Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Cleaver LM IIIB-C Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2718; Van Effentere 1948, 59, O 125 Cleaver LM IIIB-C Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2719; Van Effentere 1948, 59 pl. XXII, O126 Cleaver LM IIIB-C Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2708; Van Effentere 1948, 58, O 123 & 124 Knife Palaikastro - EBA to MBA LM IIIB-C Utilitarian Burial? Deshayes 2566; Van Effentere 1948, p. 59, O 127-129 Mold for ingots Metallurgical Settlement Branigan 1974, 201 entry M11; Evely 2000, 358 entry 16 Mold for ingots Metallurgical Settlement Branigan 1974, 201 entry M12; BSA supp. 1, Fig. 106 Punch EMII-MMII Small crafts Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1401; Branigan 1968, 94 II 9 Punch EM II - MM II Small crafts Settlement Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1420; Branigan 1968, 94 III 20 Punch Palaikastro - MBA EMII-MMII Small crafts Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974, 176 en. 1423; Branigan 1968, 95 III 22 Ax, shaft hole MM I-II Carpentry/masonry Burial Deshayes 1541; Evely 1993, 55 entries 8 Ax, shaft hole MM I-II Carpentry/masonry Burial 3.8 ce = 2.1 Deshayes 1541, Evely 1993, 55 entry 9 Ax, shaft hole MM I - II Carpentry/masonry Burial 6 ce = 3 Deshayes 1541; Evely 1993, 55 entry 10 Ax, shaft hole MM I-II Carpentry/masonry Burial 8.6 ce = 3.8 Deshayes 1541; Evely 1993, 55 entry 11 Ax, shaft hole MM I - II Carpentry/masonry Burial 4.5 ce = 2.5 Deshayes 1541; Evely 1993, 55 entry 12 fig 23 Ax, shaft hole MM I-II Carpentry/masonry Burial 5.5 ce = 2.2 Deshayes 1541; Evely 1993, 55 entry 13 fig 23 Ax, shaft hole MM I - II Carpentry/masonry Burial 6 ce = 3.1 Deshayes 1541; Evely 1993, 55 entry 14 Ax, shaft hole MM I-II Carpentry/masonry Burial 4.6 ce= 3 Deshayes 1541; Evely 1993, 55 entry 15 Ax, shaft hole MM I-II Carpentry/masonry Burial 5 3 Evely 1993, 55, entry 17; Bosanquet BSA 8 (1901-1902) 291 Ax, shaft hole MM I-II Carpentry/masonry Burial 5.7 ce = 2.6 Deshayes 1541; Evely 1993, 55 entry 16 Ax, shaft hole (from the MBA?) possibly MM I/II Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 5 ce = 2.7 Branigan 1974, 166, 581, pl. 12; Evely 1993, 55 entry 18 Ax-adze EM –MM II (Branigan), MM Carpentry/masonry II (Dawkins); MMIIIb-LM I (Deshayes, Settlement Shaw) 13.5 ce = 4.8 Deshayes 2239; Evely 1993, 68 entry 4; Shaw 2009, fig 37C Punch Palaikastro - LBA MM I-II Small crafts Settlement Branigan 1974 177 entry 1453a; BSA 7, 296 Adze, flat, single LM I probably Carpentry/masonry Settlement 14.5 5.4 Evely 1993, 72 entry 1 Awl, point, punch LM I & III Small crafts Settlement Evely 1993, 88 entry 14-18; Dawkins, UOP 119; Awl, point, punch LM I-III Small crafts Settlement Evely 1993 88 entry 19; Popham BSA 65 (1970) 300.12; Awl, point, punch LM I Small crafts Settlement Deshayes 91; Evely 1993, 88 entry 23 Awl, point, punch LM I probably Small crafts Settlement Evely 1993 92 entry 125; Bosanquet BSA 9 (1901-02) 308 Chisel LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6.5 ce = 0.45 Deshayes 836; Evely 1993, 6; catalogue entry 5; Chisel LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6.5? ce = 0.45? Deshayes 836; Evely 1993, 6 entry 6 Chisel LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 16 Deshayes 836; Evely 1993, 6 entry 24 Chisel LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 836; Evely 1993, 6 entry 25 Chisel LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 24 ce =3.3 Deshayes 729; Evely 1993, 10 entry 89 Chisel LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 34 Deshayes 729; Evely 1993, 10 entry 90. Chisel LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement Evely 1993, 19 addenda; AR 34 (1988-9) 104 Chisel MM III - LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement ? Evely 1993, 11 entry 151; Bosnquet 1901-1902, 316 Chisel LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 26 3 Evely 1993, 11 entry 163; Dawkins & Tod 1902-1903, 333.2 Cleaver LM III Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2699; Dawkins, UOP, p. 118, pl. 25, C & D Cutting/slashing tool LM III Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2931; Palaikastro, p. 120, pl. XXV, U Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 18 ce = 6.6 Deshayes 2035;Evely 1993, 44 entry 36-40 Double Ax LM I or III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 16.2 ce = 4.8 & 5.4 Buchholz 1959, 40.24a; Evely 1993 47 entry 120 Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 18 ce = 6.6 Deshayes 2035; Evely 1993, 44 entry 36-40 Double Ax LM probably Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15 5.7 Evely 1993, 49 entry 168; Dawkins & Tod 1902-03, 335 Double Ax LM Carpentry/masonry Settlement 16 ce = 8 & 8.4 Buchholz 1959, 40.29a; Evely 1993 47 entry 136. Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement ? Deshayes 2035; Evely 1993, 44 entry 36-40 Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement ? Deshayes 2035; Evely 1993, 44 entry 36-40 Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement ? Deshayes 2035; Evely 1993, 44 entry 36-40 CRETE TOOLS 562
Sites & Object types Specific date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Double Ax probably LM Carpentry/masonry Settlement ? Buchholz 1959, 40.24a; Evely 49 entry 142-5 Double Ax probably LM Carpentry/masonry Settlement ? Buchholz 1959, 40.24a; Evely 49 entry 142-5 Double Ax probably LM Carpentry/masonry Settlement ? Buchholz 1959, 40.24a; Evely 49 entry 142-5 Double Ax probably LM Carpentry/masonry Settlement ? Buchholz 1959, 40.24a; Evely 49 entry 142-5 Double Ax; Ax-hammer? LM Ib or II Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15.4 m = 4; ce = 5.4 Evely 1993 101 entry 16 (hammer) or pg 44 entry 36 Drill LM Carpentry/masonry Settlement 12 Deshayes 193; Palaikastro p. 119, pl. XXV, R) Drill LM Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3.3 bit = 0.8 Deshayes 188; Evely 1993, 78 entry 1 Knife LM II Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2540; Dawkins UOP, p. 119, pl. 25, J Knife LM II - III Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2493; Dawkins, UOP p. 119 pl. 25, k Knife, pruning LM II - LM III Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2856; Dawkins, UOP, p. 119, pl. 25, G & H Mold LM II or earlier Metallurgical Settlement Evely 2000, 360 entry Type 4 Mold, ceramic, for tripod leg LM IIIB Metallurgical Settlement Hemmingway 1996; Catling 1997 Punch LM? Small crafts Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1422; Branigan 1968, 94 III 21 Saw LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.7 1.5 Evely 1993, 30, entry 4; Deshayes 2893 Saw LM I or LM III Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 5 est. = 1.3 Deshayes 2893; Evely 1993, 30, entry 5-6 Socketed chisel LM Carpentry/masonry Settlement 12 ce = 1.7 Evely 1993, 11 entry 164 (for chisel); or 78 entry 21 Palaikastro - 2nd millennium BC Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 11 Evely 1993, 10 entry 113; Dawkins UOP 119.P Panoklissia - LBA Awl, point, punch LM III Small crafts Burial Evely 1993, 90 entry 62; Touchais BCH 106 (1982) 621 Petsofas - LBA Double Ax MM - LM Carpentry/masonry Burial 16 Evely 1993, 49 entry 156; Dawkins, BSA 11 (1904-04) 292) Pezoules Kephalas B - EBA to MBA Chisel EM III - MM IA Carpentry/masonry Burial Branigan 1974, 170 entry 925; Evely 1993, 11 entry 145 Phaistos - MBA Mold MM I-II Metallurgical Settlement Evely 2000, 360 entry 29 Awl, point, punch MM I - IIIa Small crafts Settlement Deshayes 171; Evely 1993, 88 entry 1 Chisel MM I-II Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10.88 ce = 0.7 Evely 1993, 6 entry 15 Double Ax MM III or earlier in MM Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10 ce = 5 Pernier 1951, 366, fig. 218; Evely 1993, 41 entry 3 Double Ax MM II or MM III - LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10.5 ce = 4.5 Deshayes 2004; Evely 1993, 47 118 Double Ax MM I-II Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10.5 ce = 6.4 & 5.6 Branigan 1974, 165, 527; Evely 1993, 47 entry 117 figure 20 Knife MM I-II Utilitarian Settlement Branigan 702a; Branigan 1974, 168 Entry 702a Phaistos - LBA Chisel MM III - LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 13.5 Evely 1993, 11 entry 148; Pernier 1951, 373.35 Chisel MM III - LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement ? Evely 1993, 11 entry 149; Pernier 1951, 373.35 Chisel MM III - LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement ? Evely 1993, 11 entry 150 Awl, point, punch MM III-LM I probably Small crafts Settlement Evely 1993 90 entry 82 Awl, point, punch MM III-LM I probably Small crafts Settlement Evely 1993, 90 entry 83 Awl, point, punch MMIII-LM I probably; Small crafts Settlement Evely 1993, 92 Entry 94 Awl, point, punch MMIII-LM I probably Small crafts Settlement Evely 1993 92 entry 98 Awl, point, punch LM Small crafts Settlement Deshayes 93; Evely 1993, 90 entry 81 Ax-adze LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 18.2 ce = 4.2 & 4.1 Deshayes 2240; Evely 1993, 68, entry 5 Chisel LM Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 723 Chisel MM III – LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 13 ce = 1.1 Deshayes 921; Evely 1993, 6 entry 16? Chisel MM III - LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 14 Evely 1993, 6 entry 17; Pernier & Banti 1951, 372.34. Chisel MM III - LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 13 Evely 1993, 6 entry 46; Pernier & Banti 1951, 374.41 Chisel or drill MM III – LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6 Evely 1993, 6 entry 4 (chisel) or 78 entry 16; Deshayes 795 Cleaver LM IIIA-B Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2685; MA XIV (1905), p. 540, fig. 24 Double Ax LM IB Carpentry/masonry Hoard? 24 m = 6; ce = 6.5 Deshayes 2017; Evely 1993, 44 entry 46 CRETE TOOLS 563
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536: Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538: Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540: Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542: L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544: Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546: Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548: Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550: Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552: Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554: 15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556: Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558: Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560: Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562: Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564: (…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566: cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568: Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570: Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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