Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Discerning founders’ hoards from votive ones can be challenging, for differentiating utilitarian from non-utilitarian hoards is not always straightforward. An Early Urnfield Period hoard from northeast France has traditionally been considered a “founder’s hoard par excellence” with an abundant number of broken tools and objects, yet the assemblage was reinterpreted as having signs of ritual violence. 580 The dichotomy of utilitarian and non-utilitarian hoards originated in discourses on European assemblages and was subsequently applied to Mediterranean examples. 581 The majority of Mediterranean hoards are utilitarian, but a few votive deposits are known. The well-preserved Ras Shamra hoard from the high priest’s house is a 582 foundation deposit, votive in nature, placed under a threshold. Several socketed adzes from the hoard were inscribed in Ugaritic with a dedication to the city’s high priest. 583 On Cyprus, the Enkomi miniature hoard, the Enkomi Maison des Bronzes, and the Kition hoard (Floor III of Temple 4) are considered foundation and votive deposits. 584 Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus interpreted all Cypriot hoards as votive (gifts to the deities), thus emphasizing the connection between metallurgy and religion on the island. 585 The cultic interpretation of the Cypriot hoards stems from a long tradition of German scholarship on Central European hoarding, as Harding states “…in recent years German scholars have led the way in propounding a votive explanation for almost all hoards, including many of those that might on the face of it appear utilitarian.” 586 Levy’s 580 Nebelsick 2000, 160. 581 Knapp, Muhly, and Muhly 1988, 238-244. 582 Schaeffer 1956, 251-279. 583 Schaeffer 1956, 264-269. 584 Knapp, Muhly, and Muhly 1988, 246. Two Kition hoard objects are castings, further contributing to the hoard’s special nature. 585 Matthäus and Schumacher-Matthäus 1986; cf. Knapp, Muhly, and Muhly 1988. 586 Harding 2000, 361; also see Knapp, Muhly, and Muhly 1988, 258. On votive scholarship, see: Harding 2000, 361-365; Hä nsel 1997; Hansen 1997; Schwenzer 1997. 244
examination of metal caches from Bronze Age Denmark explored the ritual nature of those hoards. 587 His example and others illustrate that, given their more unusual find contexts, ceremonial assemblages are easier to identify in Central and Northern Europe than in the Mediterranean, since the latter area’s hoards are typically found in domestic contexts. By and large, ritual deposits occur in non-domestic localities (e.g. rivers) and consist of a narrower range of objects than do utilitarian hoards. 588 Conventional explanations of metal assemblages correlate hoarding behavior with period specific characteristics, especially in the Mediterranean. Most scholars believe that the supply of metal has impacted hoarding activities, although there is some dispute concerning the role it played. Hence Muhly claims that “[s]cholars cannot agree upon the relationship between intensification of hoarding and the amount of metal in circulation. Some argue that hoards represent exactly that, the hoarding of metal in times of scarcity,” while others envision that hoards represent an “abundance of metal in circulation, not 589 scarcity.” Religious considerations, in addition to the already implied economic factors, are consistently addressed in discussions of hoarding. It is thus easy to seek singular, causative explanations for stockpiling metal while overlooking an assemblage’s complex makeup. Catling, Spyropoulos, and Knapp et al. understand most Aegean and eastern Mediterranean metal collections simply as objects intended to be recycled—thus characterized as founders’ hoards. 590 Foundry caches on Cyprus coincide with the prominence of the metallurgical industry on the island, yet it is erroneous to assume that 587 Levy 1982. 588 Bradley 1990, 10; for instance, see Schwenzer 1997. 589 Muhly 2003, 292. 590 Knapp, Muhly, and Muhly 1988, 243, table 3. 245
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
Page 218 and 219: ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
Page 220 and 221: consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
Page 222 and 223: and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
Page 224 and 225: Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
Page 226 and 227: Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
Page 228 and 229: are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
Page 230 and 231: the island in the MBA. The distribu
Page 232 and 233: MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
Page 234 and 235: eported here. Despite this caveat,
Page 236 and 237: MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
Page 238 and 239: 4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
Page 240 and 241: diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
Page 242 and 243: (like Minoan types) as opposed to t
Page 244 and 245: Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
Page 246 and 247: common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
Page 248 and 249: double ax forms, implies that the c
Page 250 and 251: carpentry/masonry tools contribute
Page 252 and 253: organized.” 530 My assertion rega
Page 254 and 255: type of diversity that may mark a t
Page 256 and 257: of fragmentation practices restrict
Page 258 and 259: final stage of the metal working: t
Page 260 and 261: shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
Page 262 and 263: workshops were easier to identify i
Page 264 and 265: definition of a hoard as “a group
Page 266 and 267: some hoards contained thousands of
Page 270 and 271: most assemblages were destined for
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Page 280 and 281: unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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Page 284 and 285: of comparison, there are 87 double
Page 286 and 287: data coded in this manner, it becam
Page 288 and 289: The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
Page 290 and 291: axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
Page 292 and 293: functional interpretation of that a
Page 294 and 295: e-casting metal, which required hot
Page 296 and 297: 524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
Page 298 and 299: were consciously formed and likely
Page 300 and 301: saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
Page 302 and 303: oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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Page 306 and 307: Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
Page 308 and 309: Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
Page 310 and 311: stone-working tools included sixtee
Page 312 and 313: tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
Page 314 and 315: tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
Page 316 and 317: V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
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Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
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Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
Page 424 and 425:
Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
Page 432 and 433:
Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
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Other objects 1 bronze weight with
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Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
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Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
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(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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