Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+) Cape Gelidonya (total 174+) Wood- and stoneworking tools At least 26, probably 38+ total 34 total Double axes 2 (KW:213) 4 (B101-104) Single, flat adzes 3 single, necked adzes (KW:141, 576, 4399) 15 (B106, 111-124) Single, flat ax - 1 (B105) Ax-adzes - 4 (B125-128) Shaft-hole ax 1 (KW:3176) - Lugged/trunnion ax or adze 1 trunnion/lugged adze (KW:2413); 2 trunnion/lugged adzes (B108, 2 trunnion/lugged axes (KW:218, 110); 587) 2 trunnion/lugged axes (B107, 109) Broad chisels 3 (KW:264, 376, 423) - Narrow chisels 3 (KW:7, 566, 706) 1 (B130) Mortise chisels 3 (KW:276, 307, 536) 1 (B131) Cold chisels 3 (KW:748, 3577, 3618) 1 (B129) Other chisel 1 (KW:4560 – chisel bit) 1 socketed chisel (B132); 2 chisel tip fragments (B133-134) Drill 2 (KW:381, 579) - Saw 1 (KW:3172) - Plumb bob 1 (KW:267) - Long slender implement 12 - Utilitarian tools 13+ total 28+ total Knives 3 knives (KW:800, 2896, 4452); 17 (B148-161 + three other 3 knives/daggers (KW:1, 621, examples found after the original 4517) publication) Razors 3 (KW:188, 344, 749) 1 (B167) Awls/engravers At least 1, probably more 9 (B137-145) Whetstones 3: (KW:226, 701, Gr.-Nr. L 1769) 1 (S9); 7 possible whetstones/ rubbers/ polishers (S 10-16) Agricultural tools 8 total 102 total Sickles 7 (KW:236) 1 Picks - 47 (complete and fragmentary) Hoes/ plowshares 1 (KW:839) 49 (typically socketed) Mattock - 1 (B97) Pruning hooks - 2 (B98-99) Shovel - 1 (B96) Smith/metallurgical tools 2 total 5+ total Hammer or anvil - 1 (B135) Tongs 1 (KW:378) - Swage block - 1 (B136) Hollow punch? - 1 (B146) Spatula (crucible scraper?) - 1 (B168) Weights Yes Yes – 60-62 stone and metal Other tools/evidence 4 total 5 total Fishhooks 4 - Socketed tool - - Unfinished castings - 5 (B219-224) Table 5.4: Tool data from the Uluburun and Cape Gelidonya shipwrecks 294
The shipwreck tools are divided into categories according to function. The quantity of wood- and stone-working and utilitarian tools is commensurate between the wrecks, yet there are significant differences in the selection of agricultural and metallurgical examples. There are 34 wood- and stone-working tools from Gelidonya and at least 26 from Uluburun. The actual Uluburun number may be more than 38, since “no less than a dozen long and slender bronze tools of square and circular sections” have not been completely conserved or published. 692 The description of these still-encrusted objects implies that they may be chisels or drills. Each shipwreck has an accumulation of knives, razors, awls, and whetstones, but the exact number of Uluburun awls is not reported. Most land hoards have considerably fewer implements than what is found on these two shipwrecks. The largest caches have a comparably high number of carpentry/masonry implements, including the Mycenae Tsountas hoard (51 carpentry/masonry tools), the Athens Acropolis hoard (25), the Anthedon hoard (21), the Orchomenos hoard (28-29), and the Ugarit priest house hoard (41). The matching preference for tools, mainly carpentry/masonry ones, in land hoards and metal collections from shipwrecks indicates parallels between the two contexts. The high percentage of carpentry/masonry implements in either context is explained by the presence of tool kits. The recognizable trait of the shipwrecks’ wood- and stone-working utensils is the degree of variation. The Uluburun tools comprise a wide range of types, including double axes, single/flat axes, shaft-hole axes, lugged/trunnion axes and adzes, several different chisel types, drills, a saw, and even a plumb bob (Table 5.4). 692 Pulak 1988, 19. 693 Pulak 1988, 17-19; Yalçin, Pulak, and Slotta 2005, 631. 693 The division of the chisels into four distinct categories (broad, narrow, mortise and cold) and their equal 295
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
Page 268 and 269: Discerning founders’ hoards from
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Page 280 and 281: unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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Page 284 and 285: of comparison, there are 87 double
Page 286 and 287: data coded in this manner, it becam
Page 288 and 289: The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
Page 290 and 291: axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
Page 292 and 293: functional interpretation of that a
Page 294 and 295: e-casting metal, which required hot
Page 296 and 297: 524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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Page 306 and 307: Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
Page 308 and 309: Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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Page 312 and 313: tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
Page 314 and 315: tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
Page 316 and 317: V. The metal objects from shipwreck
Page 320 and 321: occurrence is a definite sign of a
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Page 324 and 325: Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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Page 328 and 329: only sporadically in burials and wo
Page 330 and 331: combination adze forms (double adze
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Page 338 and 339: of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
Page 340 and 341: number of utilitarian and small cra
Page 342 and 343: extremely limited in comparison to
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Page 346 and 347: absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
Page 348 and 349: The Cypriot copper industry reached
Page 350 and 351: implements comprise 45% of the regi
Page 352 and 353: the preferences commonly found with
Page 354 and 355: possible that merchants, metal smit
Page 356 and 357: Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
Page 358 and 359: specifically adze variations (e.g.
Page 360 and 361: likelihood, these implements were u
Page 362 and 363: Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
Page 364 and 365: cutting edges wider than the object
Page 366 and 367: are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391:
Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397:
Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 398 and 399:
Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
Page 400 and 401:
Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
Page 402 and 403:
Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
Page 406 and 407:
———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409:
London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
Page 410 and 411:
33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413:
Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
Page 424 and 425:
Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
Page 428 and 429:
Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
Page 450 and 451:
General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
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Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
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(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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