 4; Deshayes 1051; pl XIII.4 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 12.38 ce = 3.9 Müller-Karpe 1994, 229 pl 65.21 Calicakoyu - 2nd millennium Chisel Carpentry/masonry Burial 9.2 cm ce = 0.7 cm Müller-Karpe 1994, 232 pl 68.6 and 96e Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Burial 4.8 cm ce = 4.2 Müller-Karpe 1994, pl 96e Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Burial 10.5 ce = 5.55 Müller-Karpe 1994, pl 96e Çerkeş - 2nd millennium Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 16.4 cm 8.8 cm Erkanal 1977 13 entry 55 pl 5.55; Bittel AA 1934, 351, fig 1; Deshayes 1529, pl XXII.11 Çorum area - 2nd millennium Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 9.2 cm ce = 1 cm Müller-Karpe 1994, 232 pl 68.8 Dündartepe (Samsun) - MBA Ax, trunnion/lugged 2nd millennium BC; level III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 13.7 cm 3.3 cm Deshayes 1048; Belleten IX (1945), p. 380, pl. LXXI, 1: Erkanal 1977, 7 entry 48, pl 71.1 Ax, shaft hole Level IIb; roughly 2000 BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 1592, pl XXV.8; TTK 1943, p. 401, pl. I, 1 Chisel, socketed Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 12.9 ce = 0.7 Müller-Karpe 1994, 246, pl 75.13; Bilgi 2001, 68, pl 89; Kokten 1945, 38, pl 71.2 Blade with tang Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Bilgi 2001, 68, pl 90 Emet - 2nd millennium Chisel, socketed Carpentry/masonry Hoard? 9.8 ce = 0.5 Müller-Karpe 1994, 245, pl 75.1 and pl 95 Emirdağ - LBA Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 18.7 cm ce = 2.8 Erkanal 1977, 21 entry 68 pl 6.68, Bittel 1967, 418ff, fig 2 Fıraktin - LBA Ax, shaft hole Hittite; 14th-13th c Carpentry/masonry Settlement 16 ce = 4 Erkanal 1977, 12 entry 51, pl 5.51; Özgüç, Belleten 19, 1955, 303, fig. 22 Ax-hammer, small Hittite; 14th-13th century Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.7 ce = 1.7 Erkanal 1977, 12 entry 50, pl 5.50; Deshayes 1532 pl XXIV.5; Özgüç, Belleten 12, 1948, 265, pl 55.12 Gavur Kalesi - LBA Mold for Axs Hittite? Metallurgical Settlement 10 8 Müller-Karpe 1994, 205 pl 34.5; Von der Osten 1933, 89 fig 88 Harmancik Koyu/ Gedik Saray - LBA Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 23.4 ce = 1.7 Müller-Karpe 1994, 229 pl 65.22; Özgüç 1978, pl 69.3 Hassek Hoyuk - 2nd millennium Chisel Carpentry/masonry Burial 10.8 0.6 Müller-Karpe 1994, 233, pl 68.11; Behm-Blancke 1981 Ikiztepe - MBA Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Bilgi 2001, 68, pl 95a.2 Mold Early Hittite period Metallurgical Unstratified or unknown 5.6 3.4 Müller-Karpe 1994, 205 pl 36.3 Razor Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Bilgi 2001, 68, pl 91 Sickle Agricultural Unstratified or unknown Bilgi 2001, 67, pl 88a Sickle Agricultural Unstratified or unknown Bilgi 2001, 67, pl 88b Inadiktepe - LBA Chisel, socketed Old Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 6.8 1.1 Müller-Karpe 1994, 245 pl 74.12; Özgüç 1988, 45.5; 113, 5 pl 65.11 Iskender Koyu - 2nd millennium Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9.2 ce = 0.8 Müller-Karpe 1994, 232-3, pl 68.9 İskilip - 2nd millennium Awl w chisel-like tang Small crafts Burial? 11.2 cm 0.3 cm Müller-Karpe 1994, 234-5, pl 70.20 ANATOLIA TOOLS 642
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Awl? Small crafts Burial? 14.2 cm Müller-Karpe 1994, 235, pl 70.21 Chisel, small Carpentry/masonry Burial? 9.1 cm ce = 0.5 cm Müller-Karpe 1994, 248, pl 76.21; Chisel Carpentry/masonry Burial 8.95 cm ce = 3.05 cm Müller-Karpe 1994, 229, pl 65.23 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Burial? 7.5 cm 0.4 cm Müller-Karpe 1994, 231, pl 67.12 Double hammer, shafted Metallurgical Burial? 14.7 cm 2.7 cm Müller-Karpe 1994, 227, pl 64.2 Izmir area - 2nd millennium Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 10.85 ce = 0.6 Müller-Karpe 1994, 232 pl 68.5 Iznik region (Bursa) - 2nd millennium Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 6.9 ce = 2.9 Müller-Karpe 1994, 229 pl 65.24 Kahramanmarash area - 2nd millennium Chisel Carpentry/masonry Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 14 0.85 Müller-Karpe 1994, 232 pl 68.2 Karagactepe - 2nd millennium Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974, 168, entry 684; Troja 292, fig 136 Karahöyük - MBA Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 12.4 cm 4.8 cm Erkanal 1977, 3 entry 9, pl 1.9; Alp, Karahoyuk 108 f, fig 249, 758 Knife Hittite level; 1900-1600 BC Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2407; Karahoyuk p. 94, pl. XXXVI, 11 Blade, flanged Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 1098; Mission en Cappacoe 1893-1894, p. 79, fig 59 Karaoğlan - LBA Awl? Hittite level 1; 900-1200 BC Small crafts Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 166; Belleten III (1939), p. 58, pl. LI, #302 Kayseri - MBA Ax, trunnion/lugged MB? Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 17.8 cm 6 cm Erkanal 1977, 3 entry 6, pl 1.6; Deshayes 1096 and 1097; Archive Orient VII (1935), p. 409, pl. XLIX, a Ax, trunnion/lugged MB? Carpentry/masonry Settlement 21.3 cm 9.9 cm Erkanal 1977, 4 entry 12, pl 2.12; Archiv Orient 7, 1935, 409, 2a, pl 49b; Deshayes 1096 Ax, trunnion/lugged MB? Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 18 cm 7.2 cm Erkanal 1977, 4 entry 13, pl 2.13, Archive Orient 7, 1935, 409, 2a, pl 49c Kayseri - 2nd millennium Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 16.7 cm 6.1 cm Erkanal 1977, 13 entry 53; Deshayes 1526, Maxwell-Hyslop 1949, p. 114, p. XXXV, 22; Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 14.5 cm 4.5 cm Erkanal 1977, 7 entry 46, pl 4.46; Archive Orient 7, 1935, 409 (2), pl 49d Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 9.5 ce = 4.56 Deshayes 528; pl VII.6; ESA X (1936), p. 82, fig. 8; Metals in Antiquity 1950, pl X.5 Kinet Höyük - MBA Mold for tools MB II (Kinet level V) Metallurgical Settlement Greaves and Helwing 2001, 490. Kizilkent Koyu/Kilis - 2nd millennium Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 8.1 ce = 0.7 Müller-Karpe 1994, 235 pl 70.30 Konuralp (Uskub) - 2nd millennium Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 15.9 ce = 0.7 Müller-Karpe 1994, 233 pl 70.1 Konya region - 2nd millennium Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 14.68 ce = 1.1 Müller-Karpe 1994, 233 pl 69.8 Korucutepe - LBA Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 13.3 ce = 1.1 Müller-Karpe 1994, 230, pl 66.8; Ertem 1988, 30, #82, inv. #Krct 72/23 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10.2 ce = 0.2 Müller-Karpe 1994, 234, pl 70.6 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 12.2 ce = 0.72 Müller-Karpe 1994, 235, pl 70.25; Ertem 1988, 31 #83 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9.4 ce = 0.6 Müller-Karpe 1994, 235, pl 70.26; Van Loon 1980, 144, pl 44F Chisel bit Carpentry/masonry Settlement 4.4 1.1 Müller-Karpe 1994, 225, pl 63.3; Ertem 1988, 30, #81 Chisel, socketed Carpentry/masonry Settlement 13.4 ce = 0.7 Müller-Karpe 1994, 246, pl 75.11; Van Loon 1980, 144, pl 44, H, 48G Chisel, socketed Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10.9 ce = 0.9 Müller-Karpe 1994, 246, pl 75.17; Ertem 1988, 31, #84 Hammer-like tool Metallurgical Settlement Müller-Karpe 1994, 225, pl 63.1; Ertem 1988, 30, #80 Mold LBI; phase I Metallurgical Settlement 4 6.5 Müller-Karpe 1994, 89 pl 22.3; Van Loon 1980, 136 pl 43b Mold for Ax LBI; Phase I Metallurgical Settlement 6 6 Müller-Karpe 1994, 89, 204 pl 34.3; Van Loon 1980, 136 pl 43, A; 47, E Mold for S-object LBII; 14th-13th Century; phase JMetallurgical Settlement 22.5 14.5 Müller-Karpe 1994, 89 pl 49.2; Van Loon 1980, 140 pl 47, O Kucuk Kalecik Koyu - 2nd millennium Chisel, socketed Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 8.2 ce = 1 Müller-Karpe 1994, 245, pl 75.3 ANATOLIA TOOLS 643
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
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Other objects 1 bronze weight with
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Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
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Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
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Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
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(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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