Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Amnisos - LBA Double Ax LM Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary Evely 1993, 49 entry 169 Knife LM III Utilitarian Settlement? Deshayes 2526 Mold for spike LM IIIB Metallurgical Settlement Evely 2000, 361, entry 37 Apesokari -MBA Double Ax MM I Carpentry/masonry Burial Branigan 1974 165 entry 552 Apidi, Sitea - 2nd millennium BC Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Evely 1993, 49 entry 190 Apodoulou - LBA Double Ax MM III - LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 12.3 m= 4; ce = 5 Deshayes 2008; Evely 1993, 42, 8 Apodoulou Amari - 2nd millennium BC Saw or scraper? Carpentry/masonry? Unstratified or unknown 2.5 2 Evely 1993; 33 entry 58-62 Archanes - EBA to MBA Scraper Utilitarian Burial Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 602, fig. 628 Scraper Utilitarian Burial Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997,, 602, fig. 628 Scraper Utilitarian Burial Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 602, fig. 628 Scraper Utilitarian Burial Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 602, fig. 628 Scraper Utilitarian Burial Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 602, fig. 628 Archanes - MBA Chisel Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 601 fig. 627 Archanes - LBA Knife Utilitarian Burial Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 600 fig. 625 Razor LH/LM III Utilitarian Burial Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 601 fig. 625 Archanes - 2nd millennium BC Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Evely 1993, 10 entry 120 Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 601 fig. 626 Hammer Metallurgical Burial? Evely 1993 101 entry 7; Hood 1957, 20. Knife Utilitarian Burial Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 600 fig. 624 Knife Utilitarian Burial Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 600 fig. 624 Unknown implement with ivory h&le Small crafts Burial Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 602 fig. 630 Archanes - Botzi - 2nd millennium BC Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 601 fig. 626 Archanes - Lakkos - LBA Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 601 fig. 627 Archanes - Loumata - 2nd millennium BC Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 601 fig. 626 Archanes - Tourkoyeitonia - LBA Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement? Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 601 fig. 627 Archanes - Vourna - 2nd millennium BC Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 601 fig. 626 Arkalochori - MBA Scraper EM I-MM (Branigan) Utilitarian Cultic site or sanctuary Branigan 1974 176 entry 1418. Arkalochori - LBA Ax-adze LM I Carpentry/masonry Cultic site or sanctuary Deshayes 2244; Evely 1993, 68 entry 10 Armenoi - LBA Cleaver LM III A-B Utilitarian Burial 21.6 7.88 Tzedakis and Martlew 2002, pg 258, entry 256, fig. 256 Cleaver LM III B1 Utilitarian Burial 22 6 Tzedakis and Martlew 2002, pg 275, entry 287, fig. 287 Cleaver LM III B1 Utilitarian Burial 14.9 5.3 Tzedakis and Martlew 2002, pg 274, entry 284, fig. 284 Double Ax LM IIIB Carpentry/masonry Burial Evely 1993, 49 entry 170; Tzedakis 1971, 515. CRETE TOOLS 546
Sites & Object types Specific date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Knife LM IIIA2 Utilitarian Burial 12 2.1 Tzedakis and Martlew 2002, pg 274, entry 283, fig. 283 Knife LM IIIA2 Utilitarian Burial 15.7 1.5 Tzedakis and Martlew 2002, pg 274, entry 284, fig. 284 Saw LM III A-B Carpentry/masonry Burial 42 5.5 Tzedakis and Martlew 2002, pg 257, entry 254, fig. 254 Artsa - LBA Cleaver LM III Utilitarian Burial? Deshayes 2711 Avgo - MBA Knife MM I-LM III Utilitarian Hoard 8 2 Branigan 1974, 167 entry 639, pg 153 Razor MM I - LM II Utilitarian Hoard 12 3.5 Branigan 1974, 177 entry 1477a; pg 153 Razor MM I - LM II Utilitarian Hoard 9.5 3.3 Branigan 1974, 177 entry 1463a; pg 153 Scraper MM I - LM II Utilitarian Hoard Branigan 1974, 177 entry 1452a, pg 153 Ayia Photia - MBA Chisel EM-MM Carpentry/masonry Burial? 15.4 1.6 Evely 1993, 8 entry 72 Mold MM Metallurgical Settlement? Unpublished; mentioned in Evely 2000, 360 type 4 Ayia Triadha - MBA Double Ax (Mycenaean-like form?) MM (or LM III?) Carpentry/masonry Settlement? 16 ce = 7.4 Deshayes 2051 bis, Branigan 1974, 165, 539a, pl. 28. Double Ax EM-MM II Carpentry/masonry Burial Branigan 1968, 89, II, 6; Branigan 1974 165 entry 528. Punch EM I - MMII Small crafts Burial? Branigan 1968, 93, II; Branigan 1974 176 Entry 1393 Punch EMI-MMII Small crafts Burial? Branigan 1968, 95, IIIa; Branigan 1974 176 Entry 1426 Ayia Triadha - LBA Ax, lugged or trunnion LM Carpentry/masonry Settlement? 22.5 ce = 4.5 Deshayes 1076, Evely 1993 58 entry 1. Chisel LM I or LM III Carpentry/masonry Settlement? 7.3 ce = 1.5 Deshayes 715, Evely 1993, 8 entry 47. Chisel LM I or III Carpentry/masonry Settlement? 29.5 ce = 4 Deshayes 731; Evely 1993, 10 entry 92. Chisel LM I or III Carpentry/masonry Settlement? 29.4 ce = 5 Deshayes 730, Evely 1993, 10 entry 93. Chisel LM I or LM III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 22.5 ? Evely 1993, 11 entry 175 Chisel LM I or LM III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 24 ? Evely 1993, 11 entry 175 Chisel LM I or LM III Carpentry/masonry Settlement Evely 1993, 11 entry 176; Halbherr 1977, 59 Double adze LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 12.5 4.8 to 5 Deshayes 2090, Evely 1993 63, 5 Double adze LM I Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown Shaw 2009, 41-42, figure 38.A Double Ax LM I? Carpentry/masonry Settlement 17.3 m = 5.3; ce = 6 Deshayes 2023; Evely 1993, 44 entries 58-63. Double Ax LM I or III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 17.3 m = 5.3; ce = 6 Deshayes 2023; Evely 1993, 44 entries 58-63 Double Ax LM I or III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 17.3 m = 5.3; ce = 6 Deshayes 2023; Evely 1993, 44 entries 58-63. Double Ax LM I or III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 17.3 m = 5.3; ce = 6 Deshayes 2023; Evely 1993, 44 entries 58-63 Double Ax LM I or III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 17.3 m = 5.3; ce = 6 Deshayes 2023; Evely 1993, 44 entries 58-63. Double Ax LM I or III Carpentry/masonry Settlement 17.3 m = 5.3; ce = 6 Deshayes 2023; Evely 1993, 44 entries 58-63. Double hammer or sledgehammer MM III-LM I probably Metallurgical Settlement 23 m = 8; end = 10 Deshayes 2021A; Evely 1993 101, 13. Double hammer or sledgehammer MM III-LM I Metallurgical Settlement? 13.5 ends = 9.3 Deshayes 2021A; Evely 1993 101, 14. Hammer MM III - LM I Metallurgical Settlement Evely 1993 101 entry 10. Hollow cylinder, tubular drill? LM ? Carpentry/masonry? Settlement 8 diam = 4.5 Evely 1993, 36 entry 6; Shaw 1973a, 58 Pick-adze MM III - LM I Carp/mason or agricultural Settlement? 37.7 adze ce = 4.3 Deshayes 2305; Evely 1993, 71, 4 Pick-adze MM III - LM I Carp/mason or agricultural Settlement 24.5 adze ce = 5.2 Deshayes 2306; Evely 1993, 71, 5 Saw MM III –LM IA Carpentry/masonry Settlement 144 12 Deshayes 2899; Evely 1993 31, entry 23 Saw MM III - LM I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 51 13 Shaw 1973a, 56, fig 44; Evely 1993, 33 entry 46 Saw LM I or III Carpentry/masonry Settlement Evely 1993, 33 entry 77 Stake or anvil LM I perhaps Metallurgical Settlement 50.2 Deshayes 2323; Evely 1993 101 entry 23 Ayia Triadha - 2nd millennium BC Ax, single, flat (or chisel tip?) Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 8 est. ce = 5.5 Deshayes 2932; pg 364, pl L2 & LXIII.3 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown ? Evely 1993, 8 entry 54 Double Ax (Mycenaean-like form) Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 15.8 ce = 5.6 Deshayes 2062; Evely 1993 49 entry 151 Double Ax Carpentry/masonry Settlement? Evely 1993,47 112 CRETE TOOLS 547
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413:
Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423:
Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
Page 428 and 429:
Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Page 434 and 435:
Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
Page 511 and 512:
Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520: Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
Page 521 and 522: Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524: Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526: Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528: Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530: Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532: Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534: Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536: Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538: Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540: Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542: L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544: Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546: Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548: Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550: Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552: Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554: 15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556: Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558: Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560: Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562: Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564: (…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566: cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568: Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569: Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 573 and 574: Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 595 and 596: Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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