Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific period Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Chisel tip fragment? phase D Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary 1 1.1 Renfrew and Cherry 1985, 315 Double Ax level III; 16th-12th c Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8 preserved Deshayes 2052; Phylakopi, p. 191, figure 161 Knife, single edged LH IIIC Utilitarian Cultic site or sanctuary 12.4 1.4 Renfrew and Cherry 1985, 314, figure 8.6 Knife, single edged, frag. LC III Utilitarian Cultic site or sanctuary 4.8 0.3 Renfrew and Cherry 1985, 314, figure 8.6 Knife or blade LC I-II?/LMIA-IB Utilitarian Settlement Bosanquet and Welch 1904, 190, plate XXXVIII.4 Knife or blade LC I-II?/LMIA-IB Utilitarian Settlement Bosanquet and Welch 1904, 190, plate XXXVIII.5 Mold for chisels, Axs 12th century Metallurgical Cultic site or sanctuary 12.3 10.1 Renfrew and Cherry 1985, 337, fig 8.6, plate 65b Melos: Phylakopi - 2nd millennium Mold for double Ax LH III Metallurgical Settlement Branigan 1974, 202 entry M74. Naxos: general -LBA Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 18.2 Deshayes 2074 bis; PZ XXXVIII (1960) p. 51, fig. 6a Paros: general - 2nd millennium Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 12.8 3 Branigan 1974, 169 entry 786; Renfrew pl. 9,44 Paros: Koukounaries - LBA Double Ax LH IIIC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 17 6 Schilardi 1980, 275 plate 165a; Schilardi 1984, 202 Razor LH IIIC Utilitarian Settlement Schilardi 1984, 202 Rhodes: Ambelia - LBA Knife LH IIIA2-C Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 232 entry 031.1.1a Rhodes: Apsaktiras - LBA Knife LH IIIA2-C Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 232 entry 028.0.2a Knife LH IIIA2-C Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 232 entry 028.0.3a Knife LH IIIA2-C Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 232 entry 028.0.4a Knife LH IIIA2-C Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 232 entry 028.0.5a Rhodes: Archangelos - LBA Razor LH IIIA2-C Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 233 entry 034.2.1a Rhodes: Aspropilia - LBA Knife LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 233 entry 032.4.2a Razor LH IIIA2-C Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 232 entry 032.1.3a Razor LH IIIA2-C Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 232 entry 032.3.4a Spatula LH IIIB-C Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 233 entry 032.4.3a Spatula LH IIIB-C Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 233 entry 032.4.4a Rhodes: general -LBA Razor, cleaver-like LH IIIA2-B Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Catling 1964, 107; MV Taf. D: 8 and 17; Deshayes 2712 Razor, cleaver-like LH IIIA2-B Utilitarian Burial Catling 1964, 107; MV Taf. D: 8 and 17; Deshayes 2712 Rhodes: Ialysos -LBA Possible stylus or awl LH IIIA2 or C Small crafts Burial 13.5 Deshayes 58; ASAA VI-VII, p. 113, fig. 33; Georgiadis, 2003, 228 Chisel, narrow LH IIIA-B Carpentry/masonry Burial Deshayes 750; ASAA XIII-XIV (1930-31), p. 344, fig. 95; Chisel, broad LH IIIA-B Carpentry/masonry Burial Deshayes 701. ASAA VI-VII, p. 175, fig. 101; Georgiadis, M. 2003, 221 Chisel LH IIIA2 or C Carpentry/masonry Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 218 entry 100.18 Chisel LH III Carpentry/masonry Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 219 entry 101.155 Chisel LH III Carpentry/masonry Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 219 entry 101.144 Chisel LH III Carpentry/masonry Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 219 entry 101.151 Chisel LH III Carpentry/masonry Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 219 entry 101.152 Chisel LH III Carpentry/masonry Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 219 entry 101.153 Chisel LH III Carpentry/masonry Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 219 entry 101.154 Chisel LH III Carpentry/masonry Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 219 entry 101.155 Chisel LH IIIA2 or C Carpentry/masonry Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 218 entry 100.17 Cleaver LH III Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2706. ASAA, VI-VII ,p. 153, fig. 76; Georgiadis, 2003, 222 Cleaver LH IIIB Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2713; ASAA VI-VII, p. 100, fig. 15; Georgiadis 2003, 224 GREEK ISLANDS 598
Sites & Object types Specific period Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Cleaver LH IIIC1 Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2714; ASAA VI-VII, p. 181, fig. 106; Georgiadis 2003, 223 Cleaver LH III Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2706. ASAA, VI-VII, p. 231, fig. 147; Georgiadis 2003, 226 Cleaver LH IIIC1 Utilitarian Burial 22 Deshayes 2694; ASAA VI-VII, p. 181, fig. 106; Georgiadis 2003 Cleaver LH IIIA2 or C Utilitarian Burial 15.2 Deshayes 2689 (?); Georgiadis, M. 2003, 228 Cleaver LH III Utilitarian Burial 15 Deshayes 2690; ASAA, XIII-XIV, p. 344, fig. 95; Georgiadis 2003, 228 Cleaver LH III Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2680 (?), Rhodes p. 108, pl. IIIA Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Burial Catling 1964, 89 note 6; Ann. xii-xiv, 285, figure 28 Knife LH IIIA-B Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2573; ASAA VI-VII , p. 149, fig. 70; Georgiadis 2003, 222 Knife with ivory handle LH IIIA2 Utilitarian Burial 29 Deshayes 2581, ASAA, VI-VII, p. 231, fig. 147; Georgiadis 2003, 226 Knife LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2599; ASAA, VI-VII, p. 175, fig. 101; Georgiadis 2003, 221 Knife LH IIIC1 Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2465; ASAA, VI-VII, p. 181, no. 61, fig. 106 bottom Knife LH IIIA2-B Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2458; MykVasen 1886, p. 75, pl. D6; Georgiadis, 2003, 229 Knife LH III Utilitarian Burial 21 Deshayes 2459; ASAA XIII-XIV (1930-31), p. 342, fig. 84 Knife LH IIIA2 Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2451; Clara Rhodos X (1941) p. 130, fig. 89, 1 and 90 Knife LH III Utilitarian Burial? Deshayes 2417; Rhodes in ancient times, 1885, p. 108, pl. III, F Knife LH IIIA2 Utilitarian Burial 17 Georgiadis, M. 2003, 226; ASAA, VI-VII, p. 231, fig. 147 Knife LH III Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 218 entry 101.123 Knife LH III Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 218 entry 101.129 Knife LH III Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 218 entry 101.131 Knife LH III Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 218 entry 101.132 Knife LH III Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 218 entry 101.150 Knife LH III Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 220 entry 101.88 Knife LH IIIA1-2 Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 224 entry 39.5 Knife LH IIIA2 Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 224 entry 48.15 Knife LH III Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 229 entry O6.1 Knife LH III Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 229 entry O8.1 Razor; cleaver-like LH III Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2695; ASAA, VI-VII, p. 153, fig. 76; Georgiadis 2003, 222 Razor LH IIIA2 or C Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 218 entry 100.12 Razor LH III Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 218 entry 101.122 Razor LH III Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 218 entry 101.130 Razor LH III Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 218 entry 101.133 Razor LH IIIA1 Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 224 entry 45.2 Razor LH IIIA2 Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 224 entry 48.14 Razor LH IIIA2-B Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 226 entry 51.6A Razor LH IIIA or C Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 226 entry 54.4 Razor LH IIIA2-B Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 227 entry 62.15 Razor LH IIIA2-B Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 229 entry O4.7 Razor LH III Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 229 entry O4.8 Razor LH III Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 229 entry O6.2 Razor LH III Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 229 entry O6.3 Razor LH III Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 229 entry O8.2 Razor LH III Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 229 entry O8.3 Rhodes: Kalogrios - LBA Razor LH III Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 231 entry 027.1.1a Rhodes: Kaminaki-Lures - LBA Razor LH IIIA2 Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 230 entry 012.1.1a Rhodes: Lelos - LBA Knife LH IIIA2-C Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 231 entry 014.5.3a Rhodes: Lindos - LBA GREEK ISLANDS 599
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
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Other objects 1 bronze weight with
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Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
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Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
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Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
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(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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