Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Knife Utilitarian Burial Papadopoulos 1978; PAE 1965, 135, pl. 177d Knife Utilitarian Burial Papadopoulos 1978; PAE 1964 66, pl 68a Knife Utilitarian Burial Papadopoulos 1978; PAE 1964 67, pl 68b Knife Utilitarian Burial 11.85 cm 2.2 cm Papadopoulos 1978, PAE 1964, 67 Mold Metallurgical Burial? Papadopoulos 1978; PAE 1963, 95, pl 66d Patras region general - LBA Ax, single/flat LH - Iron Age Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 15 Branigan 1974, 166 entry 584; Papadopoulos 1978 226 entry 142 Cleaver Utilitarian Burial 21.1 cm 6.3 cm Papadopoulos 1978, 226, figure 308a, 341c Razor, cleaver-like Utilitarian Burial 19.3 cm tip = 3.6 cm Papadopoulos 1978, 225, figure 296d, 329b Razor, cleaver-like Utilitarian Burial 19 cm 4.5 cm Papadopoulos 1978, 225, figure 296d, 329a Patras, Anthia - 2nd millennium Knife ? Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2665; Praktika 1938, p. 118, Sandars 1955, p. 192 Pelagonia - 2nd millennium Double ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974, 165 546 Peloponnese: general - 2nd millennium Double ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974 165 entry 538 Perama - LBA? Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Unpublished- will be published by C. Kleitsas Perati - LBA Awl LH IIIC Small crafts Burial Iakovidis 1980, 90 figure 107 Chisel LH IIIC Carpentry/masonry Burial 19.5 2 Iakovidis 1980, 90 figure 106 Chisel LH IIIC Carpentry/masonry Burial Iakovidis 1980, 90 figure 106 Chisel LH IIIC Carpentry/masonry Burial Iakovidis 1980, 90 figure 106 Cleaver LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial Iakovidis 1980, 90 figure 108 Cleaver LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial Iakovidis 1980, , 90 figure 108 Cleaver LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial Iakovidis 1980, , 90 figure 108 Knife LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial Iakovidis 1980, 90 figure 109 Knife LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial Iakovidis 1980, 90 M188, figure 109 Knife LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial Iakovidis 1980, 90, M 13, figure 110 Knife LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial Iakovidis 1980, 90, M 72, figure 110 Knife LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial Iakovidis 1980, 90 M 53, figure 111 Knife LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial Iakovidis 1980, 90 M85 figure 111 Knife LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial Iakovidis 1980, 93 M136 figure 112 Knife LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial Iakovidis 1980, 93 M26 figure 113 Knife LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial Iakovidis 1980, 93 figure 114 Razor LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial about 20 cm Iakovidis 1980, 78-81 figure 93 Razor LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial about 15 cm Iakovidis 1980, , 78-81 figure 93 Razor LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial about 20 cm Iakovidis 1980, 78-81 figure 93 Razor or knife LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial about 20 cm Iakovidis 1980, , 78-81 figure 93 Peristeria - LBA Awl LH I-IIA Small crafts Burial Tripathi 1988 347 entry 1156; Marinatos, 1962, 95-97 Awl LH I-IIA Small crafts Burial 10.8 0.3 Tripathi 1988 347 entry 1157; Marinatos, 1962, 95-97 Knife LH I-IIa Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 344 entry 1126; Marinatos 1962, 95-97 Pharai - LBA Knife LH II Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 345 entry 1135; Zapheiropoulos 1956, 194, no. X-56 Phigalie general area - 2nd millennium Ax-adze Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 11.9 ce = 3.1 Deshayes 2248; Catling 1964 92 Prosymna - LBA Chisel, double? LH III A - B Carpentry/masonry Burial 6 cm; 0.95 cm Blegan 1937, 346, fig. 244, 3, Deshayes 983. MAINLAND TOOLS 588
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Cleaver LH IIIA-B; 14th-13th c Utilitarian Burial Blegan 1937, 347 fig. 309 top; Deshayes 2701. Hollow cylinder, drill? LH II or III; Carpentry/masonry? Burial 3.5 Blegen 1937, 168,170, 353, fig. 417:3; Tripathi 1988 366 entry 1330 Hollow cylinder, drill? LH II Carpentry/masonry? Burial diam = 1.7 - 2.2 Blegen 1937, 169-70, 353, fig. 419:5; Tripathi 1988 366 entry 1329 Hollow cylinder, drill? Carpentry/masonry Burial Blegen 1937, 131, figure 311 Knife LH III A2-B, 14th-13th c Utilitarian Burial 9 cm; 0.35 - 2 Blegen 1937, 344 fig. 223, 1; Deshayes 2437. Knife LH IIB-IIIB; end 14th-13th c Utilitarian Burial 11.8 + cm; 1.9 cm Blegan 1937, 343, fig. 270. 4; Deshayes 2558; Tripathi 1988 341, 1100 Knife LH II-III; 15th-12th century Utilitarian Burial 5.4 cm 1.25 cm Blegen 1937, 344; fig. 440:5; Tripathi 1988 345 entry 1141. Deshayes 2500 Knife LH IIIA-B; 14th-13th centuryUtilitarian Burial Blegan 1937, 346, fig. 461, 12 ; p. 98, fig. 216, 6; Deshayes 2523. Knife LH IIIB; 13th c Utilitarian Burial Blegen 1937, 345 fig. 512,3; Deshayes 2502. Knife LH IB-IIIB; end 14th-13th c; Utilitarian Burial Blegan 1937, 343, fig. 503, 2; Deshayes 2558.Tripathi 1988 343 entry 1114 Knife LH III; 14th-12th century Utilitarian Burial Blegan 1937, 345 fig. 77; Deshayes 2506. Knife LH II-IIIA; 15th-14th c Utilitarian Burial Blegen 1937, 345 fig. 263, 7; Deshayes 2449 Knife LH II-IIIA; 15th-14th c Utilitarian Burial Blegan 1937, 344 fig. 262, 1; Deshayes 2450 Knife LH II B-IIIB, 15th-13th c Utilitarian Burial Blegan 1937, 122, 343, fig. 283:1; Tripathi 1988 339 entry 1084 Knife LH III A-B; 14th-13th c Utilitarian Burial Blegen 1937, 344 fig. 299, 1; Deshayes 2438. Knife LH IIIA-B; 14th-13th c Utilitarian Burial Blegan 1937, 345, fig. 486, 2; Deshayes 2583. Knife LH IIIA-B; 14th-13th c Utilitarian Burial Blegen 1937, 345 fig. 309, below; Deshayes 2455 Knife LH III; 14th –12th c Utilitarian Burial Blegen 1937, 346, fig. 377,6; Deshayes 2567. Knife LH II Utilitarian Burial Blegen 1937; fig. 556:2; Deshayes 2500; Tripathi 1988 346 entry 1142. Knife fragment LH II Utilitarian Burial 10 cm 4 cm Blegen 1937 343, fig. 215:5; Tripathi 1988 342 entry 1106. Knife fragment LH II Utilitarian Burial 9.3 cm 1.55 to 1.8 cm Blegen 1937 98, 343; fig. 216:6; Tripathi 1988 346 entry 1143 Knife fragment Utilitarian Burial 3.7 cm 1.65 cm Blegen 1937 343, fig. 215:5; Tripathi 1988 342 entry 1106. Razor LH IIIB; 13th c; Utilitarian Burial 18.7 cm 5 cm Blegen 1937, 345 fig. 143,1; Deshayes 2501. Razor LH IIIA-B; 14th-13th c Utilitarian Burial Blegan 1937, 348 fig. 426, 1; Deshayes 2702 Razor Utilitarian Burial Blegan 1937, 347 fig 363, 6. Saw with teeth LH III A - B Carpentry/masonry Burial 21.6 cm; 4 cm Blegen 1937, 346, figure 244.1; Deshayes 2905 Razor, cleaver-like LH IIIB; 13th c Utilitarian Burial Blegan 1937, 348, fig. 512, 4; Deshayes 2703. Pylos - MBA Knife MH III Utilitarian Burial Blegen et al, 1973, 161, fig. 229:9,Tripathi 1988 341 entry 1099 Pylos - LBA Awl Small crafts Burial Blegen et al, 1973, Cleaver Utilitarian Burial Blegen et al. 1973, page 188, figure 243:12 Knife, singled edged Utilitarian Burial Blegen et al, 1973, 167, fig. 230:4, Tripathi 1988 340 entry 1089 Razor Utilitarian Burial Blegen et al, 1973, Razor or dagger Utilitarian Burial Blegen et al, 1973, Razor or dagger Utilitarian Burial Blegen et al, 1973, Razor, leaf shaped Utilitarian Burial Blegen et al, 1973, Sickle Agricultural Burial Blegen 1973, page 232, figure 291:13 Pylos, palace of Nestor - LBA Awl, arrowhead or point Small crafts Settlement Blegen 1966, Hofstra 2000 Awls, points, etc Small crafts Settlement Hofstra 2000 Awls, points, etc Small crafts Settlement Hofstra 2000 Awls, points, etc Small crafts Settlement Blegen 1966; Hofstra 2000 Awls, points, etc Small crafts Settlement Blegen 1966; Hofstra 2000 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement Blegen 1966; Hofstra 2000 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement Blegen 1966; Hofstra 2000 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement Blegen 1966; Hofstra 2000 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement Blegen 1966; Hofstra 2000 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement Blegen 1966; Hofstra 2000 MAINLAND TOOLS 589
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
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Other objects 1 bronze weight with
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Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
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Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562: Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564: (…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566: cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568: Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570: Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 595 and 596: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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