Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Sickle LM IIIC Agricultural Burial Deshayes 2805; BSA 51, 1956, p. 79, pl. 12b Stylus or drill Knossos - 2nd millennium BC LM IIIa-c Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, 92 entry 135 Awl Small crafts Settlement Evely 1993, 90 entry 65 Awl or punch Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, 90 entry 63 Awl or punch Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, 90 entry 64; otherwise unpublished Awl or punch Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, ??? Awl, point, punch Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, 88 entry 26 Ax, lunate Ax head, pendant? Carpentry/masonry or ritual or prestige Settlement item 5.15 blade = 5.9 Evely 1993, ??? Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement? 16.9 ce = 0.9 Evely 1993, 6 entry 31, plate 1 &5 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 34.7 ce 3.9 Evely 1993, 10 entry 110 Double adze Carpentry/masonry Settlement 31.2 ce = 4.6 Evely 1993, 63 entry 12 Double adze Carpentry/masonry Settlement? 30 ce = 4.7 & 5 Evely 1993, 63 entry 13 Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Settlement 17.4 ce = 4.9 Evely 1993 46, 67. Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Settlement? 19 m = 5; ce = 6 Deshayes 2025; Evely 1993 46 entry 81 Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Settlement? 18 ce = 5.9 Deshayes 2041; Evely 1993 46 entry 82 Drill Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.7 0.3 Evely 1993 78 entry 5a Drill or chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 4.95 0.6 Evely 1993, ??? Hollow cylinder, tubular drill? Carpentry/masonry? Settlement 3.6 diam. = 1.5 Evely 1993, ??? Implement shank fragment Carpentry/masonry? Settlement? 10.5 0.55 Evely 1993 92 entry 103; plate 21 Implement, unidentified Small crafts Settlement 9.9 0.75 Evely 1993, ??? Knife Utilitarian Settlement 15.5 butt = 1.8 Evely 1993, ??? Knife Utilitarian Settlement 7 Evely 1993, ??? Knife or blade Utilitarian Settlement 7.7 3.3 Evely 1993, ??? Razor Utilitarian Settlement 14.25 4.3 Evely 1993, ??? Saw Carpentry/masonry Settlement? 60 7 Evely 1993, 31 entry 22 Saw Carpentry/masonry Settlement? 9.05 2.85 Evely 1993 33, entry 57 Knife Knossos, Unexplored Mansion - LBA Utilitarian Settlement? 8.9 1.6 Evely 1993, ??? Awl or drill LM II Small crafts Workshop 5.5 tip = 0.55 Catling and Catling 1984, entry 68-178 Awl or drill LM II Small crafts Workshop 5.1 0.4 Catling and Catling 1984, 61, 214 (M91); Evely 1993, 88, #37 Awl or point LM II Small crafts Workshop 1.9 Catling and Catling 1984, 23, 214 (H7); Evely 1993, 90, #70 Awl or point LM II Small crafts Workshop c. 3 Catling and Catling 1984, 23, 214 (H6); Evely 1993, 90, #69 Awl or point LM II Small crafts Workshop 1 Catling and Catling 1984, 23, 214 (H11); Evely 1993, 90, #68 Awl or point LM II Small crafts Workshop 1.4 Catling and Catling 1984 29, 214 (H 81); Evely 1993 90, #66. Awl or punch LM II Small crafts Workshop 2 & 1.4 Catling and Catling 1984 60, 214 (M68); Evely 1993, 90, #72 Awl or punch LM II Small crafts Workshop 14.3 tip = 0.45 Catling and Catling 1984 78.214 (P6); Evely 1993 92,#133 Awl or punch LM II Small crafts Workshop Catling and Catling 1984 67, 214 (M 180); Evely 1993 90,#71. Awl or punch LM II Small crafts Workshop Catling and Catling 1984 82, 214 (P 43); Evely 1993 92, #97. Awl or small implement LM II Small crafts Workshop 8.3 diam = 0.3 Catling and Catling 1984 Awl, punch or engraver LM II Small crafts Workshop 2.3 Catling and Catling 1984 67, 214 (M 179); Evely 1993 90, #67 Chisel LM II-III probably Carpentry/masonry Workshop 6.7 ce = 1.8 Catling and Catling 1984 221, Evely 1993, 8, #70 Chisel LM II Carpentry/masonry Workshop 11 tip = 0.5 Catling and Catling 1984, 59, 214(M30); Evely 1993, 6, #20 Chisel LM II Carpentry/masonry Workshop 21.2 tip = 1.5 Catling 1984 59, 214 (M 29), Evely 1993, 6, #29 Chisel LM II Carpentry/masonry Workshop 42.5 ce = 4.5 Catling and Catling 1984 57, M9, 214; Evely 1993, 10, #84 Chisel LM II Carpentry/masonry Workshop 5.8 1.2; butt = 0.8 Catling and Catling 1984 23, H23 Chisel LM II Carpentry/masonry Workshop 9 tip =1.2 Catling and Catling 1984 60, 214; Evely 1993, 6, #21. Chisel LM II Carpentry/masonry Workshop 13 0.5 Catling and Catling 1984 51, 214, L 129; Evely 1993, 10, #137 Chisel-like fragment? LM II Carpentry/masonry Workshop 3 1 Catling and Catling 1984 CRETE TOOLS 554
Sites & Object types Specific date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Chisel-like implement LM II Carpentry/masonry Workshop 3.45 0.55 Catling and Catling1984 26, H71 Compass? LM II Carpentry/masonry Workshop 3.1 Catling and Catling 1984 29, H77, plate 205.24 Double Ax LM II Carpentry/masonry Workshop 9.1 ce= 6.2 Catling and Catling 1984 23, 213 (H25); Evely 1993, 47, #134. Double Ax LM IA Carpentry/masonry Workshop 19.8 ce = 6.3 & 6 Catling and Catling 1984, 53, 220 (L 169); Evely 1993, 42,#26. Drill LM II Carpentry/masonry Workshop 18.5 & 3.6 tip =1.25 Catling and Catling 1984 59, 215 (M26), Evely 1993 78, #13 Drill LM II Carpentry/masonry Workshop 8.7 tip = 0.4 Catling and Catling 1984 23 (H16), Evely 1993, 78 entry 4 Drill or small awl LM II Small crafts Workshop 4.7 tip = 0.5 Catling and Catling 1984 16,214 (G2); Evely 1993 78, #5. Implement, small or pin LM II Small crafts Workshop 8.9 0.75 Catling and Catling 1984 Implement fragment LM II Small crafts Workshop 4.45 0.45 Catling and Catling 1984, 51, L137 Implement or drill, L-shaped LM II Small crafts Workshop 3.2 Catling and Catling 1984 Knife LM II Utilitarian Workshop 10 0.9 Catling and Catling 1984, 71, N10, plate 204.6 Knife LM II Utilitarian Workshop 11.15 1.85; tip = 0.4 Catling and Catling 1984, 29, H93, plate 201.15 Knife or blade LM II Utilitarian Workshop 2.3 1.55 Catling and Catling 1984 Knife tip LM II Utilitarian Workshop 1.5 0.8 Catling and Catling 1984, 51, L140 Mold LM II Metallurgical Workshop Catling and Catling 1984, 50.L117; Evely 2000, 356, #4 Punch LM II Small crafts Workshop 6.8 butt = 0.7 Catling and Catling 1984 29.214 (H91), Evely 1993, 92, #96 Saw LM II Carpentry/masonry Workshop 20.4 9.3 Catling and Catling 1984, 59,213 (M33 &128), Evely 1993 31,#42 Saw LM II Carpentry/masonry Workshop 4.4 6.2 Catling and Catling 1984, 65, 213 (M139); Evely 1993, 33 entry 72. Saw LM II Carpentry/masonry Workshop 11.7 7.4 Catling and Catling 1984, 61, 213 (M79); Evely 1993, 33, #71. Saw LM II Carpentry/masonry Workshop 8.1 9.3 Catling and Catling 1984, 61, 213 (M77); Evely 1993, 33, #70 Small implement or billet LM II Metallurgical Workshop 5.8 0.7 Catling and Catling 1984, 29, H90; plate 204.7 Tongs LM II Metallurgical Workshop 7.2 ends = 1.8 Catling and Catling 1984, 71, N10; Evely 2000, 365 entry 6 Knossos, Unexplored Mansion, LBA-EIA Awl or small implement Subminoan context Small crafts Workshop under 5.0 0.25 Catling and Catling 1984 221 misc.2; Evely 1993 90 entry 73. Kommos - MBA Billet bar w chisel-like end MM III Metallurgical Settlement 0.75 0.95 Blitzer 1995, 514, entry M 120 Knife MM III Utilitarian Settlement 10 1.7 Blitzer 1995, 511 entry M63, pls. 8.83, 8.84, 8.108 Kommos - LBA Billet bar w chisel-like end LM III B Metallurgical Settlement 2.1 & 0.7 0.6 (diam) Blitzer 1995, 514, entry M 119; Shaw 2006, 720 entry 17 Billet, bar or rod LM IIIA2 Metallurgical Settlement 3.9 diam = 0.6 Shaw 2006a, 717-725, pg 720, entry 13, pl. 4.4 Billet, bar or rod LM IIIA2 Metallurgical Settlement 5.6 1.3 Shaw 2006a, 717-725, pg 720 entry 14, pl. 4.4, 4.9 Billet, bar or rod LM IIIB Metallurgical Settlement 10.7 diam = 0.4 Shaw 2006a, 717-725, pg 720 entry 16, pl. 4.4 Billet, bar or rod LM IIIB Metallurgical Settlement 2.2 0.4 Shaw 2006a, 717-725; pg 720 entry 16, pl. 4.4 Billet, bar or rod LM IIIA2-B Metallurgical Settlement 3.3 0.9 Blitzer 1995, 511 entry M58, pls. 8.86, 8.107 Billet, bar or rod MM III-LM I or LM III Metallurgical Settlement 4.2 0.9 Blitzer 1995, 513 entry M 89, pl. 8.86, 8.107 Billet, bar or rod LM IIIA2-B Metallurgical Settlement 4.2 0.5 Blitzer 1995, 513 entry M 99 Billet, bar or rod MM III or LM III Metallurgical Settlement 2.7 0.55 Blitzer 1995, 514, entry M 116, pl. 8.86 Billet, bar or rod LM II Metallurgical Settlement 3.4 & 2.7 1.4 Blitzer 1995, 515 entry M 132, plate 8.83, 8.86, 8.107 Billet, bar or rod LM IIIA2 Metallurgical Settlement 2.95 2.4 Blitzer 1995, 515 entry M 140 Billet, bar or rod MM III or LM IIIA Metallurgical Settlement 3.2 0.4 Blitzer 1995, 516 entry M 143 Billet, bar or rod MM III or LM I Metallurgical Settlement 2.8 Blitzer 1995, 517 entry M 162 Billet, bar or rod LM I or LM IIIA1 Metallurgical Settlement 4.7 Blitzer 1995, 517 entry M 165 Billet, bar or rod LM IIIA2-B Metallurgical Settlement 5.7 & 3.1 Blitzer 1995 517 entry 167, plate 8.86... Chisel LM IIIA or MM-LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 11.8 ce = 2.4 Evely 1993, 8 entry 71; Blitzer 1995, 516 entry M147 Chisel LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 2.3 0.55 Shaw 2006a, 717-725, pg 719 entry 5, pl. 4.2-3 Chisel LM II Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.9 0.65 Shaw 2006a, 717-725, pg 719, entry 6, pl. 4.2-3 Chisel MM III - LM IA Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.2 0.5 Shaw 2006a, 717-725, pg 719 entry 7, pl. 4.2-3 Chisel LM IIIA2 Carpentry/masonry Settlement Blitzer 1995, 516 entry M 150; Evely 1993, 11 entry 170 Chisel or drill LM I-III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15.5 tip = 1.5 Evely 1993, 6 entry 30; Blitzer 1995, 511 entry M61 CRETE TOOLS 555
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391:
Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409:
London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423:
Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
Page 428 and 429:
Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528: Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530: Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532: Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534: Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536: Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538: Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540: Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542: L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544: Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546: Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548: Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550: Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552: Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554: 15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556: Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558: Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560: Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562: Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564: (…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566: cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568: Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570: Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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