Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Miscellaneous Finds from the Southern Area: Faunal Remains and Murex Dye Production. In Kommos V: The Monumental Minoan Buildings at Kommos, edited by J. W. Shaw and M. C. Shaw. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 776-844. Sakellarakis, Y. 1976. Mycenaean Stone Vases. Studi Micenei ed Ageo-Anatolici 17: 173-87. Sakellarakis, Y., and E. Sapouna-Sakellaraki. 1997. Archanes. Minoan Crete in a New Light. Athens: Ammos Publications. Sandars, N. K. 1955. The Antiquity of the One-Edged Bronze Knife in the Aegean. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 21: 174-97. ———. 1961. The First Aegean Swords and their Ancestry. American Journal of Archaeology 65: 17-29. ———. 1963. Later Aegean Bronze Swords. American Journal of Archaeology 67: 117- 53. Sarpaki, A. 1992. The Palaeoethnobotanical Approach. The Mediterranean Traid or is it a Quartet? In Agriculture in Ancient Greece: Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens, 16-17 May, 1990, edited by B. Wells. Stockholm: Paul Åströms Förlag: 61-76. Sayre, E. V., K. A. Yener, and E. C. Joel. 1995. Comments on 'Oxhide Ingots, Recycling, and the Mediterranean Metals Trade. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 8 (1): 45-53. Schaeffer, C. F. A. 1936. Missions en Chypre, 1932-1935. Paris: Paul Geuthner. ———. 1949. Ug ri i II: No r i o r R Sh mr . Paris: Paul Geuthner. ———. 1952. Enkomi-Alasia: Nouvelles missions en Chypre, 1946-1950, Publications de la mission archéologique française et de la mission du gouvernement de Chypre à Enkomi. Paris: C. Klincksieck. ———.1956. Ug ri i r i o r R Sh mr . Paris: Paul Guethner. Scheel, B. 1989. Egyptian Metalworking and Tools. Aylesbury: Shire Publications. Schliemann, H. 1878. Mycenae: A Narrative of Researches and Discoveries at Mycenae and Tiryns. New York: Scribner, Armstrong & company. 394
Schofield, E. 1982. The Western Cyclades and Crete: A "Special Relationship". Oxford Journal of Archaeology 1 (1): 9-25. Schwandner, E. L. 1991. Der Schnitt im Stein: Beobachtungen zum Gebrauch der Steinsäge in der Antike. In Bautechnik der Antike. Internationales Kolloquium in Berlin vom 15-17. Februar 1990/veranstaltet vom Architekturreferat des DAI in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Seminar für Klassiche Archäologie der Freien Universität Berlin, edited by A. Hoffmann, E. L. Schwandner, W. Hoepfner and G. Brandes. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern: 215-23. Schwenzer, S. 1997. 'Wanderer kommst Du nach Spa...' Der Opferplatz von Berlin- Spandau. Ein Heiligtum für Krieger, Händler und Reisende. In G b n n i Gö r: S hä z r Bronz z i E rop , edited by A. H nsel and B. H nsel. Berlin: Museum f r Vor- und Fr hgeschichte: 61-6. Seager, R. 1909. Excavations on the Island of Mochos, Crete, in 1908. American Journal of Archaeology 13: 273-303. Seeher, J. 2005. Bohren wie die Hethiter: Rekonstruktion von Bohrmaschinen der Spätbronzezeit und Beispiele ihrer Verwendung. Istanbuler Mitteilungen 55: 17- 35. ———. 2007. Sägen wie die Hethiter: Rekonstruktion einer Steinschneidetechnik im bronzezeitlichen Bauhandwerk. Istanbuler Mitteilungen 57: 27-43. ———.2008. Innovation im Bauwesen als Indikator für Kulturkontakt: Hethiter und Mykener als Fallbeispiel. In Austausch und Inspiration. Kulturkontakt als Impuls architektonischer Innovation, edited by F. Pirson and U. Wulf-Rheidt. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern: 1-15. ———. 2009. Die Techniken der Steinbearbeitung in der hethitischen Architektur des 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr. In Bautehnik im antiken und vorantiken Kleinasien. Internationale Konferenz, 13-16 Juni 2007 in Istanbul, BYZAS 9, edited by M. Bachmann. Istanbul: E. Yayinlari: 119-56. Semenov, S.A. 1964. Prehistoric Technology: An Experimental Study of the Oldest Tools and Artefacts from Traces of Manufacture and Wear. Translated by M. W. Thompson. New York: Barnes & Noble. Shaw, J. W. 1973a. Minoan Architecture: Materials and Techniques. Annuario della Scuola archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni italiane in Oriente (1971) 49: 1- 236. ———. 1973b. The Chrysolakkos Facades. In Ta pepragmena tu G' Diethnus Kritoloyiku Sinedriu (Rethymno, 18-23 Sept. 1971). Athens: 319-31. 395
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
Page 362 and 363:
Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
Page 368 and 369: The distribution of shaft-hole axes
Page 370 and 371: this form are unknown in the Aegean
Page 372 and 373: artisans trained in a Minoan style?
Page 374 and 375: transfer of painted plaster moved f
Page 376 and 377: producing and consuming metal tools
Page 378 and 379: the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
Page 380 and 381: traveled from region to region prac
Page 382 and 383: A complete study of metal tools req
Page 384 and 385: Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
Page 386 and 387: BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
Page 388 and 389: Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391: Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
Page 392 and 393: Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
Page 394 and 395: des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397: Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 398 and 399: Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
Page 400 and 401: Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
Page 402 and 403: Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
Page 404 and 405: Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
Page 406 and 407: ———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409: London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
Page 410 and 411: 33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413: Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415: Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417: Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 420 and 421: ———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423: Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
Page 424 and 425: Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427: Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
Page 428 and 429: Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431: Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
Page 432 and 433: Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Page 434 and 435: Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
Page 436 and 437: Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
Page 438 and 439: Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
Page 440 and 441: Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
Page 442 and 443: Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
Page 444 and 445: Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 446 and 447: Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
Page 448 and 449: 2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
Page 450 and 451: General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
Page 452 and 453: Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
Page 454 and 455: Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
Page 456 and 457: Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
Page 458 and 459: General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
Page 460 and 461: General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
Page 462 and 463: Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
Page 464 and 465: Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
Page 466 and 467: Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
Page 468 and 469:
Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
Page 478 and 479:
Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
Page 482 and 483:
Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
Page 484 and 485:
Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
Page 486 and 487:
Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
Page 498 and 499:
Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
Page 502 and 503:
Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
Page 509 and 510:
40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
Page 511 and 512:
Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
Page 517 and 518:
Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520:
Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
Page 521 and 522:
Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526:
Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532:
Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534:
Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536:
Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538:
Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540:
Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542:
L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544:
Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552:
Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554:
15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566:
cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568:
Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570:
Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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