Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 9 Neve 1984, 371 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 9 Neve 1984, 371 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 9 Neve 1984, 371 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 9 Neve 1984, 371 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 10 Neve 1984, 371 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 10 Neve 1984, 371 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 10 Neve 1984, 371 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 10 Neve 1984, 371 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 12 Neve 1984, 372 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 12 Neve 1984, 372 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 12 Neve 1984, 372 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 12 Neve 1984, 372 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 12 Neve 1984, 372 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 15 Neve 1984, 372 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 15 Neve 1984, 372 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 15 Neve 1984, 372 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 15 Neve 1984, 372 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 15 Neve 1984, 372 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 15 Neve 1984, 372 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 15 Neve 1984, 372 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 15 Neve 1984, 372 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 15 Neve 1984, 372 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 15 Neve 1984, 372 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 15 Neve 1984, 372 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 18 Neve 1984, 372 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 19 Neve 1984, 372 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 19 Neve 1984, 372 Implement, small Small crafts Settlement, house 19 Neve 1984, 372 Implement or stylus Temple VI Small crafts Cultic site or sanctuary Neve 1984, 370 Stone cutting tool? Carpentry/masonry? Settlement, house 19 Neve 1986, 381; Zeit O. St. 3-4 Knife Unterstadt 3 Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1979, #2638, p. 11, pl VIII, 73/281-J/19 Knife Unterstadt 2 Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1979, #2638A; Boehmer 1979, 11, pl VIII, 77/33-J/20 Knife Unterstadt 2 Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1979, #2639, 11 pl VIII; 73/167-J/19, Knife Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1979, #2644, 73/276-J/19-20; 11 pl VIII Knife Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1979, #2649, 76/121-J/20, 11 pl IX Knife Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1979, #2651A, 77/297-K/20, 11 pl IX Knife, iron Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1979, 35 pl XXII, #3476, 73/388-I/19 Knife Buyukkale 4d Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 78, pl XV; #254, 432/v-BK.z/16 Knife Buyukkale 4d Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 78, pl XV; #255, 347/h/d- US.t.K/20 Knife Buyukkale 4d Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 78, pl XV; #256, 348/h-Ust. K/20 Knife Buyukkale 4d Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 78, pl XV; #256A, 69/1243-Ust. Knife Buyukkale 4c Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XV, #257, 62/048-Ust. L/18 a/5 Knife Buyukkale 4c or b Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XV; #258, 645/t-Ust. L/17 c/1 Knife Buyukkale 4b Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XV; #259, 502/o-Ust. J/20 Knife Buyukkale 4b Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XV; #260, 289/d-BK.w/17 Knife Buyukkale 4b Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XV; #261, 92/a-BK.w/8 Knife Buyukkale 4b Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XV; #262, 136/o-Ust. J/10 K/1a Knife Buyukkale 4b Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XV; #263, 24/x-BK.bb/22 Knife Buyukkale 4b Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XV; #264, 238/o-Ust. J/20 i/1b ANATOLIA TOOLS 640
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Knife Buyukkale 4b Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XV; #265, 1606/c-BK.1/14 Knife Buyukkale 3 Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XVI; #266, 95/o-Ust. I/20 g/1 a to g/1b Knife Buyukkale 3 Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XVI; #267, 68/339-Ust. Knife Buyukkale 3 Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XVI; #267A, 99/h-Ust. K/20 Knife Buyukkale 3 Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XVI; #268, 1350/z-Ust Knife Buyukkale 3 Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XVI; #269, 834/b-BK Knife Buyukkale 3 Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XVI; #270, 272/e-Ost Knife Buyukkale 3 Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XVI; #271, 92/h-Ust. K/20 Knife Buyukkale 3 Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XVI; #272, 644/t - Ust. K/15 Knife Buyukkale 3 Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XVI; #272A, 143/o - Ust. J/20 i/1b Knife Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XVI; #273, 241/k - Buyukkaya Knife Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XVI; #273A, 68/728-Ust. Knife Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XVI; #274, 214K-Buyukkaya Knife Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XVI; #275, 1096/v- Buyukkaya Knife Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1972, 79, pl XVI; #275A, 69/1246- Ust. Knife Templ 26 Utilitarian Cultic site or sanctuary and workshop Neve 1986, 383 Knife Utilitarian Settlement AA 2006, 173, from quadrant building 2, excavation #293/306.425 Knife 13th century Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2643 bis; MDOG 89 (june 1957), p. 17, fig. 13 Knife 14th-13th century; Hittite levelUtilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2626; MDOG 77 (1939) p. 18, fig. 18b; Boagzkoy-Hattusha 99, fig 24 Knife 1450-1300 BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2580 bis; MDOG 89, June 1957, p. 17 fig 10 Knife 14th-13th century BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2535; Neue Unters, p. 31, pl. 10.4 Knife Temple 20 Utilitarian Cultic site or sanctuary On display in Boğazkale Museum (Bo 84/544) Knife Temple 7 Utilitarian Cultic site or sanctuary On display in Boğazkale Museum (Bo 82/141) Knife or blade Unterstadt 1 Utilitarian Settlement Boehmer 1979, 32 pl XX, 70/175-J/19, #3419 Knife or sickle Utilitarian or agricultural Settlement AA 2003, 9, fig 12... Knife or sword Utilitarian Settlement AA 2004, 65, fig 11 Mold for tools? Metallurgical Settlement AA 1998, pages 220-221 Mold Oberstadt, level 2 Metallurgical Settlement On display in Boğazkale Museum (Bo 84/115) Mold for multiple tools Oberstadt, level 2 Metallurgical Settlement On display in Boğazkale Museum (Bo 86/667) Mold for chisel or Ax ? Metallurgical Settlement 8.2 3.8 Müller-Karpe 1994, 201 pl 24.3; Boehmer 1972, 218 pl 87, 2227 Mold, four sided Level Vc Metallurgical Settlement 8.5 7 Boehmer 1972, 217 pl 85, 2214; Müller-Karpe 1994, 202 pl 25.5 Mold, double sided Level III Metallurgical Settlement 11.7 4.3 Boehmer 1972, 217 pl 85, 2217; Müller-Karpe 1994, 207 pl 39.5 Mold for shaft hole Ax surface find but area is primarily Metallurgical LBA Settlement 8 3.3 Boehmer 1972, 217 pl 86, 2223; Müller-Karpe 1994, 209 pl 44.3 Mold for ring objects Metallurgical Settlement 4.9 4.15 Boehmer 1972, 218 pl 87, 2230; Müller-Karpe 1994, 215 pl 54.1 Mold, double sided Metallurgical Settlement 9.3 7.7 Boehmer 1972, 218 pl 87, 2229; Müller-Karpe 1994, 218 pl 56.4 Mold for round ornament Level I Metallurgical Settlement 4 3.3 Boehmer 1972, 217 pl 86, 2221; Müller-Karpe 1994, 216 pl 54.3 Mold Level I of the unterstadt, temple Metallurgical 1? Cultic site or sanctuary Boehmer 1972, 217 pl 87, 2226; Müller-Karpe 1994, 206 pl 38.2 Punch Small crafts Settlement Boehmer 1979, 32 pl XIX, 73/437-I/20, #3406 Punch Small crafts Settlement Boehmer 1979, 33 pl XX, 70/188-J/19, #3441 Punch Small crafts Settlement Boehmer 1979, 33 pl XX, 71/46 - J/19, #3442 Punch Small crafts Settlement Boehmer 1979, 33 pl XX, 73/475-J/20, #3443 Punch Small crafts Settlement Boehmer 1979, 33 pl XX, 75/369-J/19, #3444 Punch Small crafts Settlement Boehmer 1979, 33 pl XX, 71/55 - J/19, #3445 Saw with teeth Unterstadt 1 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 68.5 cm 12.4 cm Boehmer 1979, 33 pl XLII, 77/146-K/20, #3420D; Neve 1989 Sickle Temple 7 Agricultural Cultic site or sanctuary On display in Boğazkale Museum (Bo 82/139) Small implement Small crafts Settlement 3.9 tip = 0.25 Müller-Karpe 1994, 237 pl 71.18; Boehmer 1979, #2599, 71/10-J/19 Peg? Small tool? Small crafts Settlement 3.9 cm peg = 0.8 Müller-Karpe 1994, 225 pl 3.15; Boehmer 1979, 34, pl 21, 3450 Boğazköy, Hattusha - 2nd millennium Ax, trunnion/lugged Found in a Phrygian level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 12.85 cm 7 cm Boehmer 1972, 38, pl II, 25/a-BK.t/7, catalog #26; Deshayes 1106; Erkanal 1977, 4 entry 15, pl 2.15 ANATOLIA TOOLS 641
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391:
Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397:
Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 398 and 399:
Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409:
London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423:
Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
Page 450 and 451:
General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526:
Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532:
Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536:
Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538:
Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540:
Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544:
Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552:
Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566:
cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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