Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 204 10 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1913: fig. 204.84; Myres 1940-5: pl. 24.1; Deshayes 531 Ax, single/flat MC I Carpentry/masonry Burial, 313A 9.5 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 90, pl. XXV.2 Ax, single/flat MC I mid Carpentry/masonry Burial, 313A 11.5 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 90, pl. XXV.2 Ax, single/flat MC I Carpentry/masonry Burial, 313A 8.8 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 92, pl. XXV.2; Astrom 1972: 140, fig. 10.1 Ax, single/flat MC I-II Carpentry/masonry Burial, 313B 12.6 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 96, pl. XXIV.2 Ax, single/flat MC I-II Carpentry/masonry Burial, 313B 10.6 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 96, pl. XXIV.2 Ax, single/flat MC I Carpentry/masonry Burial, 313C-D 8.8 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 97, pl. XXIV.3 Ax, single/flat MC II Carpentry/masonry Burial, 315 13.2 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 111, pl. XXX.2 Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Burial, 315 12 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 112, pl. CXLII.14 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 316 14.3 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 120, pl. XXXI.2 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 320 9.5 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 135, pl. XXXIV.3; Deshayes 343? Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 320 9.1 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 137, pl. XXXIV.3; Deshayes 343? Ax, single/flat MC I Carpentry/masonry Burial, 322A 12.2 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Gjerstand et al. 1934; 148, pl. XXXV.3 Ax, single/flat MC I-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 804 11.2 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Herscher 1978:95 Ax, single/flat MC I-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 804 6.9 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Herscher 1978:106 Ax, single/flat MC I-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 804 10.3 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Herscher 1978:114 Ax, single/flat MC I-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 804 11.6 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Herscher 1978:114 Ax, single/flat MC III mid Carpentry/masonry Burial, 8 12 cm Bathazar 1990, 364; Myres 1940-5; pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC III mid Carpentry/masonry Burial, 8 13 cm Bathazar 1990, 364; Myres 1940-5; pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC I end Carpentry/masonry Burial, 15 12.8 cm Bathazar 1990, 364; Myres 1913: fig. 15.70; Myres 1940-5: pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MCII-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 21 15.4 cm Bathazar 1990, 364; Myres 1913, fig. 21.181; Myres 1940-5; pl. 24.1; Catling 1964, 63 entry 1c3 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 315 8.3 cm Bathazar 1990, 364; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 110, pl. XXIX.2; Deshayes 399 Ax, single/flat MC I Carpentry/masonry Burial, 322 12 cm Bathazar 1990, 364; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 147, pl. XXXV.3 Ax, single/flat MC I Carpentry/masonry Burial, 322A 17 cm Bathazar 1990, 364; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 148, pl. XXXV.3 Ax, single/flat MC I Carpentry/masonry Burial, 322A 16.8 cm Bathazar 1990, 364; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 149, pl. XXXV.3 Ax, single/flat MC I Carpentry/masonry Burial, 322A 16.8 cm Bathazar 1990, 364; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 149, pl. XXXV.3 Ax, single/flat MC II Carpentry/masonry Burial, 315 15.2 cm Bathazar 1990, 365;Gjerstand et al. 1934: 112, pl. CXLII.15 or pl. XXX,2 no. 38; Astrom 1972, 140, fig. 10.4; Deshayes 579 Ax, single/flat MC I Carpentry/masonry Burial, 322A 18.9 cm Bathazar 1990, 365; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 147, pl. XXXV.3 Ax, single/flat MC I Carpentry/masonry Burial, 322A 20.4 cm Bathazar 1990, 365;; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 148, pl. XXXV.3 Ax, single/flat MC I Carpentry/masonry Burial, 322A 19.6 cm Bathazar 1990, 365; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 149, pl. XXXV.3 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 18 7 cm Bathazar 1990, 365; Myres 1904-5, pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 50 6 cm Bathazar 1990, 365; Myres 1904-5, pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 50 7 cm Bathazar 1990, 365; Myres 1904-5, pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 316 7.9 cm Bathazar 1990, 365; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 120, pl. XXXI.2; Deshayes 636? Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 702 4.8 cm Bathazar 1990, 365; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 170 Ax, single/flat 18th-17th century Carpentry/masonry Burial Deshayes 636 Ax, single/flat 20th-17th century Carpentry/masonry Burial Deshayes 579 Ax, single/flat 24th-17th century Carpentry/masonry Burial Deshayes 531 Ax, single/flat 24th-17th century Carpentry/masonry Burial, 204 8.5 ce = 2.6 Deshayes 532 (multiple examples under Deshayes 532), plate V.12 Ax, single/flat 20th-17th century Carpentry/masonry Burial Deshayes 399 Ax, single/flat 24th-17th century Carpentry/masonry Burial Deshayes 343 Ax, single/flat 24th-17th century Carpentry/masonry Burial Deshayes 245 Chisel MC I or MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 29 Bathazar 1990, 378; Myres 1913; fig. 29.139; Myres 1940-5; pl. 24.3; Catling 1964, entry 3.5, 4.9 Chisel MC I or MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 204 Catling 1964, 64 entry 3.6 Chisel MC I or MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 21 27.2 cm Bathazar 1990, 378; Myres 1913, fig. 21.180; Myres 1940-5: pl. 24.3; Catling 1964: 64 entry 3.7 Chisel MC I Carpentry/masonry Burial, 313 11 cm Gjerstand et al. 1934, 90, pl. XXIII.2; Balthazar 1990, 378; Deshayes 857; BSA XLI 1940-45, p. 84, fig. 6 and pl. 24.3, no 43 Chisel MC III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 29 14 cm Balthazar 1990, 378 Chisel MC I Carpentry/masonry Burial, 322A 23.4 cm Balthazar 1990, 378; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 148 Chisel MC I Carpentry/masonry Burial, 322A 11.2 cm Balthazar 1990, 378; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 147; Deshayes 858; CYPRUS TOOLS 616
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Chisel Carpentry/masonry Burial, 43 16 cm Balthazar 1990, 378; Myres 1913, fig. 43B.50; Myres 1940-5: pl. 24.3 Chisel MC I Carpentry/masonry Burial, 322A 25.4 cm about 1.5 Balthazar 1990, 378; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 147, pl. CXLIII.20 Chisel MC II Carpentry/masonry Burial, 315 26.3 cm ce = 1.7 Balthazar 1990, 378, 146 figure 48; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 112; Astrom 1972, 143, figure 11.1 Double spatula MC I or MC II Small crafts Burial, 201 Bathlazar? Knife MC III Utilitarian Burial, 8 9.1 cm Balthazar 1990, 329 table 76; Myres 1913, figure 8f Knife MC III Utilitarian Burial, 8 10.0+ cm Balthazar 1990, 329 table 76; Myres 1913, figure 8G Knife, tanged MC II Utilitarian Burial, 39 13.2 cm Balthazar 1990, 331, table 78; Myres 1913, figure 39.28; Myres 1940-5: pl. 26.1 Knife, tanged MC III Utilitarian Burial, 39 10.7 cm Balthazar 1990, 331, table 78; Myres 1913: fig. 39.no# Knife, tanged MC I late Utilitarian Burial, 46 23.2 cm Balthazar 1990, 331, table 78; Myres 1913: fig. 46.40; Myres 1940-5: pl. 26.1 Knife, tanged EC IIIA-MCI Utilitarian Burial, 302B 15.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 331 table 78; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 44, pl. XVI.2 Knife, tanged Utilitarian Burial, 306 11 cm Balthazar 1990, 331 table 78; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 61, pl. XVIII.3 Knife, tanged ECIIIB/MCI Utilitarian Burial, 306 9.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 331 table 78; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 61, pl. XVIII.3 Knife, tanged MC I Utilitarian Burial, 313 14.0 cm Balthazar 1990, 331 table 78; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 92, pl. CXLIII; Astrom 1972, 140, fig. 10.7 Knife, tanged MC I-II Utilitarian Burial, 313 19 cm Balthazar 1990, 331 table 78; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 95, pl. XXIV.2 Knife, tanged MC II-III Utilitarian Burial, 316 13.9 cm Balthazar 1990, 331, table 78; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 119, pl. XXXII.1 Knife, tanged MC I Utilitarian Burial, 322A 24.3 Balthazar 1990, 331, table 78; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 148, pl. XXXV.3 Knife, tanged MC II-III Utilitarian Burial, 702 9 cm Balthazar 1990, 331, table 78 Knife, tanged ECIIIB-MCII Utilitarian Burial, 805 9.9 cm Balthazar 1990, 331 table 78; Herscher 1978: 35 Knife, tanged ECIIIB-MCII Utilitarian Burial, 806 21.9+cm Balthazar 1990, 331, table 78; Grace 1940: 47, fig. 31 Knife, tanged ECIIIB-MCI Utilitarian Burial, 813 6.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 331, table 78; Herscher 1978: 335 Knife, tanged ECIIIB-MCI Utilitarian Burial, 813 4.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 331, table 78; Herscher 1978: 335 Knife, tanged ECIIIB/MCI Utilitarian Burial, 827 10.9+cm Balthazar 1990, 331, table 78; Herscher 1978, 540 Knife, tanged ECIIIA-MCI Utilitarian Burial, 828 16.9 cm Balthazar 1990, 331 table 78; Herscher 1978, 559 Knife, tanged ECIIIB-MCI Utilitarian Burial, 806 14.7 cm Balthazar 1990, 331, table 79; Herscher 1978: 206 Knife, tanged ECIIIB-MCI Utilitarian Burial, 813A 13.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 331, table 79; Herscher 1978: 327 Knife, tanged MC I Utilitarian Burial, 307 22.8 cm Balthazar 1990, 332, table 80; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 65, pl. XIX.3 Knife, tanged MCI Utilitarian Burial, 322A 15.6+ cm Balthazar 1990, 332, table 81; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 147, pl. XXXV.3 Knife, tanged MCI Utilitarian Burial, 322A 12.9+cm Balthazar 1990, 332, table 81; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 148, pl. XXXV.3 Knife, tanged ECIII-MCI Utilitarian Burial, 805 10.8 cm Balthazar 1990, 332, table 81; Herscher 1978: 167 Knife, tanged MCII Utilitarian Burial, 201 18.0+cm Balthazar 1990, 332, table 82; Myres 1913: 201B.15 Knife, tanged MC I late Utilitarian Burial, 313A 21.6+cm Balthazar 1990, 332, table 82; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 90, pl. XXIV.1 Knife, tanged ECIIIB-MCI Utilitarian Burial, 805 11.4+cm Balthazar 1990, 332 table 82; Herscher 1978: 166 Knife, tanged ECIII-MCII Utilitarian Burial, 212 19.7 cm Balthazar 1990, 333 table 83; Catling 1964: 60 Knife, tanged MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, 18 27.7 cm Balthazar 1990, 333, table 83; Catling 1964, 60, fig. 3.6 Knife, tanged MCI Utilitarian Burial, 307A 9.8 cm Gjerstand et al. 1934: 64, pl. XIX.2 Knife, tanged MCI Utilitarian Burial, 313A 16.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 333, table 83; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 90, pl. CXLIII.5 Knife, tanged MCI Utilitarian Burial, 313A 23.3+cm Balthazar 1990, 333 table 83; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 90, pl. XXIV.1 Knife, tanged MC I Utilitarian Burial, 313A 16.2 cm Balthazar 1990, 333 table 83; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 91, pl. XXIV.1 Knife, tanged MCI Utilitarian Burial, 313A 25.9+ cm Balthazar 1990, 333 table 83; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 92, pl. XXIV.1 Knife, tanged MCI Utilitarian Burial, 313A 19.3 cm Balthazar 1990, 333 table 83; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 92, pl. CXLIII Knife, tanged ECIIIB-MCI Utilitarian Burial, 318 14.1 cm Balthazar 1990, 333 table 83; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 127, pl. XXXII.5 Knife, tanged MC I Utilitarian Burial, 322 18.6 cm Balthazar 1990, 333 table 83; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 148, pl. XXXV.3 Knife, tanged MCI Utilitarian Burial, 322 17.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 333 table 83; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 148, pl. XXXV.3 Knife, tanged MCI Utilitarian Burial, 322 13.7+cm Balthazar 1990, 333 table 83; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 148, pl. XXXV.3 Knife, tanged ECIII-MCI Utilitarian Burial, 322B 14 cm Balthazar 1990, 333 table 83; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 149, pl. XXXVI.3 Knife, tanged ECIIIB-MCI Utilitarian Burial, 802 14.3 cm Balthazar 1990, 333 table 83; Herscher 1978:36 Knife, tanged MCI Utilitarian Burial, 803 13.6+cm Balthazar 1990, 333 table 83; Herscher 1978:65 Knife, tanged MCI Utilitarian Burial, 803A 14.3 cm Balthazar 1990, 333 table 83; Herscher 1978:68 Knife, tanged ECIIIB-MCII Utilitarian Burial, 805 16.7 cm Balthazar 1990, 333 table 83; Herscher 1978: 167 CYPRUS TOOLS 617
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397:
Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 398 and 399:
Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
Page 402 and 403:
Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
Page 452 and 453:
Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
Page 454 and 455:
Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
Page 456 and 457:
Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
Page 458 and 459:
General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
Page 460 and 461:
General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
Page 462 and 463:
Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
Page 464 and 465:
Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
Page 466 and 467:
Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
Page 468 and 469:
Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
Page 470 and 471:
Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
Page 472 and 473:
Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
Page 474 and 475:
Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
Page 476 and 477:
Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
Page 478 and 479:
Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
Page 480 and 481:
Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
Page 482 and 483:
Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
Page 484 and 485:
Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
Page 486 and 487:
Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
Page 488 and 489:
G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
Page 490 and 491:
F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
Page 492 and 493:
F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
Page 494 and 495:
1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
Page 496 and 497:
Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
Page 498 and 499:
Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
Page 502 and 503:
Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
Page 509 and 510:
40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
Page 511 and 512:
Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
Page 517 and 518:
Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520:
Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
Page 521 and 522:
Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526:
Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532:
Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534:
Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536:
Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538:
Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540:
Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542:
L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544:
Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552:
Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554:
15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566:
cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568:
Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570:
Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572:
Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 573 and 574:
Page 575 and 576:
Page 577 and 578:
Page 579 and 580:
Page 581 and 582:
Page 583 and 584:
Page 585 and 586:
Page 587 and 588:
Page 589 and 590: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 595 and 596: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
Page 621 and 622: Sites & Object types Specific perio
Page 639: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 691:
Sites & Object types Specific perio
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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