Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and distributions within MBA-LBA hoards from Crete Hoard name: n=total hoard # Samba-Pediados hoard; EM II – MM II; n=3 Selakanos hoard EM II – MM II n=6 Chamaizi hoard MM I-II; n=4 Mallia – Quartier Mu, Building A (I9), MM II, n=5 Mallia – Quartier Mu, Building B (IV4), MM II,n=4 Mochlos; metal merchant hoard; room 2.2, House C.3 - LM IB n=37+ Mochlos; House C.3, northeast corner hoard - LM IB; n=21+ Mochlos; House C.7 southwest room hoard - LM IB; n=9+ Knossos - south house inner room LM I? - n=10 Knossos; north west hoard; MM III or LM I; n=18 Knossos; south east hoard; MM III –LM IA; n=5 Tool % in hoard 100% 100% 100% 80% 100% 78.4% Double axes Broad chisels Narrow chisels Drills Saws Other carpentry/ masonry tools Utilitarian: Knives or razors Utilitarian : awls or engravers Smith tools or other tool type 1 1 1 mortise - - - - - - 4 2 - - - - - - - 2 - - - - 1 ax-adze, 1 broad, single adze - - - - - - 1 1 1 ax-adze 1 - - 1 - 1 mortise - 1 1 socketed adze - - - 9 7 - - - 1 double adze 8 - 2 tongs, 2 tools to break ingots (?), 2 balance pans 57% 3 2 -two sizes - - - - 2 1 1 rasp, 1 shovel, 1 tongs, 2 balance pans 44.4% 2 - - - - - 2 - - 100% 2 - - 2 tubular drills 3 1 ax-hammer 2 - 3 whetstones 55.5% 3 1 - - - 5 double adzes - - 1 whetstone 20% - - - - 1 - - - - 472
Figure 5.1 continued – Hoards from Crete Hoard name: n=total hoard # Knossos basement hoard LM I; n=15 Avgo hoard; MM I-LM II; n=28 Tool % in hoard Double axes Broad chisels Narrow chisels Drills Saws Other carpentry/ masonry tools Utilitarian: Knives or razors Utilitarian : awls or engravers Smith tools or other tool type 6.7% 1 - - - - - - - - 14.3% - - - - - 1 flat/single ax 2 razors 1 scraper - - Figure 5.2: Tool frequencies and distributions within MBA-LBA hoards from the Greek mainland and nearby islands Hoard name: n=total hoard # Malthi – MBA n= 7 Mycenae Schliemann hoard - n=19 Mycenae Mylonas hoard n=21 Mycenae Poros Wall hoard n=81 Mycenae Tsountas hoard n=90 Tiryns Treasure n=16+ Athens Acropolis hoard; n=37 Salamis- Kanakia hoard n=4 or 5 Tool % in hoard Double axes Broad chisels Narrow chisels Drills Saws Other carpentry/ masonry tools Utilitarian: Knives or razors Utilitarian awls or engravers Agricultural tools Smith tools or other tool type 100% - - 1 - - - 6 - - - 47.3% 4 - - - - - 5 - - - 61.9% 4 1 1 - - - 2 2 3 sickles - 27.2% 1 1 3 1 - - 7 - 1 sickle 1 small hammer (possible carpentry or masonry tool) 84.4% 9 14 6 - - - 13 and 1 cleaver 9 19 sickles 1 casting, 2 balance pans 12.5% - - - - - - - - 2 sickles - 78.4% 13 7 1 - - 1 hammer-ax or ax-adze or double hammer 1 - 2 plowshares, 1 sickle 1 pyramidal hammer, 1 file, 1 casting, 3 balance pans 75% - 1 1 - - - 1 - 1 sickle - 473
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
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Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
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———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
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Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 446 and 447: Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
Page 448 and 449: 2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
Page 450 and 451: General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
Page 452 and 453: Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
Page 454 and 455: Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
Page 456 and 457: Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
Page 458 and 459: General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
Page 460 and 461: General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
Page 462 and 463: Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
Page 464 and 465: Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
Page 466 and 467: Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
Page 468 and 469: Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
Page 470 and 471: Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
Page 472 and 473: Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
Page 474 and 475: Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
Page 476 and 477: Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
Page 478 and 479: Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
Page 480 and 481: Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
Page 482 and 483: Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
Page 484 and 485: Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
Page 486 and 487: Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
Page 488 and 489: G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
Page 490 and 491: F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
Page 492 and 493: F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
Page 494 and 495: 1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
Page 498 and 499: Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
Page 500 and 501: Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
Page 502 and 503: Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
Page 509 and 510: 40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
Page 511 and 512: Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514: Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516: Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
Page 517 and 518: Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520: Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
Page 521 and 522: Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524: Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526: Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528: Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530: Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532: Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534: Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536: Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538: Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540: Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542: L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544: Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546: Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
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Other objects 1 bronze weight with
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Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
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Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
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(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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