Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Double ax 14th-12th c Carpentry/masonry Settlement 11 ce = 4 Deshayes 2073. Casson Antiquaries Journal, VI (1926), p. 67 pl. XVII, 2, no. 1 Sickle Agricultural Settlement Deshayes 2840; Casson Antiquaries Journal VI (1926), p. 67, pl. XVII, 2, No. 2 Kirra - LBA Knife MH III-LH I Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 263 entry 244. Klauss - LBA Knife Utilitarian Burial? 22 cm 2.35 cm Papadopoulos 1978, 227, figure 310b, 344d; Klauss, PAE 1938, 118, figure 1 Knife Utilitarian Burial? 10.35 cm Papadopoulos 1978, 227, figure 309d, 344a; PAE, 1938, 118, figure 1 Knife Utilitarian Burial 12.7 cm; 2.3 cm Papadopoulos 1978, 226, figure 308d, 342b, 309e, 344b Knife Utilitarian Burial 15 cm 2.25 cm Papadopoulos 1978, 226, figure 308d, 342b, 309e, 344b Knife LH IIIB 2 / IIIC Early Utilitarian Burial Paschalidis and McGeorge 2011, pg 4 Knife LH IIIC Develop to Advance Utilitarian Burial 12.3 2.1 Paschalidis and McGeorge 2011, pg 6 Razor LH IIIB 2 / IIIC Early Utilitarian Burial Paschalidis and McGeorge 2011, pg 4; also PASCHALIDIS forthcoming Sickle LH IIIC Late Developed Agricultural Burial Paschalidis and McGeorge 2011, pg 11 Koukounara-Gouvalari - LBA Knife LH I-II Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 345 entry 1139 Koukounara-Gouvalari - 2nd millennium Drill LH I-II Carpentry/masonry Burial Tripathi 1988 348 entry 1166; Marinatos 1958, 189 Knife LH I; Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 341 entry 1101. Knife LH I Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 342 entry 1111. Knife LH I-II Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988 338 entry 1080; Marinatos 1959, 177 Knife Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988, 341 entry 1105; Marinatos 1959, 177 Koukounara, Kaminia-Kremmidia - LBA Saw? LH I-II Carpentry/masonry Burial 24.5 1.3 Tripathi 1988, 349 entry 1170. Kourakou - LBA Chisel 14th-12th c; Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 798; Korakou, p. 109, fig. 133, 2 and 3 Knife LH III; 14th-12th c Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2457; Korakou, p. 109, fig. 133, 1 Kynos - LBA Ax, single/flat LH IIIC Middle Carpentry/masonry Settlement Kramer-Hajos 2008, 39 Ax, single/flat LH IIIC Late Carpentry/masonry Settlement Kramer-Hajos 2008, 39 Chisel LH IIIC Middle Carpentry/masonry Settlement Kramer-Hajos 2008, 39 Knife LC IIIC Late Utilitarian Settlement Kramer-Hajos 2008, 39 Laconia general - 2nd millennium Ax, single/flat Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 20 ce = 6.5 Deshayes 272, pl IV.2 and LIV.1; Forbes, R.J. 1950. Metallurgy in Antiquity, p. 30 pl XXII.5 Lazarides, Aegenia - LBA Awl LH III? Small crafts Settlement Polychronakou-Sgouritsa 2010 presentation at "Mycenaeans Up to Date" Lefkandi, Xeropolis - LBA Awl or point LH IIIC Small crafts Settlement Evely 2006, 282, figure 5.9:1, pl 88.2 Awl or point LH IIIC Small crafts Settlement Evely 2006, 282, pl 88.8, figure 5.10: 18 Awl or point LH IIIC Small crafts Settlement Evely 2006, 282, pl 88.6, figure 5.9:2 Chisel LH IIIC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15.9 1.9 Evely 2006, 282, figure 5.9:6, pl 88.1 Drill bit LH IIIC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Evely 2006, 282, pl 88.3, figure 5.9:3 Knife LH IIIC Utilitarian Settlement Evely 2006, 282 figure 5.10: 3, pl 89.1 Knife LH IIIC Utilitarian Settlement Evely 2006, 282, figure 5.10: 5, pl 89.3 Knife LH IIIC Utilitarian Settlement Evely 2006, 283, figure 5.10: 1; pl 88.10 Knife, twisted handle LH IIIC Utilitarian Settlement Evely 2006, 283 figure 5.10: 2 Knife, double edged LH IIIC Utilitarian Settlement Evely 2006, 283 figure 5.10:4, pl 89.2 Saw w teeth; band saw? LH IIIC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3 1.3 Evely 2006, 282 pl 88.4, figure 5.9: 9 Saw w teeth; band saw? LH IIIC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 4.75 1.9 Evely 2006, 282 pl 88.5, figure 5.9: 8 Sickle LH IIIC Agricultural Settlement Evely 2005, 283, figure 5.9:7, pl 89.4 MAINLAND TOOLS 578
Sites & Object types Lefkas: general - EBA to MBA Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Knife Lefkas: general - MBA EB-MBI? Utilitarian Burial? 8.2 2.2 Branigan 1974, 168 Entry 695; Ithaka pl. 62,5 Chisel 20th-17th c; MH IIA Carpentry/masonry Burial 6.6 Deshayes 749; Branigan 1974 169 inv 724; Tripathi 1988 264 entry 266 Chisel, Minoan-like 20th-17th c; MH IIA Carpentry/masonry Burial 25.2 3.4 Deshayes 380, Branigan 1974, inv 784; Tripathi 1988, 265 entry 269 Chisel 20th-17th c; MH IIA Carpentry/masonry Burial 5.5 2.0 Deshayes 293; Branigan 1974, inv 1323, Tripathi 1988, 265 entry 270 Chisel 24th-17th c; MH IIA Carpentry/masonry Burial 7.1 1.6 Deshayes 292; Branigan 1974, 204 inv 884a, Tripathi 1988, 265 entry 271 Drill or Chisel MH IIa Carpentry/masonry Burial 6 1 Branigan 1974, inv. No. 722A; Tripathi 1988 264 entry 263 Knife MH IIa Utilitarian Burial Sandars 1955, 182, 196, fig. 4:2; Deshayes 2433; Tripathi 1988, 262 #237 Knife MH; 20th-17th c Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 21.5 Deshayes 2649; Alt-Ithaka, I, p. 310 Knife MH IIa Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Tripathi 1988 262 entry 238; Doerpfeld (Ithaka), 1927, 211, 310; LeM. 119 Saw with teeth Lefkas: general - LBA MH IIA Carpentry/masonry Burial 11.6 4.1 Deshayes 2906; Branigan 1974, inv 708; Tripathi 1988 263 entry 250 Knife LH III?, 14th-12th c Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 18 Deshayes 2510; Alt-Ithaka, I, p. 293, Blg. 63, a, 8 Lefkas: general - 2nd millennium Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 20 5 Branigan 1974 169 entry 781 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 17.5 5.3 Branigan 1974 169 entry 782 Double ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974, 165 entry 543; Ithaka p. 328 Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2666; Sandars 1955, 193 Punch Lefkas: Skaros - MBA Small crafts Burial 8.1 0.3 Branigan 1974, 172 entry 1049; Ithaka Pl. 62,14 Awl MH IIA Small crafts Burial 5.1 diam = 0.3 Tripathi 1988, 264 entry 253. Chisel Lerna - MBA MH IIA Carpentry/masonry Burial 4.8 0.8 Tripathi 1988, 264 entry 267; Doerpfeld 1927, 285 Awl Lerna V; MH I Small crafts Settlement 5.55 Tripathi 1988, 263 entry 251; Banks 1974 33, no. 30 (L6: 309) Awl Lerna IV-V Small crafts Settlement 2.85 &3 0.2 see Banks 1971 and Tripathi 1988 Awl Lerna Vb Small crafts Settlement 4.55 0.3 Banks 1974 under pins Chisel MH IIa or MH I; 20th-17th cCarpentry/masonry Settlement 11 ce = 2.75 Deshayes 287; Caskey 1957, 151, pl. 52c; Banks 1974 24, no. 12 (L6:31) Chisel Lerna V; MH Carpentry/masonry Burial 9.2 ce = 3.75 Banks 1974 24, no. 13 (L4:644); Tripathi 1988 265 entry 272 Knife Lerna V; MH IIA? Utilitarian Burial 10.7; 3.65 (b) ce=0.9 Banks 1974, 29-30, no. 19; Tripathi 1988 261 entry 232 Knife MH IIB Utilitarian Settlement 4.65 1.4 Banks 1974 29, no. 17 (L4: 650); Tripathi 1988 263 entry 247 Knife MH IIB Utilitarian Settlement 10.3 0.65 to 1 Banks 1974 29, no. 18; Tripathi 1988 263 entry 248 Knife MH? Utilitarian Settlement 10.1 (L3:66); 0.5; 2.45 0.4 (L3:68) Tripathi 1988, 263 entry 249 Knife Lerna V; MH-LH I Utilitarian Settlement 10 0.4 - 1.6 Tripathi 1988, 339 entry 1085. Knife MH -LH I Utilitarian Settlement 10.45 0.6 -2.4 Tripathi 1988 Knife MH? Utilitarian Settlement 6.7 1.1 Tripathi 1988 263 entry 249 ? Small implement, pin? Lerna – V b Small crafts Settlement 4 0.1 - 0.3 Banks 1974 under pins? Small implement Lerna - LBA Lerna V Small crafts Burial Banks 1974 Awl MH III - LH I Small crafts Burial 3.15 0.25 Tripathi 1988 347 entry 1153 Awl MH III-LHI; Small crafts Settlement 8.95 0.35 Tripathi 1988 347 entry 1154 or 1153 Awl MH III-LH I Small crafts Settlement 5.35 0.3 Tripathi 1988 347 entry 1155 Blade fragment? Lerna VI; LH I Utilitarian ? Burial 1.4 0.4 Wiencke 1998...Check Banks; referred to by M. Lindblom Blade or dagger Lerna VI? Utilitarian Burial 8.5 2.35 Wiencke 1998, 196, figure 35, pl 31 Knife Lerna VI; MH III-LHI Utilitarian Burial 8.05 2.35 Tripathi 1988 262 entry 241 Knife Lerna VI; LH I Utilitarian Burial 8 1.1 Tripathi 1988 344 entry 1125 Knife MH III - LH I Utilitarian Settlement Tripathi 1988 345 entry 1136 Knife Lerna - 2nd millennium LH I Utilitarian Burial 3.6 2.3 Wiencke 1998? MAINLAND TOOLS 579
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552: Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554: 15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556: Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558: Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560: Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562: Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564: (…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566: cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568: Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570: Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 595 and 596: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 601: Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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