Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Hoard? 20.2 m = 5.5 Deshayes 2017; Evely 1993, 44 entry 47 Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Hoard? 19.4 m = 5 Deshayes 2017; Evely 1993, 44 entry 48 Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Hoard? 18.3 m = 5.5 Deshayes 2017; Evely 1993, 44 entry 50 Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Hoard? 19 m = 5.4 Evely 1993, 44 entry 51 Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Hoard? 18 m = 5 Deshayes 2017; Evely 1993, 44 entry 52 Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Hoard? 15.3 m = 5 Deshayes 2017; Evely 1993, 44 entry 53 Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Hoard? 16 ce = 6.2 Deshayes 2017; Evely 1993, 44 entry 54 Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Hoard? 21.5 ce = 6 & 6.5 Deshayes 2019; Evely 1993, 44 entry 49 Double Ax LM Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 2016; Pernier & Banti 1951, p. 371 Drill LM Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9.5 tip = 0.7 Evely 1993, 78 entry 2; Deshayes 186 Drill LM Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10 shaft = 0.8 Evely 1993, 78 entry 3 Hammer LM Metallurgical Settlement? Deshayes 2320; Pernier & Banti 1951, p. 371, fig. 235c Knife LM Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2643; Pernier & Banti 1951, 180, fig. 112, a Knife LM Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2488; Pernier & Banti 1951, p. 374, fig. 238a Knife LM IIIA-B Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2609; Jahrbuch RGZM II (1955), p. 156, fig. 1, 13 Knife Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2443; Pernier & Banti 1951, p. 371, fig. 236d Knife Utilitarian Settlement? Deshayes 2586 bis; Pernier & Banti 1951, 371, fig. 236a Mold for chisel Metallurgical Settlement 35.5 13 Branigan 1974, 201 entry M13; Evely 2000, 358 entry 11 Mold for sickle after MM III? Metallurgical Settlement 16.5 6.5 Branigan 1974, 201 entry M14; Evely 2000, 358 entry 12 Mold for ingot, used on 3 sides perhaps MM III-LM I Metallurgical Settlement Branigan 1974, 201 entry M16; Evely 2000, 358 entry 15 Sickle Agricultural Settlement Deshayes 2802; Pernier & Banti 1951, 372, fig. 237,a Sickle LM Agricultural Settlement Deshayes 2788; Pernier & Banti 1951, 371, fig. 237b Sickle LM ? Agricultural Settlement Deshayes 2789; Pernier & Banti 1951, 372, fig. 237,c Sickle Agricultural Settlement Pernier & Banti 1951, 372, fig. 237,d Mold for chisel probably after MM III Metallurgical Settlement 12 10 Branigan 1974, 201 entry M15; Evely 2000, 360, entry 27 Pharmakokephalo - LBA Double Ax LM Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 13 ce = 6.5 Evely 1993, 47 entry 137 Phodele (Lasithi) - LBA Double Ax LM Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Evely 1993 46, entry 69. Buchholz 1959, 39.17d.c.e.st) Pines - LBA Double Ax LM Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 15.5 ce = 6.2 Evely 1993 47 entry 138 Plakoures - 2nd millennium BC Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown ? Evely 1993, 8 entry 55 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown ? Evely 1993, 10 entry 124 Platanos - EBA to MBA Awl, point, punch EM I-MMII Small crafts Burial Evely 1993 88 entry 6; Xanthoudides, VTM 110, pl. 56 Awl, point, punch EM I-MMII Small crafts Burial Evely 1993 88 entry 7; Xanthoudides, VTM 110 Awl, point, punch EM I-MMII Small crafts Burial Evely 1993 88 entry 8; Xanthoudides, VTM 110 Double Ax EM I - MM II Carpentry/masonry Burial Branigan 1974, 164 entry 521; Branigan 1968, 89, I,2 Double Ax EM I - MM II Carpentry/masonry Burial Branigan 1974, 165 entry 522; Branigan 1968, 89, I, 1 Punch EM I - MM I Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 172 entry 1039; Branigan 1968, 90 I 5 Punch EM I - MM I Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 172 entry 1040; Branigan 1968, 90 I 6 Punch EMI-MMI Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 172 entry 1041; Branigan 1968, 90 I 7 Punch EMIII-MMI Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1395; Branigan 1968, 93 II 3 Punch EMIII-MMI Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1405; Branigan 1968, 94 III 4 Punch EMIII-MMI Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1406; Branigan 1968, 94 III 5 Punch EMII-MMII Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974,176 entry 1407; Branigan 1968, 94 III 6 Punch EMII-MMII Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1408; Branigan 1968, 94 III 7 Punch EMIII-MMI Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1435; Branigan 95 IIIc 4 CRETE TOOLS 564
Sites & Object types Specific date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Punch EMII-MMII Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1437; Branigan 1968, 95 IV 2 Punch EMII-MMII Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1443; Branigan 1968, 96 VI 2 Punch EMII-MMI Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 177 entry 1444; Branigan 1968, 96 VI 3 Poros-Katsambas - LBA Chisel Carpentry/masonry Workshop Dimopoulou 1997, pg 437 plate CLXXIII, d Pointed implements Small crafts Workshop Dimopoulou 1997, pg 437 plate CLXXIII, d Porti - EBA to MBA Knife EM I-MM II? Utilitarian Burial? Branigan 1974, 167 entry 631; Branigan 1968, 91, I, 1 Punch EM I - MM II Small crafts Burial? Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1415; Branigan 94 III 14 Porti - MBA Knife Utilitarian Burial? Deshayes 2484; Xanthoudidis, p. 67, pl. XXXIX, b) Praisos - LBA Double Ax LM Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 17.1 ce = 6.8 Evely 1993, 46 entry 70 Praisos - 2nd millennium BC Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 31 ce = 3.5 Deshayes 734 Double hammer or double Ax Carp/mason or metallurgical Unstratified or unknown Evely 1993, 101 ent 20; Evely's double Ax = 201 Ax, lugged or trunnion Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Evely 1993, 58 entry 4; Pernier 1912, pl. 10, fig 32 Pseira - LBA Chisel MM III – LM I Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 21 2.3 Evely 1993, 8 entry 51; Shaw 1971, 60, fig 48B Chisel LM I Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 21.6 ce = 0.9 Evely 1993, 78 entry 22; or 10 entry 136 (chisel) Double Ax LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 17.1 ce = 5.6 Evely 1993, 44 entry 55; Betancourt, CCI 34.73, fig 2, pl. 8 Double Ax LM I or III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 19.5 5 Buchholz 1959, 42.29; Evely 1993, 44 entry 64 Double Ax LM I or III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 12.5? 5.8? Buchholz 1959, 42.29; Evely 1993 47 entry 121 Knife LM I-II Ritual or prestige item or utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2486; Sandars 1955, 189; figure 1.4 Mold LM IIIa-b Metallurgical Settlement Evely 2000, 361 entry 36 Saw LM I or III Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Evely 1993, 33 entry 74 Tongs MM III-LM I probably Metallurgical Settlement c. 20 Evely 2000, 365 entry 1 Pseira - 2nd millennium BC Awl, punch, point Small crafts Settlement Evely 1993, 92 entry 104 Awl, punch, point Small crafts Settlement Evely 1993, 92 entry 105 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown ? Evely 1993, 6 entry 34. Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown ? Evely 1993, 6 entry 37. Hoe-like implement Agricultural Settlement? 10 Deshayes 1237 Psychro - LBA Awl, point, punch MM-LM Small crafts Cultic site or sanctuary Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1428; Evely 1993 92 entry 136-9 Awl, point, punch Small crafts Cultic site or sanctuary Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1428 Evely 1993 92 entry 136-9 Awl, point, punch Small crafts Cultic site or sanctuary Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1428; Evely 1993 92 entry 136-9 Awl, point, punch Small crafts Cultic site or sanctuary Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1428; Evely 1993 92 entry 136-9 Chisel LM Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary 19.1 ce = 3.7 Evely 1993, 8 entry 76; Boardman CCO 51.219, fig. 23 & pl. 15 Chisel LM Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary 10.7 ce = 1.3 Evely 1993, 11 entry 142; Boardman, CCO 52, fig. 25a Chisel LM? Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary 11.7 Evely 1993, 11 entry 165; Boardman, CCO 52 Double Ax MM III-LM III Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary 15.6 ce = 5.8 Evely 1993, 42 entry 23; Boardman, CCO 44.198, fig. 19 Double Ax MM III-LM III Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary 17.2 m = 4.5; ce = 6 Evely 1993, 42 entry 24; Boardman CCO 42, ftnt. 1 Double Ax MM III-LM III Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary 6.1 ce = 5.6 Evely 1993, 42 entry 25 Double hammer MMIII-LM I Metallurgical Cultic site or sanctuary? 6.6 3.8 Evely 1993, 101 entry 2; Boardman CCO 52.225, fig. 23 Double hammer or double Ax MM –LM Carp/mason or metallurgical Cultic site or sanctuary 10 ce = 5.3 Evely 1993, 101 entry 19 Knife LM IIIA to EIA Utilitarian Cultic site or sanctuary Deshayes 2607 Knife LM IIIA to EIA Utilitarian Cultic site or sanctuary Deshayes 2608 Knife LM IIIA to EIA Utilitarian Cultic site or sanctuary Deshayes 2597 CRETE TOOLS 565
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538: Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540: Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542: L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544: Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546: Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548: Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550: Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552: Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554: 15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556: Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558: Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560: Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562: Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564: (…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566: cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568: Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570: Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 587: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 595 and 596: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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