Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Knife, tanged ECIIIB-MCII Utilitarian Burial, 805 17.7 cm Balthazar 1990, 333 table 83; Herscher 1978: 171 Knife MC II-III Utilitarian Burial, 316 13.9 cm Balthazar 1990, 334, table 84; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 118, pl. XXXII.1 Knife ECIII-MCI Utilitarian Burial, 322B 16.4 cm Balthazar 1990, 334, table 84; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 149, pl. XXXVI.3 Knife ECIIIB-MCI Utilitarian Burial, 805 15 cm Balthazar 1990, 334, table 84; Herscher 1978: 166 Knife ECIIIB-MCI Utilitarian Burial, 806 12.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 334, table 84; Herscher 1978: 196 Knife w one rivet in butt MCI-II Utilitarian Burial, 313B 13.3 cm Balthazar 1990, 334, table 86; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 95, pl. XXIV.2 Knife with pointed butt MCII end Utilitarian Burial, 10B 13 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87 Knife with pointed butt MC III Utilitarian Burial, 49 12.2 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87 Knife with pointed butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 50 about 18 cm Balthazar 1990, 335 table 87; Myres 1940-5; pl. 26.1 Knife with pointed butt MCI-II Utilitarian Burial, 311A 16.4 cm Balthazar 1990, 335 table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 80, pl. XXII.2 Knife with pointed butt MCI Utilitarian Burial, 313A 6.7+ cm Balthazar 1990, 335 table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934:92, pl. XXIV Knife with pointed butt MCI-II Utilitarian Burial, 313B 22.9 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 95, pl. XXIV.2 Knife with pointed butt Utilitarian Burial, 804 7.7 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Herscher 1978: 129 Knife with round butt MC II Utilitarian Burial, 315B-C 12.2 cm Balthazar 1990, 336, table 88; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 112, pl. XXX.2 Knife with round butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 320 11.0 cm Balthazar 1990, 336, table 88; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 134, pl. XXXIV.2 Knife with round butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 320 15.0 cm Balthazar 1990, 336, table 88; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 135, pl. XXXIV.2 Knife with round butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 320 7.3 cm Balthazar 1990, 336, table 88; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 135, pl. XXXIV.2 Knife with round butt MCI-III Utilitarian Burial, 804A 10.7 cm Balthazar 1990, 336, table 88; Herscher 1978: 113 Knife with round butt MCI end Utilitarian Burial, 15 11.1 cm Myres 1913: fig. 15.O Knife with round butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 18 10.0 cm Balthazar 1990, 336, table 88; Myres 1913: fig. 18.319; Catling 1964, 61, fig. 3.11 Knife with round butt Unknown? Utilitarian Burial, 37 9.8 cm Balthazar 1990, 336, table 88; Myres 1913: fig. 37.4 Knife with round butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 315A 8.0 cm Balthazar 1990, 336, table 88; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 110, pl. CXLIII.2 Knife with round butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 320 15.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 36, table 88; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 134, pl. XXXIV.2 Knife with round butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 320 14.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 36, table 88; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 134 Knife with round butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 320 15.1 cm Balthazar 1990, 36, table 88; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 134, pl. XXXIV.2 Knife with round butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 320 10.2 cm Balthazar 1990, 36, table 88; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 137, pl. XXXIV.2 Knife with round butt MCIII mid Utilitarian Burial, 8 Balthazar 1990, 336, table 88; Catling 1964: 61 Knife with blunt butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 320 10.3 cm Balthazar 1990, 37, table 89; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 137, pl. XXXIV.2; Knife with blunt butt MCI Utilitarian Burial, 322D 12.4 cm Balthazar 1990, 337, table 89; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 151, pl. XXXVI.4 Knife with blunt butt MCI end Utilitarian Burial, 15 15.3 cm Balthazar 1990, 337 table 89; Catling 1964: 61, fig. 3.10 Knife with blunt butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 18 about 18 cm Balthazar 1990, 337, table 89; Myres 1913: fig. 18.177; Myres 1940-5: 26.1 Knife with blunt butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 315A 12.0 cm Balthazar 1990, 337, table 89; Gjerstand et al. 1934:111 Knife with blunt butt ECIIIB-MCI Utilitarian Burial, 802 10.6 cm Balthazar 1990, 337, table 89; Herscher 1978: 38 Knife with blunt butt MCI Utilitarian Burial, 802 12.0 cm Balthazar 1990, 337, table 89; Herscher 1978:51 Knife with blunt butt MCI-III Utilitarian Burial, 804 6.4+cm Balthazar 1990, 337, table 89; Herscher 1978: 115 Knife with sinuous butt Utilitarian Burial, 19 16.3 cm Balthazar 1990, 338, table 90; Catling 1964, 60, fig. 3.7 Knife with sinuous butt MCI end Utilitarian Burial, 15 14.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 338, table 90; Myres 1913, fig. 15.39 Knife with sinuous butt MCI end Utilitarian Burial, 15 13.3 cm Balthazar 1990, 338, table 90; Myres 1913, fig. 15.Q Knife with sinuous butt MCIII late Utilitarian Burial, 35 16.6 cm Balthazar 1990, 338, table 90; Myres 1913: fig. 35.19 Knife with sinuous butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 804D 14.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 338, table 90; Herscher 1978: 121 Knife with ogival butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 13 15 cm Balthazar 1990, 339, table 91; Myres 1940-5; pl. 26.1; Catling 1964, 61 Knife with ogival butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 18 about 11 cm Balthazar 1990, 339, table 91; Myres 1913, fig. 18.113; Myres 1940-5; 26.1 Knife with ogival butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 50 about 16 cm Balthazar 1990, 339, table 91; Myres 1940-5: pl. 26.1 Knife with ogival butt MCII Utilitarian Burial, 315B-C 12.2 cm Balthazar 1990, 339, table 91; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 112, pl. XXX.2; Astrom 1972, 140, fig. 10.9 Knife with ogival butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 316 8.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 341, table 94 and pg. 339, table 91; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 119, pl. XXXII.1; Astrom 1972, 140, fig. 10.12 Knife with ogival butt MCI-III Utilitarian Burial, 804 16.8 cm Balthazar 1990, 339, table 91; Herscher 1978: 101 Knife with ogival butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 804 9.9 cm Balthazar 1990, 339, table 91; Herscher 1978: 121 Knife with ogival butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 804 12.4 cm Balthazar 1990, 339, table 91; Herscher 1978: 121 Knife with bulging butt MCI end Utilitarian Burial, 15 10.0 cm Balthazar 1990, 340, table 92; Myres 1913, fig. 15.14 CYPRUS TOOLS 618
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Knife with bulging butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 316 14.1+cm Balthazar 1990, 340, table 92; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 119, pl. XXXII.1 Knife MCI Utilitarian Burial, 48 13.1 cm Balthazar 1990, 340, table 93; Knife MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 315A 15.7 cm Balthazar 1990, 340, table 93; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 110, pl. XXIX.2 Knife MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 320 7.9 cm Balthazar 1990, 341, table 94; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 137, pl. XXXIV.2; Astrom 1972, 140, fig. 10.18 Knife MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 702 7.4 cm Balthazar 1990, 341, table 94; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 171 Knife ECIIIB-MCI Utilitarian Burial, 802A 31.8 cm Balthazar 1990, 341, table 95; Herscher 1978.33 Knife MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 320 14.3 cm Balthazar 1990, 341, table 95; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 138, pl. XXXIV.3 Knife MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 50 10 cm Balthazar 1990, 341, table 95; Myres 1913: fig. 50.19; Myres 1940-5: pl. 26.1 Knife with rivets MCI end Utilitarian Burial, 15 15.4 cm Balthazar 1990, 342, table 96; Myres 1913: fig. 15I Knife with rivets MCI Utilitarian Burial, 313 Balthazar 1990, 342, table 96; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 90 Knife with rivets MCI Utilitarian Burial, 313A 16.3+cm Balthazar 1990, 342, table 96; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 91, pl. XXIV.1 Knife with rivets MCI Utilitarian Burial, 322A Balthazar 1990, 342, table 96; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 147 Knife with rivets MCI Utilitarian Burial, 322A 18.9+ cm Balthazar 1990, 342, table 96; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 147, pl. XXXV.3 Knife with rivets MCI-III Utilitarian Burial, 804A 10+cm Balthazar 1990, 342, table 96; Herscher 1978: 111 Knife with rivets MCI-III Utilitarian Burial, 804A 8+cm Balthazar 1990, 342, table 96; Herscher 1978: 115 Knife with pointed butt MCIII-MCII Utilitarian Burial, 12 16.7 cm Balthazar 1990, 335 table 87; Catling 1964, 61, fig. 3.8 Knife with pointed butt MCI end Utilitarian Burial,15 14.2 cm Balthazar 1990, 335 table 87; Myres 1913: fig. 15.41 Knife with pointed butt MC II-III Utilitarian Burial, 18 13 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Myres 1913: fig. 18A.307 Knife with pointed butt MC II-III Utilitarian Burial, 28 14.2 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Myres 1913: fig. 28.4; Myres 1940-5, pl. 26.1 Knife with pointed butt MC III late Utilitarian Burial, 35 about 6 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Myres 1913: fig. 35.54 Knife with pointed butt MC I Utilitarian Burial, 307A 9.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 64, pl. XIX.2 Knife with pointed butt MCI-II Utilitarian Burial, 311A 13.3+cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 80, pl. XXII.2 Knife with pointed butt MC I Utilitarian Burial, 313A 14.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 91, pl. CXLIII.3 Knife with pointed butt MCI-II Utilitarian Burial 313B 15.7 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 96, pl. XXIV.2 Knife with pointed butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 315 12.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 111, pl. XXIX.2 Knife with pointed butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 315A 9 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 111, pl. XXIX.2 Knife with pointed butt MC II Utilitarian Burial, 315B-C 14.1 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 112, p. XXX.2 Knife with pointed butt MC II Utilitarian Burial, 315B-C 17.2 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 112, p. XXX.2 Knife with pointed butt MC II Utilitarian Burial, 315B-C 13.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 112, p. XXX.2 Knife with pointed butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 316 16.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 119, pl. XXXII.1; Astrom 140, fig. 10.10 Knife with pointed butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 316 12.6 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 120, pl. XXXII.1 Knife with pointed butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 316 14.2 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 120, pl. XXXII.1 Knife with pointed butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 316 15.3 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 120, pl. XXXII.1; Knife with pointed butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 316 15.3 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 121, pl. XXXII.1 Knife with pointed butt MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 316 14.3 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 121, pl. XXXII.1 Knife with pointed butt MC I-III Utilitarian Burial, 804 8.2+cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Herscher 1978: 105 Knife with pointed butt MC I-III Utilitarian Burial, 804 17.4 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Herscher 1978, 111 Knife with pointed butt MC I-III Utilitarian Burial, 804 13.8 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Herscher 1978, 115 Knife with pointed butt MC II-III Utilitarian Burial, 804 10.6 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Herscher 1978, 121 Knife with pointed butt MCI Utilitarian Burial, 322E 18.6 cm Balthazar 1990, 336, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 153, pl. XXXVII.2 Knife with pointed butt MCI-III Utilitarian Burial, 804A 15.7 cm Balthazar 1990, 336 table 87; Herscher 1978: 113 Knife with pointed butt MCIII Utilitarian Burial, 49 15.3 cm Catling 1964: 61; Balthazar 1990, 336 table 87 Knife, tanged ECIIIB-MCI Utilitarian Burial, 816 18.7 cm Balthazar 1990, 388; Herscher 1978: 388 Knife MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 320 13.1+cm Balthazar 1990, 340, table 93; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 137, pl. XXXIV.2 Razor EC III or MC I Utilitarian Burial, 313 Catling or Balthazar? Scraper MC III Utilitarian Burial, 33 14 cm Balthazar 1990, 354; Myres 1913, fig. 33.6 Scraper MC III late Utilitarian Burial, 35 11.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 354; Myres 1913: 35.19 Scraper MC II Utilitarian Burial, 201 14 cm Balthazar 1990, 354; Myres 1913: 201B,17; Myres 1940-5; 26.1 Scraper MC II end Utilitarian Burial, 10B 8.8 cm Balthazar 1990, 356; Myres 1913, fig. 10B.34 CYPRUS TOOLS 619
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397:
Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 398 and 399:
Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409:
London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
Page 462 and 463:
Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
Page 464 and 465:
Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
Page 466 and 467:
Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
Page 468 and 469:
Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
Page 470 and 471:
Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
Page 472 and 473:
Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
Page 474 and 475:
Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
Page 476 and 477:
Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
Page 478 and 479:
Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
Page 480 and 481:
Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
Page 482 and 483:
Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
Page 484 and 485:
Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
Page 486 and 487:
Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
Page 488 and 489:
G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
Page 490 and 491:
F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
Page 492 and 493:
F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
Page 494 and 495:
1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
Page 496 and 497:
Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
Page 498 and 499:
Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
Page 502 and 503:
Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
Page 509 and 510:
40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
Page 511 and 512:
Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
Page 517 and 518:
Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520:
Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
Page 521 and 522:
Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526:
Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532:
Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534:
Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536:
Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538:
Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540:
Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542:
L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544:
Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552:
Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554:
15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566:
cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568:
Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570:
Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572:
Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 573 and 574:
Page 575 and 576:
Page 577 and 578:
Page 579 and 580:
Page 581 and 582:
Page 583 and 584:
Page 585 and 586:
Page 587 and 588:
Page 589 and 590:
Page 591 and 592: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 593 and 594: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 595 and 596: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
Page 621 and 622: Sites & Object types Specific perio
Page 641: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 691: Sites & Object types Specific perio
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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