Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Awl or point Small crafts Settlement 2.8 0.2 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1983, A.43 W 3.1 Awl or stylus Small crafts Settlement 17.7 0.1 - 0.7 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1982, A.204 5.1 Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Settlement 4.45 4.8 cm excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 205 Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Settlement 18.6 5.35 cm excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1990, S3B, 4.12 Bronze fragment; chisel? Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.2 0.65 - 0.7 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1983, A.43W, 3.4 Chisel, double ended Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10.7 ce = 0.85 and 1 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1981, A.51 6.1 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15.1 ce = 1.4 cm excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1990, S.3A, 4.2 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 16.7 ce = 0.55 cm excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1990, S3B, 4.12 Chisel-like, small Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10.9 ce = 0.7 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1990, S3A, 16.1 Chisel or drill Carpentry/masonry? Settlement 12.2 ce= 0.45 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1982, 0.50A, 3.1 Chisel point? Small crafts Settlement 3.75 ce= 0.6 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1980, A.45 3.1 Chisel-like object Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9.3 ce= 1 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1980, A. 45 3.2 Chisel? Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.2 0.45 - 0.6 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1982, P51C, 5.1 Dagger or knife Utilitarian Settlement 16.4 1.7 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1990, S3A 4.4, Implement? Small crafts Settlement 3.8 0.75 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1980, A.45 5.1 Implement? Small crafts Settlement 5.6 tip = 0.6 Implement? Small crafts Settlement 2.8 0.45 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1995, A.154 (N), cleaning floor Implement? stylus? Small crafts Settlement 9.05 eraser = 0.6 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1983, O.51A, 4.9 Knife Utilitarian Settlement 11.95 2.5 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1980 or 81; A.45 5.1 Knife Utilitarian Settlement 13 tip = 0.3 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1982, A. 76 3.3 Bronze blade, knife Utilitarian Burial, T.14 6.3 2.5 1.6 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1994, T.14:107 Plowshare Agricultural Settlement 12.55 ce = 4.3 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1980 or 81; S. 165 Point fragment Small crafts Settlement 4 1 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1980, A.45 3.2 Point fragment Small crafts Settlement 6.4 tip = 0.2 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1980, A.45, 3.2 Point Small crafts Settlement 3.4 0.6 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1993, O51D, 2.1 Punch? Small crafts Settlement 4.3 1.2 - 1.3 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1990, S3B, 24.1, pit 23.1 Sickle Agricultural Settlement 16.6 2.7 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1980 or 81; A.45E 4.1 Sickle Agricultural Settlement 15.25 2.4 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1991, S3c, 77.3 Small implement or awl Small crafts Settlement 15.3 0.5 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1982, A.76, 3.3 Small implement? Small crafts Settlement Chisel, socketed Carpentry/masonry Settlement 17 tip= 2.25 cm excavation #: Kalavasos-AD, A.63 2.1 Spatula, socketed Utilitarian Settlement 9.95 tip = 2.3 excavation #:Kalavasos-AD 1980 or 81; A.45, 3.2 Spatula or blade? Utilitarian Settlement 15.1 3.2; tip = 2.7 excavation #:Kalavasos-AD 1997, M 50C, 6.3 Stylus Small crafts Settlement 13 tip = 0.4 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1982, O 51 C, 4.6 Stylus Small crafts Settlement 14.7 0.15 - 0.6 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1990, M51A, 5.8 Kalavasos-Laroumena - 2nd millennium Chisel fragment MBA? Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.7 2.2 Todd 1993, 93. Kalavasos-Panayia Church - MBA Awl MC II Small crafts Burial, Tomb 36 14.5 cm 0.3 - 0.9 cm Todd 1986, 64, figure 41.15; Balthazar 1990, 374 Ax, single/flat MC II Carpentry/masonry Burial, tomb 37 12.8 cm 4.5 cm Todd 1986, 97 figure 40.11, plate XXXIII.3, right; Balthazar 1990, 363 Ax, single/flat MC II Carpentry/masonry Burial, tomb 37 15.7 cm blade = 5 cm Todd 1986, 93, figure 40.10, pl. XXXIII.3, left; Balthazar 1990, 365 Knife, tanged MCII Utilitarian Burial, tomb 37 17 cm Todd 1986: 93, figure 41 Knife MCII Utilitarian Burial, tomb 37 13.3 cm Todd 1986: 93, figure 41; Balthazar 1990, 334, table 84 Knife MC II Utilitarian Burial, tomb 37 10.4+cm Todd 1986: 98, figure 41; Balthazar 1990, 334, table 84 Knife MCI-II Utilitarian Burial, tomb 39 11.5 cm Todd 1986: 100, fig. 41; Balthazar 1990, 334, table 84 Knife MC II Utilitarian Burial, Tomb 36 9.7 cm Todd 1986; Balthazar 1990, 336, table 88 Knife MCII Utilitarian Burial, Tomb 36 11.9 cm Balthazar 1990, 338, table 90; Todd 1986 Knife or dagger MC II Utilitarian Burial, Tomb 36 18.1 cm Todd 1986, 64 figure 41; Balthazar 1990, 331 table 78 Scraper MC I/II? Utilitarian Burial, Tomb 47 4 cm 1.8 Todd 1986, 122, figure 41.14; Balthazar 1990... CYPRUS TOOLS 612
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Scraper MC II Utilitarian Burial, Tomb 36 9 cm 2.5 cm Tood et al. 1986, 48, figure 41.12; Balthazar 1990 Scraper or knife MC II Utilitarian Burial, Tomb 36 10.8 cm 2.8 cm Todd 1986, 64 figure 41.8; Balthazar 1990, 331 table 78 Scraper or razor MC II Utilitarian Burial, Tomb 37 13.9 cm 3.1 cm Todd 1986, 95 figure 41.2, pl. XXXIII.4, right Kaliana, Manjapierides - LBA Spatula, soceted LC I? Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 20.1 tip = 1.4 Catling 1964, 106 entry 2 figure 11.9, plate 9.i Kalopsidha - MBA Knife MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, tomb 9 Balthazar 1990, 340, table 93; Astrom 1966; Myres-OR 1899: 53 (#517) Knife MCI-II Utilitarian Burial, tomb 20 7.0+cm Balthazar 1990, 342, table 96; Astrom 1966: 25-6 Knife MCI-II Utilitarian Burial, tomb 20 7.6+cm Balthazar 1990, 342, table 96; Astrom 1966: 25-6 Knife MCII? Utilitarian Burial, tomb 21 Gale and Stos-Gale 1985: 66; Balthazar 1990, 336, table 87 Knife Utilitarian Burial, tomb 8? Balthazar 1990, 340, table 93; Astrom 1966, 16 Knife Utilitarian Burial, tomb 8 Balthazar 1990, 340, table 93; Astrom 1966, 16 Knife Utilitarian Burial?, tomb 12? Balthazar 1990, 340, table 93; Astrom 1966, 23 Kalopsidha - 2nd millennium Knife Utilitarian Burial, tomb 14 Balthazar 1990, 342, table 96; Astrom 1966: 23 Kalopsidha Koufos - LBA Chisel MCIII-LC II? Carpentry/masonry Settlement Webb 1999, 115; Watkins 1966; Bachmann in Astrom, Bailey and Karageorghis 1976: 127-8 Razor MC III-LCII Utilitarian Settlement Webb 1999, 115; Watkins 1966; Bachmann in Astrom, Bailey and Karageorghis 1976: 127-8 Karmi - MBA Drill or awl Carpentry/masonry Burial? Catling 1964, 65 entry 4b1; called an awl by Balthazar 1990 Knife MC I late Utilitarian Burial, tomb 11 13.9 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Stewart 1962: 200, figure 11 Karmi - 2nd millennium Knife Unknown Utilitarian Burial Balthazar 1990, 342, table 96; Catling 1964: 61 Karpass, Cyprus - MBA Ax single/flat MC III - LC I early Carpentry/masonry Hoard? 8.5 cm about 3.8 Balthazar 1990, 364; de Jesus et al. 1982. SMEA 23, 8, entry 2, figure 1; Ax single/flat MC III - LC I early Carpentry/masonry Hoard? 12.7 cm about 4.7 Balthazar 1990, 364; de Jesus et al. 1982. SMEA 23, 8, entry 5, figure 1, plate II Ax single/flat MC III - LC I early Carpentry/masonry Hoard? 9.5 cm about 5.5 Balthazar 1990, 365; de Jesus et al. 1982. SMEA 23, 8, entry 6, figure 1 Ax, shaft hole MC III - LC I early Carpentry/masonry Hoard? 14.6 cm ce= 3.6 cm Balthazar 1990, 371; Buchholz 1979, 83, figure 14; de Jesus et al. 1982. SMEA 23, 10 entry 9, figure 1, plate 1; Masson 19 Chisel, narrow MC III - LC I early Carpentry/masonry Hoard? 13.7 cm about 1.7 de Jesus et al. 1982. SMEA 23, 11 entry 10, figure 1 Flesh hook MC III - LC I early Utilitarian Hoard? 12 cm de Jesus et al. 1982. SMEA 23, 12 entry 12, figure 2 Saw with teeth MC III - LC I early Carpentry/masonry Hoard? 43 cm 3.7 and 4.4 cm de Jesus et al. 1982. SMEA 23, 12 entry 11, figure 2, plate I; Astrom 1967, 12 Tubular implement MC III - LC I early Small crafts Hoard? 9.3 cm de Jesus et al. 1982. SMEA 23, 13 entry 13, figure 2 Karpass, Cyprus - 2nd millennium Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 13.6+cm Balthazar 1990, 339, table 91; de Jesus 1982: 15, fig. 3 Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 10+ cm Balthazar 1990, 342, table 96; de Jesus 1982, 15, fig. 3 Katydata - MBA Ax, single/flat MC II Carpentry/masonry Burial? Tomb 29? Balthazar 1990, 365; Markides 1916.8 Knife MCII Utilitarian Burial, tomb 57 Balthazar 342, table 96; Markides 1916:9; Knife MCI Utilitarian Burial, tomb 67 Balthazar 342, table 96; Markides 1916:9; Knife MCI Utilitarian Burial, tomb 67 Balthazar 342, table 96; Markides 1916:9; Knife MC? Utilitarian Burial, tomb 82 Balthazar 342, table 96; Markides 1916:9; Katydata - LBA Awl Small crafts Burial? Tomb 71 Markides 1916, 9 Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Burial, tomb 50 Catling 1964, 86.; ARCA 1916, 10 Saw with teeth, handle Carpentry/masonry Burial, tomb 5 36.3 cm middle = 3.6 cm Catling 1964, 93 H.a.1 (Fig 9:6, plate 9:a); Deshayes 2918 Kissonerga Ammoudhia - MBA Razor or spatula MC - LC I Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 8.2 cm 1.8 cm Swiny 1986, 76-7, figure 65 Razor or spatula EC-MC Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 4.2 cm 1.4 cm Swiny 1986, 77 figure 65 Knife MC I-II Utilitarian Burial 12.3 cm 2.5 cm Swiny 1986, 71; Balthazar 1990, 331, table 78 CYPRUS TOOLS 613
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
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Other objects 1 bronze weight with
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Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
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Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
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Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
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(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Page 585 and 586: Sites & Object types Specific date
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Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Page 635: Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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