Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Chisel, narrow Carpentry/masonry Hoard 17.2 ce = 1.4 Spyropoulos 1972, 22 –25, Deshayes 874, pl XI.20 Chisel, narrow Carpentry/masonry Hoard 15.3 ce = 1.05 Spyropoulos 1972, 22 –25,, Deshayes 872 pl XI.6 Chisel, narrow Carpentry/masonry Hoard 12.7 ce = 1.3 Spyropoulos 1972, 22 –25,, Deshayes 872 pl XI.6 Chisel, narrow Carpentry/masonry Hoard 12.7 ce = 1.3 Spyropoulos 1972, 22 –25,, Deshayes 872 pl XI.6 Chisel, narrow Carpentry/masonry Hoard 10.75 ce = 1.25 Spyropoulos 1972, 22 –25,, Deshayes 872 pl XI.6 Chisel, narrow Carpentry/masonry Hoard 7.8 ce = 1.3 Spyropoulos 1972, 22 –25; Deshayes 956, pl XI.4 Chisel, broad LH IIIB Carpentry/masonry Hoard 14.5 4.5 Stubbings 1954, 293 entry 410; Spyropoulos 1972, 48 entry 7, fig 96 on page 53. Chisel, broad Carpentry/masonry Hoard 16.4 ce = 3.75 Spyropoulos 1972, 22 –25, entry 9α-ιδ, figs 21-34 on pgs 19-25, pls 9α – 10 ζ.; Deshayes 744 and 745 Chisel, broad Carpentry/masonry Hoard 16.4 ce = 3.75 Spyropoulos 1972, 22 –25, entry 9α-ιδ, figs 21-34 on pgs 19-25, pls 9α – 10 ζ.; Deshayes 744 and 745 Chisel, broad Carpentry/masonry Hoard 19.3 ce = 3.9 Spyropoulos 1972, 22 –25, entry 9α-ιδ, figs 21-34 on pgs 19-25, pls 9α – 10 ζ.; Deshayes 744 and 745 Chisel, broad Carpentry/masonry Hoard 18.6 ce = 4.3 Spyropoulos 1972, 22 –25, entry 9α-ιδ, figs 21-34 on pgs 19-25, pls 9α – 10 ζ.; Deshayes 744 and 745 Chisel, broad Carpentry/masonry Hoard 17.7 ce = 4.1 Spyropoulos 1972, 22 –25, entry 9α-ιδ, figs 21-34 on pgs 19-25, pls 9α – 10 ζ.; Deshayes 744 and 745 Chisel, broad Carpentry/masonry Hoard 8.5 ce = 3.5 Spyropoulos 1972, 22 –25, entry 9α-ιδ, figs 21-34 on pgs 19-25, pls 9α – 10 ζ.; Deshayes 744 and 745 Chisel, broad Carpentry/masonry Hoard 9.7 ce = 3.9 Spyropoulos 1972, 22 –25, entry 9α-ιδ, figs 21-34 on pgs 19-25, pls 9α – 10 ζ.; Deshayes 744 and 745 Cleaver LH III; 14th-12th c; Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2716; A. Eph. 1888, p. 171, pl. IX, 17 Cleaver Utilitarian Hoard Cleaver or knife LH IIIB Utilitarian Hoard Double ax LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry Burial 20.8 cm ce=5.7&6 cm Onassoglou 1995, pages 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Double ax LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry Burial 20.4 cm ce= 5.7 cm Onassoglou 1995, pages 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Double ax LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry Burial 21.8 cm ce= 5.8 and 5.9 cm Onassoglou 1995, pages 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Double ax LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry Burial 20.1 cm ce= 5.15 cm Onassoglou 1995, pages 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Double ax LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry Burial 21.5 cm ce= 5.3&5.6 cm Onassoglou 1995, pages 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Double ax LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry Burial 21.2 cm ce=5.3 & 5.4 cm Onassoglou 1995, pages 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Double ax LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry Burial 20.75 cm; ce=5.4 and 5.4 cm; middle Onassoglou width 1995, = 4.2 pages cm 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Double ax LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry Burial 21.9 cm ce=5.9 and 5.85 cm; Onassoglou middle = 3.9 1995, cm; pages 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Double ax LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry Burial 20.1 cm; ce=5.25 Onassoglou 1995, pages 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Double ax LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry Burial 22 cm ce=6 cm Onassoglou 1995, pages 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Double ax LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry Burial 20.2 cm ce=5.45 Onassoglou 1995, pages 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Double ax LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry Burial 21.6 cm ce=5.3 cm Onassoglou 1995, pages 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Double ax LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry Burial 20.7 cm ce=6.25 &5.95 cm Onassoglou 1995, pages 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Double ax LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry Burial 21 cm ce=5.65cm Onassoglou 1995, pages 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Double ax LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry Burial 20.3 cm ce=5.15&5.3 cm Onassoglou 1995, pages 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Double ax LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry Burial 20.7 cm ce=5.4&5.5 cm Onassoglou 1995, pages 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Double ax LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry Burial 21 cm; ce=5.65 & 5.4 cm Onassoglou 1995, pages 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Double ax LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry Burial 20.8 cm ce=5.45 Onassoglou 1995, pages 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Double ax LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry Burial 19.9 cm ce=4.85& 5 cm Onassoglou 1995, pages 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Double ax LH III B or C Carpentry/masonry Burial 20.8 cm; ce=5.4 & 5.5 cm Onassoglou 1995, pages 37-41, 48-49; figures 57-58 and pls 10a, 12-15a. Double ax LH IIIA or B Carpentry/masonry Burial 14.2 cm ce= 5.8 &5.9 cm Deshayes 2064, vol. 1, p. 257, vol. 2, p. 107; pl XXXIV, 2; Xenaki-Sakelariou 1985, 235 pl 112, XI Double ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 15.15 cm; fragments ce= 6 & 6.2 = 8.2 cm&7.5 Spyropoulos 1972, ? Double ax LH IIIB Carpentry/masonry Hoard 21.15 ce=6 &6.15 Schliemann 1878, 111, figure 173 on pg 111; Schliemann et al. 1986, 149 Double ax LH IIIB Carpentry/masonry Hoard 20.7 ce=5.1 & 5 Schliemann 1878, 111, figure 173 on pg 111; Schliemann et al. 1986, 149 Double ax LH IIIB Carpentry/masonry Hoard 20.55 ce= 5.35 Schliemann 1878, 111, figure 173 on pg 111; Schliemann et al. 1986, 149 Double ax LH IIIB Carpentry/masonry Hoard 11.45 ce = 6.8 Schliemann 1878, 111, figure 173 on pg 111; Schliemann et al. 1986, 149 Double ax LH IIIB Carpentry/masonry Hoard 21.65 ce=6.45 &6.9 Wace 1953, pl 2c, right; Wace 1954, 293 entry 423; Spyropoulos 1972, 48# 6, Double ax LH IIIB Carpentry/masonry Hoard 19.7 ce=5.7 & 5.75 Spyropoulos 1972 51 entries 1-4; figs 112.1-4, 113.4 on page 65 Double ax LH IIIB Carpentry/masonry Hoard 21 ce=5.35 and 5.4 Spyropoulos 1972 51 entries 1-4; figs 112.1-4, 113.4 on page 65 Double ax LH IIIB Carpentry/masonry Hoard 21.6 ce= 5.85 and 5.75 Spyropoulos 1972 51 entries 1-4; figs 112.1-4, 113.4 on page 65 Double ax LH IIIB Carpentry/masonry Hoard 20.5 ce= 6.1 and 6.15 Spyropoulos 1972 51 entries 1-4; figs 112.1-4, 113.4 on page 65 Double ax Carpentry/masonry Hoard 20.9 ce = 5.2 and 5.25 Spyropoulos 1972, 9-12, entries 1α -θ, figs 1-9 on pgs 10-13. MAINLAND TOOLS 582
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Double ax Carpentry/masonry Hoard 19.3 ce = 6.05 and 6.15 Spyropoulos 1972, 9-12, entries 1α -θ, figs 1-9 on pgs 10-13. Double ax Carpentry/masonry Hoard 15.4 ce = 4.9 and 5.1 Spyropoulos 1972, 9-12, entries 1α -θ, figs 1-9 on pgs 10-13. Double ax Carpentry/masonry Hoard 14.4 ce = 5.9 and 6.1 Spyropoulos 1972, 9-12, entries 1α -θ, figs 1-9 on pgs 10-13. Double ax Carpentry/masonry Hoard 21.9 ce = 5.95 and 6 Spyropoulos 1972, 9-12, entries 1α -θ, figs 1-9 on pgs 10-13. Double ax Carpentry/masonry Hoard 18.1 ce = 6 and 6.3 Spyropoulos 1972, 9-12, entries 1α -θ, figs 1-9 on pgs 10-13. Double ax Carpentry/masonry Hoard 20.9 ce = 5.55 and 5.4 cmSpyropoulos 1972, 9-12, entries 1α -θ, figs 1-9 on pgs 10-13. Double ax Carpentry/masonry Hoard 16.8 ce = 6 and 6.15 cm Spyropoulos 1972, 9-12, entries 1α -θ, figs 1-9 on pgs 10-13. Double ax Carpentry/masonry Hoard 20 ce= 5.4 and 5.75 cmSpyropoulos 1972, 9-12, entries 1α -θ, figs 1-9 on pgs 10-13. Double ax LH III; 14th-12th c Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2063; Mycenes, p. 180, fig. 173 Double hammer LH IIIB Metallurgical Hoard 4.6 2.4 Stubbings 1954, 294, figure 16 on pg 295; Spyropoulos 1972, 49 entry 10, fig 101 on pg 55. Drill Carpentry/masonry Burial 8.7 cm ce = 0.26 Xenaki-Sakelariou 1985,289. pl 143. Drill LH IIIB Carpentry/masonry Hoard 9.3 ce = 0.7 Stubbings 1954, 293 entries 415, 416, 418; Spyropoulos 1972, 48 entry 8α, β, δ figs 97,98,100 on page 53-55. Drill? MH III - LH I Carpentry/masonry Burial 24.3 1.5 Karo 1930-33, 103, no. 437, pl. XCVIII; Tripathi 1988 304 entry 698 Knife Late MH III Utilitarian Burial Karo 1930-33, 162, no. 923, pl. XCVI; Sandars 1955, 191; Deshayes 1960 inv 2477;Tripathi 1988 301 entry 678. Knife Late MH III Utilitarian Burial Karo 1930-33, 162, no. 923a, pl. XCVI; Deshayes 1960 inv 2536;Tripathi 1988 303 entry 679. Knife Late MH III Utilitarian Burial Karo 1930-33, 161, no. 907, pl. XCVI; Deshayes 1960 inv 2482; Tripathi 1988 303 entry 683 Knife Late MH III Utilitarian Burial Karo 1930-33, 162, no. 932, pl. XCVI; Sandars 1955, 193; Deshayes 1960 inv 2482; Tripathi 1988 303 entry 684 Single edge knife end of LH I Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2539.; BSA XXV (1921-1923), page 290-291, figure 51 Single edge knife Utilitarian Burial 42 cm; 3.5 cm Xenaki-Sakelariou 1985, 219, pl 102, X; Sandars Sandars (1955), page 193. Single edge knife Utilitarian Burial 15.5 cm 1.2 Xenaki-Sakelariou 1985, 219., pl 102, X; Deshayes 2447. PPS XXI (1955), p. 188, fig. 1,2 Single edge knife LH IIIB, 13th c; Utilitarian Burial 18.5 cm; 1.9 Xenaki-Sakelariou 1985, 129, pl 36, X; Deshayes 2594. A, pl 43.3 (vol 1 pg 320, vol II, pg 136); Eph. 1888, p. 173, pl. IX, 20; San Single edge knife Utilitarian Burial 16.5 cm Xenaki-Sakelariou 1985,289, pl 143, V; Deshayes 2555, vol 1 p. 318; vol 2 pg 134, pl XLIII, 5; PPS XXI (1955), p. 194, fig. 3, 1; Bo Single edge knife LH III; 14th-12th c; Utilitarian Burial 21.3 cm 1.5 cm Xenaki-Sakelariou 1985, 60,pl 4. V; Deshayes 2554, vol I, page 318, vol II, p. 134; pl 43.21; Tsountas AE 1888, pg. 173, pl. 9 (21) Knife Utilitarian Settlement 37 cm Deshayes 2547; Sandars, PPS XXI (1955), p. 194, fig. 3.3 Knife MH III - LH I Utilitarian Burial Karo 1930-33, 103 no 439, pl. XCVIII; Sandars 1955, 194; Deshayes 1960 inv 2549; Tripathi 1988 303 entry 688. Knife w flanged handle MH III - LH I Utilitarian Burial Karo 1930-33, 104-5, no. 458, pl. CII; Sandars 1955, 193;Deshayes 1960 inv 2434; Tripathi 1988 303 entry 681. Knife, single edged MH III - LH I Utilitarian Burial Karo, 1930-33, 104, no. 454, pl. XCVII. Deshayes 1960 inv 2434; Tripathi 1988 299 entry 664. Knife, single edged MH III - LH I Utilitarian Burial Karo 1930-33, 104, no. 457, pl. CII; Deshayes 1960, inv 2483; Tripathi 1988 300 entry 667. Knife MH III - LH I Utilitarian Burial Karo 1930-33, 105, no. 461, pl. XCIX and CII. Deshayes 1960 inv 2519, Sandars 1955, 191, Tripathi 1988 301 entry 673 Knife Late MH III-LH I Utilitarian Burial Karo 1930-33, 66, no. 186; Deshayes 2439. Sandars 1955, 188; Tripathi 1988 300 entry 670; Tripathi 1988 301 entry 672. Knife Late MH III -LH I Utilitarian Burial Karo, 1930-33, 71, no. 227, pl. LXXII. Deshayes 1960 inv 2426; NM 227; Tripathi 1988 299 entry 661. Knife Late MH III-LH I Utilitarian Burial Karo, 1930-33, 70, no. 216, pl. LXXII; Sandars, 1955, 195; Deshayes 1960 inv 2427; NM 216; Tripathi 1988 299 entry 662 Knife Late MH II-LHI Utilitarian Burial Karo-1930-33, 70, no. 218, pl. LXXII; Sandars 1955, 191; Deshayes 1960 inv 2520; Tripathi 1988 300 entry 669. Knife LH I Utilitarian Burial Karo 1930-33, 63, no. 154, pl. CXLIX; Sandars, 1955, 191; Deshayes 1960 inv 2426; Schuchhardt, 1891, 204, 206, fig. 194; Tripat Knife MH III - LH I Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 300 entry 668.; Mylonas 1972-73, 29, no. A-255, pl. 19a:2 Knife MH III - LH I Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 303 entry 689; Mylonas 1972-73, 29, no. A-254, pl. 19a:1 Knife MH III - LH I Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 302 entry 686; Mylonas 1972-73, 73, no. G-271, pl. 57g:1 Knife MH III - LH I Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 302 entry 68; Mylonas 1972-73, 73, no. G-272, pl.57a:2 Knife MH III - LH I Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 303 entry 692.; Mylonas 1972-73, 73, no. g-273, pl. 57a:1 Knife MH III - LH I Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 299 entry 660; Mylonas 1972-73, 87,no. delta-280, pl. 68b-1 Knife MH III - LH I Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 299 entry 663; Mylonas 1972-73, 87-88, no. delta-282, pl. 698 Knife MH III - LH I Utilitarian Burial Mylonas 1972-73, 72, 87 no. D-281, pl. 69b:3; Tripathi 1988 302 entry 680. Knife MH III - LH I Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 300 entry 666; Mylonas 1972-73, 140, no. delta-298, pl. 123a Knife MH III - LH I Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988, 301 entry 671; Mylonas 1972-73, 140, no. D-300, pl. 1238 Knife MH III - LH I Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 301 entry 677; Mylonas 1972-73, 72, no. N-307, pl. 149.a Knife Utilitarian Burial 22.6 cm 1.55-2.9 Xenaki-Sakelariou 1985, 234-235; Deshayes 2447. Knife Utilitarian Burial 36.5 cm 0.35 - 2.35 Xenaki-Sakelariou 1985, 234-235; Deshayes 2447. Knife Utilitarian Burial 22.7 cm 1.5-1.9 Xenaki-Sakelariou 1985, 234-235; Deshayes 2447. Knife Utilitarian Burial 13.7 cm 1.1-1.3 Xenaki-Sakelariou 1985, 234-235; Deshayes 2447. MAINLAND TOOLS 583
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
Page 368 and 369:
The distribution of shaft-hole axes
Page 370 and 371:
this form are unknown in the Aegean
Page 372 and 373:
artisans trained in a Minoan style?
Page 374 and 375:
transfer of painted plaster moved f
Page 376 and 377:
producing and consuming metal tools
Page 378 and 379:
the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
Page 380 and 381:
traveled from region to region prac
Page 382 and 383:
A complete study of metal tools req
Page 384 and 385:
Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
Page 386 and 387:
BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
Page 388 and 389:
Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391:
Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
Page 392 and 393:
Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
Page 394 and 395:
des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397:
Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 398 and 399:
Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
Page 400 and 401:
Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
Page 402 and 403:
Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
Page 404 and 405:
Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
Page 406 and 407:
———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409:
London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
Page 410 and 411:
33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413:
Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423:
Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
Page 424 and 425:
Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
Page 428 and 429:
Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
Page 432 and 433:
Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Page 434 and 435:
Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
Page 436 and 437:
Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
Page 438 and 439:
Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
Page 440 and 441:
Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
Page 442 and 443:
Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
Page 444 and 445:
Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 446 and 447:
Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
Page 448 and 449:
2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
Page 450 and 451:
General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
Page 452 and 453:
Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
Page 454 and 455:
Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
Page 456 and 457:
Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
Page 458 and 459:
General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
Page 460 and 461:
General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
Page 462 and 463:
Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
Page 464 and 465:
Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
Page 466 and 467:
Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
Page 468 and 469:
Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
Page 470 and 471:
Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
Page 472 and 473:
Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
Page 474 and 475:
Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
Page 476 and 477:
Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
Page 478 and 479:
Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
Page 480 and 481:
Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
Page 482 and 483:
Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
Page 484 and 485:
Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
Page 486 and 487:
Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
Page 488 and 489:
G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
Page 490 and 491:
F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
Page 492 and 493:
F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
Page 494 and 495:
1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
Page 496 and 497:
Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
Page 498 and 499:
Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
Page 502 and 503:
Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
Page 509 and 510:
40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
Page 511 and 512:
Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
Page 517 and 518:
Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520:
Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
Page 521 and 522:
Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526:
Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532:
Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534:
Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536:
Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538:
Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540:
Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542:
L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544:
Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552:
Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554:
15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556: Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558: Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560: Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562: Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564: (…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566: cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568: Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570: Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 595 and 596: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
Page 605: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 621 and 622: Sites & Object types Specific perio
Page 657 and 658:
Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
Page 689 and 690:
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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