Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Knife with pointed butt MCII Utilitarian Burial, tomb 6 14.9 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 321, pl. LXII.1 Knife with pointed butt MCII Utilitarian Burial, tomb 7 18.1 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 324, pl. LX.6 Knife, tanged MCII-III Utilitarian Burial, tomb 6 14.3 cm Balthazar 1990 333, table 83; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 319, pl. LXII.1; Astrom 1972: 140, fig. 10.8 Scraper MC II-III Utilitarian Burial, tomb 6 11.1 cm Balthazar 1990, 354; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 320, 321, pl. LX II.1 Scraper MC II-III Utilitarian Burial, tomb 6 7.7 cm Gjerstand et al. 1934, 320, pl. LXII.1; Astrom 1972, 143, fig. 11.8 Scraper or knife MC II-III Utilitarian Burial, tomb 6 11.4 cm Balthazar 1990, 354, 331 table 78; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 320, 321, pl. LX II.1 Spatula or shovel Ayios Iakovos - LBA 17th century BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 3006; SCE pg. 320, pl. LXII, number 143... Awl LC IA Small crafts Burial, tomb 10b.8 Catling 1964, figure 10.6, page 97 entry L.1; SCEi 339 Ax, trunnion/lugged LC IA Carpentry/masonry Burial, tomb 10b.6 Catling 1964, 87 entry C.1; figure 8.11, plate 6g; SCEi.339 Ax, single/flat LC I Carpentry/masonry Burial, tomb 8 5.6 ce = 4 Balthazar 1990, 116, 365, figure 19,365; Deshayes 314; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 332, LXIII, 65 Knife with sinuous butt LCI-II Utilitarian Burial, tomb 8? 17.7+ cm Balthazar 1990, 338, table 90; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 333, pl. LXIII Ayios Nikolaos, Limassol - MBA Awl MC Small crafts Burial? 7 cm 0.35 cm Swiny 1986, 83, figure 67; Balthazar 1990, 374 Ax, single/flat MC Carpentry/masonry Burial? 5.9 cm 1.6-3.3 cm Swiny 1986, 84, figure 65, 67; Balthazar 1990, 365 Knife, tanged MC Utilitarian Burial? Tomb 30 11.0 cm Swiny 1986, 71; Balthazar 1990, 331, table 78 Knife, tanged MC Utilitarian Burial, tomb 30 11.2+cm Swiny 1986: 72, figure 65 Knife, tanged MC Utilitarian Burial, tomb 31 10.8 cm Swiny 1986: 71-2, figure 65; Balthazar 1990, 332 table 81 Knife, tanged MC Utilitarian Burial? Tomb 1.6 11.6+cm Balthazar 1990, 332, table 82; Karageorghis 1940-8: 143-4 Knife w pointed butt MC Utilitarian Burial, tomb 30 10.8+cm Swiny 1986: 72, fig. 65, Balthazar 1990, 336, table 87 Chomazoudhia (Politiko) - MBA Ax, shaft hole Dali - 2nd millennium 18th-17th century BC; MC Carpentry/masonry I-III Burial, tomb 3 18.5 cm ce = 3.8 Catling 1964, 66 entry 1; Deshayes 1408; Buchholz 1979, 77, fig 3; Balthazar 1990, 371 Knife, tanged Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 11.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 331, table 78; Cesnola 1903: pl. LXXI.3 Knife, tanged Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 16.5 cm Balthazar 1990, 333 table 83; Cesnola 1903: pl. LXXI.2; Knife, tanged Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 11 cm Balthazar 1990, 333 table 83; Cesnola 1903: pl. LXXI.4 Knife Deneia-Kafkalla - MBA Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown about 9 cm Balthazar 1990, 340, table 93; Cesnola 1903: pl. LXXI.1 Knife Dhali Kafkallia - MBA MC Utilitarian Burial, tomb 225 (M1) Frankel and Webb 2006, 120 (2004 excavations)... Ax, single/flat Dhali Kafkallia - LBA MC III Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 10 cm about 4.2 Balthazar 1990, 365; de Jesus et al. 1982. SMEA 23, 8, entry 7, figure 1 Ax, shaft hole MC III - LC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, tomb G 20.5 cm about 3.2 Buchholz 1979, 80, figure 7; Balthazar 1990, 371 Scraper Dhenia - MBA Utilitarian Settlement Balthazar 1990, 365; Cesnola 1903, pl. LXXI.5 Scraper Enkomi - LBA MC I-II Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Balthazar 1990, 364 Adze, single/flat LC III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 7.1 cm ce=3 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 18 entry 138, figure 6.16 Adze, single/flat LC III? Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.9 cm 5 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 19, entry 141, figure 6.17 Adze, trunnion/lugged LC III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15.6 cm ce= 3.85 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 18 entry 137, figure 6.3 Adze, necked LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard -Trésor de Bronzes 14.15 ce = 4.7 cm Schaeffer 1952, 37ff, figures 1-4, plates ii-iii; Catling 1964, 286-87; Courtois 1982; Matthaus and Schmacher-Matthaus 1 Adze-hammer LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard -Trésor de Bronzes 12.4 ce = 4.35 Schaeffer 1952, 37ff, figures 1-4, plates ii-iii; Catling 1964, 93 entry 1, plate 8:h; Courtois 1982; Matthaus and Schmache Adze-hammer Late LC IIC or LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard -Brunnen 212 10.35 ce = 3.85 cm Lagarce 1971, 409 entry 9, Fig. 17 b, no. 5 on pg 408 and Fig. 21c-d on pg 416; Hundt 1971; Matthaus 1985, 363ff; Matth Adze-hammer Late LC IIC or LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard -Brunnen 212 14.5 ce = 3.9 Lagarce 1971; Matthaus 1985, 363ff; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 175. Agricultural tool LC III or 12th century BC Agricultural Hoard - horned god Dikaios 1969, 195-199 Anvil Metallurgical Settlement Awl LC III Small crafts Settlement 9 cm 0.45 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 21 entry 152, figure 4.31 Awl LC IIC or III Small crafts Settlement 7.4 cm 0.45 Courtois et al. 1984, 21 entry 154, figure 4.36 Awl Small crafts Settlement 11.15 cm 0.45 Courtois et al. 1984, 21, entry 159, figure 5.15 or 19 CYPRUS TOOLS 604
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Awl or stylus? Small crafts Settlement 14.25 cm 0.45 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 20 entry 149, figure 4.6 Awl Small crafts Settlement 11.9 cm 0.4 Courtois et al. 1984, 20 entry 148, figure 4.2 Awl Small crafts Settlement Courtois et al. 1984, 20, entry 146, figure 4.53 Awl LC II Small crafts Settlement Courtois et al. 1984, 20 entry 151, figure 4.25 Awl Small crafts Settlement Courtois et al. 1984, 21 entry 160 figure 5.24 Awl LC II Small crafts Settlement Courtois 1984 Awl Small crafts Settlement Catling 1964, 97 entry L3 Awl or drill? Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.8 cm; middle = 0.5 Courtois et al. 1984, 24, entry 209, figure 5.15 Ax, trunnion/lugged LC IIC or LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard - Foundry 8.5 ce= 4.75 Schaeffer 1952; Catling 1964 87,4; plate 6:j; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 173-174. Ax, single/flat LC IIC or LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard - Gunnis Catling 1964, 281-82; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 174; Catling 1964, 86 no. 5, plate 6:e. Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Hoard -Stylianou 16 4.9 Karageorghis 1959, 338, figure 2; Catling 1964, 285. Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Hoard -Stylianou 19.3 5.5 Catling 1964, 285; Karageorghis 1959, 338, figure 2 Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Hoard -Stylianou 9.8 4.5 Catling 1964, 285; Karageorghis 1959, 338, figure 2 Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10.2 cm ce = 3.8 cm Catling 1964,86, 1, plate 6a; Dikaios 1969, plate 130.6, figure 157.5 Ax, trunnion/lugged LC III or later Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10.8 cm ce = 4.1 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 19, entry 140, figure 12.1 and plate I.7 Ax, single/flat LC III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10.45 cm ce = 6 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 19 entry 142, figure 6.15 and plate I.15 Ax, trunnion/lugged Carpentry/masonry and metallurgical Settlement? 16.6 ce = 3.1 Courtois et al. 1984, 18 entry 135, figure 6.9 for reference to inventory flat Ax, 5119p. (previously published in Enkomi-A Ax-adze LC IIC or LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard - Foundry 9.8 ce = 4.3 Schaeffer 1952; Catling 1964 91, 4 (plate 8:d); Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 173-174. Ax-adze LC IIC or LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard - Foundry 6.5 ce = 3.7 Schaeffer 1952; Catling 1964, 91, 5 (plate 8:e); Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 173-174. Ax-adze LC IIC or LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard - Gunnis 14.9 ce = 3.45 cm Catling 1964, 281-82; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 174; Catling 1964 91, no. 3, Fig. 9:9, Plate 8:c. Ax-adze LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard -Trésor de Bronzes 14.3 ce = 4.3 cm Schaeffer 1952, 37ff, figures 1-4, plates ii-iii; Catling 1964, 286-87; Courtois 1982; Matthaus and Schmacher-Matthaus 1 Blade, folded Utilitarian Settlement middle = 1.05 cm Dikaios 1969, figure 153.12 (or maybe figure 157.27) Castings; 6 casted dirks Metallurgical Hoard -casting Dikaios 1969, plate 126.20; figure 153.16,17,18 Chisel, narrow LC III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9.85 cm 0.4 to 0.75 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 24 entry 196; no picture published Chisel, narrow LC III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15.6 cm ce= 0.7 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 24 entry 197, figure 4.34 Chisel, broad LC IIC or III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6.75 cm blade tip= 1.6 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 24 entry 199, figure 6.15 Chisel, narrow LC III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9.3 cm ce= 1 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 24 entry 206, figure 5.11 Chisel, narrow LC IIC or III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 14.6 cm ce= 0.55 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 24, entry 208, figure 5.14 Chisel, narrow LC III or later Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.7 cm tip = 0.6 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 25 entry 216; figure 7.12 Chisel fragment LC III? Carpentry/masonry Settlement 4.35 cm 1.45 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 24 entry 195, figure 5.35 Chisel, broad LC III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3.2 cm ce= 2.4 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 18 entry 136, figure 6.10 Chisel, narrow LC III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 2.8 cm ce = 1.35 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 24 entry 200, figure 10.41 Chisel fragment Carpentry/masonry? Settlement 2.9 cm ce= 0.9 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 24 entry 207; 41 entry 370; figure 10.51 Chisel, narrow LC III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9.65 ce= 0.85 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 24 entry 201, figure 7.5, plate XXIV.3 Chisel fragment End of level IIIB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6.55 cm ce= 1.6 cm Dikaios 1969, plate 138.34, figure 171.31 Chisel, narrow LC IIC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 18.6 cm; ce= 2.4 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 24 entry 212; figure 5.22 Chisel, mortise Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6.5 cm cm= 0.8 cm Dikaios 1969, plate 130.2; figure 157.7-8 Chisel with lugs Carpentry/masonry Settlement 12.95 cm 1.45 cm Catling 1964, 95, I.1; figure 10.1 Chisel LC IIC or LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard - Foundry ce= 1.7 Schaeffer 1952; Catling 1964, 95, 4; ; Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986, 173-174. Chisel, mortise LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard -Trésor de Bronzes 14.8 1.25? Schaeffer 1952, 37ff, figures 1-4, plates ii-iii; Catling 1964, 286-87; Courtois 1982; Matthaus and Schmacher-Matthaus 1 Chisel, mortise LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard -Trésor de Bronzes 16.6 ce= 1.2 Schaeffer 1952, 37ff, figures 1-4, plates ii-iii (fig. 3.25); Catling 1964, 286-87; Courtois 1982; Matthaus and Schmacher-M Chisel, cold LC IIIA Carpentry/masonry Hoard -Trésor de Bronzes 7 1.8 or 1.9 Schaeffer 1952, 37ff, figures 1-4, plates ii-iii; Catling 1964, 286-87; Courtois 1982; Matthaus and Schmacher-Matthaus 1 Chisel, miniature LC IIIB or early LC IIIC Carpentry/masonry Hoard - minature 2.1 1.2 Catling 1964, 288; Dikaios 1969, 295-296, plates 36.4 and 146.21; Matthaus 1985, 48ff; Matthäus and Schumacher-Mat Chisel LC III or IA I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15.4 0.8 Courtois et al. 1984, 24 entry 191; figure 4.1 Chisel, small Carpentry/masonry Settlement 7.9 ce= 0.4 cm Courtois et al. 1984, 24, entry 202, figure 4.52 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9 0.6 Courtois et al. 1984, 25 entry 213, figure 5.24 Chisel w conical butt Carpentry/masonry Burial, tomb 18 SCEi, pg 553 or 656, tomb 18, no. 65 Chisel w conical butt Carpentry/masonry Burial, tomb 19 SCEi,pg 553 or 656, tomb 19, number 92 Chisel, cold Carpentry/masonry Settlement Catling 1964, 96 entry J.2 CYPRUS TOOLS 605
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
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Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
Page 466 and 467:
Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
Page 468 and 469:
Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
Page 470 and 471:
Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
Page 472 and 473:
Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
Page 474 and 475:
Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
Page 476 and 477:
Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
Page 478 and 479:
Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
Page 480 and 481:
Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
Page 482 and 483:
Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
Page 484 and 485:
Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
Page 486 and 487:
Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
Page 488 and 489:
G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
Page 490 and 491:
F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
Page 492 and 493:
F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
Page 494 and 495:
1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
Page 496 and 497:
Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
Page 498 and 499:
Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
Page 502 and 503:
Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
Page 509 and 510:
40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
Page 511 and 512:
Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
Page 517 and 518:
Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520:
Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
Page 521 and 522:
Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526:
Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532:
Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534:
Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536:
Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538:
Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540:
Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542:
L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544:
Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552:
Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554:
15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566:
cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568:
Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570:
Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572:
Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 573 and 574:
Page 575 and 576:
Page 577 and 578: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 595 and 596: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
Page 621 and 622: Sites & Object types Specific perio
Page 627: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 679 and 680:
Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 681 and 682:
Page 683 and 684:
Page 685 and 686:
Page 687 and 688:
Sites & Object types Specific perio
Page 689 and 690:
Page 691:
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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