Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Awl LM IIIc-Subminoan Small crafts Settlement Deshayes 100; Evely 1993 88 entry 20. Awl? LM IIIc-Subminoan Small crafts Cultic site or sanctuary Deshayes 100, B1; Evely 1993 90 entry 78. Awl? LM IIIc-Subminoan Small crafts Settlement Deshayes 137; Evely 1993 88 entry 21. Ax, lugged or trunnion LM IIIc-Subminoan Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary? 15.6 ce = 4 Deshayes 1134; Evely 1993 58 entry 2. Chisel LM IIIc-Subminoan Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary Deshayes 693; Evely 1993, 6 entry 12. Chisel LM IIIc-Subminoan Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 693; Evely 1993, 6 entry 12. Drill LM IIIc-Subminoan Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary 13.2 tip = 0.4 Deshayes 182; Evely 1993 78 entry 10 Saw LM IIIc-Subminoan Carpentry/masonry Settlement 2.4 Evely 1993 31, entry 14. Saw LM IIIc-Subminoan Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.8 Evely 1993, 33 entry 73 Karphi - LBA - EIA Awl? Subminoan; 1100-900 Small crafts Burial Evely 1993 90 entry 41-48 Knife Subminoan; 1100-900 Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2471. BSA 38 (1937-38), pl. 116, pl. 28, 2, no. 518 Knife Subminoan; 1100-900 Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2418; BSA 38 (1937-38), p. 116, pl. 28, 3, no. 687 Knife Subminoan; 1100-900 Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2419; BSA 38 (1937-38), p. 116, pl. 28, 2, no. 687 Sickle Subminoan; 1100-900 Agricultural Settlement Deshayes 2794. BSA 38 (1937-38), p. 116, , nos. 213 & 232 Kastellos - MBA Double Ax MM I or III Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 15.3 ce = 5.8 Deshayes 2007; Evely 1993, 47 entry 116 Knife MM III Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2423. BSA 38 (1937-38), p. 46, pl. 3,3, no. 24 Spatula, scraper MM III Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2989; BSA 38 (1937-38), p. 26, p. 3, 3 no. 14 Kato Syme - 2nd millennium BC Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary Evely 1993, 49 entry 173 Katsambas - 2nd millennium BC Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 22 Deshayes 738; Evely 1993, 10 entry 104 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 27 Deshayes 738; Evely 1993, 10 entry 103 Keratokampos - LBA Double Ax LM Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Buchholz 1959, 37.13.c.3; Evely 1993, 46 entry 66 (HM 1547) Khonos, Karydhi - 2nd millennium BC Double Ax fragment Carpentry/masonry Settlement Evely 1993, 49 174 Knossos - MBA Awl, point, punch MM IA Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, 90 entry 55 Awl, point, punch MMIA Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, 90 entry 56. Awl, point, punch MM I probably Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, 90 entry 57 Awl, point, punch MM IB Small crafts Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974, 172.1047; Evely 1993, 92 entry 114 Awl, point, punch MM IB Small crafts Settlement Evely 1993, 92 entry 115. Awl, point, punch MMIa-IIIb Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, 92 entry 117 Awl, point, punch MMIa/b-II/III Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, 92 entry 118 Awl, point, punch MM IIIa Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, 92 entry 119. Awl or nail MM IA Small crafts Settlement? Branigan 1974 171 entry 954; Branigan 1968, 90 Double Ax MM Carpentry/masonry Settlement Evely 1993, 49 entry 155 Mold MM Ia Metallurgical Settlement Evely 2000, 360, entry 31 Punch MM IB Small crafts Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974, 172 entry 1047 Knossos - LBA Awl, point, punch MM III-LM I probably Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, 90 entry 39 Awl, point, punch Small crafts Settlement Evely 1993, 90 entry 59 Awl, point, punch LMIB Small crafts Settlement Evely 1993, 90 entry 60 Awl, point, punch LM IB Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, 90 entry 61 Awl, point, punch LM IB Small crafts Settlement Evely 1993, 92 entry 95 Awl, point, punch LM IB Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, 92 entry 101 Awl, point, punch LM IB Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, 92 entry 102. CRETE TOOLS 552
Sites & Object types Specific date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Awl, point, punch LM Ib Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, 92 entry 126 Awl, point, punch LMIb Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, 92 entry 127 Awl, point, punch LM IB Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, 92 entry 128 Awl, point, punch LM IB Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, 92 entry 129 Awl, point, punch LMIb or IIIa? Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, 92 entry 131 Awl, point, punch LMIb or IIIa? Small crafts Settlement? Evely 1993, 92 entry 132. Awl, point, punch LM IIIa? Small crafts Settlement? Evely1993, 92 entry 134 Ax-hammer LM I Carpentry/masonry Hoard 10.5 Deshayes 2109, Evely 1993, 101 entry 11 Chisel MM III or LM IA Carpentry/masonry Hoard 35 ce = 3.5 Evans 1928, 628-9, fig. 392.12; Evely 1993, 8 entry 82. Chisel MM-LM III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3.8 ce = 0.9 Evely 1993, 11 entry 146 Chisel LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 1.7 0.9 Evely 1993, 11 entry 166 Chisel MM - LM III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 2.8 ce = 1 Evely 1993, 11 entry 167 Chisel MM-LM III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3.8 0.7 Evely 1993, 11 entry 168 Chisel LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 2.7 0.8 Evely 1993, 11 entry 169 Chisel (possibly from Knossos?) Carpentry/masonry Settlement? 19.2 tip = 5.4 Evely 1993, 8 entry 77 plate 2 Chisel or drill LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement & workshop 3.3 0.2 Evely 1993, 6, entry 8 or 78 entry 18 for drill entry Chisel or drill LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement & workshop 3.1 0.15 Evely 1993, 6, entry 7 (chisel) or 78 entry 17 (drill) Cleaver LM III Utilitarian Burial? Deshayes 2698; BSA 28 (1926-27), p. 253, fig. 6,5 Cutting/slashing tool LM IA Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2933 Double adze MM III or LM IA Carpentry/masonry Hoard 39 ce = 4 to 5? Deshayes 2088; Evely 1993 63 entry 11. Shaw 1973a, 48, n 9 Double adze MM III or LM IA Carpentry/masonry Hoard 30.3 m = 4.5; ce = 5 Deshayes 2087; Evely 1993 63 entry 8 Double adze MM III or LM IA Carpentry/masonry Hoard 30.7 Deshayes 2087; Evely 1993 63 entry 10 Double adze MM III or LM IA Carpentry/masonry Hoard 34 ce = 4.5 Deshayes 2087; Evely 1993 63 entry 7 Double adze MM III or LM IA Carpentry/masonry Hoard 30.3 ce = 5 Deshayes 2087, Evely 1993 63 entry 9. Double Ax LM I; MM IIIa-LM Ia Carpentry/masonry Hoard 16 ce = 5.5 Deshayes 2010A. Evely 1993, 42 entry 7; Evely 2003, 190 Double Ax LM I; MM IIIa-LM Ia Carpentry/masonry Hoard 16 ce = 4.5 Deshayes 2010, Evely 1993, 42 entry 6; Evely 2003, 190 Double Ax MM III or LM IA Carpentry/masonry Hoard 12 Deshayes 2011; Evely 1993, 47 entry 119 Double Ax LM I; MM III-LM I Carpentry/masonry Hoard 17.5 Evely 1993, 42 entry 15. Double Ax LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 18 ce = 5.7 & 6 Evely 1993, 44 entry 42 Double Ax MM III or LM IA Carpentry/masonry Hoard 17.5 ce = 6 Deshayes 2011A. Evely 1993, 42 entry 5. Double Ax MM III or LM IA Carpentry/masonry Hoard 19.5 ce = 6.5 Deshayes 2011, Evely 1993, 42 entry 4 Hollow cylinder, tubular drill? LM I Carpentry/masonry Hoard 10 Evely 1993, 36 entry 1-2; Evely 2003, 190, entry 186-187 Hollow cylinder, tubular drill? LM I Carpentry/masonry Hoard 10 Evely 1993, 36 entry 1-2; Evely 2003, 190, entry 186-187 Knife LM I Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2530 Knife LM III Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2545 Knife LM III Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2654 Knife LM III Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2655 Knife LM IIIA Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2494; BSA 38 (1926-27), p. 252, sqq, fig. 6.4) Knife LM IIIB Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2499; Sandars 1955, 190 Knife LM IIIB Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2499; Sandars 1955, 190 Knife LM IIIB Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2499; Sandars 1955, 190 Knife LM IIIB Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2499; Sandars 1955, 190 Razor LM I Utilitarian Hoard Evans 1928, 629-630; Evely 2003, 190, entry 184-185 Razor LM I Utilitarian Hoard Evans 1928, 629-630; Evely 2003, 190, entry 184-185 Saw MM III – LM IA Carpentry/masonry Hoard 45 6.5 Deshayes 2898, Evely 1993, 31 entry 40; Evely 2003, 190 Saw MM III –LM IA Carpentry/masonry Hoard 37 8 Deshayes 2898, Evely 1993, 31, entry 39; Evely 2003, 190 Saw MM III – LM IA Carpentry/masonry Hoard 53 9 Deshayes 2898; Evely 1993, 31 entry 41; Evely 2003, 190 Saw MM III - LM IA Carpentry/masonry Hoard 163 19.2 Deshayes 2898; Evely 1993, 33, entry 45 Saw MM III-LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 42 8.5 Evely 1993, 31 entry 38 CRETE TOOLS 553
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526: Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528: Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530: Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532: Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534: Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536: Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538: Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540: Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542: L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544: Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546: Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548: Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550: Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552: Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554: 15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556: Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558: Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560: Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562: Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564: (…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566: cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568: Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570: Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 575: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 595 and 596: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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