Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Chisel LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3 ce = 0.6 Evely 1993, 6 entry 43; Deshayes 826, Chisel LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 4.8 ce = 0.8 Evely 1993, 6 entry 44; Deshayes 827 Chisel LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 26.5 ce = 3.5 Deshayes 727; Evely 1993, 8 entry 87 Chisel LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 21 ce = 3.5 Deshayes 727; Evely 1993, 10 entry 88. Chisel MM III - LM I? Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.5 ce = 0.7 Evely 1993, 10 entry 138 figure 5 Chisel MM III – LM I Carpentry/masonry Workshop 10 ce = 0.6 Deshayes 871; Evely 1993, 6 entry 18 Chisel MM III – LM I Carpentry/masonry Workshop? 5.6 ce = 1.2 Deshayes 692; Evely 1993, 6 entry 45 Chisel (from the LBA?) LM I (Deshayes) Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.4 ce = 0.75 Deshayes 692; Evely 1993 6 entry 13 Cleaver LM IB Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2677 Cutting/ slashing tool LM I Small crafts Settlement Deshayes 2935 Cutting/slashing tool LM IA Small crafts Settlement Deshayes 2934 Double Ax MM III-LMI Carpentry/masonry Settlement 19 ce = 6.5 Deshayes 2061; Evely 1993, 47 132 Double Ax MM III-LMI Carpentry/masonry Settlement 19 m = 5.5; ce = 6 Deshayes 2024; Evely 1993, 42 entry 16 (HM 2378) Double Ax MM III-LMI Carpentry/masonry Settlement 17.5 ce = 5.7 Deshayes 2024; Evely 1993, 42 entry 17 Double Ax LM Ia Carpentry/masonry Settlement or hoard? 17 ce = 6.5 Deshayes 2012; Evely 1993, 42 entry 27 Double Ax LM IA Carpentry/masonry Settlement or hoard? 18.2 ce = 6.3 Deshayes 2012; Evely 1993, 42 entry 29 Double Ax LM Ia Carpentry/masonry Settlement or hoard? 17.2 ce = 6.1 Deshayes 2012; Evely 1993, 42 entry 30 Double Ax LM IA Carpentry/masonry Settlement or hoard? 16.2 ce = 6.6 Deshayes 2012, Evely 1993, 42 entry 31 Double Ax LM IA Carpentry/masonry Settlement or hoard? 16.8 ce = 5.8 Deshayes 2012; Evely 1993, 44 entry 32 Double Ax LM IA Carpentry/masonry Settlement or hoard? 17.4 ce = 6.3 Deshayes 2012; Evely 1993, 44 entry 34 Double Ax LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15 ce = 5 & 5.5 Deshayes 2013; Evely 1993, 44 entry 45. Double Ax LM Carpentry/masonry Settlement Evely 1993, 49 entry 149; Buchholz 1959, 39.18e Double Ax LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement Evely 1993, 49 148; Buchholz 1959, 39.18b Double Ax LM IA Carpentry/masonry Settlement or hoard? 16.1 ce= 5.7 Deshayes 2012, Evely 1993, 42 entry 28 Double Ax LM IA Carpentry/masonry Settlement or hoard? 18.6 ce = 7 Deshayes 2012; Evely 1993, 44 entry 33 Double Ax LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 20 Deshayes 2034; Evely 1993, 44 entry 43 Double Ax LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 18.2 ce = 5.9 & 6.2 Deshayes 2013; Evely 1993, 44 entry 44 Hammer MMIII-LM Ib Metallurgical Settlement 15 2 Evely 1993 97 entry 1 Knife LM Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2532 Knife LM I-II Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2485 Knife LM Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2441 Saw MM-LM III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 7.8 3 Evely 1993, 31, entry 18 Saw LM I? Carpentry/masonry Settlement 141 15 Deshayes 2900; Evely 1993, 33, entry 44 Saw (from the LBA?) Carpentry/masonry Settlement Evely 1993, 33 entry 64 Sickle LM I Agricultural Settlement? Deshayes 2804; Mallia I, p. 59, pl. XXX, 4 Spatula, scraper LM Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 3026 Spatula, scraper Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 3028 Spatula, scraper LM I Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2978 Mallia - 2nd millennium BC Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown ? Evely 1993, 49 entry 196 Mold fragment MM-LM probably Metallurgical Settlement Evely 2000, 360 entry 28 Mallia - Chrysolakkos - MBA Awl or pointed implement Small crafts Burial Demargne 1945, 52 plate LXIV, 3 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Burial Demargne 1945, 52 plate LXIV, 3 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Burial 5.2 2.1 Demargne 1945, 52 plate LXI, 1, number 2244 Mallia, Quartier Mu - MBA Adze, socketed MM II Carpentry/masonry Hoard 12 1.6 Poursat 1985, 122; Poursat and Olivier 1996, 71 (M 68/B 21) Adze-hammer or double hammer MM Carpentry/masonry or Metallurgical Settlement 9.9 1.8 Poursat and Olivier 1996, 118, 125, pl.43k Awl or needle MM II Small crafts Workshop? Poursat and Olivier 1996, D39, M70/B55, 65, 71 CRETE TOOLS 558
Sites & Object types Specific date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Awl, point, punch MM II Small crafts Settlement Evely 1993, 90 entry 58; Poursat, BCH 106 (1982) 677 Awl, point, punch MM II Small crafts Workshop Evely 1993, 90 entry 75; Dessenne, BCH 81 (1957) 695 Ax-adze MM II Carpentry/masonry Hoard 16.7 ce = 4.6 & 3.65 Poursat and Olivier 1996, 71 plate 42 Blade MMII Utilitarian Settlement - Building E Poursat and Olivier 1996, 71, (M82/B3), plate 43j Blade fragment MM II Utilitarian Settlement Poursat and Olivier 1996, 70, plate 43i Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement Chisel MM II Carpentry/masonry Workshop 7.3 1.8 Poursat and Olivier 1996, 64 plate 43f Chisel MM Carpentry/masonry Hoard 18.2 tip = 1.2 Poursat 1985, 122 entry B2, figures 1 & 2 Chisel or tool shank Carpentry/masonry Settlement Chisel or tool shank Carpentry/masonry Settlement Double-Ax MM II Carpentry/masonry Hoard 13.7 5.8 Poursat and Olivier 1996, 71 Drill MM II Carpentry/masonry Hoard 10.8 ce = 0.45 Poursat and Olivier 1996, 71 (M 66/ B4); Poursat 1985, 120 Drill MM II Carpentry/masonry Workshop 3.7 0.4 Poursat and Olivier 1996, 55, C 29, plate 43l Drill or nail MM II Carpentry/masonry Workshop? 0.4 Poursat and Olivier 1996, 64, D36, M70/B 62 & 64 Hollow cylinder, tubular drill? MM III Carpentry/masonry Workshop Poursat 1978, 834; Evely 1993 78 entry 24+ Knife Utilitarian Settlement Poursat 1985, pg 123 figure 4 center Knife Utilitarian Hoard Poursat 1985, pg 123 Knife Utilitarian Settlement Poursat 1985, pg 123 Knife Utilitarian Settlement Poursat 1985, pg 123 Mold for multiple tools MM II Metallurgical Workshop Poursat and Olivier 1996, 116, plate 52d Mold (cover?) MM II Metallurgical Workshop Poursat and Olivier 1996, 116, plate 53d, pg 55 C28 Mold fragment for a hammer? MM II Metallurgical Workshop Poursat and Olivier 1996, 116, plate 53b, pg 55 C 24 Mold fragment for double Ax MM II Metallurgical Workshop Poursat and Olivier 1996, 116, plate 53a; pg 53 C18 Mold fragment Metallurgical Workshop Poursat and Olivier 1996, 116, plate 53c, pg 55 C27 Mold for double Ax MM II Metallurgical Workshop Poursat and Olivier 1996, 69, plate 54, 116 Mold fragment for double Ax MM II Metallurgical Workshop Poursat and Olivier 1996, 116 plate 54b Mold fragment for dagger? MM II Metallurgical Workshop Poursat and Olivier 1996, 116 plate 54c Saw MM II-III presumably Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.8+ 7.4 Evely 1993, 33,#78; Poursat and Olivier 1996, 64 entry D32 Saw MM II Carpentry/masonry Settlement Poursat and Olivier 1996, 64, entry D33, plate 42e Saw MM II Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6.2 & 5.7 Poursat and Olivier 1996, 70, plate 42k Saw MM II Carpentry/masonry Settlement 4 & 2.6 Poursat and Olivier 1996, 70 plate 42f Saw MM II Carpentry/masonry Hoard 4.7 1.4 Poursat and Olivier 1996, 71 (M 66/ B3) Saw MM II Carpentry/masonry Hoard 3 1 Poursat & Olivier 1996, 71, (M68/B18); Poursat 1985, 122 Saw Carpentry/masonry Settlement Poursat and Olivier 1996, 71, plate 42e Scraper or cutter MM II Utilitarian Settlement 5 2.8 Poursat and Olivier 1996, 70 (M71/ B 73), plate 42c Scraper or cutter MM II Utilitarian Workshop? 3.6 2.1 Poursat and Olivier 1996, 64, D35, plate 42c; M 71/ B 97 Spatula Utilitarian Settlement On display in Ayios Nikolaos Museum Undetermined tool Small crafts Settlement Poursat and Olivier 1996 plate 42 Mallia, Quartier Nu - LBA Double Ax LM III - 1350-1300 BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Andreadaki-Vlazaki et al. 2008; on display in Ay. Nik. Mus Sickle Agricultural Settlement Andreadaki-Vlazaki et al. 2008; on display in Ay. Nik. Mus Undefined implement Small crafts Settlement Andreadaki-Vlazaki et al. 2008; on display in Ay. Nik. Mus Undefined implement Small crafts Settlement Andreadaki-Vlazaki et al. 2008; on display in Ay. Nik. Mus Undefined implement Small crafts Settlement Andreadaki-Vlazaki et al. 2008; on display in Ay. Nik. Mus Undefined implement Small crafts Settlement Andreadaki-Vlazaki et al. 2008; on display in Ay. Nik. Mus Marathokephalon - EBA to MBA Punch EM I-MMI Small crafts Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1434; Branigan 1968, 95 IIIc, 2 Martha, Arkalochori - 2nd millennium BC Double Ax Carpentry/masonry 7.8 ce = 5.3 Evely 1993, 47 entry 125; Buchholz 1959, 39.19b; CRETE TOOLS 559
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532: Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534: Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536: Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538: Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540: Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542: L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544: Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546: Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548: Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550: Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552: Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554: 15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556: Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558: Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560: Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562: Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564: (…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566: cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568: Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570: Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 581: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 595 and 596: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
Page 621 and 622: Sites & Object types Specific perio
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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