Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Chisel, narrow Carpentry/masonry Settlement Blegen 1966; Hofstra 2000 Chisel, iron Carpentry/masonry Settlement Hofstra 2000; Box EB SW, SW slop, vol 1, etc; small objects - 7/27/66 Chisel or pin Carpentry/masonry Settlement Hofstra 2000; Box EB SW, SW slop, vol 1, etc; small objects - 7/27/66 Knife Utilitarian Settlement Hofstra 2000 Knife Utilitarian Settlement Hofstra 2000 Knife Utilitarian Settlement Hofstra 2000 Knife Utilitarian Settlement Blegen 1966; Hofstra 2000 Knife Utilitarian Settlement Hofstra 2000 Knife Utilitarian Settlement Hofstra 2000 Knife Utilitarian Settlement Hofstra 2000 Knife Utilitarian Settlement Hofstra 2000 Knife or blade Utilitarian Settlement Hofstra 2000 Knife or blade Utilitarian Settlement Hofstra 2000 Spatula or chisel Utilitarian Settlement Hofstra 2000 Pylos, Vagenas - MBA Knife MH II Utilitarian Burial Blegen et al., 1973, 160, fig. 230:10; Tripathi 1988 342 entry 1107 Pylos, Vagenas - LBA Awl LH II Small crafts Burial Blegen et al. 1973, page 158, figure 230.8; Tripathi 1988 348 entry 1163 Knife Utilitarian Burial Blegen et al. 1973, page 158, figure 230.9 Knife LH I-II Utilitarian Burial Blegen et al. 1973, page 167, figure 230:6 Knife Utilitarian Burial Blegen et al. 1973, page 164, figure 229:10 Knife Utilitarian Burial Blegen et al. 1973, page 157, figure 229.11 Knife Utilitarian Burial Blegen et al 1973, 161 fig. 229.6. Knife Utilitarian Burial Blegen et al. 1973, page 161, figure 229:5 Knife Utilitarian Burial Blegen et al. 1973, page 188, figure 243:10 Knife Utilitarian Burial Blegen et al. 1973, page 197, figure 250:18 Knife Utilitarian Burial Blegen et al. 1973, page 201, figure 250:16 Knife or razor LH I-II Utilitarian Burial Blegen et al, 1973, 167, fig. 230:4, Tripathi 1988 340 entry 1089. Knife or razor Utilitarian Burial Blegen et al. 1973, page 167, figure 230:18 Knife or short dagger Utilitarian Burial Blegen et. Al. 1973, 167, fig. 230:5, 227:4; Tripathi 1988 343 entry 1117. Razor or knife Utilitarian Burial Blegen et al. 1973, page 161, figure 229:8. Rakhmani - MBA Awl MH I-II Small crafts Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 1960 167; Branigan 1974, inv 2103; Tripathi 1988 264 entry 252. Rodotopi - LBA Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Hoard Unpublished; will be published by Christos Kleitsas Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Hoard Unpublished; will be published by Christos Kleitsas Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Hoard Unpublished; will be published by Christos Kleitsas Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Hoard Unpublished; will be published by Christos Kleitsas Routsi - LBA Fork, socketed LH IIA; 15th century BC Utilitarian Burial 14 6.7 Tripathi 1988; Marinatos, Prakt 1956, 205 Knife LH II Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 339 entry 1082; Marinatos 1957, 99 Knife LH II Utilitarian Burial 16.7 1.85 Tripathi 1988, 344 entry 1122; Marinatos 1957, 99 Knife LH II Utilitarian Burial 18.5 1.55 Tripathi 1988 344 entry 1123; Marinatos 1957, 99 Knife LH II Utilitarian Burial 19.6 Tripathi 1988 344 entry 1127; Marinatos 1957, 99 Knife LH II Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 346 entry 1144; Marinatos 1957, 99 Sesklo - MBA Chisel MH IIA; 20th-17th century BCCarpentry/masonry Burial 8 1.7 Tripathi 1988 264 entry 265; Tsountas 1908, 138-40, pl. 4:12 Double ax Carpentry/masonry Settlement ce= 4.5 &4.7 cm Tsountas 1908, 354, Branigan 1974 entry 541, Deshayes 2002? Double ax Carpentry/masonry Settlement ce= 4.5 &4.7 cm Tsountas 1908, 354, Branigan 1974 entry 541 MAINLAND TOOLS 590
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Knife MH IIA Utilitarian Burial Sandars 1955, 182; Deshayes 2424; Branigan 662; Tripathi 1988 261 entry 23 Knife MH IIA Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2425; Branigan inv 634; Tripathi 1988 261 entry 230 Mold for spearhead MH IIA Metallurgical Burial Branigan 1974, 202, inv M69; Tripathi 278 entry M5; Iakovidis 1982, 213 Mold, 2 parts MHIIa Metallurgical Settlement Branigan 1974, 202, inv M71-72; Tripathi 278 entry M6-7 Mold for Double ax MH IIA Metallurgical Settlement Branigan 1974, 202, inv M83-83a; Tripathi 278 entry M3-4. Punch or awl MH Small crafts Settlement Branigan 1974, 172 entry 1057 ; Deshayes 55, 102; Tripathi 1988 264 entry 254-55. Punch or awl MH Small crafts Settlement Branigan 1974, 172 entry 1057 ; Deshayes 55, 102; Tripathi 1988 264 entry 254-55. Spaliareika-Loussika - LBA Knife early LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial Paschalidis and McGeorge 2011, 4 note 18; Petropoulos 2000, 75, 86 Razor early LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial Paschalidis and McGeorge 2011, 4 note 18; Petropoulos 2000, 75, 86 Sparta or Spata? - 2nd millennium Ax, shaft hole Unknown? Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 13.1 ce = 6.5 Branigan 1974, 166 entry 577; Deshayes 1538 pl XXV.3 and LIX.3 Sparta, Menelaion - LBA Awl LH IIIA1 context Small crafts Settlement 9.1 Catling 2009, 270 M18 figure 321 Awl, large LH IIIA1 context Small crafts Settlement 12.5 0.35 Catling 2009, 270 M24 figure 321 Awl or point LH IIIB2 Small crafts Settlement 3.4 0.3 Catling 2009, 270 M23 figure 332 Chisel, small or graver LH IIIA1 context Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9.2 tip - 0.3 Catling 2009, 270 M19 figure 321 Chisel or graver contents LH IIIA1-IIIB Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 1.2 0.4 Catling 2009, 270 M27 figure 321 Chisel fragment LH IIIA1 but some IIIB Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 1.8 Catling 2009, 271 M29 figure 321 Drill, small or graver LH IIIA1 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3.3 Catling 2009, 270 M 20, figure 321 Drill? LH IIIA1 context Carpentry/masonry Settlement 2.6 0.5 Catling 2009, 270 M17, figure 321, pl 115b, left Knife LH IIIB2 Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 19.2 2.8 Catling 2009, 270 entry M9, figure 332 Knife LH IIIB2 Utilitarian Settlement 4.5 1.3 Catling 2009, 270, M10, figure 332, pl 115c left Knife pure LH IIIA1 Utilitarian Settlement 8 1.9 Catling 2009, 270, M11, fig. 332, pl 115e, bottom Knife LH IIIB2 Utilitarian Settlement 9.8 1.3 Catling 2009, 270, M12, figure 329 pl 115g Knife LH IIIA1 Utilitarian Settlement 8.8 1.8 Catling 2009, 270, M13, figure 321 Knife chiefly LH IIIB2 material Utilitarian Settlement 7.3 2.1 Catling 2009, 270, M14, figure 321 Point fragment LH IIIA1 Small crafts Settlement 1.8 Catling 2009, 270 M25 figure 321 Point fragment LH IIIB2/C Small crafts Settlement 2 0.25 Catling 2009, 270 M26 not illustarted Point or graver chiefly LH IIIB/C Small crafts Unstratified or unknown 2.3 Catling 2009, 270 M21, figure 336 Punch LH IIIA1 Small crafts Settlement 6.7 0.9 Catling 209, 270, M16 figure 332, pl 115f Saw with teeth LH IIIA1 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 4.2 3.5 Catling 2009, 270 M15 figure 321, pl 115d Tool shaft LH IIIB/C Small crafts Unstratified or unknown 4.3 0.3 Catling 2009, 270 M22 figure 336 Spettos - LBA Cleaver LH III; 14th-12th c Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2720 Stephani - LBA Double ax Carpentry/masonry Hoard Andreou 1986, Andreou 1994, included in Kleitsas' dissertation Double ax Carpentry/masonry Hoard Andreou 1986, Andreou 1994, included in Kleitsas' dissertation Double ax Carpentry/masonry Hoard Andreou 1986, Andreou 1994, included in Kleitsas' dissertation Double ax Carpentry/masonry Hoard Andreou 1986, Andreou 1994, included in Kleitsas' dissertation Double ax Carpentry/masonry Hoard Andreou 1986, Andreou 1994, included in Kleitsas' dissertation Double ax Carpentry/masonry Hoard Andreou 1986, Andreou 1994, included in Kleitsas' dissertation Double ax Carpentry/masonry Hoard Andreou 1986, Andreou 1994, included in Kleitsas' dissertation Double ax Carpentry/masonry Hoard Andreou 1986, Andreou 1994, included in Kleitsas' dissertation Double ax Carpentry/masonry Hoard Andreou 1986, Andreou 1994, included in Kleitsas' dissertation Double ax Carpentry/masonry Hoard Andreou 1986, Andreou 1994, included in Kleitsas' dissertation Stratos - LBA Double ax LH Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 19 ce = 7 Davaras, C. 1970, AAA, 311-313 (New Double axes)… Terovo - LBA? MAINLAND TOOLS 591
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
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Other objects 1 bronze weight with
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Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
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Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
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Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564: (…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566: cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568: Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570: Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 595 and 596: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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