Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific period Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Ax, single/flat LH III Carpentry/masonry Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 233 entry 033.0.1a Ax, single/flat LH III Carpentry/masonry Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 233 entry 033.0.2a Ax, trunnion/lugged LH III Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 15 ce = 3.8 Deshayes 1131, plate XIV.15; Lindos I, p. 67, pl. 3, 27 Knife LH III Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 233 entry 033.0.3a Rhodes: Passia - LBA Knife LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 231 entry 026.2.4a Rhodes: Siana - LBA Knife LH IIIA2-C Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 231 entry 018.0.3a Rhodes: Theologos - LBA Knife; Cypriot? LH IIIA1 Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 230 entry 008.1.1a Rhodes: Trapezies Paraelis - LBA Razor LH IIIA2-C Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 231 entry 019.0.1a Rhodes: Trianda - LBA Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Settlement Catling 1964, 89 note 6; Clara Rhodos X, 139, figure 89: 7, p. 150: 4 Knife LH II-IIIA Utilitarian Settlement? 17.2 Deshayes 2416; Clara Rhodos X (1941), p. 64, fig. 89,2) Rhodes: Tzigani - LBA Knife LH IIIA2 Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 231 entry 022.1.1a Rhodes: Yennadi - LBA Knife LH IIIA2-C Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 231 entry 025.1.2 Salamis: Kanakia - LBA Chisel, narrow LH IIIC early Carpentry/masonry Hoard Lolos 2003, 83-93 Chisel, broad LH IIIC early Carpentry/masonry Hoard Lolos 2003, 83-93 Knife LH IIIC early Utilitarian Hoard? Lolos 2003, 83-93 Sickle LH IIIC early Agricultural Hoard Lolos 2003, 83-93 Skopelos: Cape Staphylos - LBA Ax, single/flat LH I-IIA; LM II Carpentry/masonry Burial Deshayes 2028; Tripathi 1988 346 entry 1146; Iakovidis 1982, 218 Double Ax LH I-IIA Carpentry/masonry Burial Tripathi 1988 346 entry 1147; Iakovidis 1982, 218 Knife 15th century Utilitarian Burial On display in the Athens National Museum, prehistoric section Knife 15th century Utilitarian Burial On display in the Athens National Museum, prehistoric section Razor 15th century Utilitarian Burial On display in the Athens National Museum, prehistoric section Razor 15th century Utilitarian Burial On display in the Athens National Museum, prehistoric section Skopelos: general - LBA Knife LH I-IIA Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 345 entry 1133; Platon 1949, 551, no. 6 Knife LH I-IIA Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 345 entry 1134; Platon 1949, 551, no. 7 Syros: general - 2nd millennium Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 14 Deshayes 2598, plate XLIV, 11; A. Eph. 1899, p. 121, pl. X, 43 Spatula Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 6 Deshayes 3004; A. Eph. 1899, p. 102-103, pl. X, 33, 34 Spatula, shovel, scraper Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown about 6 cm Deshayes 3005; A. Eph. 1899, p. 102-103, pl. X, 33, 34 Thera: Akrotiri - LBA Chisel, narrow LBA I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.6 0.5 Mariantos, S. 1969, 50-51, figure 39.d Chisel, long, Minoan-type LBA I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 25 about 3.0 Palyvou 2005, 114, fig 155; Marinatos 1968-76, II:49-51, III: 43-5; IV:16 Knife LBA I Utilitarian Settlement 16 Mariantos, S. 1971, 20, 38 plate 89b Knife LBA I Utilitarian Settlement 14.7? Marinatos, S. 1969, 49-51, fig 38a Piercer? LBA I Small crafts Unstratified or unknown On display in the Athens National Museum, Akrotiri section Razor LBA I Utilitarian Settlement Mariantos, S. 1971, 38 plate 89a Saw LBA I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 59 9 Doumas 1997; praktika 1994, 161 plate 87d, 88a-b Sickle, serrated LBA I Agricultural Settlement 15 Mariantos, S. 1969, 50-51, figure 39.b Sickle, serrated LBA I Agricultural Settlement Mariantos, S. 1971, 38 plate 89b Sickle, serrated LBA I Agricultural Settlement Mariantos, S. 1971, 38 plate 89b GREEK ISLANDS 600
Sites & Object types Specific period Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Sickle, serrated LBA I Agricultural Settlement Mariantos, S. 1971, 38 plate 89b Sickle, serrated LBA I Agricultural Settlement 20 Mariantos, S. 1969, 50-51, figure 39.a Sickle, serrated LBA I Agricultural Settlement 25 Mariantos, S. 1969, 50-51, figure 39.c Thera: Akrotiri? - 2nd millennium Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974, 169 entry 752 Saw with teeth Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 22 5 Deshayes 2919 Thera: Megalochori quarry -MBA Double Ax early 17th century Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Doumas, Martharē, and Televantou. 2000, 10 entry 11, figure11 GREEK ISLANDS 601
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391:
Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
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Other objects 1 bronze weight with
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Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
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Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
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(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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