Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'École Française en Grèce en 1977: Malia - Atelier de Sceaux. Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 102: 831-6. ———. 1985. Outils de charpentier et de menuisier au Quartier Mu de Malia (Crète). In De l'Indus aux Balkans: Recueil à la mémoire de Jean Deshayes, edited by J.-L. Huot, M. Yon and Y. Calvet. Paris: Recherche sur les Civilisations: 119-25. Poursat, J.-C., and M. Loubet. 2005. Métallurgie et contacts extérieurs à Malia (Crète) au minoen moyen II: Remarques sur une série d'analyses isotopiques du plomb. In Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. Proceedings of the 10th International Aegean Conference/ Athens, Italian School of Archaeology, 14-18 April 2004, Aegaeum 25, edited by R. Laffineur and E. Greco. Liège; Austin: Université de Liège; University of Texas at Austin: 117-21. Poursat, J.-C., and J.-P. Olivier. 1996. Fouilles exécutées à Malia: Le quartier Mu. III. Artisans minoens: Les maisons-ateliers du quartier Mu. Vol. 32, Études crétoises. Athens: École française d'Athènes. Pulak, C. 1988a. The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun, Turkey: 1985 Campaign. American Journal of Archaeology 92 (1): 1-37. ———. 1988b. Excavations in Turkey: 1988 Campaign. INA Newsletter 15 (4): 13-7. ———. 1992. The Shipwreck at Uluburun, Turkey: 1992 Excavation Campagin. INA Quarterly 19 (4): 4-11, 21. ———. 1993. The Shipwreck at Uluburun: 1993 Excavation Campaign. INA Quarterly 20 (4): 4-12. ———. 1994. 1994 Excavation at Uluburun: The Final Campaign. INA Quarterly 21 (4): 8-16. ———. 1998. The Uluburun Shipwreck: An Overview. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 27 (3): 188-224. Pullen, D. J. 1992. Ox and Plow in the Early Bronze Age Aegean. American Journal of Archaeology 96 (1): 45-54. Rackham, O., and J. Moody. 1992. Terraces. In Agriculture in Ancient Greece. Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens, 16-17 May 1990, edited by B. Wells. Stockholm: Paul Åströms Förlag: 123-33. ———. 1996. The Making of the Cretan Landscape. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 392
Rahmstorf, L. 2008. Tiryns: Forschungen und Berichte XVI. Kleinfunde aus Tiryns. Terrakotta, Stein, Bein und Glas/Fayence vornehmlich aus der Spätbronzezeit. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag. Reinholdt, C. 1993. Entwicklung und Typologie mittelbronzezeitlicher Lanzenspitzen mit Schäftungsschuh in Griechenland. Mitteilungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte 14: 43-52. Renfrew, C. 1967. Cycladic Metallurgy and the Aegean Early Bronze Age. American Journal of Archaeology 71 (1): 1-20. ———. 1972. The Emergence of Civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium B.C. London: Methuen. Renfrew, C., and J. Cherry. 1986. Peer Polity Interaction and Socio-political Change. New York: Cambridge University Press. Rodgers, E. 1992. Boat Reliefs in the Tomb of Ti and Mastaba of Mereruka. INA Quarterly 19 (3): 8-11. Rolfe, J. C. 1890. Discoveries at Anthedon in 1889. The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts 6 (1/2): 96-107. Romano, D. G. 2003. Minoan Surveyors and Town Planning at Gournia. In Metron: Measuring the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 9th International Aegean Conference. New Haven, Yale University, 18-21 April 2002, edited by K. P. Foster and R. Laffineur. Liège: Université de Liège: 247-55. Rosen, S. A. 1984. The Adoption of Metallurgy in the Levant: A Lithic Perspective. Current Antropology 25: 504-5. Rougemont, F. 2007. Flax and Linen Textiles in the Mycenaean Palatial Economy. In Ancient Textiles: Production, Craft and Society. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Ancient Textiles, held at Lund, Sweden, and Copenhagen, Denmark, on March 19-23, 2003, edited by C. Gillis and M.-L. B. Nosch. Oxford: Oxbow Books: 46-9. Runnels, C. N. 1982. Flaked-Stone Artifacts in Greece during the Historical Period. Journal of Field Archaeology 9 (3): 363-73. ———. 1985. The Bronze Age Flaked-Stone Industries from Lerna. Hesperia 54: 357- 91. ———. 1994. On Lithic Studies in Greece. In Beyond the Site: Regional Studies in the Aegean Area, edited by P. N. Kardulias. Lanham, MD: University Press of America: 161-72. 393
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
Page 46 and 47:
ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
Page 64 and 65:
Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
Page 88 and 89:
In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
Page 92 and 93:
database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
Page 96 and 97:
given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
Page 102 and 103:
ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
Page 114 and 115:
mandated a striking implement. Wood
Page 116 and 117:
patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
Page 122 and 123:
The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
Page 126 and 127:
Site size and contextual analysis s
Page 128 and 129:
is significant, as both regions wer
Page 130 and 131:
the prominent LBA object type (53.6
Page 132 and 133:
cannot always aid functional interp
Page 134 and 135:
due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
Page 140 and 141:
egion. The proportions of carpentry
Page 142 and 143:
instruments during the course of th
Page 144 and 145:
Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
Page 146 and 147:
Despite the greater tool diversity,
Page 148 and 149:
Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
Page 152 and 153:
differences in the consumption of t
Page 154 and 155:
comparable to modern rulers and tap
Page 156 and 157:
probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
Page 172 and 173:
functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
Page 178 and 179:
mortuary contexts, thus confirming
Page 180 and 181:
were incorporated into double-ended
Page 182 and 183:
Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
Page 188 and 189:
Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
Page 192 and 193:
worn and battered from use; this da
Page 194 and 195:
the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
Page 212 and 213:
implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
Page 276 and 277:
lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
Page 326 and 327:
tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
Page 338 and 339:
of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
Page 340 and 341:
number of utilitarian and small cra
Page 342 and 343:
extremely limited in comparison to
Page 344 and 345:
metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
Page 348 and 349:
The Cypriot copper industry reached
Page 350 and 351:
implements comprise 45% of the regi
Page 352 and 353:
the preferences commonly found with
Page 354 and 355:
possible that merchants, metal smit
Page 356 and 357:
Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
Page 360 and 361:
likelihood, these implements were u
Page 362 and 363:
Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
Page 366 and 367: are collectively known from Crete a
Page 368 and 369: The distribution of shaft-hole axes
Page 370 and 371: this form are unknown in the Aegean
Page 372 and 373: artisans trained in a Minoan style?
Page 374 and 375: transfer of painted plaster moved f
Page 376 and 377: producing and consuming metal tools
Page 378 and 379: the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
Page 380 and 381: traveled from region to region prac
Page 382 and 383: A complete study of metal tools req
Page 384 and 385: Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
Page 386 and 387: BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
Page 388 and 389: Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391: Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
Page 392 and 393: Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
Page 394 and 395: des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397: Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 398 and 399: Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
Page 400 and 401: Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
Page 402 and 403: Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
Page 404 and 405: Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
Page 406 and 407: ———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409: London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
Page 410 and 411: 33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413: Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415: Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 418 and 419: Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421: ———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423: Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
Page 424 and 425: Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427: Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
Page 428 and 429: Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431: Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
Page 432 and 433: Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Page 434 and 435: Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
Page 436 and 437: Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
Page 438 and 439: Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
Page 440 and 441: Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
Page 442 and 443: Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
Page 444 and 445: Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 446 and 447: Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
Page 448 and 449: 2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
Page 450 and 451: General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
Page 452 and 453: Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
Page 454 and 455: Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
Page 456 and 457: Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
Page 458 and 459: General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
Page 460 and 461: General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
Page 462 and 463: Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
Page 464 and 465: Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
Page 466 and 467:
Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
Page 468 and 469:
Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
Page 470 and 471:
Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
Page 472 and 473:
Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
Page 474 and 475:
Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
Page 476 and 477:
Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
Page 478 and 479:
Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
Page 480 and 481:
Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
Page 482 and 483:
Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
Page 484 and 485:
Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
Page 486 and 487:
Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
Page 488 and 489:
G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
Page 490 and 491:
F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
Page 492 and 493:
F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
Page 494 and 495:
1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
Page 496 and 497:
Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
Page 498 and 499:
Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
Page 502 and 503:
Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
Page 509 and 510:
40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
Page 511 and 512:
Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
Page 517 and 518:
Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520:
Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
Page 521 and 522:
Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526:
Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532:
Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534:
Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536:
Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538:
Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540:
Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542:
L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544:
Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552:
Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554:
15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566:
cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568:
Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570:
Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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