Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Hoe or pick-like implement Agricultural Unstratified or unknown 6.5 Deshayes 1238, plate XVII.11 & LVI.4 Pruning knife Agricultural Settlement? Deshayes 2858. Saw Carpentry/masonry Burial 51.5 6.5 Deshayes 2904, 153, pls. 48.8; Evely 1993, 33 entry 49; Saw Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Evely 1993, 33 entry 50 Sickle Agricultural Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2787 Ayios Stavromenos - 2nd millennium BC Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Evely 1993, 49 172. Berbani - 2nd millennium BC Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 15.6 ce = 5.8 Deshayes 2049, 107, Evely 1993, 47 entry 109. Chamaizi - EBA to MBA Saw EM II - MMI transition Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 3.6 1.3 Branigan 1974 168, 709, pl. 14; Evely 1993 30, entry 1 Chamaizi - MBA Adze, single, flat MM Ia – II Carpentry/masonry Hoard 25.1 ce = 3.4 Branigan 1968, 89-90; Deshayes 718; Evely 1993, 8, 80 Ax-adze MM I-II Carpentry/masonry Hoard 16.2 ce = 5.1 & 3.4 Deshayes 2234, Evely 1993, 67 entry 1. Double Ax MM I-II Carpentry/masonry Hoard 13.1 ce = 6 Deshayes 2001; Evely 1993, 41 entry 1. Double Ax MM I-II Carpentry/masonry Hoard 13.4 ce = 5.85 & 5.9 Deshayes 2001, A; Evely 1993, 41 entry 2 Chania - LBA Awl LM IIIA1 Small crafts Settlement Stos-Gale et al. 2000, 207 entry 6. Blade or knife LM IIIC Utilitarian Settlement Stos-Gale et al. 2000, plate 3, entry 19 Chisel? LM IIIA;2 Carpentry/masonry Settlement Stos-Gale et al. 2000, 207 entry 16. Graver or point LM IIIB:2 Small crafts Settlement Wiman & Bruun-Lundgren 2003, 269 plate 153a:2 Knife w ivory h&le LM IIIB:2 Utilitarian Settlement Wiman & Bruun-Lundgren 2003, 269 plate 159e:9 Knife LM IIIC Utilitarian Settlement Stos-Gale et al. 2000, plate 3, entry 185 Knife fragment LM IIIB:2 Utilitarian Settlement Wiman & Bruun-Lundgren 2003, 269 plate 152a:12 Mold LM Metallurgical Settlement Unpublished; mentioned in Evely 2000, 360 type 4 Punch or awl LM IIIC Small crafts Settlement Hallger & Hallager (eds) 2000, plate 3, entry 96 Razor fragment LM IIIB:2 Utilitarian Settlement Wiman & Bruun-Lundgren 2003, 269 pl 148, 152b:4 Razor fragment LM IIIB:2 Utilitarian Settlement Wiman & Bruun-Lundgren 2003, 269 pl 148, 155c:12 Spatula? LM IIIB:2 Utilitarian Settlement Wiman & Bruun-Lundgren 2003, 269 pl 162a:3 Charakas - 2nd millennium BC Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown ? Evely 1993, 49 entry 194 Christos - EBA to MBA Punch EMII-MMI? Small crafts Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974 176 entry 1398; Punch EMII-MMI? Small crafts Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974 176 entry 1400; Punch EMII-MMI? Small crafts Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974 177 entry 1445 Chryssi Island - LBA Saw LM IB Carpentry/masonry Settlement 55-60 Apostolakou, Betancourt & Brogan. 2009, 3-5 Drakones - EBA to MBA Punch EM III-MMII Small crafts Burial? Branigan 1974 176 entry 1438 Drapanon - MBA Double Ax MM Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974, 204 entry 522a; ArchDelt 1969 pl. 442 Elakanes - 2nd millennium BC Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown ? Evely 1993, 49 entry 191 Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown ? Evely 1993, 49 entry 192 Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown ? Evely 1993, 49 entry 193 Episkopi Pediados - LBA Ax, flat, single LM III Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 395,; Evely 1993 72, entry 12; Implement, cutting or slashing LM III Small crafts Unstratified Deshayes 2936 Episkopi Pediados - 2nd millennium BC CRETE TOOLS 548
Sites & Object types Specific date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2658 Gaudourophus - 2nd millennium BC Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 9.7 ce = 6 Branigan 1974 entry 582; Evely 1993, 55, 2; D. 1540 Gazi - LBA Cleaver LM IIIA2 Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2697 Knife LM IIIA2 Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 2452 General Crete - LBA Double Ax LM I Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 16.5 m = 4.7; ce = 5.6 Evely 1993, 44 entry 56; unpublished; Double Ax LM Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 15.8 m = 4.9; ce = 5.8 Evely 1993, 46 entry 77 Double Ax LM Carp/mason or prestige item Hoard? 20 Evely 1993, 46 entry 78; Buchholz 1959, 45.41d Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 20 Evely 1993, 46 entry 79; Buchholz 1959, 45.41e General Crete - 2nd millennium BC Ax, shaft hole Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 18.5 ce = 7.5 Evely 1993 55 entry 4; Branigan 1974, 166.579, pl. 12 Ax-adze Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 15 Ax ce = 5 Deshayes 2243; Evely 1933, 68 entry 11 Double adze Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 32.5 m=5.8; ce = 5 Deshayes 2093; Evely 1993, 63 entry 14. Double adze Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 33 ce = 5 & 5.2 Deshayes 2092, 109, pl. 35.10; Evely 1993, 63 entry 15 Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Branigan 1974 165 entry 535 Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 19.4 Deshayes 2026 A; Evely 1993, 46 101 Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 13 m = 5; ce = 6 Deshayes 2040; Evely 1993, 46, entry 102 Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 16 m = 4.5; ce = 5.5 Deshayes 2040, Aa; Evely 1993, 46 entry 103 Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown ? Evely 1993, 46, entry 104; Buchholz 1959, 45.41c Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown ? Evely 1993 46, entry 105 Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 22 m = 4.4; ce = 6 Evely 1993 46 entry 106 Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 22.8 m = 4.2; ce = 6 Evely 1993, 47 entry 107 Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 16 ce = 6.1 Evely 1993 47 entry 107a Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 16 m = 5.1; ce = 6.8 Evely 1993 47 entry 128; Branigan AM 165.535, pl. 12 Knife Utilitarian Unstratified or unknown 30.8 3 Branigan 1974 167 entry 635 General Crete or Mallia? - 2nd millennium BC Adze-hammer from double adze Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown ? Evely 1993 101 entry 22 General East Crete - LBA Chisel MM III - LM I Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown GR 1923.3-14.1. On display in British Museum. General East Crete - 2nd millennium BC Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 16 ce = 3.4 Branigan 1974 170 entry 802; Evely 1993, 8 entries 73 General West Crete - 2nd millennium BC Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 23.7 ce = 3.1 Evely 1993, 10 entry 109; & Evely 1993 78 entry 21 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 17 ce = 3.8 Evely 1993, 8 entry 75; otherwise unpublished Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 19.6 ce = 3.5 Evely 1993, 10 entry 108; otherwise unpublished Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 18.8 ce = 1.5-2 Evely 1993, 10 entry 115; otherwise unpublished Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 18.5 m = 5.3; ce = 6.1 Evely 1993 46, entry 99; otherwise unpublished Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 13.6 m = 5.1; ce = 5.9 Evely 1993 46, entry 100 Saw Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 25 5 Evely 1993 31, entry 33; otherwise unpublished Gournia - MBA? Chisel EM-MM Carpentry/masonry Burial 8 Evely 1993, 11 entry 144; Davaras, AD 28.2(2) 1973, 588 Gournia - LBA Chisel MM III - LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15.5 ce = 1.5 Deshayes 794, Evely 1993 6 entry 27; Chisel MM III – LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 20 ce = 1.2 Deshayes 897, Evely 1993, 8 entry 50 Chisel MM III – LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 31.5 ce = 3.8 Deshayes 725; Evely 1993, 8 entry 84. Chisel MM III – LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 26.7 ce = 4 Hawes 1908, 34, pl. 4.10; Evely 1993, 8 entry 85. D. 725 Chisel MM III – LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 27.2 ce - 4.2 Evely 1993, 8 entry 86; , Deshayes 724 CRETE TOOLS 549
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391:
Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397:
Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413:
Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423:
Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
Page 432 and 433:
Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Page 434 and 435:
Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
Page 436 and 437:
Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
Page 450 and 451:
General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
Page 490 and 491:
F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
Page 502 and 503:
Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
Page 511 and 512:
Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520:
Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
Page 521 and 522: Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524: Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526: Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528: Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530: Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532: Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534: Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536: Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538: Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540: Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542: L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544: Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546: Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548: Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550: Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552: Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554: 15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556: Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558: Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560: Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562: Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564: (…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566: cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568: Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570: Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 575 and 576: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 595 and 596: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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