Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers and shaft-hole axes are insignificant tools from the Cluster 3 hoards. The final notable hoard group is Cluster 4. Ten caches form this cluster: five from Cyprus, four from Crete, and one assemblage from Ugarit. This cluster differs from the earlier Cypriot grouping (Cluster 1) by a greater presence of carpentry/masonry implements and by the infrequency of agricultural tools. As was done for Cluster 3, the hoard information from Cluster 4 was also grouped by variables. The Jaccard’s Coefficient similarity for the tool types of the Cluster 4 hoards are listed in a proximity matrix in Figure 5.10. A dendrogram visually conveys the similarities of these tool types through average linkage cluster analysis (Fig. 5.12). The implement similarities from Cluster 4 are not as tight as the patterns in Cluster 3, yet there are some distinctive tool links. Narrow chisels show a close relationship to single/flat axes, while both tools display a looser connection to shaft-hole axes. Drills and knives/razors have a correlation within Cluster 4, as do combination tools and smith tools. All four of these implements are linked by a secondary grouping, which is loosely tied to saws. The exact significance of the Cluster 4 tools is difficult to gauge, as the hoards are well distributed over time in the second millennium. The earliest is from the MM I-II period and the latest dates to the late 13 th or early 12 th century, but there are few MBA-LBA transitional hoards in this cluster as well. Therefore, it is difficult statistically to recognize tool kits within these hoards. Perhaps the most significant observation is that there is no relation between double axes and broad chisels in Cluster 4, thus contrasting the pattern in Cluster 3. Evidently, the pairing of double axes and broad chisels was atypical in Cypriot and early 266
Cretan assemblages. An unexpected link between combination and smith tools is hard to explain, but the grouping is also attested in Cluster 3. The statistical consideration of these hoard tools has helped to distinguish regional patterns and to suggest typical tool groupings. Cypriot hoards fall under two categories: one characterized by limited tool diversity and the presence of agricultural tools, and the second by similarities with Cretan hoards that contain various carpentry/masonry tools. Other than the rather insignificant grouping of Cluster 2, Cypriot hoards are not regularly grouped with mainland assemblages. Mainland hoards have demonstrable similarities with Cretan assemblages in Cluster 3, and the tool types in these caches seem to show important connections that point toward probable tool kits. The sub-grouping of mainland caches within Cluster 3 exhibits the strongest statistical relationship. One reason for the similarity of these LH III mainland hoards is the repeated deposition of tool kits, a point that is explained thoroughly in section IV.E. First, however, it is necessary to consider the role of broken implements in a hoard, for the question of tool preservation was not taken into account in the statistical analysis. IV.D: Deconstructing foundry caches: modification and functionality of hoard tools In the following pages, the prevalence of foundry hoards is questioned, for many seem misidentified. To prove that broken implements perhaps retained functional value for secondary purposes, 627 evidence for the intentional manipulation and alteration of hoarded tools is presented. A functional worth of fragmentary tools is suggested by their inclusion with well-preserved implements in what I consider to be purposefully designed hoards. The level of preservation for a hoard’s tools has often corresponded to the 627 Chapman 2000, 49-104. 267
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
Page 240 and 241: diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
Page 242 and 243: (like Minoan types) as opposed to t
Page 244 and 245: Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
Page 246 and 247: common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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Page 250 and 251: carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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Page 254 and 255: type of diversity that may mark a t
Page 256 and 257: of fragmentation practices restrict
Page 258 and 259: final stage of the metal working: t
Page 260 and 261: shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
Page 262 and 263: workshops were easier to identify i
Page 264 and 265: definition of a hoard as “a group
Page 266 and 267: some hoards contained thousands of
Page 268 and 269: Discerning founders’ hoards from
Page 270 and 271: most assemblages were destined for
Page 272 and 273: often selected according to certain
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Page 280 and 281: unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
Page 282 and 283: as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
Page 284 and 285: of comparison, there are 87 double
Page 286 and 287: data coded in this manner, it becam
Page 288 and 289: The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
Page 292 and 293: functional interpretation of that a
Page 294 and 295: e-casting metal, which required hot
Page 296 and 297: 524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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Page 300 and 301: saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
Page 302 and 303: oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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Page 306 and 307: Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
Page 308 and 309: Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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Page 312 and 313: tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
Page 314 and 315: tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
Page 316 and 317: V. The metal objects from shipwreck
Page 318 and 319: Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
Page 320 and 321: occurrence is a definite sign of a
Page 322 and 323: implements in one context comes fro
Page 324 and 325: Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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Page 328 and 329: only sporadically in burials and wo
Page 330 and 331: combination adze forms (double adze
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Page 336 and 337: thriving metallurgical and craft in
Page 338 and 339: of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409:
London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
Page 410 and 411:
33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413:
Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423:
Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
Page 424 and 425:
Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
Page 428 and 429:
Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
Page 432 and 433:
Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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