Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Chisel, narrow LC IIC or later Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.7 cm ce= 0.45 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 24 entry 204, figure 5.7 Chisel and drill LC III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9.65 cm 0.8 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 21 entry 163, figure 4.26 Casting, chisel Carpentry/masonry? Settlement 5.95 cm 1.1 to 1.4 cm Dikaios 1969, figure 153.10 Chisel fragment Late LC IIC or LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard, Brunnen 212 Lagarce 1971; Hundt 1971; Matthaus 1985, 363ff; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 175. Chisel fragment Late LC IIC or LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard, Brunnen 212 Lagarce 1971; Hundt 1971; Matthaus 1985, 363ff; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 175. Chisel or drill LC III Carpentry/masonry? Settlement 11.65 cm 0.6cm Courtois et al. 1984, 41 entry 336, figure 7.4 Chisel? LC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.6 cm ce = 0.35 Dikaios 1969, 623, plate 126.22, figure 153.15 Double adze LC IIC or LC IIIA; but not before Carpentry/masonry 1200 BC according Hoard to Catling - Gunnis 16.35 3.75 and 3.95 Catling 1964, 281-82; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 174; Catling 1964, 90 no. 3, Fig. 9.3, Plate 7:c. Double adze LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard - Maison des Bronze 17.4 4.8 and 4.75 cm Catling 1964, 90 entry E.2, Deshayes 2094, Missions 87, pl. xxxix:2Schaeffer, C. 1936. Missions en Chypre 1932-1935. Par Double adze LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard -Trésor de Bronzes 14.4 3.95 and 4 cm Schaeffer 1952, 37ff, figures 1-4, plates ii-iii; Catling 1964, 286-87; Courtois 1982; Matthaus and Schmacher-Matthaus 1 Double adze LC IIC or LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard - Gunnis 16. 7 4.15 and 4 cm Catling 1964, 281-82; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 174; Catling 1964, 90 no. 4, Fig. 9.4 , Plate 7:f. Double adze LC IIC or LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard - Gunnis 14.85 4.45 and 4.25 cm Catling 1964, 281-82; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 174; Catling 1964, 90 no. 5, Plate 7:g. Double adze LC IIC or LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard - Gunnis about 14.6 about 4.1 cm Catling 1964, 281-82; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 174; Catling 1964, 90 no. 6, Fig. 9.5 Double Ax LC IIC or LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard - Foundry 20 4.5 and 4.35 cm Murray et al. 1900; Schaeffer 1952; Catling 1964, 88, 1, figure 9:2, plate 6:l; Deshayes 2032; Matthäus and Schumacher- Double Ax LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard - Weapon 25 4.95 and 5 cm Dikaios 1969, 99, 109, 132; Catling 1964, 88 entry D.2, Fig. 9:1, Plate 6:m. Matthäus 1985, tafel 129, no. 37. Double hammer LC IIC or LC IIIA Metallurgical Hoard - Foundry 16.7 6.5 and 6.3 cm Schaeffer 1952; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 173-174. Catling 1964, 99, B1, plate 11:a; Matthäus 1986; D Double hammer; adze LC IIC or LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry or Metallurgical Hoard - Foundry 14 3.6 and 4 cm Schaeffer 1952; Catling 1964, 100, C1, plate 11c; Deshayes 2318; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 173-174. Double spatula LC II-III Small crafts Burial, tomb 406 6.7 cm 2.1 to 2.2 cm Catling 1964, 263, E1; figure 23.7; but catling may be wrong in the identification as coming from tomb 6 number 104; De Double spatula LC III Small crafts Burial, tomb 406 5.5 &2.05 cm 2.95 Catling 1964, 264, not 1; Deshayes 2939; Missions 139, figure 41. French tomb #6 (1934) no. 105. Double spatula LC III or later Small crafts Settlement 9.3 cm 3.3 cm and 2.75 cmCourtois et al. 1984, 22 entry 177, figure 5.4 Double spatula LC III or later Small crafts Settlement 5.5&3.35 cm 2.4 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 18, entry 139, figure 6.8 Double spatula LC II-III Small crafts Burial, tomb 406 11.6 cm 1.5 to 1.65 cm Catling 1964, 263, E12; figure 23.8; Deshayes 2958; Missions 139 fig. 41. Double spatula LC II-III Small crafts Burial, tomb 406 Catling 1964, 263; Deshayes 2957; Missions 139 fig. 41. Double spatula Small crafts Settlement Double spatula LC III or later Small crafts Settlement Double spatula Small crafts Settlement Drill LC III Carpentry/masonry Burial, sondage IX 8.9 cm 0.7 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 21 entry 162, figure 4.24 Drill LC III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.45 cm drill tip = 1 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 21 entry 164, figure 4.43 Drill LC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 13.25 cm drill tip = 1.3 cm; middle= Courtois 1 et cmal. 1984, 21, entry 166, figure 4.48 Drill LC III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 14 cm tip = 0.45 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 21 entry167, figure 5.9 Drill LH IIIC or later Carpentry/masonry? Settlement 11.5 cm tip = 0.35 cm; Courtois et al. 1984, 20 entry 148, figure 4.3; Catling 1964, 1964, 97 Kb1, Catling figure 10:3... Drill LH IIC or IIIA Carpentry/masonry Settlement 13.3 cm tip = 0.4 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 24, entry 203, figure 4.55 Drill LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard -Trésor de Bronzes 15.6 tip= 0.9 Schaeffer 1952, 37ff, figures 1-4, plates ii-iii (figure 3.23); Catling 1964, 286-87; Courtois 1982; Matthaus and Schmacher Drill LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard -Trésor de Bronzes 16.5 1+ Schaeffer 1952, 37ff, figures 1-4, plates ii-iii; Catling 1964, 286-87; Courtois 1982; Matthaus and Schmacher-Matthaus 1 Drill Late LC IIC or LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard, Brunnen 212 13.3 1.17 Lagarce 1971; Hundt 1971; Matthaus 1985, 363ff; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 175. Drill, fragmentary LC IIIB or early LC IIIC Carpentry/masonry Hoard, miniature 7.1 tip = 0.9 Catling 1964, 288; Dikaios 1969, 295-296, plates 36.4 and 146.21; Matthaus 1985, 48ff; Matthäus and Schumacher-Mat Drill Carpentry/masonry Settlement Dikaios 1969, plate 134.9, figure 163.23 Drill Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.3 cm 0.7 cm Dikaios 1969, figure 163.20 Drill bit? Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3.7 cm tip = 0.1 cm Dikaios 1969, figure 171.20 Drill Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9.5 tip = 0.5 Courtois et al. 1984, 24 entry 192, figure 4.8 Drill LC III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 14 tip= 0.45 Courtois et al. 1984, 21 entry167, figure 5.9 Drill LC III Carpentry/masonry Burial, tomb 6.13 Catling 1964 97 Kb3, figure 10.5 Drill Carpentry/masonry Settlement 11.55 tip = 0.45 Catling 1964, 97, entry Kb2; figure 10.4 Drill with bone handle LC III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 12.35 cm 0.6 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 24 entry 194, figure 7.2 Drill with handle crank LC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10.9 cm 0.6 cm Dikaios 1969, plate 130.7, figure 157.35 Drill and chisel? LC III or later Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8 cm 0.45 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 24, entry 211, figure 5.20 Drill or awl 15th or 14th century Carpentry/masonry Settlement 20.6 cm 0.35 to 0.6 cm Dikaios 1969, figure 153.12; Catling 1964, 97 entry L3 Drill or stylus LC III Carpentry/masonry? Settlement 5.6 cm; 0.65 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 21, entry 165, figure 4.46 Drill? LC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 11.1 cm 0.25 cm Dikaios 1969, figure 163.6. CYPRUS TOOLS 606
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Hammer, trapezoidal Metallurgical Settlement 6.55 4.05 Courtois et al. 1984, 28, entry 230, figure 6.11 and plate II.14 Implement fragment? Small crafts Settlement Courtois et al. 1984, 27 entry 228, figure 6.7 and plate I.1 Knife LC IIC or LC IIIA Utilitarian Hoard, Foundry 14.25 tip = 0.75 Schaeffer 1952; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 173-174. Catling 1964 102, Ba, 1 (Fig. 10: 11; plate 11:f) ; De Knife with bone handle - notes LC IIC or LC IIIA Utilitarian Hoard, Foundry 15.5 tip = 0.75 Schaeffer 1952; Catling 1964 103, a3 (Fig 10:12, plate 11:g); Matthäus 1986; Deshayes 2670. Knife fragment LC IIIA Utilitarian Hoard -Trésor de Bronzes Schaeffer 1952, 37ff, figures 1-4, plates ii-iii; Catling 1964, 286-87; Courtois 1982 Knife tip fragment LC IIIA Utilitarian Hoard - Point 1458 4.75 cm tip = 0.7cm Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus. 1986, 175 entry 11.Courtois 1982, 167; Alasia III… Courtois, J. et al. 1984, 40 no. 3 Knife fragment LC IIIA Utilitarian Hoard - Point 1458 Courtois et al. 1984, 40 no. 343-345 ; Figure 13 : 19, 22, 23. Knife tip Utilitarian Settlement 4.7 cm 0.9 cm Dikaios 1969, figure 157.9 Leather working knife 13th century Utilitarian Settlement 19.1 cm middle = 1.5 cm Catling 1964, 81, plate 4g and 11h; Dikaios plate 138.40, figure 171.53 Knife, single edged 12th century Utilitarian Settlement 8.65 cm Catling 1964,103, entry Bb2; Dikaios 138.39, figure 171.19 Knife, iron Utilitarian Settlement 15.85 Dikaios 1969, figure 176.37 Knife, iron Utilitarian Settlement 4.7 cm 2.1 cm Dikaios 1969, figure 172.17 Leather working knife Utilitarian Settlement Dikaios 1969, figure 150.4 Knife, single edged Utilitarian Settlement 12.8 tip = 0.6 - 1.75 Courtois et al. 1984, 25 entry 217, figure 8.4 and 7 Knife w spatula end Utilitarian Settlement 12.4 1.2 Courtois et al. 1984, 25 entry 218, figure 8.8 Knife w chisel-like end Utilitarian Settlement 14.7 1.3 Courtois et al. 1984, 25 entry 219, figure 8.5 Knife Utilitarian Settlement 9.8 cm 1.4; tip = 0.45 Courtois et al. 1984, 25 entry 220, figure 8.3 Knife w spatula end Utilitarian Settlement 11.1 1.3 Courtois et al. 1984, 25 entry 221, figure 8.6 Knife Utilitarian Settlement 10.25 1.55 Courtois et al. 1984, 26, entry 222, figure 8.9 Knife w spatula end Utilitarian Settlement 18.6 2.55 Courtois et al. 1984, 26 entry 223; figure 8.11 and plate I.12 Knife, single edged Utilitarian Settlement 16.3 blade = 2 Courtois et al. 1984, 26 entry 224; figure 8.10 and plate I.13 Knife, decorated Utilitarian Settlement 10.45 broken tip = 2 Courtois et al. 1984, 26 entry 225, plate I.10 Knife Utilitarian Settlement 7.9 1.35 Courtois et al. 1984, 26 entry 226,figure 3.60 and plate I.9 Knife Utilitarian Settlement Courtois et al. 1984 Knife single edge Utilitarian Settlement 6.4 1.65 Courtois et al. 1984, 25 entry 217, figure 8.4 and 7 Knife 12th century Utilitarian Settlement Catling 1964, 103, entry Bb1, figure 10:13 Mold for many objects 12th century Metallurgical Settlement Catling 1964, 274, b3, plate 51, a,b,c, Dikaios 1969, plate 146.24-28, 173.17 Mold, metal for plowshare LC IIC or LC IIIA Metallurgical Hoard - Gunnis 27.1 10.05-14.2 Catling 1964, 272 entry 1, Plate 50:a.; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 174 Mold for daggers Metallurgical Settlement Dikaios 1969, plate 127.25,49 Mold for bun ingots Metallurgical Settlement Dikaios 1969, plate 8/3-4; 127/48a Mold for bun ingots Metallurgical Settlement Dikaios 1969, plate 127, 48 Mound for long tool Metallurgical Settlement Dikaios 1969, plate 130.19; figure 157.40 Mold for sickle-like tool Metallurgical Settlement Dikaios 1969, plate 130.17, figure 157.36. Mold for sickle 12th century Metallurgical Settlement Catling 1964, 274, entry 2, plate 50 d and e; Dikaios 1969, plate 132.24, figure 164.12 Mold Metallurgical Settlement Dikaios 1969, figure 164.9 Mold, multiple 12th century BC Metallurgical Settlement Catling 1964, 274b2. Pick fragment LC IIC or LC IIIA Agricultural Hoard, Foundry Schaeffer 1952; Catling 1964, 278-281; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 173-174. Pick fragment LC IIC or LC IIIA Agricultural Hoard, Foundry Schaeffer 1952; Catling 1964, 278-281; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 173-174. Pick, socketed LC IIC or LC IIIA Agricultural Hoard - Gunnis Catling 1964, 281-82; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 174 Pick, socketed LC IIC or LC IIIA Agricultural Hoard - Gunnis Catling 1964, 281-82; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 174 Pick, socketed LC IIC or LC IIIA Agricultural Hoard - Gunnis Catling 1964, 281-82; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 174 Pick, socketed LC IIC or LC IIIA Agricultural Hoard - Gunnis Catling 1964, 281-82; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 174 Pick, socketed LC IIC or LC IIIA Agricultural Hoard - Gunnis Catling 1964, 281-82; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 174 Pick, socketed LC IIC or LC IIIA Agricultural Hoard - Gunnis Catling 1964, 281-82; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 174 Pick, socketed Agricultural Hoard - Stylianou Karageorghis 1959, 338, figure 2; Catling 1964, 285. Pick, socketed Agricultural Hoard - Stylianou Karageorghis 1959, 338, figure 2; Catling 1964, 285. Plowshare LC IIC or LC IIIA Agricultural Hoard, Foundry Schaeffer 1952; Catling 1964, 278-281; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 173-174. Plowshare LC IIC or LC IIIA Agricultural Hoard, Foundry Schaeffer 1952; Catling 1964, 278-281; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 173-174. Plowshare LC IIC or LC IIIA Agricultural Hoard, Foundry Schaeffer 1952; Catling 1964, 278-281; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 173-174. CYPRUS TOOLS 607
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397:
Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 398 and 399:
Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409:
London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
Page 428 and 429:
Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
Page 444 and 445:
Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 446 and 447:
Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
Page 448 and 449:
2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
Page 450 and 451:
General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
Page 452 and 453:
Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
Page 454 and 455:
Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
Page 456 and 457:
Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
Page 458 and 459:
General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
Page 460 and 461:
General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
Page 462 and 463:
Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
Page 464 and 465:
Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
Page 466 and 467:
Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
Page 468 and 469:
Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
Page 470 and 471:
Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
Page 472 and 473:
Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
Page 474 and 475:
Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
Page 476 and 477:
Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
Page 478 and 479:
Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
Page 480 and 481:
Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
Page 482 and 483:
Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
Page 484 and 485:
Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
Page 486 and 487:
Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
Page 488 and 489:
G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
Page 490 and 491:
F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
Page 492 and 493:
F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
Page 494 and 495:
1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
Page 496 and 497:
Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
Page 498 and 499:
Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
Page 502 and 503:
Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
Page 509 and 510:
40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
Page 511 and 512:
Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
Page 517 and 518:
Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520:
Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
Page 521 and 522:
Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526:
Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532:
Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534:
Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536:
Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538:
Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540:
Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542:
L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544:
Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552:
Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554:
15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566:
cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568:
Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570:
Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572:
Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 573 and 574:
Page 575 and 576:
Page 577 and 578:
Page 579 and 580: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 595 and 596: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
Page 621 and 622: Sites & Object types Specific perio
Page 629: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 681 and 682:
Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 683 and 684:
Page 685 and 686:
Page 687 and 688:
Sites & Object types Specific perio
Page 689 and 690:
Page 691:
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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