Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Knife Utilitarian Burial 12.7 cm; 1.35-2.4 Xenaki-Sakelariou 1985, 234-235; Deshayes 2447. Knife Utilitarian Settlement 10 cm 1-1.7 Knife, NM #2744, Acropolis; Deshayes 2428. Knife Utilitarian Settlement 11.9 cm 1-1.4 Knife, NM #2744, Acropolis; Deshayes 2428. Knife Utilitarian Settlement 12.2 cm 1.1 Knife, NM #2744, Acropolis; Deshayes 2428. Knife Utilitarian Settlement 9.1 cm 1.6 Knife, NM #2744, Acropolis; Deshayes 2428. Knife Utilitarian Burial Xenaki-Sakelariou 1985, 134. Knife Utilitarian Burial Xenaki-Sakelariou 1985, 135. Knife Utilitarian Burial Xenaki-Sakelariou 1985, 190; Deshayes 2491. Knife Utilitarian Burial - tomb 88 Tomb 88; Xenaki-Sakelariou 1985, 247. Knife LH IIB; 15th c; Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2445; Sandars 1955, 188; Tripathi 1988 340 entry 1093 Knife LH II, end 16th-15th c Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2489; Sandars 1955, 188; Tripathi 1988 340 entry 1094. Knife Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2533. Sandars 1955, 191; Tripathi 1988 340 entry 1096 Knife Utilitarian Hoard Schliemann 1878, 111, figures 121-125 on pg 75. Knife Utilitarian Hoard Schliemann 1878, 111, figures 121-125 on pg 75. Knife Utilitarian Hoard Schliemann 1878, 111, figures 121-125 on pg 75. Knife Utilitarian Hoard Schliemann 1878, 111, figures 121-125 on pg 75. Knife Utilitarian Hoard Schliemann 1878, 111, figures 121-125 on pg 75. Knife LH IIIB Utilitarian Hoard 29 cm 2.5 cm Knife LH IIIB; 13th c Utilitarian Hoard 10.5 tang = 4.1 Deshayes 2456; Stubbings 1954, 293 entry 403; ; Spyropoulos 1972, 47 #4α Knife LH IIIB Utilitarian Hoard 14.55 0.95 - 1.65 Spyropoulos 1972, 55 entries 16-17, figs 116.16-17 on pg 67. Knife LH IIIB Utilitarian Hoard 19.7 0.5 - 1.75 Spyropoulos 1972, 55 entries 16-17, figs 116.16-17 on pg 67. Knife Utilitarian Hoard Spyropoulos 1972, Knife Utilitarian Hoard 24.3 tang = 2.2 Spyropoulos 1972 33-36, entry 11α - θ, figs 54-62 on pgs 34-38, pl 13α – θ. Knife Utilitarian Hoard 19.3 tip = 0.8; Spyropoulos 1972 33-36, entry 11α - θ, figs 54-62 on pgs 34-38, pl 13α – θ. Knife Utilitarian Hoard 21.3 1.2 - 2.4 Spyropoulos 1972 33-36, entry 11α - θ, figs 54-62 on pgs 34-38, pl 13α – θ. Knife Utilitarian Hoard 17.6 0.85 - 2.3 Spyropoulos 1972 33-36, entry 11α - θ, figs 54-62 on pgs 34-38, pl 13α – θ. Knife Utilitarian Hoard 20.6 tip = 0.7 Spyropoulos 1972 33-36, entry 11α - θ, figs 54-62 on pgs 34-38, pl 13α – θ. Knife Utilitarian Hoard 20.6 tip = 1.4 Spyropoulos 1972 33-36, entry 11α - θ, figs 54-62 on pgs 34-38, pl 13α – θ. Knife Utilitarian Hoard 16.3 tip = 0.55 Spyropoulos 1972 33-36, entry 11α - θ, figs 54-62 on pgs 34-38, pl 13α – θ. Knife Utilitarian Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 33-36, entry 11α - θ, figs 54-62 on pgs 34-38, pl 13α – θ. Knife Utilitarian Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 33-36, entry 11α - θ, figs 54-62 on pgs 34-38, pl 13α – θ. Knife Utilitarian Hoard 18.9 tip = 0.4 Spyropoulos 1972, ? Knife Utilitarian Hoard 11.8 2.1 Spyropoulos 1972, ? Knife LH II – IIIA1; 15th c Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2543; BSA XXV (1921-23) p. 129, fig. 40, Sandars 1955, p. 194, fig. 3,2 Knife MH III-LH I Utilitarian Burial Sandars 1955, 188; Deshayes 1960 inv 2435; Tripathi 1988 301 entry 674. Knife MH III - LH I Utilitarian Burial Karo 1930-33, 105, no. 460, pl. C;Tripathi 1988 301 entry 675-6 Knife MH III-LH I Utilitarian Burial Karo 1930-33, 105, no. 460, pl. C; Deshayes 2537; Tripathi 1988 303 entry 693. Knife MH III-LH I Utilitarian Burial Karo 1930-33, 105, no. 460, pl. C; Sandars 1955, 193; Tripathi 1988 303 entry 682. Knife 16th c; Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2550, Karo 103-104, pl. XCVII numbers 443, 445, 447. Knife MH III-LH I Utilitarian Burial Karo 1930-33, 155; Tripathi 1988 303 entry 691. Knife MH III-LH I Utilitarian Burial Karo 1930-33, 102, no. 426, Tripathi 1988 303 entry 685. Knife LH I; 16th century Utilitarian Burial Karo 1930-33, 134, no. 738, fig. 57; Deshayes 1960 inv 2538; Tripathi 1988 303 entry 690 Knife LH IIIB Utilitarian Hoard Stubbings 1954, page 293 entry 420 Knife LH IIIB Utilitarian Hoard 4.7 cm 2 cm Stubbings 1954, 293 entry 407. Knife LH IIIB Utilitarian Hoard Stubbings 1954, 293 entry 420. Knife Utilitarian Hoard Spyropoulos 1972, ? Knife LH IIB, 15th c Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2490 ; Sandars 1955, 188; Tripathi 1988 343 entry 1115 Knife LH IIB; 15th c Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2444; Sandars 1955, 188; Tripathi 1988 340 entry 1092. Knife or sickle frag LH IIIB Utilitarian Hoard 3.5 cm 2.1 cm Stubbings 1954, 293 entry 408. MAINLAND TOOLS 584
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Mold for winged Ax LH IIIB Metallurgical Settlement about 17 Stubbings 1954, BSA, pg 297-298, figure 18; Deshayes 1996 Razor, cleaver-like Utilitarian Burial 18 cm 3.5 cm; handle = 1.2 Xenaki-Sakelariou cm 1985,177, pl 74, X; Razor, cleaver-like LH III; 14th-12th c; Utilitarian Burial 19 cm 3.5 cm Xenaki-Sakelariou 1985, 90, pl 17; Tsountas AE 1888, p. 171 pl 9 (18); Deshayes 2688, vol. 2 p. 141; Catling 1964, p. 107; Kaiser Razor, cleaver-like LH III; 14th-12th c Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2717, Xenaki-Sakelariou 1985, 324. Razor, cleaver-like Utilitarian Burial -Sakelariou 1985, 70, Deshayes 2688. Razor, cleaver-like Utilitarian Burial? Xenaki-Sakelariou 1985, 276. Razor, cleaver-like Utilitarian Burial? Xenaki-Sakelariou 1985, 276. Razor or dagger Utilitarian Burial 15.5 4.8 Tripathi 1988, 308 entry 729; Karo 1930-33, 162, no. 931, pl. XCVI Sickle Agricultural Settlement 16.5 cm 2 cm Athens National Museum, prehistoric collection (NM 2743) Sickle LH III; 14th-12th c Agricultural Hoard 20.2 cm 2.5 cm Stubbings 1954, 293 entry 405. Deshayes 2796 Sickle LH IIIB Agricultural Hoard 18.7 cm 2.6 cm Spyropoulos 1972 54 entry 10, figure 115.10 Sickle LH IIIB Agricultural Hoard 19.1 cm tang = 2.3 Spyropoulos 1972 54 entry 10, figure 115.11 Sickle LH IIIB Agricultural Hoard 18.8 cm tang = 2 cm Spyropoulos 1972 54 entry 10, figure 115.12 Sickle Agricultural Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 Sickle Agricultural Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 Sickle Agricultural Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 Sickle Agricultural Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 Sickle Agricultural Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 Sickle Agricultural Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 Sickle Agricultural Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 Sickle Agricultural Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 Sickle Agricultural Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 Sickle Agricultural Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 Sickle Agricultural Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 Sickle Agricultural Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 Sickle Agricultural Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 Sickle Agricultural Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 Sickle Agricultural Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 Sickle Agricultural Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 Sickle Agricultural Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 Sickle Agricultural Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 Sickle Agricultural Hoard Spyropoulos 1972 Shovel Agricultural Settlement Deshayes 3024. Wedge tool or Ax Mycenae - 2nd millennium LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry or metallurgical Burial 16.4 cm ce= 6.25 Onassoglou 1995, pages 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2365; Mycenes, p. 143, fig. 125 Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2446; Mycenes, p. 143, fig. 121 Knife Nemea: Barnavos - LBA Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2551; Mycenes, p. 143, fig. 122 Razor Nichoria - MBA LH IIIA2 Utilitarian Burial 7.6 2 Wright et al. 2008, pg 617 figure 13 Tool shaft Nichoria - LBA MH Small crafts Settlement 2.7 cm 0.3 cm Catling and Hughes-Brock 1992, 637; AE 2478, N 1578, p. 1707 Awl LH I-IIA-B Small crafts Settlement 2.75 cm 0.4 cm Catling and Hughes-Brock 1992, 640 in Nichoria II; AE 975; N60bis, p.1746 and 1795; ; Tripathi 1988 348 entry 1161? Awl MH, LH II-IIIA Small crafts Settlement 5.6 cm 0.4 cm Catling and Hughes-Brock 1992, 640; AE 2761, N 1868, p1748 Awl LH II Small crafts Settlement Tripathi 1988 347 entry 1160 Billet LH IIIA2-B Metallurgical Settlement 5 cm 0.35 cm Catling and Hughes-Brock 1992, 640; AE 1225, N 315, p. 1759 Billet or chisel frag LH IIA-B Metallurgical Settlement 1.4 cm 0.4 cm Catling and Hughes-Brock 1992, 640; AE 2654, N 1755, p1757 Billet or implement LH II Metallurgical? Settlement 2 cm 0.35 cm Catling and Hughes-Brock 1992, 640; AE 1376, N 466, p 1758; Tripathi 1988 367 entry 1337. MAINLAND TOOLS 585
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423:
Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558: Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560: Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562: Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564: (…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566: cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568: Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570: Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 595 and 596: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
Page 607: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 621 and 622: Sites & Object types Specific perio
Page 659 and 660:
Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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