Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis, C. 1999. The Late Bronze Age Shipwreck at Point Iria: Discovery and Excavation. In The Point Iria Wreck: Interconnections in the Mediterranean ca. 1200 B.C. Proceedings of the International Conference, Islands of Spetses, 19 September 1998, edited by W. Phelps: Hellenic Institute of Marine Archaeology: 25-42. Alberti, L. 2009. Rethinking the Tomb of the Double Axes at Isopata, Knossos. In Archaeologies of Cult: Essays on Ritual and Cult in Crete in Honor of Geraldine C. Gesell, edited by A. L. D'Agata and A. Van de Moortel. Princeton: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens: 99-106. Amouretti, M.-C. 1970. Fo i M i : Le centre politique II: la Crypte hypostyle (1957-1962), Études crétoises 18. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner. Andreadaki-Vlazaki, M., G. Rethemiotakis, and N. Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki, eds. 2008. From the Land of the Labyrinth: Minoan Crete, 3000-1100 B.C. New York: Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation (USA). In collaboration with the Hellenic Ministry of Culture, the Archaeological Museums of Crete. Andreou, E. 1986. Chronika. Archaiologikon Deltion (’Απχαιολογικὸν Δελτίον) 41: 114, plates 07-08. ———. 1994. Nees Proistorikes Theseis stēn Epeiros. In Phēgo : Timē iko Tomo gi on K hēgē ē Sō ērē D k rē. Iōannina: Panepistēmio Iōanninōn: 243-59. Apostolakou, S., P. P. Betancourt, and T. Brogan. 2009. Excavating the Bronze Saw on Chryssi Island. Kentro 11: 3-5. Aruz, J. 2008. Marks of Distinction: Seals and Cultural Exchange between the Aegean and the Orient (ca. 2600-1360 B.C.). Mainz: Philipp von Zabern. Aruz, J., K. Benzel, and J. Evans, eds. 2008. Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium BC. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Aruz, J. et al. 2008. Painted Palaces. In Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C., edited by J. Aruz, K. Benzel and J. M. Evans. New York and New Haven: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press: 123-36. Åström, P. 1977-78. The Pera Bronzes. In Scripta minora Einaro Gjerstad octogenario dedicata. Lund: C.W.K. Gleerup. ———. 1982. The Bronzes of Hala Sultan Tekke. In Early Metallurgy in Cyprus, 4000- 500 B.C. Acta of the International Archaeological Symposium, Larnaca, Cyprus 360
1-6 June 1981, edited by J. D. Muhly, R. Maddin and V. Karageorghis. Nicosia: Pierides Foundation and Dept. of Antiquities: 177-83. Avila, R. 1983. Bronzene Lanzen- und Pfeilspitzen der griechischen Spätbronzezeit. Vol. V, Prähistorische Bronzefunde. Munich: C.H. Beck. Avner, U. 2010. Where are the Egyptian Mines and Smelting Facilities at Timna? In Paper read at the 2010 American Schools of Oriental Research Annual Meeting, 18-20 November, Atlanta. Bachmann, M., and S. Özenir. 2004. Das Quellheiligtum Eflatun Pınar. Archäologischer Anzeiger: 85-122. Balcer, J. M. 1974. The Mycenaean Dam at Tiryns. American Journal of Archaeology 78: 141-9. Balthazar, J. W. 1990. Copper and Bronze Working in Early through Middle Bronze Age Cyprus, Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology and Literature, 84. Jonsered: Paul Åströms Förlag. Banks, E. C. 1984 (1967). The Early and Middle Helladic Small Objects from Lerna. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International. Bartelheim, M., B. Kizilduman, U. Muller, E. Pernicka, and H. Tekel. 2008. The Late Bronze Age Hoard of Kaleburnu/Galinoporni on Cyprus. Pamatky Archeologicke 99: 4-33. Bass, G. 1967. Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck. Vol. 57, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society. ———. 1986. A Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun (Kaş): 1984 Campaign. American Journal of Archaeology 90 (3): 269-96. ———. 1988. Return to Cape Gelidonya. INA Newsletter 15 (2): 2-5. Bass, G., C. Pulak, D. Collon, and J. Weinstein. 1989. The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign. American Journal of Archaeology 93 (1): 1-29. Beckman, G. 1996a. Akkadian Documents from Ugarit. In Sources for the History of Cyprus. Volume II: Near Eastern and Aegean Texts from the Third to the First Millennia BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont, NY: Greece and Cyprus Research Center: 26-8. ———. 1996b. Hittite Documents from Hattusa. In Sources for the History of Cyprus. Volume II: Near Eastern and Aegean Texts from the Third to the First Millennia 361
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
Page 4 and 5:
investigation of the carpentry/maso
Page 6 and 7:
Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
Page 8 and 9:
Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
Page 10 and 11:
LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
Page 12 and 13:
Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
Page 14 and 15:
Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
Page 16 and 17:
Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
Page 18 and 19:
Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
Page 20 and 21:
Several fellowships provided financ
Page 22 and 23:
administrative staff at the college
Page 24 and 25:
MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
Page 26 and 27:
in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
Page 28 and 29:
een easier with metal tools than st
Page 30 and 31:
extremely scarce and the dearth of
Page 32 and 33:
extraordinary number of metal tools
Page 34 and 35:
this observation is astonishing sin
Page 36 and 37:
Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
Page 38 and 39:
Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
Page 40 and 41:
Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
Page 42 and 43:
cited as evidence for metallurgical
Page 44 and 45:
ecycled items. Final products like
Page 46 and 47:
ich published dataset, only a few s
Page 48 and 49:
Quantities of raw metal were widely
Page 50 and 51:
Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
Page 52 and 53:
The method for interpreting data fr
Page 54 and 55:
second millennium BC. Such cases ar
Page 56 and 57:
study area (from Cyprus), and its i
Page 58 and 59:
are sufficiently differentiated fro
Page 60 and 61:
his reconsideration of third millen
Page 62 and 63:
to Catling, a violent purpose for t
Page 64 and 65:
Different tool names may imply diss
Page 66 and 67:
chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
Page 68 and 69:
detail for the carpentry/masonry to
Page 70 and 71:
Isthmia region throughout the histo
Page 72 and 73:
Gender responsibilities are investi
Page 74 and 75:
Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
Page 76 and 77:
double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
Page 78 and 79:
The link between a craftsperson and
Page 80 and 81:
specialized and intended for specif
Page 82 and 83:
III: The relationship of stone, bon
Page 84 and 85:
durability. Stone cutting objects b
Page 86 and 87:
information together. In the Aegean
Page 88 and 89:
In addition to greater amounts of t
Page 90 and 91:
y region may reflect social and cra
Page 92 and 93:
database entries whose contextual c
Page 94 and 95:
accurately account for the internal
Page 96 and 97:
given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
Page 98 and 99:
the larger and stronger metal types
Page 100 and 101:
hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
Page 102 and 103:
ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
Page 104 and 105:
ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
Page 106 and 107:
The relative absence of Aegean digg
Page 108 and 109:
goods were redistributed in two dis
Page 110 and 111:
Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
Page 112 and 113:
frequency of these tools, however,
Page 114 and 115:
mandated a striking implement. Wood
Page 116 and 117:
patterns occur despite the fact tha
Page 118 and 119:
is even more striking when compared
Page 120 and 121:
quantities, actual smiths are menti
Page 122 and 123:
The presence of metallurgical tools
Page 124 and 125:
metal smiths moved throughout the l
Page 126 and 127:
Site size and contextual analysis s
Page 128 and 129:
is significant, as both regions wer
Page 130 and 131:
the prominent LBA object type (53.6
Page 132 and 133:
cannot always aid functional interp
Page 134 and 135:
due in large part to 1) palatial li
Page 136 and 137:
punches, borers, undefined implemen
Page 138 and 139:
include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
Page 140 and 141:
egion. The proportions of carpentry
Page 142 and 143:
instruments during the course of th
Page 144 and 145:
Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
Page 146 and 147:
Despite the greater tool diversity,
Page 148 and 149:
Syria-Palestine. The status of the
Page 150 and 151:
distribution, as the category is qu
Page 152 and 153:
differences in the consumption of t
Page 154 and 155:
comparable to modern rulers and tap
Page 156 and 157:
probably influenced from the east,
Page 158 and 159:
Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
Page 160 and 161:
4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
Page 162 and 163:
part of a metal hoard that was stas
Page 164 and 165:
Whether the double ax was an implem
Page 166 and 167:
few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
Page 168 and 169:
specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
Page 170 and 171:
conveys how chisels, single axes, s
Page 172 and 173:
functional differences. An implemen
Page 174 and 175:
The tool type is common in Anatolia
Page 176 and 177:
their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
Page 178 and 179:
mortuary contexts, thus confirming
Page 180 and 181:
were incorporated into double-ended
Page 182 and 183:
Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
Page 184 and 185:
Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
Page 186 and 187:
carving out deep mortises in wooden
Page 188 and 189:
Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
Page 190 and 191:
the socket may be that a wooden sha
Page 192 and 193:
worn and battered from use; this da
Page 194 and 195:
the early 12 th century: “It may
Page 196 and 197:
Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
Page 198 and 199:
of shafted double hammers is also f
Page 200 and 201:
in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
Page 202 and 203:
mainland and may have aided drillin
Page 204 and 205:
The tubular drill was first devised
Page 206 and 207:
siderópetra (hard limestone known
Page 208 and 209:
egularly considered to be absent fr
Page 210 and 211:
together two sides of a handle, a f
Page 212 and 213:
implement, it was employed from tim
Page 214 and 215:
70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
Page 216 and 217:
3. Saws with a straight blade top a
Page 218 and 219:
ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
Page 220 and 221:
consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
Page 222 and 223:
and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
Page 224 and 225:
Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
Page 226 and 227:
Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
Page 228 and 229:
are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
Page 230 and 231:
the island in the MBA. The distribu
Page 232 and 233:
MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
Page 234 and 235:
eported here. Despite this caveat,
Page 236 and 237:
MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
Page 238 and 239:
4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
Page 240 and 241:
diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
Page 242 and 243:
(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
Page 244 and 245:
Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
Page 246 and 247:
common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
Page 248 and 249:
double ax forms, implies that the c
Page 250 and 251:
carpentry/masonry tools contribute
Page 252 and 253:
organized.” 530 My assertion rega
Page 254 and 255:
type of diversity that may mark a t
Page 256 and 257:
of fragmentation practices restrict
Page 258 and 259:
final stage of the metal working: t
Page 260 and 261:
shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
Page 262 and 263:
workshops were easier to identify i
Page 264 and 265:
definition of a hoard as “a group
Page 266 and 267:
some hoards contained thousands of
Page 268 and 269:
Discerning founders’ hoards from
Page 270 and 271:
most assemblages were destined for
Page 272 and 273:
often selected according to certain
Page 274 and 275:
economic approach to hoarding must
Page 276 and 277:
lacks contextual information or chr
Page 278 and 279:
of objects from Mochlos also produc
Page 280 and 281:
unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
Page 282 and 283:
as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
Page 284 and 285:
of comparison, there are 87 double
Page 286 and 287:
data coded in this manner, it becam
Page 288 and 289:
The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
Page 290 and 291:
axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
Page 292 and 293:
functional interpretation of that a
Page 294 and 295:
e-casting metal, which required hot
Page 296 and 297:
524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
Page 298 and 299:
were consciously formed and likely
Page 300 and 301:
saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
Page 302 and 303:
oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
Page 304 and 305:
metallurgical and agricultural tool
Page 306 and 307:
Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
Page 308 and 309:
Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
Page 310 and 311:
stone-working tools included sixtee
Page 312 and 313:
tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
Page 314 and 315:
tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
Page 316 and 317:
V. The metal objects from shipwreck
Page 318 and 319:
Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
Page 320 and 321:
occurrence is a definite sign of a
Page 322 and 323:
implements in one context comes fro
Page 324 and 325:
Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
Page 326 and 327:
tool distribution patterns in hoard
Page 328 and 329:
only sporadically in burials and wo
Page 330 and 331:
combination adze forms (double adze
Page 332 and 333:
produced a monograph specifically o
Page 334 and 335: are currently in progress and will
Page 336 and 337: thriving metallurgical and craft in
Page 338 and 339: of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
Page 340 and 341: number of utilitarian and small cra
Page 342 and 343: extremely limited in comparison to
Page 344 and 345: metallurgical operations are plenti
Page 346 and 347: absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
Page 348 and 349: The Cypriot copper industry reached
Page 350 and 351: implements comprise 45% of the regi
Page 352 and 353: the preferences commonly found with
Page 354 and 355: possible that merchants, metal smit
Page 356 and 357: Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
Page 358 and 359: specifically adze variations (e.g.
Page 360 and 361: likelihood, these implements were u
Page 362 and 363: Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
Page 364 and 365: cutting edges wider than the object
Page 366 and 367: are collectively known from Crete a
Page 368 and 369: The distribution of shaft-hole axes
Page 370 and 371: this form are unknown in the Aegean
Page 372 and 373: artisans trained in a Minoan style?
Page 374 and 375: transfer of painted plaster moved f
Page 376 and 377: producing and consuming metal tools
Page 378 and 379: the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
Page 380 and 381: traveled from region to region prac
Page 382 and 383: A complete study of metal tools req
Page 386 and 387: BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
Page 388 and 389: Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391: Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
Page 392 and 393: Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
Page 394 and 395: des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397: Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 398 and 399: Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
Page 400 and 401: Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
Page 402 and 403: Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
Page 404 and 405: Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
Page 406 and 407: ———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409: London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
Page 410 and 411: 33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413: Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415: Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417: Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419: Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421: ———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423: Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
Page 424 and 425: Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427: Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
Page 428 and 429: Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431: Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
Page 432 and 433: Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Page 434 and 435:
Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
Page 436 and 437:
Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
Page 438 and 439:
Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
Page 440 and 441:
Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
Page 442 and 443:
Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
Page 444 and 445:
Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 446 and 447:
Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
Page 448 and 449:
2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
Page 450 and 451:
General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
Page 452 and 453:
Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
Page 454 and 455:
Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
Page 456 and 457:
Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
Page 458 and 459:
General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
Page 460 and 461:
General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
Page 462 and 463:
Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
Page 464 and 465:
Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
Page 466 and 467:
Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
Page 468 and 469:
Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
Page 470 and 471:
Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
Page 472 and 473:
Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
Page 474 and 475:
Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
Page 476 and 477:
Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
Page 478 and 479:
Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
Page 480 and 481:
Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
Page 482 and 483:
Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
Page 484 and 485:
Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
Page 486 and 487:
Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
Page 488 and 489:
G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
Page 490 and 491:
F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
Page 492 and 493:
F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
Page 494 and 495:
1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
Page 496 and 497:
Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
Page 498 and 499:
Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
Page 502 and 503:
Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
Page 509 and 510:
40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
Page 511 and 512:
Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
Page 517 and 518:
Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520:
Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
Page 521 and 522:
Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526:
Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532:
Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534:
Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536:
Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538:
Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540:
Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542:
L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544:
Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552:
Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554:
15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566:
cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568:
Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570:
Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572:
Sites & Object types Specific date
Page 573 and 574:
Page 575 and 576:
Page 577 and 578:
Page 579 and 580:
Page 581 and 582:
Page 583 and 584:
Page 585 and 586:
Page 587 and 588:
Page 589 and 590:
Page 591 and 592:
Page 593 and 594:
Page 595 and 596:
Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 597 and 598:
Page 599 and 600:
Page 601 and 602:
Page 603 and 604:
Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
Page 605 and 606:
Page 607 and 608:
Page 609 and 610:
Page 611 and 612:
Page 613 and 614:
Page 615 and 616:
Page 617 and 618:
Page 619 and 620:
Page 621 and 622:
Sites & Object types Specific perio
Page 623 and 624:
Page 625 and 626:
Page 627 and 628:
Page 629 and 630:
Page 631 and 632:
Page 633 and 634:
Page 635 and 636:
Page 637 and 638:
Page 639 and 640:
Page 641 and 642:
Page 643 and 644:
Page 645 and 646:
Page 647 and 648:
Page 649 and 650:
Page 651 and 652:
Page 653 and 654:
Page 655 and 656:
Page 657 and 658:
Page 659 and 660:
Page 661 and 662:
Page 663 and 664:
Page 665 and 666:
Page 667 and 668:
Page 669 and 670:
Page 671 and 672:
Page 673 and 674:
Page 675 and 676:
Page 677 and 678:
Page 679 and 680:
Page 681 and 682:
Page 683 and 684:
Page 685 and 686:
Page 687 and 688:
Page 689 and 690:
Page 691:
show all

Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?