Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Kition - LBA Casting, plowshare LC IIIA Metallurgical Hoard 23.5 tip = 6.1 Karageorghis and Demas 1985, 109, plate 88.4, 6; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 176 Casting, plowshare LC IIIA Metallurgical Hoard 23.5 ce = 6 Karageorghis 1975, 831-833, figure 54; Karageorghis and Demas 1985, 109, plate 88.4, 6; Matthäus and Schumacher-Ma Knife, small Utilitarian Cultic site or sanctuary Karageorghis and Demas 1985, 94, plates CVIII, CLXXXVIII, Knife, fragment Utilitarian Cultic site or sanctuary Karageorghis and Demas 1985, 149, # 5274, plates CXXXI, CCIV Point Small crafts Cultic site or sanctuary Karageorghis and Demas 1985, 74, # 1062, room 13B, pl XXXV, LVII Pruning hook Agricultural Cultic site or sanctuary 22 Ax ce = 3.4 Karageorghis and Demas 1985, 55, plates 32, 52 Saw with teeth, fragmentary Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary Karageorghis and Demas 1985, 32; 1102, plate 21, 49 Sickle, fragment Agricultural Cultic site or sanctuary Karageorghis and Demas 1985, 238, 5252, CLXX, CCXXVIII Small implement Small crafts Cultic site or sanctuary Karageorghis and Demas 1985, 22, plate XVII, XLI Small implement Small crafts Cultic site or sanctuary Karageorghis and Demas 1985, 32, Kition room 32a, 1102/2, pl 21 Small implement Small crafts Cultic site or sanctuary Karageorghis and Demas 1985, 94, plates CVIII, CLXXXVIII Small implement Utilitarian Cultic site or sanctuary 5.1 cm Karageorghis and Demas 1985, 31; Kition room 31 inv. 1082, pl XXI, XLIX Small implement Utilitarian Cultic site or sanctuary Karageorghis and Demas 1985, 117, # 4274B, plates CXIX, CXCVI Klavdhia - MBA Ax, single/flat MC III Carpentry/masonry Burial Catling 1964,63 entry 1c4; Balthazar 1990, 364 Knife Utilitarian Burial? 11.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 337 table 89 Knife Utilitarian Burial? 11.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 338, table 90; Knife Utilitarian Burial? 18.0 cm Balthazar 1990, 338, table 90; Knife Utilitarian Burial? 13.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 338, table 90; Knife Utilitarian Burial, tomb 11 16.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 338, table 90; Catling 1964: 60 Knife MC? Utilitarian Burial 11 cm Balthazar 1990, 332, table 81 Knife Utilitarian Burial? 17 cm Balthazar 1990, 334, table 85 Knife Utilitarian Burial? 13.3 cm Balthazar 1990, 334, table 85 Knife Utilitarian Burial? 15.2 cm Balthazar 1990, 334, table 85 Knife Utilitarian Burial 13 cm Balthazar 1990, 339, table 91; Scraper MC? Utilitarian Burial Balthazar 1990, 365 Scraper MC? Utilitarian Burial Balthazar 1990, 365 Klavdhia - LBA Awl Small crafts Burial Catling 1964, 97 entry L.2; figure 10.7 Awl Small crafts Burial? 13.4 cm Catling?, Balthazar 1990, 374 Awl Small crafts Burial? 14.4 cm Catling?, Balthazar 1990, 374 Knife LC Utilitarian Burial 9.0+ cm Balthazar 1990, 341, table 94; Catling 1964: 126 Mold for spatula 12th century? Metallurgical Settlement Catling 1964, 273 entry Ba1 Mold for multiple items 12th century? Metallurgical Unstratified or unknown Catling 1964, 274 b1 Plowshare Agricultural Burial? Catling 1964? Spatula, tanged Utilitarian Burial Catling 1964, 264, 1 Klavdhia - LBA - 2nd millennium Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 17.7 cm Catling 1964: 61; Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87 Kouklia-Kaminia - LBA Awl 12th century Small crafts Burial, tomb 9 Catling 1964, 97 entry 4 Awl 12th century Small crafts Burial, tomb 9 Catling 1964, 97 entry 4 Lapithos - EBA-MBA Knife ECIIIB -MC Utilitarian Burial, 301C 15.0+ cm Balthazar 1990, 341, table 95; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 37, pl. CXLIII Lapithos - MBA Adze, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 320 9.5 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 134, pl. XXXIV.3; Astrom 1972, 140, fig. 10.2; Catling 1964, 64 entry 21; Desha Awl EC IIIc or MC II Small crafts Burial, 323 Catling 1964, 65 entry 4a1 Awl 24th - 17th century BC Small crafts Burial Deshayes 172 Awl MC I Small crafts Burial, 313 8.7 cm Balthazar 1990, 374; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 92, pl. XXIII.2 CYPRUS TOOLS 614
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Awl MC I-II Small crafts Burial, 313 Balthazar 1990, 374; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 95, pl. XXXIV.2 Awl MC II Small crafts Burial, 315 9.1 cm Balthazar 1990, 374; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 112, pl. XXX.2; Awl MC II Small crafts Burial, 315 Balthazar 1990, 374; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 112, pl. XXX.2 Awl MC II-III Small crafts Burial, 315 Balthazar 1990, 374; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 135, pl. XXXIV.2 Awl MC II-III Small crafts Burial, 316 Balthazar 1990, 374; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 120, pl. XXXII.1 Awl MC II-III Small crafts Burial, 320 Balthazar 1990, 374; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 137, pl. XXXIV.2 Awl MC II-III Small crafts Burial, 320 Balthazar 1990, 374; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 135, pl. XXXIV.2 Awl MC I Small crafts Burial, 322 10.8 cm Balthazar 1990, 37; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 147 Awl MC I Small crafts Burial, 322 15.8 cm Balthazar 1990, 374; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 148 Awl MC I-III Small crafts Burial, 804 9.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 374 Awl MC I-III Small crafts Burial, 804 9.7 cm Balthazar 1990, 374; Herscher 1978, 108 Awl MC I-III Small crafts Burial, 804 8.2 cm Balthazar 1990, 374; Herscher 1978, 114 Awl MC I_III Small crafts Burial, 804 7.8 cm Balthazar 1990, 374; Herscher 1978, 114 Awl MC I-III Small crafts Burial, 804 4.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 374; Herscher 1978, 116 Awl EC IIIB-MC II Small crafts Burial, 805 5.2 cm Balthazar 1990, 374; Herscher 1978, 159 Awl MC II Small crafts Burial, 201 25 cm Balthazar 1990, 374 Awl MC I Small crafts Burial, 313 9.6 cm Balthazar 1990, 375; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 90, pl. CXLIII.16; Awl MC I Small crafts Burial, 313 9.7 cm Balthazar 1990, 375; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 92, pl. XXIII.2 Awl w chisel like tang MC I Small crafts Burial, 322 Balthazar 1990, 375; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 149 Awl w chisel like tang MC I-III Small crafts Burial, 804 9.4 cm Balthazar 1990, 375; Herscher 1978, 114 Awl MC I Small crafts Burial, 322 9.7 cm Balthazar 1990, 375; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 149 Awl or punch MC I or MC II - III Small crafts Burial, 18 25 cm Catling 1964, 65 entry 4.3; Balthazar 1990, 375 Awl or punch MC I or MC III Small crafts Burial, 8 Catling 1964, 65 entry 4.4 Awl or punch MC I or MC III Small crafts Burial, 50 Catling 1964, 65 entry 4.5 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 204 12.6 cm about 3.7 Catling 1964, 63 entry 1a3, figure 4.1; Balthazar 1990, 361; Deshayes 532? Ax, single/flat ECIIIA-MCI Carpentry/masonry Burial, 302 5.9 cm Bathazar 1990, 361; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 44, pl. XVI.2 Ax, single/flat MC III mid Carpentry/masonry Burial, 8 ca. 8 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1940-5: pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC II end Carpentry/masonry Burial, 10B ca. 13 cm Bathazar 1990, 362 Ax, single/flat MC I end Carpentry/masonry Burial, 15 12.6 cm Bathazar 1990, 362 Ax, single/flat MC I end Carpentry/masonry Burial, 15 ca. 12 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1940-5: pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 18 9 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1940-5: pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 18 11 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1940-5: pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 18 10 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1940-5; pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat ECI/MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 21 11 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1913: figure 21.182; Myres 1940-5; pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 29 12 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1913: fig. 29.179; Myres 1940-5, pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 50 10 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1940-5: pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 50 10 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1940-5: pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 50 10 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1940-5: pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 50 14 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1940-5: pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 50 10 Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1940-5: pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 50 13 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1940-5: pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 50 12 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1940-5: pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 50 9 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1940-5: pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 50 9 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1940-5: pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 50 8 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1940-5: pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 51 9 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1913, fig. 51.36; Myres 1940-5: pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, 51 16.4 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1913, fig. 51.62; Myres 1940-5; pl. 24.1; Catling 1964: 63 entry 1b5, fig. 4.3 Ax, single/flat MC I-II Carpentry/masonry Burial, 203 11 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1940-5; pl. 24.1 Ax, single/flat MC I-II Carpentry/masonry Burial, 203 12 cm Bathazar 1990, 362; Myres 1940-5: pl. 24.1 CYPRUS TOOLS 615
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
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Other objects 1 bronze weight with
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Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
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Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
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Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
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(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Page 587 and 588: Sites & Object types Specific date
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Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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