Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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A complete study of metal tools requires two other avenues of research that were not fully undertaken in this project. The first is to understand the employment of chipped stones and bone for tools in craft activities during the MBA and LBA. These utensils, which had been used for thousands of years, were not eradicated with the introduction of bronze implements. While the coexistence of stone, bone and metal tools is now acknowledged for the entire second millennium, it is less clear whether craftspersons deliberately utilized a combination of these tool types on the same projects. A more lucid understanding of the relationship between metal and stone implements would represent a major breakthrough in the evaluation of prehistoric craftsmanship, a point that Karimali has previously emphasized. 845 Likewise, the comprehension of prehistoric tools would be enhanced by a methodical examination of tool marks on various media but particularly masonry. The value of markings from tools is evident in the reconstructions and implication of the tubular drill in masonry and sculpture as well as the pendulum and convex saws. A combined investigation that takes the selection of craft tools and their traces of use into account could reveal localized craft techniques or interregional connections in masonry work. Consideration of craft tools must take into account, even if only superficially, the preservation of their cuttings, for such marks may indicate a tool’s functionality. Finally, additional methods of analysis are required to address ways for differentiating carpentry and masonry implements. Metallographic procedures may indicate how a blade was utilized and more specifically how a cutting edge was transformed. 846 Perhaps, it is better to conduct a series of experiments for distinguishing 845 Karimali 2005; Karimali 2008. 846 For an example of this type of analysis in the Aegean, see: Tselios 2008. 358
wood- and stone-working tools from each other. 847 Many tools exhibit distinct marks on their cutting surfaces, but it remains uncertain as to whether these resulted from actual use, conservation or post-excavation damage in storage. The experimental use of copper- alloy and bronze tools to cut wood or stone would form a dataset with which to compare any visible markings on prehistoric tools. Moreover, any experimental work would enhance our understanding of a tool’s function and its effectiveness on various materials. 847 For a selection of previous experimental work on metal tools, see: Gorelick and Gwinnett 1983; Gwinnett and Gorelick 1987; Seeher 2007. 359
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
Page 332 and 333: produced a monograph specifically o
Page 334 and 335: are currently in progress and will
Page 336 and 337: thriving metallurgical and craft in
Page 338 and 339: of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
Page 340 and 341: number of utilitarian and small cra
Page 342 and 343: extremely limited in comparison to
Page 344 and 345: metallurgical operations are plenti
Page 346 and 347: absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
Page 348 and 349: The Cypriot copper industry reached
Page 350 and 351: implements comprise 45% of the regi
Page 352 and 353: the preferences commonly found with
Page 354 and 355: possible that merchants, metal smit
Page 356 and 357: Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
Page 358 and 359: specifically adze variations (e.g.
Page 360 and 361: likelihood, these implements were u
Page 362 and 363: Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
Page 364 and 365: cutting edges wider than the object
Page 366 and 367: are collectively known from Crete a
Page 368 and 369: The distribution of shaft-hole axes
Page 370 and 371: this form are unknown in the Aegean
Page 372 and 373: artisans trained in a Minoan style?
Page 374 and 375: transfer of painted plaster moved f
Page 376 and 377: producing and consuming metal tools
Page 378 and 379: the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
Page 380 and 381: traveled from region to region prac
Page 384 and 385: Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
Page 386 and 387: BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
Page 388 and 389: Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391: Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
Page 392 and 393: Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
Page 394 and 395: des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397: Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 398 and 399: Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
Page 400 and 401: Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
Page 402 and 403: Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
Page 404 and 405: Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
Page 406 and 407: ———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409: London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
Page 410 and 411: 33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413: Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415: Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417: Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419: Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421: ———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423: Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
Page 424 and 425: Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427: Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
Page 428 and 429: Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431: Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
Page 432 and 433:
Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Page 434 and 435:
Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
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Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
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Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
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(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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