Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Akaki-Trounalli - LBA Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Double spatula Akhera - LBA LC IIIA Small crafts Burial: tomb 6 9.1 cm 3.85- 4.4 cm Catling 1964,264, E3 Awl LC IA Small crafts Burial: tomb 1 Karageorghis 1965, 80, figure 30; Balthazar 1990, 374 Awl LC IA Small crafts Burial: tomb 1 Karageorghis 1965, 94, figure 30 Chisel early LC IIC Carpentry/masonry Burial: tomb 3 Kling and Muhly 2007, 311, referred to under the chisel entry from Apliki Knife with blunt butt LCIA Utilitarian Burial: tomb 1 13.0 cm Karageorghis 1965: 80, fig. 30; Balthazar 1990, 337, table 89 Knife with blunt butt LCIA Utilitarian Burial: tomb 1 16.3 cm Karageorghis 1965: 88, fig. 30; Balthazar 1990, 337, table 89 Knife with sinuous butt LCIA Utilitarian Burial: tomb 1 16.3 cm Balthazar 1990, 338, table 90; Karageorghis 1965: 90, fig. 30 Scraper Alambra - MBA LC IA Utilitarian Burial: tomb 1 Karageorghis 1965, 88, figure 30; Balthazar 1990, 355. Awl MC Small crafts Settlement; area A 9.4 cm Balthazar 1990, 365; Fasnacht 1986, 42 Awl Small crafts Settlement, surface 2.85 tip = 1.1 cm Balthazar 1990, 379, table 138; Fasnacht 1986, 49; Coleman 1996 141, fig. 33, plate 19, entry A40 Ax, single/flat MC Carpentry/masonry Burial, tomb Al. 102 8.7 cm 3.1 cm Balthazar 1990, 238, 363, table 22, fig. 61b; Fasnacht 1985, 47; Coleman et al. 1996, 139, figure 69, plate 48 Ax, shaft hole MC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 20.6 cm about 3.3 Deshayes 1410; Catling 1964 66.3; Buchholz 1979, 79; Balthazar 1990, 371 Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Settlement About 15 Balthazar 1990, 363; Cesnola 1903, pl. LXX.2,3,4 Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Settlement About 15 Balthazar 1990, 363; Cesnola 1903, pl. LXX.2,3,4 Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Settlement About 15 Balthazar 1990, 363; Cesnola 1903, pl. LXX.2,3,4 Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Settlement Balthazar 1990, 363; Cesnola 1878, pl. V Knife 14th-13th century Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2527; Cesnola, Cyprus, pg 93, pl V; 1878 Knife MC Utilitarian Burial, tomb Al. 101 5.1 cm 2.6 cm Balthazar 1990, 237, 342, tble 96, figure 61a; Coleman et al. 1996, 137, fig 68 Knife MC Utilitarian Burial, tomb Al. 101 4.2 cm 3 cm Balthazar 1990, 238, 342, tble 96, figure 61h; Coleman et al. 1996, 137, fig 68 Knife MC Utilitarian Settlement, surface 5.8 cm 1.3 cm Balthazar 1990, 237, 342, table 96 and figure 61g; Coleman et al. 1996, 141, fig 33 Mold, limestone Metallurgical Settlement, Building I, room 7 7.5 cm Coleman et al. 1996, 135, figure 31 Mold, terracotta Metallurgical Settlement, room 1 7.8 cm 4.1 cm Coleman et al. 1996, 135-6, figure 31, plate 18 Mold, terracotta Metallurgical Settlement; Building VI, room 17 8.2 cm 6 cm Coleman et al. 1996, 136, figure 31 Scraper Utilitarian Burial, tomb Al. 103 2.8 blade = 1.3 cm Balthazar 1990, 379, table 138; Fasnacht 1986, 48; Coleman et al. 1996, 140, figure 71, plate 49, entry A35 Scraper Utilitarian Burial, tomb Al. 102 11.8 tip = 1.3 Balthazar 1990, 354, table 111; Swiny 1986: 77; Coleman et al. 1996, 139 figure 69, plate 48, entry A32 Scraper EC III - MC Utilitarian Settlement, Building I, room3 10.8 cm 2.2 cm Coleman et al. 1981, pl. X, 2; Balthazar 1990, 356, table 114; Coleman et al. 1996, 133, A2, figure 30, plate 18 Scraper-spatula MC Utilitarian Settlement, surface 11.3 2.7 to 3.15 Balthazar 1990. 365, table 112; Coleman et al. 1996, 141 figure 33, plat 19 Sickle Agricultural Settlement Deshayes 2848; Cesnola 1878, Cyprus, pg. 93, plate V Alassa Pano Mandilaris - LBA Ax, single/flat Amathus - LBA LCIB-LCIIIA (site) Carpentry/masonry Settlement Webb 1999, 123; Hadjisavvas 1989, 37 Chisel Anoyira Peralijithias - MBA Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown about 11 Deshayes 802; Balthazar 1990, 378; Cesnola 1903; plate LXIX.6 Knife MC I-II or MC III Utilitarian Burial 12.2 cm 2.8 cm Swiny 1986, 71 figure 65 Knife Apliki-Karamallos - LBA MC I-III Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 8.3 cm 1.9 cm Swiny 1986, 73 figure 65; Balthazar 1990, 337, table 89 Awl? LC IIC Small crafts Settlement, Area A; room 8 11.3 cm Taylor 1952, 142; Kling and Muhly 2007, 312, entry A8:14, plate 89 Awl or chisel/stylus LC IIC Small crafts Settlement, Area A 1.65&3.3 cm Deshayes 156; Taylor 1952, p. 113; Kling and Muhly 2007, 312 entry A8:9, plate 89 Awl or chisel/stylus LC IIC Small crafts Settlement, Area A 1.5&3.75 cm Deshayes 156; Taylor 1952, p. 113; Kling and Muhly 2007, 311, entry A5:35, plate 89 Chisel, tanged LC IIC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.1 cm ce = 0.4 Deshayes 993, Taylor 1952, pl. 29:a,Kling and Muhly 2007, 311, entry A6.6 Chisel and drill LC IIC Carpentry/masonry Settlement, room 2, doorway Deshayes 801; Taylor 1952, 138; Kling and Muhly 2007, 311 entry A2:23 Drill and chisel or stylus LC IIC Small crafts or carpentry/masonry Settlement, Area A 14 ce = 0.5 Deshayes 939 - Taylor 1952, 163; Kling and Muhly 2007, 311 entry A5:34, plate 89 Drill, chisel or stylus LC IIC Small crafts Settlement, Area A 12.8 cm Deshayes 939 - Taylor 1952, 140, pl. XXIX.5; Kling and Muhly 2007, 311, entry 4.11. Drill LC IIC Small crafts Settlement, Area A 15.5 cm Taylor 1952, 140, 163; Kling and Muhly 2007, 311 entry A4:1 Knife blade LC IIC Utilitarian Settlement, B III, pit 4 6.7 cm 1 cm Taylor 1952, 148, 163, figure 13:2; Kling and Muhly 2007, 312, plate 89 Small implement LC IIC Small crafts Settlement, Area A 2.2 cm Taylor 1952, 140, 163; Kling and Muhly 2007, 311 entry A3W:25 CYPRUS TOOLS 602
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Stylus? LC IIC Small crafts Settlement 13.5 cm Kling and Muhly 2007, 312, entry Apliki V(9); plate 89 Arpera Chiftlik - LBA Ax, single/flat LC II Carpentry/masonry Burial, tomb 205 gamma 13.3 cm Balthazar 1990, 365 Arpera Mosphilos - MBA Ax, single/flat MC III Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 12.6 about 4.45 Balthazar 1990, 364; Catling 1964, 86 Ax, single/flat MC III Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 5.3 about 1.7 Balthazar 1990, 364; Catling 1964, 86 Knife with ogival butt MCIII Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 15.6 cm Balthazar 1990, 339, table 91; Merrillees 1974: 52, fig. 31 Arsos - LBA Ax, single/flat After 1600 BC Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 274; SCE III, p. 597, pl. CCIV 2 and 3 Ax, single/flat After 1600 BC Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 274; SCE III, p. 597, pl. CCIV 2 and 3 Athienou - LBA Awl 16th-13th century Small crafts Hoard, Pit in area F8 Dothan and Ben-Tor 1983, 134-135; figure 57; plate 47. Chisel, small 16th-13th century Carpentry/masonry Hoard, Pit in area F8 Dothan and Ben-Tor 1983, 134-135; figure 57; plate 47. Chisel, small 16th-13th century Carpentry/masonry Hoard, Pit in area F8 Dothan and Ben-Tor 1983, 134-135; figure 57; plate 47. Chisel, small 16th-13th century Carpentry/masonry Hoard, Pit in area F8 Dothan and Ben-Tor 1983, 134-135; figure 57; plate 47. Chisel, small 16th-13th century Carpentry/masonry Hoard, Pit in area F8 Dothan and Ben-Tor 1983, 134-135; figure 57; plate 47. Chisel, small or punch 16th-13th century Small crafts Hoard, Pit in area F8 Dothan and Ben-Tor 1983, 134-135; figure 57; plate 47. Chisel? Small implement 16th-13th century Small crafts Hoard, Pit in area F8 Dothan and Ben-Tor 1983, 134-135; figure 57; plate 47. Chisel? Small implement 16th-13th century Small crafts Hoard, Pit in area F8 Dothan and Ben-Tor 1983, 134-135; figure 57; plate 47. Chisel? Small implement 16th-13th century Small crafts Hoard, Pit in area F8 Dothan and Ben-Tor 1983, 134-135; figure 57; plate 47. Small implement 16th-13th century Small crafts Hoard, Pit in area F8 Dothan and Ben-Tor 1983, 134-135; figure 57; plate 47. Small implement 16th-13th century Small crafts Hoard, Pit in area F8 Dothan and Ben-Tor 1983, 134-135; figure 57; plate 47. Avdimou-Kamares - LBA Awl? Small crafts Burial, tomb 25/22 Mangines, G. and G. Vavouranakes 2004, RDAC 102, entry 22 Ayia Paraskevi - MBA Ax, single/flat MC or earlier Carpentry/masonry Burial, tomb 28 12.9 5.4 ?? (Recent RDAC? 2002 or later?) Knife with rivets MCII-III? Utilitarian Burial? Tomb 8? Balthazar 1990, 342, table 96; Kromholz 1977: 279 Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 11.3 Deshayes 405; Civil Preh., p. 257-258, fig. 185, 9 and 10 Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 9.7 Deshayes 405; ; Civil Preh., p. 257-258, fig. 185, 9 and 10 Ax, shaft hole MC? Carpentry/masonry Burial 10.7 ce = 4.1 Buchholz 1979, 78.4; Balthazar 1990, 371; Deshayes 1409; Catling 1964, 66 entry 2 Ax, shaft hole MC? Carpentry/masonry Burial Buchholz 1979, 78.5; Balthazar 1990, 371; Deshayes 1409; Catling 1964, 66 entry 2 Ayia Paraskevi - LBA Awl 1600-1450 BC Small crafts Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 89; Kypros, p. 34-35, figure 34, i and pl. 452, pl. CXLVI, 6B, n Awl Late MC - LC I Small crafts Burial? Tomb 6? Balthazar 1990, 374 Awl Small crafts Unstratified or unknown Balthazar 1990, 374; OR 1893, pl. CXLVI.6Bn Ax, single/flat 1600-1450 BC Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 7 cm Deshayes 361; Kypros, p. 34-5, fig. 34, n Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 7.5 cm Deshayes 315; Kypros, p. 452, pl. CXLVI 6, B,r Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 246; Kypros, p. 34-5, fig. 34, n Cutting or slashing tool Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2925; Civil. Preh. 2nd ed., p. 258, fig. 185.8 Knife with round butt late MC or LC I Utilitarian Burial? Tomb 6? 11.1 cm Balthazar 1990, 336, table 88; Kromholz 1977: 280 Ayia Paraskevi - 2nd millennium Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown about 19 cm Balthazar 1990, 340, table 93; OR 1893: pl. CXLVI.6Bj Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown about 15 cm Balthazar 1990, 341, table 94; OR 1893: pl. CXLVI.6Bk Ayios Iakovos - MBA Chisel MC II-III Carpentry/masonry Burial, tomb 6.144 8.2 Balthazar 1990, 378; Gjerstand et al. 1934, 320 Knife with round butt MC III Utilitarian Burial, tomb 12 9.1 cm Balthazar 1990, 336, table 88; Gjerstand et al. 1934; 343, pl. LXIII.5 Knife with round butt MCII Utilitarian Burial, tomb 7 12.0 cm Balthazar 1990, 336 table 88; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 324, pl. LX.6 Knife with pointed butt MC II-III Utilitarian Burial, tomb 6 10 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 320, pl. LXII.1 Knife with pointed butt MC II-III Utilitarian Burial, tomb 6 10.9 cm Balthazar 1990, 335, table 87; Gjerstand et al. 1934: 320, pl. LXII.1 CYPRUS TOOLS 603
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
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Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
Page 517 and 518:
Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520:
Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
Page 521 and 522:
Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526:
Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532:
Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534:
Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536:
Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538:
Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540:
Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542:
L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544:
Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552:
Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554:
15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566:
cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568:
Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570:
Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572:
Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 573 and 574:
Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 575 and 576: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 595 and 596: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
Page 621 and 622: Sites & Object types Specific perio
Page 623 and 624: Sites & Object types Specific perio
Page 625: Sites & Object types Specific perio
Page 677 and 678:
Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 679 and 680:
Page 681 and 682:
Page 683 and 684:
Page 685 and 686:
Page 687 and 688:
Sites & Object types Specific perio
Page 689 and 690:
Page 691:
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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