Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Knife MC III-LC I Utilitarian Settlement, Area 26 2.7 cm 2 cm Swiny 1986, 70, figure 63, entry M60; Balthazar 1990, 339, table 91 Spatula Utilitarian Settlement, Room 3 4 cm head = 0.8 cm Swiny 1986, 85 figure 63 Episkopi-Bamboula - LBA Awl LC IA2 Small crafts Burial, tomb 12.54b 6.3 Benson 1972, 125, pl. 34, B1250; Swiny 1986, 83 and note 191; Awl LCIIIA Small crafts Settlement 8.6 0.3 Benson 1972, 125, B1251 Chisel LC IIB Carpentry/masonry Burial, Tomb 6.t 5.6 1.8 Benson 1972, 126, B1260, plate 34 Chisel LC IIB Carpentry/masonry Burial, tomb 12.54b 5.5 2 Benson 1972, 126, B1261, plate 34 Double spatula LCIIIA Small crafts Settlement 8.8 1.8 Benson 1972, 127, plate 34 Plowshare Agricultural Settlement Catling 1964 Pointed implement LC IIIA Small crafts Settlement 15.5 Benson 1972, 127, B1305, plate 34 Pointed implement LC IIIA/B Small crafts Settlement 10.1 0.4 Benson 1972, 127, B1306, plate 34 Saw LC II Carpentry/masonry Burial, tomb 13 Catling 1964, 94 H.b.1 (figure 9:7); Catling claims the tomb is unpublished... Socketed chisel LC II Carpentry/masonry Burial, tomb 31 12 1.7 Catling 1964, 98 entry M1; figure 10.8; Benson 1972, 126, B1262 Socketed chisel LC? Carpentry/masonry Burial, tomb 37.1 13.8 1 at dull end Benson 1972, 127, B 1304, plate 34 Socketed chisel LC IIA Carpentry/masonry Settlement 12 blade = 2.6 Benson 1972, 128, B1317, plate 34 Galinoporni - MBA Knife MC II or MC I Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 9.4+cm Balthazar 1990, 331, table 78; Astrom 1960: 127, fig. 5 Galinoporni-Vasili - LBA Saw with teeth LC IIC or LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard, found in large pithos Bartelheim, M., B. Kizilduman, U. Muller, E. Pernicka, and H. Tekel. 2008. Shovel, charcoal LC IIC or LC IIIA Metallurgical Hoard, found in large pithos Bartelheim, M., B. Kizilduman, U. Muller, E. Pernicka, and H. Tekel. 2008. Sickle LC IIC or LC IIIA Agricultural Hoard, found in large pithos Bartelheim, M., B. Kizilduman, U. Muller, E. Pernicka, and H. Tekel. 2008. Sickle LC IIC or LC IIIA Agricultural Hoard, found in large pithos Bartelheim, M., B. Kizilduman, U. Muller, E. Pernicka, and H. Tekel. 2008. Sickle LC IIC or LC IIIA Agricultural Hoard, found in large pithos Bartelheim, M., B. Kizilduman, U. Muller, E. Pernicka, and H. Tekel. 2008. Sickle LC IIC or LC IIIA Agricultural Hoard, found in large pithos Bartelheim, M., B. Kizilduman, U. Muller, E. Pernicka, and H. Tekel. 2008. Sickle LC IIC or LC IIIA Agricultural Hoard, found in large pithos Bartelheim, M., B. Kizilduman, U. Muller, E. Pernicka, and H. Tekel. 2008. General Cyprus - MBA Ax, single/flat MC III - LC I early Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 7.2 cm about 2.8 Balthazar 1990, 363; de Jesus et al. 1982. SMEA 23, 8, entry 1, figure 1 Ax, single/flat MC III - LC I early Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 8.3 cm about 3.4 de Jesus et al. 1982. SMEA 23, 8, entry 3, figure 1 Ax, single/flat MC III - LC I early Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 10.5 cm about 4.6 de Jesus et al. 1982. SMEA 23, 8, entry 4, figure 1 Ax, single/flat MC III - LC I early Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 14.6 cm about 4.2 de Jesus et al. 1982. SMEA 23, 8, entry 8, figure 1 General Cyprus - LBA Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 18.3 ce =4; butt = 2.5 Catling 1964, 87 (Fig 8:12, Pl. 6:f) Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown ce = 5 cm Catling 1964, plate 6i Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Catling 1964; plate 6h?, Deshayes 1066? Ax-adze Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2304; published by Gjerstad without note of dimensions; Catling 1964... Knife w handle Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Catling 1964, under knives Plowshare Agricultural Unstratified or unknown Catling 1964 Saw with teeth; band saw? Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 34.3 2.8-3.8 Catling 1964, 94 H.b.3 (Figure Pl. 9 :c) Shovel, charcoal Metallurgical Unstratified or unknown 10.85 cm 6.3 Catling 1964, 101, entry 6, plate 10g Shovel Agricultural Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 3035; Catling 1964, plate 3c Shovel, charcoal Metallurgical Unstratified or unknown Catling 1964, under charcoal shovels; Deshayes 2040 Chisel, socketed Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Catling 1964, figure 10.9 Chisel, socketed Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Catling 1964, figure 10.10 Spatula, socketed Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Catling 1964... General Cyprus - 2nd millennium Awl Small crafts Unstratified or unknown Cesnola 1903, pl. LXIX.3 Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 12 cm ce = 3.6 Balthazar 1990, 363; Frankel 1983: 50, pl. 244 Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 12.5 cm ce = 4.2 Balthazar 1990, 363; Frankel 1983: 50, pl. 241 Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 12.4 cm ce = 3.9 Balthazar 1990, 363; Frankel 1983: 49-50, pl. 240 CYPRUS TOOLS 610
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 11.3 cm Balthazar 1990, 363; Coghlan 1951, 116, pl. X.1 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 16.8 ce = 0.8 Balthazar 1990, 378; Frankel 1983, 50, pl. 245 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 10.3 ce = 0.7 Deshayes 859, plate XI.5; AJ XVIII (1938), p. 246, figure 8 Knife, tanged Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 19 cm Balthazar 1990, 331, table 78; Frankel 1983, 50, pl. 247 Knife, tanged Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 13.6 cm Balthazar 1990, 332, table 81; de Jesus 1982: 15, figure 3 Knife, tanged Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 13.9 cm Balthazar 1990, 332, table 82; de Jesus 1982: 14, figure 3 Knife, tanged Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 10.6 cm Balthazar 1990, 333 table 83; Morris 1985: 11, pl. 6b Knife, tanged Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 21.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 333 table 83; Morris 1985: 11, pl. 6a Knife, tanged Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 13.4 cm Balthazar 1990, 333, table 83; Webb 1986: 29, figure 2 Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 16.0+ cm Balthazar 1990, 334, table 84 Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 14.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 334, table 85 Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 16 cm Balthazar 1990, 334, table 86 Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 9.9 cm Balthazar 1990, 36, table 88; de Jesus 1982: 15, figure 3 Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 14/6 Balthazar 1990, 339, table 91; Webb 1986, 29, figure 2 Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 8.7 cm Balthazar 1990, 336, table 87; Morris 1985:11 Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 14.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 336 table 87; Webb 1986: 29, fig. 2 Shepherd's crook Ritual or prestige item Unstratified or unknown Catling 1964, 259 entry 4 plate 47c Shepherd's crook Ritual or prestige item Unstratified or unknown Catling 1964, 260 entry 6 plate 47e Spatula handle Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 17.1 tip= 1.6 Catling 1964, 264, entry 1934/IV-27/14, figure 23.4 Sickle, tanged Agricultural Unstratified or unknown Catling 1964... Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 18.5 cm ce= 3.05 cm Buchholz 1979, 83 figure 13.; Catling 1964, 87, entry 87.2; plate 6h; Karageorghis BCH 92, 1968, 276, figure 29 Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 20 cm about 2.2 Buchholz 1979, 82, figure 11. Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 16 cm about 3.2 Buchholz 1979, 82, figure 12; Karageorghis BCH 85, 1961, 270, fig. 22 General Larnaca region - LBA Ax-adze LC IIC or LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Settlement 14.55 3.3 and 3.8 cm Catling 1964, 91, entry 1,figure 9.8, pl. 8.9? Hala Sultan Tekke - LBA Awl? Small crafts Settlement Öbrink 1979, 44, figure 215 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 7.15 ce = 0.8 Öbrink 1979, 44, figure 204. Chisel, lead Carpentry/masonry Settlement Öbrink 1979, 44, figure 227. Chisel or awl LC IIC/LCIIIA Carpentry/masonry Workshop, room 94N, area 8 Astrom 2000, 33. Chisel fragment? LC IIC/LCIIIA Carpentry/masonry Workshop, room 94N, area 8 Astrom 2000, 33. Implement? Chisel? Carpentry/masonry? Settlement 1.7 0.5 Aström P. et al. 1977. Hala Sultan Tekke. 3. Excavations 1972. Göteborg, , 143, figure 148. Double edged knife? Utilitarian Burial, tomb 23 Niklasson 1983, HST 8, 205, figure 492... Mold for 5 sickles LC IIC/LCIIIA Metallurgical Workshop, room 94N, area 8 Astrom 2000, 33 plate 4.1 Mold for tripod, terracotta LC IIC/LCIIIA Metallurgical Workshop, room 94N, area 8 Astrom 2000, 33, plate 4.5 Mold for strips LC IIC/LCIIIA Metallurgical Workshop Astrom 2000, 34, plate 4.4; Herscher 1988, 324 figure 10 Pruning hook Agricultural Settlement 22 Hult, G. 1981. Hala Sultan Tekke. 7. Excavations in Area 8 in 1977, 80 figure 88, 90. Shovel, charcoal Metallurgical Settlement, area 22 Öbrink, U. 1979. Hala Sultan Tekke. 5. Excavations in area 22. Göteborg, 44, figure 208. Spatula Utilitarian Settlement Öbrink 1979, 44, figure 209 Trident Ritual or prestige item Burial, tomb 23 87 Niklasson 1983, HST 8, 206, figure 493... Unknown implement Small crafts Settlement 6.05 1.05 Astrom et al. 1983, pg. 199, figure 445, page 206, figure 494 Idalion - MBA Ax, single/flat 1700 - 1300 BC Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 15 cm Deshayes 470; HAA III, p. 868, figure 635 Idalion-Ambelleri - LBA Knife, iron LC IIIA or LC IIIB Utilitarian Settlement Webb 1999, 90 Kalavasos - MBA Knife Utilitarian Burial?, tomb 8? 12.8 cm Balthazar 1990, 342, table 96; Karageorghis 1940:129 Kalavasos-Ayios Dhimitrios - LBA Awl Small crafts Settlement 12.9 0.15 - 0.5 excavation #: Kalavasos-AD 1981, A. 54, 4.1 CYPRUS TOOLS 611
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
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Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552:
Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554:
15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566:
cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568:
Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570:
Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572:
Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 573 and 574:
Page 575 and 576:
Page 577 and 578:
Page 579 and 580:
Page 581 and 582:
Page 583 and 584: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 595 and 596: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
Page 621 and 622: Sites & Object types Specific perio
Page 633: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 685 and 686:
Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 687 and 688:
Sites & Object types Specific perio
Page 689 and 690:
Page 691:
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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