Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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final stage of the metal working: the hammering, cleaning and polishing of the objects.” 543 Another smith’s tool kit, made up of two pairs of tongs and a cold chisel, was deposited in a burial from LB II Megiddo (Tomb 912B). 544 Notwithstanding these examples, the deposition of tool sets into graves was the exception rather than the rule. Even if burials contained several carpentry/masonry instruments, the objects may not constitute a tool kit. This observation pertains to several burials from the MBA and LBA (Table 5.2), which yielded exclusive, and sometimes excessive, examples of one carpentry/masonry implement type. The lack of diversity in these graves shows that integrated tool kits were atypical of mortuary tool groupings. Tomb Date and Region Carpentry/masonry tools Byblos, Tomb II MBA, Syria-Palestine 4 single, flat axes Megiddo, Tomb 911D MBA, Syria-Palestine 2 shaft hole axes Ras Shamra, Ugarit, Tomb LVI MBA, Syria-Palestine 3 shaft hole axes Lapithos, Tomb 8 MBA, Cyprus 3 single, flat axes Lapithos, Tomb 15 MBA, Cyprus 2 single, flat axes Lapithos, Tomb 18 MBA, Cyprus 3 single, flat axes Lapithos, Tomb 50 MBA, Cyprus 12 single, flat axes Lapithos, Tomb 51 MBA, Cyprus 2 single, flat axes Lapithos, Tomb 203 MBA, Cyprus 2 single, flat axes Lapithos, Tomb 313A MBA, Cyprus 3 single, flat axes Lapithos, Tomb 313B MBA, Cyprus 2 single, flat axes Lapithos, Tomb 804 MBA, Cyprus 4 single, flat axes Kalavasos-Panayia Church, tomb 37 MBA, Cyprus 2 single, flat axes Kalami, Tomb 4 LBA, Crete 4 chisels Mouliana, Tholos A LBA, Crete 3 saws Mycenae, Tomb of the Tripods LBA, Greek mainland 20 double axes Toumba tou Skourou, Tomb I LBA, Cyprus 2 socketed chisels Yeni Hayat Koyu Date unknown, Anatolia 3 chisels Table 5.2: Tombs with multiple carpentry/masonry tools of the same type Occasionally mortuary contexts have different kinds of carpentry/masonry utensils, but even in these cases, craft kits are always apparent. When multiple wood- and stone-working tools appear in the same grave, the variety usually does not extend beyond two implement types. Such restrictive levels of variation make poor cases for tool sets. 543 Belgiorno 1997, 141. 544 Guy 1938, 69-70; Deshayes 1960, inventory numbers: 3055, 3056; Catling 1964, 96, 99. 234
Tombs that produced different carpentry/masonry tools are listed in Table 5.3. Though tool kits are infrequent in mortuary contexts, a few possible examples are highlighted in bold. These burials have a narrow range of carpentry/masonry implements, though other tools, like knives, are occasionally found with them. Period and region Tomb Carpentry/masonry tools found MBA, Cyprus Lapithos, Tomb 322A 8 single, flat axes; 3 chisels MBA, Cyprus Lapithos, Tomb 315 4 single, flat axes; 1 chisel LBA, Cyprus Lapithos, Ayia Anastasia Tomb 2 1 single flat ax, 1 chisel LBA, Crete Zafer Papoura, Tomb 33 (the “carpenter’s tomb”) 1 chisel, 1 saw LBA, Crete Kalami, Tomb 2/3 2 chisels, 1 drill LBA, Crete Olonte or Olous, Tomb 36 5 single, flat axes, 1 chisel LBA, Islands Cape Staphylos, Skopelos, “chieftain’s grave” 1 double ax; 1 single, flat ax MBA, Greek mainland Lefkas, Tomb S, G4 1 narrow chisel; 1 broad chisel; 1 area long, Minoan-like chisel; 1 saw MBA, Greek mainland area Lefkas, Tomb S, G8 1 chisel, 1 drill or chisel LBA, Greek Mainland Evangelistria, Chamber Tomb k 1 saw, 1 narrow chisel, 1 broad chisel LBA, Greek Mainland Mycenae, Chamber Tomb 82 1 double ax, 1 ax-adze LBA, Greek Mainland Mycenae, Shaft Grave IV, Grave 2 chisels of different size, 1 possible Circle A drill LBA, Greek Mainland Prosymna, Tomb 33 1 chisel, 1 saw LBA, Greek Mainland Vaphio, tholos, in a cist 1 ax-adze, 1 ceremonial shaft hole ax (knives and poker also from the cist) LBA, Greek Mainland Volimidhia, Vorias, Chamber Tomb 6, pit 5 1 chisel, 1 drill Date unknown, Calicakoyu, (collection thought 1 chisel; 1 single, flat ax; 1 shaft-hole Anatolia to be from a tomb) ax Table 5.3: Tombs with multiple carpentry/masonry tools of different types The Lefkas, Evangelistria and Calicakoyu graves, bolded in Table 5.3, have promising examples of a carpentry or masonry tool kit in a funerary context. These tombs contained at least three kinds of implements with different purposes. Mycenae’s Shaft Grave IV in Grave Circle A also produced a potential implement set of multiple chisel types and a drill. Likewise, Tomb 33 at Zafer Papoura (near Knossos) provided a set of tools determined by Evans to belong to a carpenter: a large saw, a broad chisel, and a leaf- 235
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
Page 208 and 209: egularly considered to be absent fr
Page 210 and 211: together two sides of a handle, a f
Page 212 and 213: implement, it was employed from tim
Page 214 and 215: 70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
Page 216 and 217: 3. Saws with a straight blade top a
Page 218 and 219: ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
Page 220 and 221: consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
Page 222 and 223: and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
Page 224 and 225: Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
Page 226 and 227: Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
Page 228 and 229: are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
Page 230 and 231: the island in the MBA. The distribu
Page 232 and 233: MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
Page 234 and 235: eported here. Despite this caveat,
Page 236 and 237: MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
Page 238 and 239: 4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
Page 240 and 241: diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
Page 242 and 243: (like Minoan types) as opposed to t
Page 244 and 245: Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
Page 246 and 247: common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
Page 248 and 249: double ax forms, implies that the c
Page 250 and 251: carpentry/masonry tools contribute
Page 252 and 253: organized.” 530 My assertion rega
Page 254 and 255: type of diversity that may mark a t
Page 256 and 257: of fragmentation practices restrict
Page 260 and 261: shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
Page 262 and 263: workshops were easier to identify i
Page 264 and 265: definition of a hoard as “a group
Page 266 and 267: some hoards contained thousands of
Page 268 and 269: Discerning founders’ hoards from
Page 270 and 271: most assemblages were destined for
Page 272 and 273: often selected according to certain
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Page 278 and 279: of objects from Mochlos also produc
Page 280 and 281: unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
Page 282 and 283: as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
Page 284 and 285: of comparison, there are 87 double
Page 286 and 287: data coded in this manner, it becam
Page 288 and 289: The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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Page 292 and 293: functional interpretation of that a
Page 294 and 295: e-casting metal, which required hot
Page 296 and 297: 524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
Page 298 and 299: were consciously formed and likely
Page 300 and 301: saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
Page 302 and 303: oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
Page 304 and 305: metallurgical and agricultural tool
Page 306 and 307: Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
Page 384 and 385:
Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
Page 388 and 389:
Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391:
Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
Page 392 and 393:
Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397:
Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 398 and 399:
Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
Page 406 and 407:
———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409:
London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413:
Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423:
Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
Page 424 and 425:
Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
Page 428 and 429:
Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
Page 432 and 433:
Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Page 434 and 435:
Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
Page 436 and 437:
Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
Page 438 and 439:
Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
Page 450 and 451:
General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
Page 454 and 455:
Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
Page 502 and 503:
Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520:
Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
Page 521 and 522:
Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536:
Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566:
cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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