Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Knife, small Utilitarian Settlement 8.9 1.4 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 604 Knife Utilitarian Settlement 16.4 1.82 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 606 Knife tip Utilitarian Settlement 7.2 1.6 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 607 Knife fragment Utilitarian Settlement 5.9 1.02 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 609 Knife fragment Utilitarian Settlement 5.9 1.4 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 610 Knife Utilitarian Settlement 13.6 2.4 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 611 Knife fragment Utilitarian Settlement 6.8 1.75 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 612 Knife fragment Utilitarian Settlement 4.7 1.25 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 614 Knife fragment Utilitarian Settlement 12 2.5 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 615 Knife fragment Utilitarian Settlement Rahmstorf, L. 2008, Knife Utilitarian Settlement Rahmstorf, L. 2008, Knife, curved Utilitarian Settlement Rahmstorf, L. 2008, Knife LH IIIB develop &earlier Utilitarian Settlement 1.75 1.15 Rahmstorf, L. 2008. catalog entry 1655 Knife LH IIIC late Utilitarian Settlement 9 2.4 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 595 Knife Utilitarian Settlement 11.8 1.5 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 608 Knife LH IIIC Utilitarian Settlement 2.1 1 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 750 Knife w chisel-like end LH IIIC Utilitarian Settlement 8.8 1 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 588; Kilian 1982, 417, abb. 32, 34 Knife Utilitarian Settlement 7.6 1.8 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 605 Knife Utilitarian Settlement 3.95 1.3 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 2077 Knife Utilitarian Settlement 2.16 0.31 to 0.64 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 525 Knife or blade LH IIIB early Utilitarian Settlement Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 401 Knife or blade Utilitarian Settlement 2.1 1.7 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 598 Knife or blade LH IIIC late Utilitarian Settlement 1.9 1.5 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 599 Knife or blade LH IIIA late? Utilitarian Settlement 2.2 2.1 Rahmstorf, L. 2008 inventory 405 Knife or cleaver Utilitarian Settlement 13 2.7 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, 601 Point LH IIIB end Small crafts Settlement 2.6 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 562 Point LH IIIB end Small crafts Settlement 8.6 0.1 to 0.5 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 561 Point Small crafts Settlement 3.44 0.19 to 0.26 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 2279 Sickle LH IIIB or LH IIIC Agricultural Hoard Karo 1930: no. 6228b; Deshayes 2792; Maran 2006 Sickle LH IIIC Agricultural Hoard Matthäus 1980: 57; Sherratt 1994: 92; Karo 1930: no. 6228a; Maran 2006 Sickle LH IIIB end Agricultural Settlement 16.9 2 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 596 Sickle Agricultural Settlement 14.8 3 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 613 Small implement Small crafts Settlement Rahmstorf, L. 2008, Small implement Small crafts Settlement Rahmstorf, L. 2008, Small implement Small crafts Settlement Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 2274 Small implement Small crafts Settlement Rahmstorf, L. 2008, Small implement Small crafts Settlement Rahmstorf, L. 2008, Small implement LH III B developed Small crafts Settlement 9.1 0.1 to 0.3 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 559 T-shaped implement Utilitarian Settlement 4.8 1.8 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 784 Tongs LH IIA Metallurgical Settlement 25.5 1.2; 1 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 520 Tiryns, Prophitis Elias - LBA Awl? LH IIIB/C Small crafts Burial 3.6 Rudolph 1973,15-16 pl 18.5 nr. 15 Knife? LH IIIB/C Utilitarian Burial 3.7 Rudolph 1973,15-16 pl 18.5 nr. 15 Tongs LH II-IIIC Metallurgical Burial 11.3 Rudolph 1973, 54 entry 17 pl 29.1 Tsoungiza - LBA Chisel, narrow LH I Carpentry/masonry Settlement Unpublished Vajze, A - MBA Knife MH Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974, 167 entry 659 Knife MH Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974, 167 entry 660; Epirus 328 MAINLAND TOOLS 594
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Knife Vaphio - LBA MH? Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974, 167 entry 661; Epirus f 21, B Ax-adze LH IIA Carpentry/masonry OR ritual Burial or prestige item 16 Tripathi 1988 346 entry 1148; Tsountas 1889 156, pl. 8:2; Deshayes 2249 Bronze tube for shovel? LH IIA Metallurgical Burial Tripathi 1988 366 entry 1328; Tsountas 1889, 157-58, pl. 8:8 Ax, shaft hole, fenestrated LH IIA Ritual or prestige item or carpentry/masonry Burial Tripathi 1988,346 entry 1145; Tsountas 1889, 155-56, pl. 8:1 Knife LH IIA Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 343 entry 1121; Tsountas 1889, 158-59 Knife LH IIA Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 345 entry 1131; Tsountas 1889 158-159 Knife LH IIA Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 345 entry 1140; Tsountas 1889, 158-59 Poker, socketed, bent Volimidhia, Vorias - LBA Metallurgical? Burial Kilian-Dirlmeier, I. 1987. Tsountas 1889. Chisel LH I Carpentry/masonry Burial 5.7 ? Tripathi 1988 346 entry 1150; Marinatos 1953, 239, fig. 11 Chisel LH I-II Carpentry/masonry Burial 9.8 3.4 Tripathi 1988 347 entry 1151 Drill LH I Carpentry/masonry Burial 3.8 Tripathi 1988, 348 1165; Marinatos, 1953, 239, fig 11 Knife LH I-II Utilitarian Burial 6.5 1.25 Tripathi 1988, 339 entry 1083. Knife LH I-II Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988, 340 entry 1090. Knife LH I-II Utilitarian Burial 16.2 1.6 Tripathi 1988, 340 entry 1091 Knife LH II Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988, 341 entry 1098; Marinatos 1953 Knife LH I Utilitarian Burial 18.75 Tripathi 1988 341 entry 1102; Marinatos 1953, 239, fig. 11 Knife LH I Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 341 entry 1103; Marinatos 1953, 239 Knife LH I Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 341 entry 1110; Marinatos 1953, 239 Knife Vranesi - LBA? LH I Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 343 entry 1116; Marinatos 1952. Knife Vrysarion - LBA LH butin a geom. tomb? Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2663; Sandars 1955, page 189 Ax, single/flat LH IIIA Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Papadopoulos 1978, 226 entry 144; PAE 1925, 46 Ax, single/flat LH IIIA Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Papadopoulos 1978, 226 entry 145; PAE 1926, 131 Cleaver fragment Utilitarian Burial 19.2 cm 5.5 cm Papadopoulos 1978; PAE 1925, 46, figure 2 Knife Utilitarian Burial Papadopoulos 1978; ArchDelt 16B, 1960, 137 Razor, leaf shaped Utilitarian Burial 22 cm 5.8 cm Papadopoulos 1978; PAE 1925, 46, figure 2 Razor Yianniotion - MBA Utilitarian Burial 16.1 cm 6.8 cm Papadopoulos 1978, 225, figure 294e; 327a Knife Zerelia - MBA MH Utilitarian Burial Branigan 1974, 262 entry 235; Bokotopoulou 1968 286 pl. 228; Knife Zygouries - LBA MH Utilitarian Burial Branigan 1974, inv 702; Tripathi 1988 263 entry 246. Knife LH III, 14th-12th c Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2541; Zygouries (Blegen 1928), p. 202, fig. 190, 1 Sickle LH III; 14th-12th c Agricultural Settlement Deshayes 2799; Zygouries (Blegen 1928), p. 203, fig. 190, 2 MAINLAND TOOLS 595
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391:
Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423:
Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552:
Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
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Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
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Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
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(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568: Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570: Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 595 and 596: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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