Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Chisel or drill MM III - LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 7.5 shaft = 0.4 Evely 1993, 78 entry 15 (drill); Deshayes 185 Cutting-slashing implement LM Small crafts Settlement Deshayes 2930; Hawes 1908, 34, pl. IV, 30 Double Ax MM III-LM I probably Carpentry/masonry Settlement 18 m = 4.1; ce = 5 Deshayes 2014; Evely 1993, 42 entry 9 Double Ax MM III-LM I probably Carpentry/masonry Settlement 7.5 m = 5.1; ce = 6.5 Evely 1993, 42 10 Double Ax MM III-LM I probably Carpentry/masonry Settlement 11.8 ce = 5.65 & 5.7 Deshayes 2036, Aa; Evely 1993, 42, 13 Double Ax MM III-LM I probably Carpentry/masonry Settlement 17.7 6 Deshayes 2036; Evely 1993, 42 entry 11 Double Ax MM III-LM I probably Carpentry/masonry Settlement 13.1 m = 5; ce = 6.5 Deshayes 2015; Evely 1993, 42, entry 12. Double Ax or double hammer MM III-LM I probably Carpentry/masonry Settlement 11.51 m = 5.1; ce = 6.6 & 6.6 Deshayes 2020; Evely 1993 101 no. 18. Drill MM III-LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 18.5 0.8 Evely 1993 78 entry 7 Drill MM III-LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 27 1.0 Deshayes 185, Evely 1993 78, entry 11, (HM 564) Hollow cylinder, tubular drill? MM III - LM I Carpentry/masonry? Settlement 10 Evely 1993, 46 entry 3, figure 12 Hollow cylinder, tubular drill? MM III - LM I Carpentry/masonry? Settlement 10 Evely 1993, 46 entry 3, figure 12 Hollow cylinder, tubular drill? MM III - LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10.3 Evely 1993, 36 entry 5 Knife LM Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2641; Hawes 1908, 34, pl,IV,20 Knife LM Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2642; Hawes 1908, 34, pl,IV,21 Knife LM Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2531; Hawes 1908, 34 pl. IV, 19 Pruning knife LM Agricultural Settlement Deshayes 2852; Hawes 1908, 34, pl. IV, 34 & 36 Pruning knife LM Agricultural Settlement Deshayes 2853; Gournia, p. 34, pl. IV, 35 Pruning knife LM Agricultural Settlement Deshayes 2855; Hawes 1908, 34, pl. IV, 33 Saw LM I or III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.4 1 Deshayes 2892, Evely 1993, 30 entry 7 Saw LM I or III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.95 1.15 Deshayes 2892; Evely 1993 30, entry 8. Saw LM I or III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.7 1.3 Deshayes 2896, Evely 1993 31, entry 17 Saw MM III –LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 28.6 9 Deshayes 2901; HM 571, Evely 1993 31, entry 20. Saw MM III –LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 45 6 Deshayes 2901, HM 570; Evely 1993, 31, entry 34. Saw LM presumably Carpentry/masonry Settlement 40 6 Evely 1993 31, entry 21. Saw MM III-LM I probably Carpentry/masonry Settlement 56 8.3 Evely 1993 31, entry 35. Saw LM I or III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 28 5.5 Evely 1993, 31 entry 36... Saw LM I or III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 36 5 Evely 1993, 31 entry 37 Sickle LM Agricultural Settlement Deshayes 2786; Hawes 1908, 34, pl. IV, 37... Spatula, scraper LM Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 3027; Hawes 1908, 34, pl. IV, 27... Spatula, scraper Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 3009; Hawes 1908, 34, pl. IV, 31 Spatula, scraper Gournia - 2nd millennium BC LM Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 3007; Hawes 1908, 34, pl. IV, 28 & 29 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown ? Evely 1993, 10 entry 117-119 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown ? Evely 1993, 10 entry 117-119 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown ? Evely 1993, 10 entry 117-119 Drill Gournos Pediados - 2nd millennium BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Evely 1993 78 entry 14 Knife Gypsades - Knossos - LBA Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2657; S<strong>and</strong>ars 1955, 190 Cleaver Helenes - LBA LM IIIA or later? Utilitarian Burial Catling 1964, 107 Double Ax LM I or earlier? Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 19 ce = 5.8 Evely 1993, 44; entry 41 Double Ax Heraklion general - 2nd millennium BC LM I or earlier Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Evely 1993 49 entry 166 Ax, socketed Ierapetra - LBA Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 13.2 est. ce = 5.7 Deshayes 1236, plate XVII.14 Double Ax LM Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 11.2 m = 5; ce = 5.7 Deshayes 2037, Aa; Evely 1993, 44 entry 65. Double Ax LM Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 20+ Evely 1993, 47 122 CRETE TOOLS 550
Sites & Object types Specific date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Ierapetra - 2nd millennium BC Ax, shaft hole date unknown Carpentry/masonry Unstratified 9.6 ce = 6 Branigan 1974, 166.583, pl. 12; Evely 1993, 55 entry 3 Ax, shaft hole date unknown Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary? 13.5 ce = 6.2 Deshayes 1571 HB; Evely 1993 55, 5 Isopata - LBA Double Ax - Mycenaean-like LM II Carpentry/masonry Burial 20.3 ce = 6.7 Deshayes 2051; Evely 1993, 47 entry 135 Knife LM IIIA Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2521, Evans 1914, fig. 54, 2d Knife LM II Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2487, Evans 1914, 42, fig. 54,2,e Knife LM IB Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2440, Evans 1914, p. 4, fig 5 Itanos - LBA Pick-adze LM Ia Carp/mason or agricultural Unstratified or unknown Evely 1993, 71 entry 6; Cook, AR, 1950 251 Iuktas - MBA Hammer MM I-II? <strong>Metal</strong>lurgical Cultic site or sanctuary Evely 1993 101 entry 9; Mylonas, Ergon 1981, 70 Kalami - LBA Awl LM IIIb Small crafts Burial Evely 1993 90 entry 49; Tzedakis AD 25.2 (2) (1970) 469 Awl? LM IIIa Small crafts Burial Evely 1993 92 entry 99; Tzedakis AD 24.2 (2) (1970) 469 Chisel LM IIIB Carpentry/masonry Burial 6.3 ce = 0.4 Evely 1993 6, 10 , plate 1; Tzedakis, AD 25.2(1970) 469 Chisel LM IIIB Carpentry/masonry Burial 12 ce = 0.8 Evely 1993, 6 entry 22; Tzedakis, AD 25.2 (2) (1970) 469 Chisel LM IIIB Carpentry/masonry Burial 10.7 ce = 0.45 Evely 1993 6 entry 23; Tzedakis, AD 25.2 (2) (1970) 469 Chisel LM IIIA Carpentry/masonry Burial 17 ce = 1.4 Evely 1993, 11 entry 143; Tzedakis, AD 25.2 (2) (1970) 469 Chisel LM IIIA Carpentry/masonry Burial 19.2 ce = 4.1 Evely 1993, 10, entry 96; Tzedakis, AD 25.2 (2) (1970) 469 Chisel LM IIIB Carpentry/masonry Burial 25 ce = 5.5 Evely 1993, 10 entry 114; Tzedakis, AD 25.2 (2) (1970) 469 Drill LM IIIa Carpentry/masonry Burial 14.5 bit = 0.75 Evely 1993 78 entry 8; Tzedakis AD 25.2 (2) (1970) 469 Drill LM IIIb Carpentry/masonry Burial 12.3 0.6 Evely 1993, 78 entry 9; Tzedakis AD 25.2 (2) (1970) 469 Kalamvaki, Sitea - LBA Ax-adze LM III Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 14.1 ce = 3.8 & 3.9 Deshayes 2241, 117, pl. 61.3; Evely 1993, 68, entry 7 Kalarryta - 2nd millennium BC Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 11.5 ce =4.5 Evely 1993, 55 entry 6 Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 10.3 ce = 4 Evely 1993 55 entry 7 Kalathiana - EBA to MBA Punch EM I-MMI Small crafts Burial? Branigan 1974, 176 entry 1403; Branigan 1968, 94 III 2) Kalo Chorio - LBA Double Ax MM III-LM I Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 16.9 m = 4.9; ce = 5.7 Evely 1993, 42,3a; Alexiou, ArchDelt 20.2 (2) 1965, 554; Kamares - LBA Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary? Evely 1993 47 entry 123; Taramelli AJA 5 (1901) 442 Kamares - 2nd millennium BC Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Evans 1993, 10 entry 125 Knife Utilitarian Burial Deshayes 2472 Kamilari - MBA Borer or drill? MM I-LM Carpentry/masonry Burial? Branigan1974, 171 entry 974-5a Double Ax MM I - LM Carpentry/masonry Burial Branigan 1974, 164 entry 523 Knife MM I - LM I Utilitarian Burial Branigan 1974, 167 entry 652-3 Kamilari - LBA Awl? MM I - LM Small crafts Burial Evely 1993, 90 entry 51-53 Kamilaris - LBA Double Ax LM probably Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 16.2 m = 4.2 Evely 1993, 49 entry 167; Alexiou AD 24.2 (2) (1969) 412) Kardhamoutsa (Lasithi) - LBA Double Ax MM III - LM I Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 20 ce = 6.6 Evely 1993, 42, entry 14; Pope, BSA 51 (195) 133, pl. 36a-b Karphi - LBA Awl LM IIIc-Subminoan Small crafts Settlement Evely 1993, 88 entry 2 CRETE TOOLS 551
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524: Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526: Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528: Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530: Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532: Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534: Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536: Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538: Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540: Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542: L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544: Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546: Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548: Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550: Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552: Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554: 15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556: Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558: Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560: Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562: Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564: (…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566: cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568: Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570: Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 573: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 595 and 596: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
Page 621 and 622: Sites & Object types Specific perio
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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