Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement Evely 1993 49, entry 162 Double Ax MM III – LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 21.2 ce = 6.5 Evely 1993, 42 entry 22 Double Ax fragment - half MM III-LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement ? Evely 1993, 49 entry 158; Platon, PAE 1962 147 Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement ? Evely 1993 49, 159; Platon, PAE 1962 149 Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement ? Evely 1993 49, 160; Platon, PAE 1962 149 Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement Evely 1993, 49, entry 161; Platon Zakros 124 Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement Evely 1993 49, entry 163; Platon Zakros 124 Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement Evely 1993 49, entry 164; Platon Zakros 124 Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 12.4 ce = 4.3 & 4.8 Evely 1993 49 entry 165; Platon Zakros, fig. 124 Double Ax or Double hammer LM Ib Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9.5 m = 4.7; ce = 6 Shaw 19713a 46, fig. 35b; Evely 1993, 101 entry 15 Drill LM Ib Carpentry/masonry Settlement 23.2 ce = 0.5 Shaw 1973a, 49 fig 36e; Evely 1993, 78 entry 12 Drill LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.7 0.3 Shaw 1973a, 49, fig. 36.d; Evely 1993, 78 entry 6 Hollow cylinder, tubular drill? LM I probably Carpentry/masonry Settlement ? Evely 1993, 78 entry 25 Hollow cylinder, tubular drill? LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement ? Evely 1993, 36 entry7; Platon, PAE 1963, 179 Mold MM III-LM I Metallurgical Settlement Evely 2000, 360 entry 34; Platon, Ergon 1977, 185-195 Pick-adze LM IB Carpentry/masonry or agricultural Settlement 17 ce = 4.5 Shaw 1973a, 49 fig. 36b; Evely 1993, 71 entry 1 Pick-adze LM Ib Carpentry/masonry or agricultural Settlement 14 adze ce = 4 Shaw 1973a, 49, fig. 36a; Evely 1993, 71 entry 2. Saw MM III - LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6.5 (average) Deshayes 2916; Evely 1993, 33 entry 52-6 Saw LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 170 21 Evely 1993, 31 entry 24-5; Platon, PAE 1964, 149, fig 146 a Saw LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement Evely 1993 31 entry 26; PAE 1964 149 Saw LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement Evely 1993; 31, entry 27; Platon, Zakros 158 Saw LM Ib Carpentry/masonry Settlement 145 28 Evely 1993, 31, entry 28; Platon PAE 1963 186 Saw LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement Evely 1993, 31 entry 29; Platon Zakros 129, fig on 128 Saw LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 122 Shaw 1973a, 56, fig 43; Evely 1993 31, entry 30 (HM 2600) Saw LM Ib Carpentry/masonry Settlement 88 12 Shaw 1973a, 56, figure 45. Evely 1993, 33 entry 47 Saw LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 57 12.8 Shaw 1973a, 69 ftnt 2; Evely 1993, 33 entry 48 Saw LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5 Evely 1993, 33 entry 68; Platon, PAE 1978 277 Saw LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6 2 Evely 1993, 33 entry 67; Platon, PAE 1976 423 Saw LM IA Carpentry/masonry Settlement Evely 1993, 33 69; Platon PAE 1979 312; Saw LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement ? Evely 1993 31, entry 31; Platon, PAE 1962, 156 Saw LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement Evely 1993 31, entry 32; Platon, PAE 1962, 156 fig. 149a Saw LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement Evely 1993, 31 entry 24-5; Platon, PAE 1964, 149, fig 146 a Saw MM III - LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement ? Evely 1993, 40, addendum Tongs MM III-LM I Metallurgical Settlement 30 Evely 2000, 365 entry 3; Platon 1970, 214, plate 338a left Tongs MM III-LM I Metallurgical Settlement 45 Evely 2000, 365 entry 4; Platon 1970, 214, plate 338a right Chisel LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement ? Evely 1993, 19 addenda; AR 35 (1988-89) 107 Zakros (Ano) - LBA Chisel LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 17.2 Evely 1993, 11, 162; Shaw 1973a, 71; Platon, PAE 1965, 223 Ziro - 2nd millennium BC Hammer Metallurgical Unstratified or unknown Evely 1993, 101 entry 5-6; Hood AR 1957 20 Ziros - LBA? Chisel LM I? Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 22.7 ce = 3.7 Shaw 2009, 232, figure 45; Evely 1993, 10 entry 111 Chisel LM I Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Evely 1993, 10 entry 112 Double Ax MM III –LM I Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 26 Evely 1993, 49 entry 157 CRETE TOOLS 570
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Acarnania general - 2nd millennium Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 17.2 ce = 4.8 Deshayes 1566, pl XXV.4 and LIX.1 Ax-adze Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 14.8 ce =4.3& 2.9 Deshayes 2233, pl XXXVIII.5 and LXI.7 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 15.2 ce = 3.7 Deshayes 742, pl IX.18 and LV.7 Double ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2069 Achaea general- LBA Knife Utilitarian Burial 16.6 cm 2.1 cm Papadopoulos 1978, 226, figure 209b, 343a Knife Utilitarian Burial 11.8 cm 1.55 cm Papadopoulos 1978, 226, figure 309b, 342d Razor, leaf shaped frag Utilitarian Burial 13.8 cm 5.5 cm Papadopoulos 1978, 225, figure 294d, 327b Razor, leaf shaped frag Utilitarian Burial 17.2 cm 4.5 cm Papadopoulos 1978, 225, figure 295b, 327c Razor, leaf shaped frag Utilitarian Burial 12.7 cm 4.1 cm Papadopoulos 1978, 225, figure 295b, 327d Achaea or Patras general area - LBA Double ax LH I-III Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 18.5 ce = 5.2 Papadopoulous 1978, 154, 226 entry 147, figures 306a-b; 339a Aigion - 2nd millennium Ax, single/flat LH IIIC Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 11.5 3.36 Deshayes 452, pl VI.2 and LIV.4; Papadopoulos 1978, 226 entry 143 Andronianoi - LBA Double ax LH II - LH IIIA1 Carpentry/masonry Hoard 16.75 ce= 9.4&9.9 Paschalidis 2007 Razor LH II - LH IIIA1 Utilitarian Hoard Paschalidis 2007 Saw with teeth LH II - LH IIIA1 Carpentry/masonry Hoard 55.7 8.9 Paschalidis 2007 Anthedon - LBA Adze, trunnion/lugged around 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard 21 cm ce= 4.2 cm Rolfe 1890, 106 entry 11, pl 15; Spyropoulos 1972, 61 entry 11. Awl around 1200 BC Small crafts Hoard 8.4 cm 0.65 Rolfe 1890, 105, # 10, pl. 15; Spyropoulos 1972, 61 entry 10; Deshayes 95. Chisel, narrow around 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard 13.2 cm ce == 1.4 cm Rolfe 1890, 105, entry 9, pl 15; Spyropoulos 1972, 61 entry 9. Double ax around 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard 13.1 cm ce =6.5&6.05 cm Rolfe 1890, 104-105, entry 2, pl 15 ; Spyropoulos 1972, 58 entry 2. Double ax around 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard 22.5 cm ce =7.8 cm Rolfe 1890, 104-105, entry 1, pl 15 ; Spyropoulos 1972, 58 entry 1. Double ax fragment around 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard 8 cm ce =5.3 cm Rolfe 1890, 104-105, entry 4, pl 15 ; Spyropoulos 1972, 58 entry 4. Double ax fragment around 1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Hoard 7.7 ce =6.2 cm Rolfe 1890, 104-105, entry 3, pl 15 ; Spyropoulos 1972, 58 entry 3. Knife around 1200 BC Utilitarian Hoard Rolfe 1890, 106 entry 13-26, pl 15; Spyropoulos 1972, 61 entries 13-26. Knife around 1200 BC Utilitarian Hoard Rolfe 1890, 106 entry 13-26, pl 15; Spyropoulos 1972, 61 entries 13-26. Knife around 1200 BC Utilitarian Hoard Rolfe 1890, 106 entry 13-26, pl 15; Spyropoulos 1972, 61 entries 13-26. Knife around 1200 BC Utilitarian Hoard Rolfe 1890, 106 entry 13-26, pl 15; Spyropoulos 1972, 61 entries 13-26. Knife around 1200 BC Utilitarian Hoard Rolfe 1890, 106 entry 13-26, pl 15; Spyropoulos 1972, 61 entries 13-26. Knife around 1200 BC Utilitarian Hoard Rolfe 1890, 106 entry 13-26, pl 15; Spyropoulos 1972, 61 entries 13-26. Knife around 1200 BC Utilitarian Hoard Rolfe 1890, 106 entry 13-26, pl 15; Spyropoulos 1972, 61 entries 13-26. Knife around 1200 BC Utilitarian Hoard Rolfe 1890, 106 entry 13-26, pl 15; Spyropoulos 1972, 61 entries 13-26. Knife around 1200 BC Utilitarian Hoard Rolfe 1890, 106 entry 13-26, pl 15; Spyropoulos 1972, 61 entries 13-26. Knife around 1200 BC Utilitarian Hoard Rolfe 1890, 106 entry 13-26, pl 15; Spyropoulos 1972, 61 entries 13-26. Knife around 1200 BC Utilitarian Hoard Rolfe 1890, 106 entry 13-26, pl 15; Spyropoulos 1972, 61 entries 13-26. Knife around 1200 BC Utilitarian Hoard Rolfe 1890, 106 entry 13-26, pl 15; Spyropoulos 1972, 61 entries 13-26. Knife around 1200 BC Utilitarian Hoard Rolfe 1890, 106 entry 13-26, pl 15; Spyropoulos 1972, 61 entries 13-26. Knife around 1200 BC Utilitarian Hoard Rolfe 1890, 106 entry 13-26, pl 15; Spyropoulos 1972, 61 entries 13-26. Plowshare around 1200 BC Agricultural Hoard Rolfe 1890; Spyropoulos 1972; Deshayes 1216 Plowshare around 1200 BC Agricultural Hoard Rolfe 1890; Spyropoulos 1972. Sickle around 1200 BC Agricultural Hoard Rolfe 1890; Spyropoulos 1972; Deshayes 2798. Arcadia general - LBA Double ax LH III; has 5th c.inscription Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown On display in Athens National Archaeological Museum (NM 17439) Argive Herion - LBA Ax, single/flat 14th-12th century BC Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 7.9 ce =3.5 Deshayes 658; Argive Heraium II, p. 300, pl. CXXVII, no. 2266 Chisel, broad 14th-12th century BC Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 10.3 ce =3.2 Deshayes 269; Argive Heraium II, p. 300, pl. CXXVII no 2265 MAINLAND TOOLS 571
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544: Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546: Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548: Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550: Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552: Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554: 15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556: Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558: Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560: Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562: Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564: (…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566: cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568: Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570: Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 593: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 597 and 598: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
Page 621 and 622: Sites & Object types Specific perio
Page 645 and 646:
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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