Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific period Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Aegina: general -LBA Cleaver Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 19 Deshayes 2707; catologue br. Br. Mus., p. 4, fig. 3, no. 47) Aegina: Kolonna - MBA Knife Utilitarian Burial -shaft grave Kilian-Dirlmeier 1997; figure 6.6 Knife Utilitarian Burial -shaft grave Kilian-Dirlmeier 1997; figure 6.7 Amorgos: general - 2nd millennium Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 14.5 7.5 Branigan 1974, 166 entry 580; Renfrew 1967, Pl. 9, 40; Deshayes 1572? Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 15.9 3.6 Branigan 1974, 169 entry 791; Renfrew 1967, Pl. 9, 40 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 17 3.68 Branigan 1974, 169 entry 792; Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 16 2.8 Branigan 1974, 170 entry 793; Copenhagen National musem 4674 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 17.1 2.7 Branigan 1974, 170 882 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 15.8 Branigan 1974 170 entry 891; Athens National Museum 1887 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 17.2 1.2 Branigan 1974, 170 entry 921 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 16.1 2.2 Branigan 1974 170 entry 922 ??; Ath. Mitt. II, Pl. I,10 Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974, 167 entry 656; CNM 4673 Punch Small crafts Unstratified or unknown 8.8 2.3 Branigan 1974 177 entry 1452; CMAE FB 131, PC 92 Astypalaia: Armenochori - LBA Ax, single/flat LHIIIA1-C Carpentry/masonry Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 239, entry 1F.6a Knife LHIIIA1-C Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 239, entry 1F.3a Knife LHIIIA1-C Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 239, entry 2F.4a Razor LHIIIA1-C Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 239, entry 1F.5a Astypalaia: Syngairos -LBA Chisel LH IIIA2/B Carpentry/masonry Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 239, 1G.4a Chisel LH IIIA2/B Carpentry/masonry Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 239, 1G.5a Chisel LH IIIA2/B Carpentry/masonry Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 239, 2G.4a Spatula LH IIIA2/B Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 239, 1G.2a Spatula LH IIIA2/B Utilitarian Burial Georgiadis, M. 2003, 239, 1G.3a Chios: general - 2nd millennium Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974 165 entry 551 Cyclades: general - 2nd millennium Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974 170 entry 803; Doumas no. 224 Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974 167 entry 641 Delos: general - LBA Sickle LH III? Agricultural Unstratified or unknown 16.5 Deshayes 2807; BCH LXXI-LXII (1947-48), p. 231, pl. XL, 4 Ikaria: general - 2nd millennium Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 17 7.8 Branigan 1974, 165 entry 549; Deshayes 1567, plate XXIII.5 and LIX.2 Kalymnos: general - 2nd millennium Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2368; Branigan 1974, 167 entry 672 Kea: Ayia Irini - LBA Awl LM IA/LHI Small crafts Settlement 11.5 0.4 Cummer and Schofield 1984, 82 entry 791, plate 41. Chisel fragment LMIB/LHII Carpentry/masonry Settlement Cummer and Schofield 1984, pg 78, uninventoried Knife LH IIIA Utilitarian Settlement 5.3 1.25 Cummer and Schofield 1984, pg 73, plate 41, entry 474 Knife or blade mixed deposit Utilitarian Settlement 3.5 1 Cummer and Schofield 1984, pg 76 entry 555b Mold for knife, chisel period VII Metallurgical Settlement 14.6 5.6 Cummer and Schofield 1984, pg 89 entry 978, plate 43 Undetermined tool LM IA/LH I Small crafts Settlement 4.2 0.4 Cummer and Schofield 1984, 82 entry 792 Kea: general -2nd millennium Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 15 to 18.5 Deshayes 2070 Kos: "Seraglio" - LBA Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Settlement 19 5.1 Morricone, L. 1975, 276-277. GREEK ISLANDS 596
Sites & Object types Specific period Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Ax, trunnion/lugged LHIII Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15.3 4.9 Iakovidis 1982 224; Catling 1964, 88; Morricone 1975; 276, fig 233-4 Cleaver LM IIIA or LH IIIA, after Utilitarian Settlement Catling 1964, 106; unpublished Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Settlement Buchholz 1959, 47 f and plate Xa; Morricone, L. 1975, 277-278. Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Settlement Morricone, L. 1975, 277-278. Knife Utilitarian Settlement 16.5 Deshayes 2595; PPS 1955, 192; Morricone, L. 1975, 278-79 Knife Utilitarian Settlement 19.7 Deshayes 2542; PPS XXI, 1955, 193; Morricone, L. 1975, 278 Knife Utilitarian Settlement 17.4 Morricone, L. 1975, 278 Kos: Asklepieion area - LBA Ax, single/flat LH IIIA Carpentry/masonry Burial? 13.2 3.7 Morricone, L. 1975, 255; Georgiadis, M. 2003, 235 entry 1E.G Chisel LH IIIA Carpentry/masonry Burial? Georgiadis, M. 2003, 235 entry 1E.E Knife LH IIIA Utilitarian Burial? 22.2 2.5 Morricone, L. 1975, 261; Georgiadis, M. 2003, 235 entry 1E.F Kos: Aspripetra - 2nd millennium Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974 167 entry 671; Annuario 8-9, 277, Fig. 61 Kos: Eleona and Langada - LBA Awl LH IIIC Small crafts Burial 7 Morricone, L. 1967, 200,fig. 207; Georgiadis 2003, 237, entry 43B.B Ax, single/flat LHIIIA2 Carpentry/masonry Burial 17.5 4.3 Morricone, L. 1967, 175-6, fig. 183; Georgiadis 2003, 236,entry 37B.C Chisel LH III Carpentry/masonry Burial 6 0.9 Morricone, L. 1967, 254,fig. 279; Georgiadis 2003, 237, entry 58B.B Cleaver LH IIIB Utilitarian Burial 24.2 Morricone, L. 1967, 213-4,fig. 226; Georgiadis 2003, 237, entry 46B.C Cleaver LH IIIB-C Utilitarian Burial 19 Morricone, L. 1967, 233,fig. 254-5; Georgiadis 2003, 237, entry 52B.A Cleaver or razor LH IIIA2,C Utilitarian Burial 17 Morricone, L. 1967, 149, fig. 138-9; Georgiadis 2003, 236, entry 25B.C Knife LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial 13.7 Morricone, L. 1967, 57, fig. 29; Georgiadis 2003, 234, entry 15A.B Knife LH IIIA2 Utilitarian Burial 14 Morricone, L. 1967, 121, fig. 102; Georgiadis 2003, 234, entry 15B.D Knife LH IIIA2 Utilitarian Burial 12.3 Morricone, L. 1967, 180,fig. 189; Georgiadis 2003, 236, entry 38B.M Knife LH III Utilitarian Burial 12.5 Morricone, L. 1967, 200,fig. 207; Georgiadis 2003, 237, entry 42B.J Knife LH IIIB Utilitarian Burial 18 Morricone, L. 1967, 214,fig. 226; Georgiadis 2003, 237, entry 46B.D Knife LH IIIB Utilitarian Burial 13 Morricone, L. 1967, 214,fig. 226; Georgiadis 2003, 237, entry 46B.E Razor, cleaver-like LH IIIA2 Utilitarian Burial 16.3 Morricone, L. 1967, 112, fig. 93; Georgiadis 2003, 234, entry 11B.E; Razor, cleaver-like LH IIIA1-2 Utilitarian Burial 16 Morricone, L. 1967, 67, fig. 38; Georgiadis 2003, 235, entry 17A.A Razor, cleaver-like LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial 21 Morricone, L. 1967, 77, fig. 52; Georgiadis 2003, 235, entry 21A.C Razor, cleaver-like LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial 20 Morricone, L. 1967, 77, fig. 52; Georgiadis 2003, 235, entry 23A.B Razor LH IIIB-C Utilitarian Burial 16.5 Morricone, L. 1967, 164-5, fig. 167-8; Georgiadis 2003, 236, 34B.C Tongs or tweezers Mycenaean level Metallurgical Burial 11 Morricone, L. 1967, 112, fig. 93; Georgiadis 2003, 234, entry 11B.F Kos: general - LBA Tongs or tweezers Metallurgical Settlement Catling 1964, 99; other unpublished Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2367, plate XLI, 8; ASAA, 8-9 (1925-26), p. 277, fig. 61 Knife Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2669; Sandars 1955, 190 Melos: general - 2nd millennium Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974 166 entry 594; Ridgeway I, fig. 29 Melos: Phylakopi - MBA Double Ax EC III-MC I; about 2000 BC Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974, 165 entry 531; Deshayes 2000. Melos: Phylakopi - LBA Awl LC I-II?/LMIA-IB Small crafts Settlement 5.5 Bosanquet and Welch 1904, 191, plate XXXVIII.11 Awl phase D Small crafts Cultic site or sanctuary 4.9 Renfrew and Cherry 1985, 314, figure 8.6 Awl fragment phase 2a Small crafts Cultic site or sanctuary 2.6 Renfrew and Cherry 1985, 314, figure 8.6 Awl fragment phase 1b/2a Small crafts Cultic site or sanctuary 1.8 Renfrew and Cherry 1985, 315 Chisel LC I-II?/LMIA-IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 13.5 2.53 Bosanquet and Welch 1904, 190, plate XXXVIII.1 Chisel LC I-II?/LMIA-IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 13.4 3.28 Bosanquet and Welch 1904, 190, plate XXXVIII.2; Deshayes 361 bis Chisel LC I-II?/LMIA-IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10.4 2.67 Bosanquet and Welch 1904, 190, plate XXXVIII.3 Chisel tip fragment? phase 0/2 Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary 1.6 0.7 Renfrew and Cherry 1985, 315 GREEK ISLANDS 597
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
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Other objects 1 bronze weight with
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Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
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Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
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(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570: Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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