Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Double ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Unpublished; will be published by Christos Kleitsas Double ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Unpublished; will be published by Christos Kleitsas Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Unpublished; will be published by Christos Kleitsas Thebes - LBA Anvil? Bronze cube LH IIIB or LH IIIC early Metallurgical? Hoard Unpublished; in storeroom in Thebes museum Awl LH IIA Small crafts Burial Tripathi 1988 347 entry 1159; Keramopoullos 1917, 134, no. 13,Deshayes 53 Bronze pestle-hammer LH IIIB or LH IIIC early Metallurgical? Hoard Unpublished; in storeroom in Thebes museum Chisel, broad LH IIIB or LH IIIC early Carpentry/masonry Hoard Unpublished; in storeroom in Thebes museum Chisel, broad frag LH IIIB or LH IIIC early Carpentry/masonry Hoard Unpublished; in storeroom in Thebes museum Chisel, narrow LH IIIB or LH IIIC early Carpentry/masonry Hoard Unpublished; in storeroom in Thebes museum Chisel, cold end of 13th –12th c Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 992 Double ax LH IIIB or LH IIIC early Carpentry/masonry Hoard Unpublished; in storeroom in Thebes museum Double ax, broken LH IIIB or LH IIIC early Carpentry/masonry Hoard Unpublished; in storeroom in Thebes museum Double ax fragment LH IIIB or LH IIIC early Carpentry/masonry Hoard ? Unpublished; in storeroom in Thebes museum Knife LH IIIB or LH IIIC early Utilitarian Hoard Unpublished; in storeroom in Thebes museum Knife, bent LH IIIB or LH IIIC early Utilitarian Hoard Unpublished; in storeroom in Thebes museum Thebes fragment LH IIIB or LH IIIC early Utilitarian Hoard Unpublished; in storeroom in Thebes museum Knife LH II; 15th century Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 338 entry 1081; Keramopoulos 1917, 198; Deshayes 2561 Knife LH III; 14th-12th century Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2508; Grece Precl. I, pl. 16, 1 Sickle LH IIIB or LH IIIC early Agricultural Hoard Unpublished; in storeroom in Thebes museum Sickle LH IIIB or LH IIIC early Agricultural Hoard Unpublished; in storeroom in Thebes museum Thebes - 2nd millennium Knife ? Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974, 167 entry 651; Worsaae 234-6, fig. 3 Thesprotiko - LBA? Double ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Unpublished; will be published by Christos Kleitsas Tiryns - LBA Awl LH IIIC late Small crafts Settlement 11.1 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 551 Awl LH IIIC late Small crafts Settlement 6.4 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 555 Awl Small crafts Settlement 6.1 0.47 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 2246 Awl Small crafts Settlement 5.85 0.57 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 2250 Awl-like LH IIIC early Small crafts Settlement 6.6 0.65 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 302 Awl-like implement LH IIIC early Small crafts Settlement 7.9 0.5 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 564 Awl, double Unstratified Small crafts Settlement 4 0.45 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 554 Chisel LH IIIC early Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9.2 0.3 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 411 Chisel, small Carpentry/masonry Settlement 4 ce= 0.62 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 487 Chisel-like Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6.2 0.4 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 535 Chisel-like LH IIIC late Carpentry/masonry Settlement 4.4 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, 536 Chisel-like LH IIIC late Carpentry/masonry Settlement 4.3 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 537; Kilian 1982, 416 Abb. 32, 17 Chisel, double LH IIIC late Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.9 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 542; Kilian 1982, 416, Abb. 32, 16 Chisel,small LH IIIC - late? Carpentry/masonry Settlement tip fragment = 1.5 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 544 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 20.9 2.73; min = 0.88 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 616 Chisel, iron Unstratified Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.36 0.74 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 2192 Chisel, double Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10.04 ce = 0.47 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 2241 Chisel fragment, narrow Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.55 ce = 1.01 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 2327 Chisel LH IIIB developed Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6.6 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 541, pl 125 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.12 0.52 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 2160 Chisel, narrow 14th-12th c Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 13.5 0.6 Deshayes 923; Tirynthe (Schliemann 1967) p. 167, fig. 99 Chisel, broad LH III; 14th-12th c Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9 3 Schliemann 1967, 166-167, no. 98; Deshayes 2985 Chisel with stag horn LH IIIC; 1180-1050 BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 24.5 2.45 Gercke and Hiesel 1971, 15 pl 23.2-4 MAINLAND TOOLS 592
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 12 0.85 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 540 Chisel - point Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3.9 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 546 Chisel - point Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3.35 0.4 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 547 Chisel - point Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6.7 0.4 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 550 Chisel - point LH IIIC developed Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5 0.3 to 0.4 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 558 Chisel - point LH III C early to developed Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6.4 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 548 Chisel? Carpentry/masonry Settlement 2.85 0.74 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 310 Chisel-like object, bit? Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3.1 0.39 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 468 Chisel-like object LH IIIB end Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3.9 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 543 Chisel-like object- LH III early Carpentry/masonry Settlement 7.1 0.25 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 545 Chisel-like object- Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.6 0.35 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 538 Double ax LH III; 14th-12th c; Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 20.5 4.5 Deshayes 2053; Tirynthe (Schliemann 1885) p. 156, fig. 100 Double pointed implement LH IIIB developed Small crafts Settlement 3.9 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 352 Double spatula Small crafts Settlement 5.1 0.6 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 539 Drill LH III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3.25 0.55 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 308 Drill LH IIIA late Carpentry/masonry Settlement 13.5 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 556 Drill-like, bit? LH IIIC Late Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6.5 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, catalog # 563 Drill LH IIIC early to developed Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3.3 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 408 Drill, T-shaped Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9 shaft 1.2 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 515 Drill? LH IIIC late Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.5 0.5 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 557 Hollow cylinder, drill? Carpentry/masonry? Settlement 4.5 1.7 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, Hollow cylinder, drill? LH II-IIIC Carpentry/masonry Burial 3.2 diam = 2 Rudolph 1973, 54 entry 18, pl 29.1 Small implement LH IIIC early Small crafts Settlement 6.25 0.11 to 0.26 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 414 Small implement Small crafts Settlement 4 0.48 to 0.52 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 488 Small implement Small crafts Settlement 8.4 0.24 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 517 Point implement Small crafts Settlement 9.6 0.5 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 80 Small implement LH IIIB develop & earlier Small crafts Settlement 6.7 0.25 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 552 Small implement LH IIIB middle Small crafts Settlement 8.1 0.1 to 0.3 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 560 Implement tip LH IIIC late Small crafts Settlement 0.95 0.5 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 313 Knife LH IIIC early Utilitarian Settlement 2.5 0.8 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 288 Knife LH IIIC early Utilitarian Settlement 9.1 0.75 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 291 Knife Utilitarian Settlement 15.3 0.9 - 1.33 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 311 Knife LH IIIB end Utilitarian Settlement 2.4 1.3 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 358 Knife LH IIIB middle Utilitarian Settlement 4.3 0.32 to 0.9 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 463 Knife LH IIIB develop to end Utilitarian Settlement 8 1.8 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 582 Knife LH IIIC early Utilitarian Settlement 6.5 1.1 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 585 Knife LH IIIB end - LH IIIC early Utilitarian Settlement 6.5 1.5 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 586 Knife w handle LH IIIB end Utilitarian Settlement 12.5 1.4 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 587; Kilian 1982, 417, abb. 32, 33 Knife fragment LH IIIC end - developed Utilitarian Settlement 4.7 1.5 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 589 Knife fragment LH IIIC late Utilitarian Settlement 6.5 1 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 590 Knife fragment LH IIIC late Utilitarian Settlement 7.8 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 591 Knife fragment LH IIIC Utilitarian Settlement 2.7 1.4 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 592 Knife fragment Utilitarian Settlement 5.8 1.1 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 593 Knife fragment LH IIIC Utilitarian Settlement 8 1.8 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 594 Knife, small Utilitarian Settlement Rahmstorf, L. 2008, Knife fragment Utilitarian Settlement 9 1.5 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 597; Kilian 1982, 411 Anm. 31 Abb. 32, 25 Knife Utilitarian Settlement 9.4 2.8; (min = 0.8) Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 600 Knife Utilitarian Settlement 10.4 2.8 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 602 Knife, tang Utilitarian Settlement 5.4 1.6 Rahmstorf, L. 2008, entry 603 MAINLAND TOOLS 593
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
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Other objects 1 bronze weight with
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Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
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Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
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(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566: cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568: Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570: Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 595 and 596: Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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