Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974, 167 entry 658; BSA 47, 241, Fig. II, 35 Kalapodi - LBA Awl LH IIIC late - EPG Small crafts Cultic site or sanctuary 3.27 0.26 Felsch 1996, 383 entry 2238, B 2335 pl 63 Awl LH IIIC late - EPG Small crafts Cultic site or sanctuary 2.83 Felsch 1996, 383 entry 2242, B 2332 pl 63 Awl LH IIIC late - EPG Small crafts Cultic site or sanctuary 4.62 Felsh 1996, 383, entry 2243, B2644 pl 63 Awl LH IIIC late - EPG Small crafts Cultic site or sanctuary 2.83 0.22 Felsh 1996, 383 B 2626, entry 2244 pl 63 Awl LH IIIC late - EPG Small crafts Cultic site or sanctuary 1.88 0.15 Felsh 1996, 383 entry 2245 pl 63 B2329 Chisel LH IIIC developed Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary 2.52 0.7 Felsch 1996, 382 entry 2237, B1190 Knife LH IIIC developed Utilitarian Cultic site or sanctuary 12.04 1.63 Felsch 1996, 382 entry 2230 pl 63 B1625 Knife LH IIIC late Utilitarian Cultic site or sanctuary 6.02 1.27 Felsch 1996, 382, entry 2231, pl 63, B2480 Knife LH IIIC late Utilitarian Cultic site or sanctuary 2.56 0.72 Felsh 1996, 382 entry 2232, b2326 pl 63 Knife LH IIIC early Utilitarian Cultic site or sanctuary 7.7 1 Felsch 1996, 382 2233 pl 63, B1677 Knife LH IIIC late - EPG Utilitarian Cultic site or sanctuary 4.03&1.3 1.23 Felsch 1996, 382, 2234 pl 63, B2636 Knife LH IIIC developed Utilitarian Cultic site or sanctuary 2.66 1.63 Felsch 1996, 382 entry 2235 pl 63 B1827 Saw w teeth; band saw LH IIIC late - EPG Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary? 9.75 1.86 Kupper 1996, 15, figure 128 middle; Felsch 1996, 382 entry 2236,pl 63; B1288 Kallithea - LBA Double ax LH IIIA 2-B Carpentry/masonry Burial Paschalidis and McGeorge. 2011, 4 note 18 Knife LH IIIA 2-B Utilitarian Burial Papadopoulos 1978; AM 75, 1960, 44, Beil 31:3 Razor LH IIIA 2-B Utilitarian Burial Papadopoulos 1978; AM 75, 1960, 44, Beil 31:3 Kalpaki - LBA Knife LH IIIB-early LH IIIC Utilitarian Burial Tartaron 2004, 151; Soueref 1986, figure 51.I.b Kalydon-Psorolithi -LBA Chisel, broad LH IIIB or IIIC Carpentry/masonry Hoard 13.1 ce = 4.1 Mastrokostas 1965 343 pl 410 b Chisel, broad LH IIIB or IIIC Carpentry/masonry Hoard 13.8 ce = 4.8 Mastrokostas 1965 343 pl 410 b Double ax LH IIIB or IIIC Carpentry/masonry Hoard 9.1 ce=5.95& 6.2 Mastrokostas 1965, 343, pl 410a. Double ax LH IIIB or IIIC Carpentry/masonry Hoard 7.7 ce= 6.5 Mastrokostas 1965, 343, pl 410a Knife LH IIIB or IIIC Utilitarian Hoard 14.1 Mastrokostas 1965 343 pl 410g. Sickle LH IIIB or IIIC Agricultural Hoard 21.5 1.6 cm Mastrokostas 1965 343 pl 410g. Sickle LH IIIB or IIIC Agricultural Hoard 19.9 Mastrokostas 1965 343 pl 410g. Sickle or knife LH IIIB or IIIC Agricultural? Hoard 16.6 Mastrokostas 1965 343 pl 410g. Sickle or knife LH IIIB or IIIC Agricultural? Hoard 12.8 Mastrokostas 1965 343 pl 410g. Sickle or knife LH IIIB or IIIC Agricultural? Hoard 13.8 2.1 Mastrokostas 1965 343 pl 410g. Sickle or knife LH IIIB or IIIC Agricultural? Hoard 13.4 Mastrokostas 1965 343 pl 410g. Katamachi - LBA Anvil LH IIIB/C? Metallurgical Hoard 11.4 Vocotopoulou 1972, 115 entry 6, picture 2ζ and 3 on pg 114 and 116. Double ax LH IIIB/C? Carpentry/masonry Hoard 25.8 5.1 –9.6 Vocotopoulou 1972, 113 entry 1, picture 2α on pg 114, fig 1 on pg 115 Double ax LH IIIB/C? Carpentry/masonry Hoard 25.3 4.8 –9.7 Vocotopoulou 1972, 114 entry 2, picture 2β on pg 114, fig 2 on pg 115 Double ax LH IIIB/C? Carpentry/masonry Hoard 19.3 6.2 Vocotopoulou 1972, 115 entry 5, picture 2ε on pg 114 Double ax LH IIIB/C? Carpentry/masonry Hoard 21.1 3.5-7.8 Vocotopoulou 1972, 114 entry 3, picture 2γ on pg 114 Double ax LH IIIB/C? Carpentry/masonry Hoard 19.8 5.6 – 8 Vocotopoulou 1972, 114 entry 4, picture 2δ on pg 114, fig 3 on pg 115 Socketed chisel LH IIIB/C? Carpentry/masonry Hoard 13 2.1? Vocotopoulou 1972, 115 entry 7, picture 2η and 4 on pg 114 and 116 Katarraktis - LBA Knife Utilitarian Burial 23.3 cm 2.1 cm Papadopoulos 1978, 227, figure 209c, 343d Katarraktis (A. Athanasios) - LBA Knife Utilitarian Burial Papadopoulos 1978; PAE 1956, 195 (no. 4) Razor Utilitarian Burial 16.6 cm 3.5 cm Papadopoulos 1978; PAE 1956, 195 Katarraktis (Drakotrypa) - LBA Ax, single/flat or chisel LH III Carpentry/masonry Burial 16.8 cm ce= 4.95 cm Papadopoulos 1978, 226 entry 140; ; PAE 1958, 176, pl 136e Sickle Agricultural Burial 22.3 cm 3.2 cm Papadopoulos 1978; PAE 1958, 176, pl 136c MAINLAND TOOLS 576
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Kazarma, Nauplion -LBA Knife LH I-IIA Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988, 339 entry 1088; Protonotariou-Deilaki 1969 Knife LH I-IIA Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988, 341 entry 1104; Protonotariou-Deilaki 1969 Knife LH I-IIA Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988, 342 entry 1112; Protonotariou-Deilaki 1969 Knife LH I-IIA Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988, 343 entry 1113; Protonotariou-Deilaki 1969 Knife LH I-IIA Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988, 343 entry 1118; Protonotariou-Deilaki 1969 Knife 1500-1450 - LH IIA Utilitarian Burial On display in the Nauplion museum Knife 1500-1450 - LH IIA Utilitarian Burial On display in the Nauplion museum Knife 1500-1450 - LH IIA Utilitarian Burial On display in the Nauplion museum Knife 1500-1450 - LH IIA Utilitarian Burial On display in the Nauplion museum Knife 1500-1450 - LH IIA Utilitarian Burial On display in the Nauplion museum Kephalonia: general -LBA Ax, flat/single 14th-12th c Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 6 Deshayes 394; Arch Delt, VI (1920), p. 176, fig. 2 Chisel end of 12th c Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 800; A. Eph, 1932, col. 39, pl. 14, on top to the left Cleaver LH IIIC; end 13th –12th c Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 18.5 Deshayes 2682; Arch delt V (1919), p. 118, fig. 35,2... Knife LH IIIC; end 13th-12th c Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 10.4 Deshayes 2585; Arch Delt, V, (1919), p. 118, fig. 35, 4 Knife LH IIIC2; end 12th c Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2528; A. Eph. 1932, p. 39, pl. 14 ; Eph. 1933, p. 93, fig. 42, A, 9 Knife LH IIIC; end 13th-12th c Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2514; Arch delt, V (1919), p. 119, fig. 37.3 Knife LH IIIC;end 13th-12th c Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2515; arch delt, V, (1919), p. 118, fig. 35.1 Knife LH IIIC2; end 12th c Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2516, A. Eph.1933, p. 93, fig 42, B, 10 and A, 9 to the left) Knife LH IIIC2; end 12th c Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2517; A. Eph. 1932, pl. 14 Knife LH IIIC2; end 12th c Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2518; A. Eph. 1933, p. 93, fig 42 A, 9, right Knife LH III; 14th-12th c Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2464; Arch delt VI (1920), p. 176, fig. 3 Knife LH IIIC; end 13th c –12th c Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 13.5 Deshayes 2467, Arch delt V (1919), p. 119, fig. 35, 5 Knife LH IIIC2; end 12th c Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2468. A. Eph. 1932, p. 39, pl. 14 Spatula, shovel, scraper LH IIIC2; end 12th c Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 3011; A. Eph. 1932, p. 39, pl. 14 top right Kephalovryso, Chora - MBA Knife MH III Utilitarian Burial 27.5 2.75 Tripathi 1988 262 entry 242; Mariantos, 1964, 87-88, pl. 91a,b Knife MH III Utilitarian Burial 19 2.2 Tripathi 1988 262 entry 243; Mariantos, 1964, 87-88, pl. 91a,b Razor or dagger MH III? Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988; Mariantos, 1964 Razor or dagger MH III? Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988; Mariantos, 1964 Kephalovryso, Chora - LBA Knife LH I - II Utilitarian Burial 18.3 1.25 Tripathi 1988 343 entry 1120; Mariantos, 1964, 82 Knife LH I-II Utilitarian Burial 17.1 1.25 Tripathi 1988 343 entry 1119; Mariantos, 1964, 82, pl. 94 Razor or dagger LH I-II? Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988; Mariantos, 1964 Kephalovryso, Chora - 2nd millennium Knife Utilitarian Burial Tripathi 1988; Mariantos, 1964 Keryneia (A. Yeorgios) - LBA Double ax LH Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Papadopoulos 1978, 154, 226 entry 146 Kierion-Karditsa - LBA Arrowhead or awl LH IIIC Small crafts Hoard 8.1 cm Kilian 1975, 13, 18, pl 95b. Chisel, broad LH IIIC Carpentry/masonry Hoard 17.1 cm? ce = 4.9 Kilian 1975, 13, 18, pl 95b. Double ax LH IIIC Carpentry/masonry Hoard 23.1 cm ce = 6.3&7.2 Kilian 1975, 13, 18, pl 95b. Double ax LH IIIC Carpentry/masonry Hoard 21.5 cm ce = 6.4 Kilian 1975, 13, 18, pl 95b. Kilindir -MBA Knife level IIA Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2636; Casson Antiquaries Journal, VI (1926), p. 63-64, pl. VIII, 3 Knife MH IIIA Utilitarian Settlement Branigan 1974 ,inv 689; Tripathi 1988 263 entry 245; Heurtley 1939, 213, fig. 83w Mold for metal pin MBA Metallurgical Settlement Tripathi 1988 278 entry M8; Iakovidis 1982, 213 Kilindir -LBA MAINLAND TOOLS 577
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550: Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552: Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554: 15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556: Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558: Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560: Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562: Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564: (…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566: cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568: Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570: Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572: Sites & Object types Specific date
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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