Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Knife MCI Utilitarian Burial, tomb 21 11.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 334 table 84; Dikaios 1940: 49 Knife with round butt ECIII or MCI Utilitarian Burial, tomb 33 13.6 cm Balthazar 1990, 336, table 86; Dikaios 1940: 69 Knife with blunt butt ECIIIB-MCI Utilitarian Burial, tomb 48 9.0+cm Balthazar 1990, 337, table 89; Dikaios 1940: 95 Knife with blunt butt ECIIIB-MCI Utilitarian Burial, tomb 47 11.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 337 table 89; Dikaios 1940: 93 Knife with blunt butt MCI? Utilitarian Burial, tomb 64 12.0 cm Balthazar 1990, 337, table 89; Schaeffer 1936: pl. XXIII.2 Knife with blunt butt ECIII/MCI Utilitarian Burial, tomb 143 11.7+cm Balthazar 1990, 337, table 89; Stewart 1950: 330, pl. CVa Knife with sinuous butt ECIII or MCI Utilitarian Burial, tomb 33 12.7 cm Balthazar 1990, 338, table 90; Dikaios 1940: 69 Knife MCI? Utilitarian Burial, tomb 64 12.0+cm Balthazar 1990, 340, table 93; Knife MC? Utilitarian Burial, tomb 50 14.0 cm Balthazar 1990, 340, table 93; Schaeffer 1936: 123 Knife MCII Utilitarian Burial, tomb 56 15.9 cm Balthazar 1990, 340, table 93; Knife ECIII or MCI Utilitarian Burial, tomb 33 7.6+cm Balthazar 1990, 342, table 96; Dikaios 1940: 69 Knife ECIIIA-MCI Utilitarian Burial, tomb 39 11.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 342, table 96; Dikaios 1940: 82 Knife with pointed butt ECIIIB-MCI Utilitarian Burial, tomb 27 12 cm Balthazar 1990, 335 table 87; Dikaios 1940:60 Knife with pointed butt ECIIIB-MCI Utilitarian Burial, tomb 27 14.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 335 table 87; Dikaios 1940: 60, pl. LX.4 Knife with pointed butt ECIIIB-MCI Utilitarian Burial, tomb 27 11.9 cm Balthazar 1990, 335 table 87; Dikaios 1940: 60 Knife with pointed butt ECIII or MC I Utilitarian Burial, tomb 33 17 cm Balthazar 1990, 335 table 87; Dikaios 1940: 69 Knife with pointed butt MCI? Utilitarian Burial, tomb 64 9 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Schaeffer 1936: pl. XXIII.3 Knife ECIII or MCI Utilitarian Burial, tomb 33 9.6+cm Balthazar 1990, 340, table 93; Dikaios 1940: 69 Knife ECIIIB-MCI Utilitarian Burial, tomb 27 Balthazar 1990, 342, table 96; Dikaios 1940: 60 Knife ECIIIB or MCI Utilitarian Burial, tomb 38 Balthazar 1990, 342, table 96; Dikaios 1940, 80 Scraper EC III-MCI Utilitarian Burial, tomb 143 Stewart 1950, 331, pl. CVIc Scraper MC I Utilitarian Burial, tomb 2 Balthazar 1990, 354 Scraper MC I Utilitarian Burial, tomb 17 Balthazar 1990, 354 Scraper MC I Utilitarian Burial, tomb 27 Balthazar 1990, 354 Scraper MC I Utilitarian Burial, tomb 48 Balthazar 1990, 354 Scraper MC I Utilitarian Burial, 64 Balthazar 1990, 354 Vounous - 2nd millennium Knife Utilitarian Burial, tomb 68 9.0 cm Balthazar 1990, 340, table 93; CYPRUS TOOLS 628
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Acemhöyük - MBA Awl or stylus Small crafts Settlement On display in the Ankara museum Ax, trunnion/lugged Level 2 Carpentry/masonry Burial -pithos grave 20.3 6.9 Erkanal 1977, 3 entry 8, pl 1.8; Özgüç 1966, Anadolu 10, 34f, pl 21.2 Ax, shaft hole level 3 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 13.4 cm 5.8 cm Erkanal 1977, 15 entry 57, pl 5.57 Ax, shaft hole level 3 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 12.8 cm 7 cm Erkanal 1977, 15 entry 58, pl 5.58 Ax, shaft hole level 3 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 16.8 cm 5.4 cm Erkanal 1977, 18 entry 63, pl 6.63 Ax, shaft hole, fenestrated level 3 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 11.75 cm 5.75 cm Erkanal 1977, 22 entry 70, pl 6.70 Chisel, socketed Agricultural Settlement On display in the Ankara museum Sickle Carpentry/masonry Settlement On display in the Ankara museum Akyazi Koyu - 2nd millennium Chisel Carpentry/masonry Burial 9.55 cm ce= 0.75 cm Müller-Karpe 1994, 240 pl 72.25 and pl 96D Alaca Höyük - MBA Ax, single/flat Level II Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 472; Koşay 1944, 33 pl. LI, AL/a, 104 Chisel Middle Hittite; level 3a/b Carpentry/masonry Settlement 11.5 ce = 0.55 Müller-Karpe 1994, 229, pl. 65.18; Koşay and Akok 1966, 195, pl.127, A2.g.69 Chisel Middle Hittite Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9.5 ce - 0.9 Koşay 1973, 35, 95, pl 84, A1, p. 57; Müller-Karpe 1994, 231 pl 67.19 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 7.3 ce = 1.3 Müller-Karpe 1994, 228, pl 65.5 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10 ce = 1.9 Müller-Karpe 1994. 228, pl 65.8; Koşay and Akok 1966, 195, pl 127, A1.G.68 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3.3 ce = 0.45 Koşay and Akok 1966, 193, pl 43, h 208; Müller-Karpe 1994, 229, pl 65.13 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.2 0.75 Koşay and Akok 1966 pl 43, h311; Müller-Karpe 1994, 229, pl 65.14 Chisel, socketed Middle hittite level 3a/b Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15 ce = 0.6 Koşay and Akok 1966, 195 A1 g124,pl 127.2; Müller-Karpe 1994, 246 pl 75.10 Chisel, socketed Middle Hittite level 3a/b Carpentry/masonry Settlement 11.5 ce = 0.6 Koşay and Akok 1966, 195 A1g71 pl 127.1; Müller-Karpe 1994, pl 75.14 Chisel, socketed MBA, level II-I a/b Carpentry/masonry Settlement 11.8 ce = 0.9 Koşay and Akok 1966, 198 A1 i 226, pl 45, 127.5; Müller-Karpe 1994, 246, pl 75.24 Drill 20th-15th century Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 183; Alaca 1937-1939, p. 140, pl. LXXXVII, fig. , A1d247 Punch Middle Hittite level 3a,b Small crafts Settlement Koşay and Akok 1966, 194, pl 127.7, Al. 1.29; Müller-Karpe 1994, 228, 64.11 Alaca Höyük - LBA Ax, trunnion/lugged level 2 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 24 10.35 Erkanal 1977, 4 entry 11, pl 1.11; Koşay 1966, pl 47 Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Settlement 14.1 2.9 Erkanal 1977, 5 entry 18 pl 2.18; Koşay 1966, 195, pl? Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Settlement 14.85 6.45 Erkanal 5 entry 22, pl 2.22; Koşay 1966, 197 pl 47 Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Settlement 17.8 cm 7.1 cm Erkanal 7 entry 45, pl 4.45 Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10.9 cm 4.5 cm Erkanal 1977, 7 entry 44, pl 4.44 Chisel Hittite period Carpentry/masonry Settlement 17.5 1.9 Koşay 1973, 96, pl 84, A1., 165; Müller-Karpe 1994, 229, pl 65.16 Chisel Late Hittite period Carpentry/masonry Settlement 11.6 ce = 0.6 Koşay 1973, 35, pl 83, AL. P.61; Müller-Karpe 1994, 230, pl 67.2 Chisel Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.7 ce = 0.4 Müller-Karpe 1994, 238, pl 71.41; Arik 1937, 56, A1.23; Esin 1969, 122, 153, #6844 Chisel Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement Koşay and Akok 1966, 198, pl 45, 125, 2 A1.i.229 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement Koşay and Akok 1966, 194, pl 42.L98, 128, 7 Chisel Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6.7 0.4 Koşay and Akok 1966, 195, pl 126f.75; Müller-Karpe 1994, 244, pl 73.36 Chisel Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6.7 ce = 0.7 Koşay and Akok 1966, 195, pl 44, 126f.140; Müller-Karpe 1994, 244 pl 73.40 Chisel End of 2nd millennium BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.7 ce = 0.5 Deshayes 838, pl X.13; Alaca Hoyuk 1935, pl. LXI, A123 Chisel, socketed Carpentry/masonry Settlement 18.7 ce = 1.4 Koşay and Akok 1966, 195, A1.h 202 pl 43, 127.4; Müller-Karpe 1994, 244 pl 74.7 Chisel, socketed Carpentry/masonry Settlement Müller-Karpe 1994, 244 pl 74.8 Chisel, socketed Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 12 ce = 0.76 Koşay and Akok 1966, 195 A1 h 203, pl 43, H203; Müller-Karpe 1994, 246, pl 75.16 Mold for trunnion Ax Hittite level Metallurgical Settlement 18 8.5 Müller-Karpe 1994, 199 pl 18.3; Akok 1966, 180 pl 37, A1. g 260 Mold for Axs, spear Hittite level Metallurgical Settlement 21.7 13.4 Müller-Karpe 1994, 199 pl 20.2; Koşay and Akok 1973, pl 46, right Mold for 9 bars Hittite period Metallurgical Settlement 21.2 22.1 Müller-Karpe 1994, 200, pl 21.1; Koşay and Akok 1966, 180, pl 37, A1.1.117; 1973 pl 66 Mold, for bars, Ax Hittite level Metallurgical Settlement 19.2 11.8 Müller-Karpe 1994, 200, pl 21.3; Koşay and Akok 1966, 180, pl 37 g 260 Mold for trunnion Ax Metallurgical Settlement 16.1 6.4 Koşay and Akok 1973, 84 pl 46, Al. r. 75; Müller-Karpe 1994, 204, pl 33.3 Mold for trunnion Ax Hittite level Metallurgical Settlement 31 22.5 Müller-Karpe 1994, 199 pl 19.4; Koşay and Akok 1966, 180 A1.1. 116; 1973, pl 45 left, under Punch Hittite level Small crafts Settlement Müller-Karpe 1994, 228, pl 64.13 Alaca Höyük - 2nd millennium ANATOLIA TOOLS 629
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
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Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
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Other objects 1 bronze weight with
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Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
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Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
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(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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