Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRONOLOGICAL OVERVIEW Ceramic phases and approximate dates of the second millennium BC 1 Crete Mainland Cyprus Anatolia Syria- Palestine MMIA MHI MC I-III Kultepe MBA 2000-1900 2000-1900 2000- Karum II 2000-1600 1700/1600 1950-1836 MMIB-IIB 1900-1700 (Protopalatial) MMIII-LMIB 1700-1450 (Neopalatial) LM IA 1625-1525 LM IB 1525-1450 LM II 1450-1425 LM IIIA1 1425-1375 LMIIIA2 (early) 1375-1325 LM IIIA2 late-LM IIIB 1325-1200 LM IIIC 1200-1125 MH II 1900-1700 MH III 1700-1600 MHIII-LH I 1650-1525 (Shaft grave era) LH I 1625-1525 LH IIA 1525-1450 LH IIB 1450-1425 LH IIIA1 1425-1375 LHIIA2 (early) 1375-1325 LH IIIA2 late - LHIIIB 1325-1200 LH IIIC 1200-1050 MC III-LC I 1700/1600- 1400 LC IIA-B 1400-1200 LC IIC 1300-1200 LC IIIA-B 1200-1050 xxiii Kultepe Karum II 1800-1700 Hittite Old Kingdom 1650-1500 Hittite Middle Kingdom 1500-1344 Hittite Empire 1344-1200 LBA 1600-1150 1 Chronology for the Aegean is based on Cline’s Modified Traditional Chronology. See Cline 2008, 453. Also see the chronological table in Aruz, Benzel and Evans 2008, xvi-xvii. For a table showing the high absolute chronology, especially important for LM I-II and LH I-II, see Manning 2010, 23 Table 2.2.
Chapter 1: Introduction: metal tools, metallurgy, and craftsmanship in the Aegean, eastern Mediterranean and Anatolia I. The relationship between metal tools and craft industries in the Bronze Age By the Late Bronze Age (LBA), 1600‒1050 BC, tools became one of the predominant categories of metal objects from the Mediterranean world. 1 The ubiquity of metal tools at this time was the result of the evolution of craft industries that utilized them, as well as developments in metallurgy. The prevalence of metal implements in the LBA emerged from trends established during the early second millennium BC. Yet close to three times as many tools have come to light at LBA sites in comparison to the aggregate amount from the Middle Bronze Age (MBA), 2000–1600 BC. Metal utensils are repeatedly found in early second millennium contexts, and their occurrence is predicated on a region’s technological knowledge as well as its ability to acquire metal resources. For instance, the greatest concentration of MBA metal tools is from Cyprus, an island rich in copper. On the other hand, implements from the early second millennium are infrequent on the Greek mainland and islands—areas that lack an abundance of natural copper besides relatively minor ore sources at Lavrion, Kythnos and Seriphos. With limited quantities of metal available on the mainland and Cyclades, these areas— during the MBA—trailed other regions in the quality of craft products and technology. The inception of metal tool production occurs as early as the fourth millennium BC in the Near East, while a handful of metal tools are dated to the Final Neolithic period 1 For an overview about the consumption of metal objects on Crete and the Greek mainland during the LBA, see: Hakulin 2008, 199-201, Fig. 1b; Kayafa 2008, 212-218, Diagrams 6-7. 1
Page 1: Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
Page 4 and 5: investigation of the carpentry/maso
Page 6 and 7: Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
Page 8 and 9: Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
Page 12 and 13: Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
Page 14 and 15: Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
Page 16 and 17: Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
Page 18 and 19: Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
Page 20 and 21: Several fellowships provided financ
Page 22 and 23: administrative staff at the college
Page 26 and 27: in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
Page 28 and 29: een easier with metal tools than st
Page 30 and 31: extremely scarce and the dearth of
Page 32 and 33: extraordinary number of metal tools
Page 34 and 35: this observation is astonishing sin
Page 36 and 37: Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
Page 38 and 39: Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
Page 42 and 43: cited as evidence for metallurgical
Page 44 and 45: ecycled items. Final products like
Page 46 and 47: ich published dataset, only a few s
Page 48 and 49: Quantities of raw metal were widely
Page 50 and 51: Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
Page 52 and 53: The method for interpreting data fr
Page 54 and 55: second millennium BC. Such cases ar
Page 56 and 57: study area (from Cyprus), and its i
Page 58 and 59: are sufficiently differentiated fro
Page 60 and 61: his reconsideration of third millen
Page 62 and 63: to Catling, a violent purpose for t
Page 64 and 65: Different tool names may imply diss
Page 66 and 67: chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
Page 68 and 69: detail for the carpentry/masonry to
Page 70 and 71: Isthmia region throughout the histo
Page 72 and 73: Gender responsibilities are investi
Page 74 and 75:
Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
Page 78 and 79:
The link between a craftsperson and
Page 80 and 81:
specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
Page 86 and 87:
information together. In the Aegean
Page 88 and 89:
In addition to greater amounts of t
Page 90 and 91:
y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
Page 94 and 95:
accurately account for the internal
Page 96 and 97:
given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
Page 98 and 99:
the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
Page 104 and 105:
ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
Page 106 and 107:
The relative absence of Aegean digg
Page 108 and 109:
goods were redistributed in two dis
Page 110 and 111:
Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
Page 112 and 113:
frequency of these tools, however,
Page 114 and 115:
mandated a striking implement. Wood
Page 116 and 117:
patterns occur despite the fact tha
Page 118 and 119:
is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
Page 122 and 123:
The presence of metallurgical tools
Page 124 and 125:
metal smiths moved throughout the l
Page 126 and 127:
Site size and contextual analysis s
Page 128 and 129:
is significant, as both regions wer
Page 130 and 131:
the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
Page 140 and 141:
egion. The proportions of carpentry
Page 142 and 143:
instruments during the course of th
Page 144 and 145:
Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
Page 146 and 147:
Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
Page 150 and 151:
distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
Page 164 and 165:
Whether the double ax was an implem
Page 166 and 167:
few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
Page 168 and 169:
specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
Page 174 and 175:
The tool type is common in Anatolia
Page 176 and 177:
their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
Page 178 and 179:
mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
Page 194 and 195:
the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
Page 204 and 205:
The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
Page 248 and 249:
double ax forms, implies that the c
Page 250 and 251:
carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
Page 254 and 255:
type of diversity that may mark a t
Page 256 and 257:
of fragmentation practices restrict
Page 258 and 259:
final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
Page 262 and 263:
workshops were easier to identify i
Page 264 and 265:
definition of a hoard as “a group
Page 266 and 267:
some hoards contained thousands of
Page 268 and 269:
Discerning founders’ hoards from
Page 270 and 271:
most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
Page 274 and 275:
economic approach to hoarding must
Page 276 and 277:
lacks contextual information or chr
Page 278 and 279:
of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
Page 284 and 285:
of comparison, there are 87 double
Page 286 and 287:
data coded in this manner, it becam
Page 288 and 289:
The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
Page 290 and 291:
axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
Page 292 and 293:
functional interpretation of that a
Page 294 and 295:
e-casting metal, which required hot
Page 296 and 297:
524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
Page 298 and 299:
were consciously formed and likely
Page 300 and 301:
saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
Page 302 and 303:
oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
Page 304 and 305:
metallurgical and agricultural tool
Page 306 and 307:
Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
Page 308 and 309:
Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
Page 310 and 311:
stone-working tools included sixtee
Page 312 and 313:
tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
Page 314 and 315:
tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
Page 316 and 317:
V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
Page 322 and 323:
implements in one context comes fro
Page 324 and 325:
Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
Page 326 and 327:
tool distribution patterns in hoard
Page 328 and 329:
only sporadically in burials and wo
Page 330 and 331:
combination adze forms (double adze
Page 332 and 333:
produced a monograph specifically o
Page 334 and 335:
are currently in progress and will
Page 336 and 337:
thriving metallurgical and craft in
Page 338 and 339:
of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
Page 340 and 341:
number of utilitarian and small cra
Page 342 and 343:
extremely limited in comparison to
Page 344 and 345:
metallurgical operations are plenti
Page 346 and 347:
absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
Page 348 and 349:
The Cypriot copper industry reached
Page 350 and 351:
implements comprise 45% of the regi
Page 352 and 353:
the preferences commonly found with
Page 354 and 355:
possible that merchants, metal smit
Page 356 and 357:
Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
Page 358 and 359:
specifically adze variations (e.g.
Page 360 and 361:
likelihood, these implements were u
Page 362 and 363:
Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
Page 364 and 365:
cutting edges wider than the object
Page 366 and 367:
are collectively known from Crete a
Page 368 and 369:
The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
Page 376 and 377:
producing and consuming metal tools
Page 378 and 379:
the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
Page 380 and 381:
traveled from region to region prac
Page 382 and 383:
A complete study of metal tools req
Page 384 and 385:
Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
Page 386 and 387:
BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
Page 388 and 389:
Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391:
Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
Page 392 and 393:
Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
Page 394 and 395:
des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397:
Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 398 and 399:
Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
Page 400 and 401:
Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
Page 402 and 403:
Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
Page 404 and 405:
Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
Page 406 and 407:
———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409:
London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
Page 410 and 411:
33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413:
Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423:
Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
Page 424 and 425:
Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
Page 428 and 429:
Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
Page 432 and 433:
Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Page 434 and 435:
Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
Page 436 and 437:
Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
Page 438 and 439:
Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
Page 442 and 443:
Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
Page 444 and 445:
Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 446 and 447:
Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
Page 448 and 449:
2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
Page 450 and 451:
General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
Page 452 and 453:
Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
Page 454 and 455:
Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
Page 458 and 459:
General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
Page 460 and 461:
General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
Page 462 and 463:
Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
Page 464 and 465:
Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
Page 466 and 467:
Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
Page 468 and 469:
Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
Page 470 and 471:
Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
Page 482 and 483:
Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
Page 490 and 491:
F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
Page 494 and 495:
1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
Page 502 and 503:
Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
Page 511 and 512:
Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
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Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
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Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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