Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1995. Comments on 'Oxhide Ingots, Recycling, and the Mediterranean Metals Trade'. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 8(1): 33-41. Galliano, G., and Y. Calvet. 2004. Le royaume d'Ougarit: Aux origines de l'alphabet. Paris: Somogy. Garašanin, M. 1964. Review of Deshayes' Les outils de bronze de l'Indus au Danube. Syria 41 (1/2): 167-73. Gates, M.-H. 1984. The Palace of Zimri-Lim at Mari. Biblical Archaeologist 47: 70-87. ———. 1997. Archaeology in Turkey. American Journal of Archaeology 101 (2): 241- 305. Georgiadis, M. 2003. The South-Eastern Aegean in the Mycenaean Period: Islands, Landscape, Death and Ancestors, BAR International Series 1196. Oxford: Archaeopress. Giardino, C., G. E. Gigante, and S. Ridolfi. 2002. Archaeometallurgical Investigations on the Early-Middle Bronze Age finds from the area of Pyrgos (Limassol). Report of the Department of Antiquities 2002: 33-48. Gillis, C. 1997. The Smith in the Late Bronze Age: State Employee, Independent Artisan, or Both? In TEXNH: Craftsmen, Craftswomen, and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 6th International Aegean Conference. Philadelphia, Temple University, 18-21 April 1996. Aegaeum 16, edited by R. Laffineur and P. Betancourt. Liège; Austin: Université de Liège; University of Texas at Austin: 505-13. Gjerstand, E., J. Lindros, E. Sjöqvist, and A. Westholm. 1934. The Swedish Cyprus Expedition. Finds and Results of the Excavations in Cyprus. 1927-1931. Volume I. Stockholm: The Swedish Cyprus Expedition. Goldman, H. 1931. Excavations at Eutresis in Boeotia, Conducted by the Fogg Art Museum of Harvard University in Cooperation with the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Greece. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ———. 1956. Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus. Volume 2. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Gorelick, L., and A. J. Gwinnett. 1983. Ancient Egyptian Stone-drilling. An Experimental Perspective on a Scholarly Disagreement. Expedition 25 (3): 40-7. Greaves, A.M., and B. Helwing. 2001. Archaeology in Turkey: The Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages, 1997-1999. American Journal of Archaeology 105 (3): 463-511. 374
Grove, A. T., and O. Rackham. 2001. The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Güterbock, H. G. 1983. The Hittites and the Aegean World: Part I. The Ahhiyawa Problem Reconsidered. American Journal of Archaeology 87: 133-43. Guy, P.L.O. 1938. Megiddo Tombs. Vol. 33, The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Publications. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Gwinnett, A. J., and L. Gorelick. 1987. The Change from Stone Drills to Copper Drills in Mesopotamia--An Experimental Perspective. Expedition 29 (3): 15-24. Hadjisavvas, S. 1994. Alassa Archaeological Project 1991-1993. Report of the Department of Antiquities 1994 107-14. ———. 1996. Alassa: A Regional Centre of Alasia? In Late Bronze Age Settlement in Cyprus: Function and Relationship, edited by P. Åström and E. Herscher. Jonsered: 23-38. Hakulin, L. 2004. Bronzeworking on Late Minoan Crete: A Diachronic Study. Oxford: Archaeopress. ———. 2008. Bronzeworking on Late Minoan Crete: An Overview based on Published Data. In Aegean Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at the University of Crete, Rethymnon, Greece, on November 19- 21, 2004, edited by I. Tzachili. Athens: Ta Pragmata: 197-209. Hall, M. 1995. Comments on 'Oxhide Ingots, Recycling, and the Mediterranean Metals Trade. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 8 (1): 42-4. Halstead, P. 1988. On Redistribution and the Minoan-Mycenaean Palatial Economies. In Problems in Greek Prehistory: Proceedings of the British School at Athens Centenary Conference, Manchester, 14-18 April 1986, edited by E. B. French and K. Wardle. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press: 519-30. ———. 1992. The Mycenaean Palatial Economy: Making the Most of the Gaps in the Evidence. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society (38): 57-86. ———. 1995. Plough and Power: The Economic and Social Significance of Cultivation with the Ox-Drawn Ard in the Mediterranean. Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture 8: 11-22. ———. 1999. Surplus and Share-Croppers: The Grain Production Strategies of Mycenaean Palaces. In MELETEMATA: Studies in Aegean archaeolgoy presented to Malcolm H. Wiener as he enters his 65th year, Aegaeum 20, edited by R. 375
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
Page 40 and 41:
Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
Page 44 and 45:
ecycled items. Final products like
Page 46 and 47:
ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
Page 58 and 59:
are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
Page 64 and 65:
Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
Page 68 and 69:
detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
Page 88 and 89:
In addition to greater amounts of t
Page 90 and 91:
y region may reflect social and cra
Page 92 and 93:
database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
Page 96 and 97:
given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
Page 98 and 99:
the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
Page 102 and 103:
ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
Page 110 and 111:
Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
Page 112 and 113:
frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
Page 122 and 123:
The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
Page 126 and 127:
Site size and contextual analysis s
Page 128 and 129:
is significant, as both regions wer
Page 130 and 131:
the prominent LBA object type (53.6
Page 132 and 133:
cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
Page 140 and 141:
egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
Page 146 and 147:
Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
Page 154 and 155:
comparable to modern rulers and tap
Page 156 and 157:
probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
Page 178 and 179:
mortuary contexts, thus confirming
Page 180 and 181:
were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
Page 338 and 339:
of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
Page 344 and 345:
metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
Page 348 and 349: The Cypriot copper industry reached
Page 350 and 351: implements comprise 45% of the regi
Page 352 and 353: the preferences commonly found with
Page 354 and 355: possible that merchants, metal smit
Page 356 and 357: Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
Page 358 and 359: specifically adze variations (e.g.
Page 360 and 361: likelihood, these implements were u
Page 362 and 363: Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
Page 364 and 365: cutting edges wider than the object
Page 366 and 367: are collectively known from Crete a
Page 368 and 369: The distribution of shaft-hole axes
Page 370 and 371: this form are unknown in the Aegean
Page 372 and 373: artisans trained in a Minoan style?
Page 374 and 375: transfer of painted plaster moved f
Page 376 and 377: producing and consuming metal tools
Page 378 and 379: the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
Page 380 and 381: traveled from region to region prac
Page 382 and 383: A complete study of metal tools req
Page 384 and 385: Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
Page 386 and 387: BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
Page 388 and 389: Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391: Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
Page 392 and 393: Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
Page 394 and 395: des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397: Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 400 and 401: Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
Page 402 and 403: Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
Page 404 and 405: Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
Page 406 and 407: ———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409: London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
Page 410 and 411: 33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413: Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415: Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417: Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419: Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421: ———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423: Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
Page 424 and 425: Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427: Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
Page 428 and 429: Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431: Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
Page 432 and 433: Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Page 434 and 435: Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
Page 436 and 437: Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
Page 438 and 439: Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
Page 440 and 441: Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
Page 442 and 443: Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
Page 444 and 445: Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 446 and 447: Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
Page 448 and 449:
2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
Page 450 and 451:
General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
Page 452 and 453:
Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
Page 454 and 455:
Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
Page 456 and 457:
Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
Page 458 and 459:
General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
Page 460 and 461:
General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
Page 462 and 463:
Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
Page 464 and 465:
Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
Page 466 and 467:
Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
Page 468 and 469:
Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
Page 470 and 471:
Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
Page 472 and 473:
Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
Page 474 and 475:
Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
Page 476 and 477:
Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
Page 478 and 479:
Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
Page 480 and 481:
Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
Page 482 and 483:
Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
Page 484 and 485:
Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
Page 486 and 487:
Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
Page 488 and 489:
G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
Page 490 and 491:
F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
Page 492 and 493:
F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
Page 494 and 495:
1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
Page 498 and 499:
Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
Page 502 and 503:
Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
Page 509 and 510:
40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
Page 511 and 512:
Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
Page 517 and 518:
Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520:
Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
Page 521 and 522:
Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526:
Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532:
Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534:
Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536:
Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538:
Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540:
Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542:
L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544:
Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552:
Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554:
15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566:
cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568:
Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570:
Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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