Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Chisel? LM IIIB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3.2 0.7 Shaw 2006a, 717-725; pg 719 entry 8, pl. 4.2-3 Double Ax LM II? latest LM IIIA1 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 19.6 ce = 6.7 Evely 1993, 44, entry 57; Blitzer 1995, 516 entry 154 Knife LM IIIB Utilitarian Settlement 1.5 1 Shaw 2006a, 717-725; pg 717, entry 3 Knife MM III-LM I or LM III Utilitarian Settlement 2.1 2 Blitzer 1995, 511, M65 Knife LM IIIB? Utilitarian Settlement 2.1 1.4 Blitzer 1995, 512 entry M 81, pls. 8.84, 8.108 Knife LM III A-B? Utilitarian Settlement 1.3 1.55 Blitzer 1995, 512 entry M 83; pl. 8.84 Knife Utilitarian Settlement 5 & 1.7 1.6 & 1 Blitzer 1995, 514, entry M 124, pl. 8.84 & 8.108 Knife MM III or LM III Utilitarian Settlement 20 1.2 Blitzer 1995, 516 entry M 144, pls. 8.83 , 8.84 Knife LM IIIA? Utilitarian Settlement 9.2 3.1 Blitzer 1995 517 entry 166, plate 8.83... Knife or blade LM IIIA2-B Utilitarian Settlement 4.6 3 Blitzer 1995, 511 entry M 62, pls. 8.83, 8.108 Knife or blade LM IIIA2 Utilitarian Settlement 5.3 3.6 Blitzer 1995 517 entry 168, plate 8.83... Mold LM IIIa-b Metallurgical Settlement Evely 2000, 360 entry 30+ Saw-like blade LM IIIA2 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 1.7 0.12 Shaw 2006a, 717-725, pg 717 entry 1, pl. 4.1 Saw-like blade LM IIIA2 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 2 2.3 Shaw 2006a, 717-725; pg 717, entry 2, pl. 4.1 Saw-like blade LM IIIA2 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 1.1 0.8 Shaw 2006a, 717-725; 717 entry 4, pl. 4.1 Sickle LM II-LM IIIA1 Agricultural Settlement 20 2.7 Blitzer 1995, 517 entry M 169, pl. 8.83 & 8.108 Kommos - 2nd millennium BC Awl Small crafts Settlement 10.4 0.5 Blitzer 1995, 516 entry M 160, plate 8.108 Billet, bar or rod Metallurgical Settlement 3.5 0.4 Blitzer 1995, 513 entry M 95, pl. 8.83 Knife Utilitarian Settlement 15.2 1.7 Blitzer 1995, 515, entry M 128 plate 8.83, 8.84, 8.108 Knife Utilitarian Settlement 22 2.6 Blitzer 1995, 517 entry M 161, pl. 8.108 Koumasa - EBA to MBA Chisel EM I-MMI Carpentry/masonry Burial Branigan 1974, 169 entry 723, Branigan 1968, 90, II, 1 Mold EM-MM? Metallurgical Burial Branigan 1974, Entry M82; Evely 2000, 358 entry 18 Punch EMI-MMI Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 171 entry 1036; Branigan 1968, 90, I, 1 Punch EMI-MM Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 171 entry 1036a; Branigan 90 I 2 Punch EM I-MMI Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 171 entry 1037; Branigan 90 I 3 Punch EMI-MMI Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 171 entry 1038; Branigan 90 I 4 Punch EMI-MMI Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1402; Branigan 94 III 1 Punch EMI-MMI Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1412; Branigan 94 III 11 Punch EMI-MMII Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1413; Branigan 94 III 12 Punch EMI-MMII Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1414; Branigan 94 III 13 Punch EM-MM III Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1433; Branigan 95, IIIc, I Punch EM I-MM II; Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1436; Branigan 1968, 95, IV, I Saw EMIIa-MMIa (Evely) Carpentry/masonry Burial 14.3 2.4 Deshayes 2895; Evely 1993, 31, entry 19 Koumasa - 2nd millennium BC Awl, point, punch Small crafts Burial Evely 1993, 92 entry 106-109 Krasi - EBA to MBA Borer EMI-MMI Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 171 entry 958; Branigan 1968, 90, I,2 Borer EMI-MMI Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 171 entry 959; Branigan 1968, 90, I,3 Borer EMI-MMI Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 171 entry 960; Branigan 1968, 90, I,4 Borer EMI-MMI Small crafts Burial Branigan 1974, 171 entry 961; Branigan 1968, 90, I,5 Kritsa - 2nd millennium BC Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Evely 1993, 46 entry 83 La Canee - LBA Cleaver LM IIIB Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2691 Cleaver LM III Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2692 Double Ax LM Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Evely 1993, 46 entry 68 Liliano, Phaistos? - 2nd millennium BC CRETE TOOLS 556
Sites & Object types Specific date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown ? Evely 1993, 49 entry 187 Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown ? Evely 1993, 49 entry 188 Loutraki - LBA Double adze LM III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 13 m = 4; ce = 4.4 Evely 1993, 63 entry 6 Mallia - EBA to MBA Awl, point, punch EM II-III or MM IB Small crafts Settlement Amouretti 1970, pl. 9; Evely 1993 92, entry 91+. Awl, point, punch EM/MMI Small crafts Settlement Van Effenterre 1970, 68; Evely 1993 92 entry 113 Mallia - MBA Awl, point, punch EM II-III or MM Ib Small crafts Settlement Evely 1993, 88 entry 31-34; Amouretti 1970, 66/7, pl. 9 Awl, point, punch MM? Small crafts Settlement 8 0.4 Van Effenterre 1970, 101.ff, fig 131 ; Evely 1993 90 entry 74 Awl, point, punch MM IB-II Small crafts Settlement Van Effenterre 1970, 28; Evely 1993 92 entry 116 Ax, single, flat MM level Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 663 Ax, trunnion or lugged MM I-II Carp/mason or prestige item Burial? 5.5 2.2 Evely 1993 58 entry 3 Chisel MM? Carpentry/masonry Settlement 14.2 ce = 4.8 Van Effenterre 1970, 27; I 103; Evely 1993, 8 entry 72 Double Ax MM level Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 2003 Mold for multiple tools MM I-II; MM III Pelon Metallurgical Settlement Branigan 1974, 201 entry M5. Evely 2000, 356 entry 5 Mold for dagger MM I-II; MM III Pelon Metallurgical Settlement Branigan 1974, 201 entry M6; Evely 2000, 358 entry 13 Mold for ingot? MM I-II; MM III Pelon Metallurgical Settlement Branigan 1974, 201 entry M7; Evely 2000, 358, entry 14 Mold for disk MM I-II; MM III for Pelon Metallurgical Settlement Branigan 1974, 201 entry M8; Evely 2000, 356 entry 6 Mold MM I-II; MM III Pelon Metallurgical Settlement Branigan 1974, 201 entry M9; Evely 2000, 356 entry 7 Mold MM I-II; MM III Pelon Metallurgical Settlement Branigan 1974, 201 entry M10; Evely 2000 356, entry 8 Mold for double Ax MM I-II; MM III Pelon Metallurgical Settlement Branigan 1974, 202 entry M75; Evely 2000, 358 entry 19 Mold for double Ax MM I-II; MM III Pelon Metallurgical Settlement Branigan 1974, 202 entry M76-8; Evely 2000, 360 entry 24 Mold for double Ax MM I-II; MM III Pelon Metallurgical Settlement Branigan 1974, 202 entry M79; Evely 2000, 358 entry 21 Mold for double Ax MMI-II, MM III Pelon Metallurgical Settlement Branigan 1974, 202 entry M80; Evely 2000, 358 entry 20 Mold for double Ax MM I-II; MM III Pelon Metallurgical Settlement Evely 2000, 360 entry 22 Mold for double Ax MM I-II; MM III Pelon Metallurgical Settlement Evely 2000, 360 entry 23 Punch EMIII-MM II Small crafts Settlement? Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1441 Saw MM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6 0.9 Evely 1993 30, entry 3. Saw MM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 2.6 0.7 Evely 1993, 33 entry 63 Saw MM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 4.3 0.7 Evely 1993, 33 entry 65 Saw MM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3.3 1.7 Branigan 1974, 168.709a; Evely 1993 31, entry 15 Saw MM II Carpentry/masonry Workshop Evely 1993, 33 entry 66; Desenne, BCH 81 (1957) 639 ff Saw MM IIB-LM Carpentry/masonry Settlement 4 1.8 Van Effenterre 1970, 123, Evely 1993 31, entry 16 Tongs MM III Metallurgical Settlement 17 Evely 2000, 365 entry 2, figure 144.3 Mallia - LBA Awl, point, punch MM III-LM Ia probably Small crafts Settlement Evely 1993, 88 entry 12. Awl, point, punch LM Ia Small crafts Settlement Deshayes 90, Evely 1993, 88 entry 13. Awl, point, punch LM IA Small crafts Settlement Deshayes 90; Evely 1993, 88 entry 24. Awl, point, punch MMIII/LM I or LM III? Small crafts Settlement Deshayes 103; Evely 1993, 88 entry 25 Awl, point, punch LM I Small crafts Settlement Deshayes 52, Evely 1993, 90 entry 84. Awl, point, punch LM ? Small crafts Settlement Evely 1993, 92 entry 110 Awl, point, punch MMIII/LMI Small crafts Settlement Van Effenterre 1970, 80; Evely 1993, 92 entry 120 Awl, point, punch MMIIIb-LMI Small crafts Settlement Van Effenterre 1970, 123; Evely 1993, 92 entry 122-3 Awl, point, punch LM I Small crafts Settlement Evely 1993, 92 entry 12; Deshayes 52 Awl, point, punch MM III-LM I Small crafts Settlement Van Effenterre 1970, 86, 104; Evely 1993, 92 entry 143 Chisel LM IA (or maybe MMI) Carpentry/masonry Settlement 2.3 ce = 0.3 Deshayes 826; Evely 1993, 2, entry 2 Chisel MM III – LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 24.7 ce = 3.6 Evely 1993, 8 entry 83. Chisel MM III – LM I Carpentry/masonry Workshop? Demargne and Gallet de Santerre 1953, 60, Evely 1993, 6, #19 CRETE TOOLS 557
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530: Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532: Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534: Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536: Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538: Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540: Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542: L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544: Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546: Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548: Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550: Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552: Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554: 15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556: Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558: Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560: Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562: Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564: (…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566: cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568: Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570: Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 579: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 595 and 596: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
Page 621 and 622: Sites & Object types Specific perio
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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